737:
527:, were polemical works written to influence public opinion and British government policy in the colony. After the Australian colonies became self-governing in the 1850s, colonial governments commissioned histories aimed at promoting migration and investment from Britain. The beginning of professional academic history in Australian universities from 1891 saw the dominance of an Imperial framework for interpreting Australian history, in which Australia emerged from the successful transfer of people, institutions, and culture from Britain. The apogee of the imperial school of Australian history was the Australian volume of the
693:"the natural impulses of humanity" and "popular history". Clark and Ashton have stated that: "The accessibility of history has fundamentally changed how we perceive the discipline and raises an important question: Can anyone be an historian today?" Historians have also questioned the boundaries between historical writing and other activities, particularly when they argue that groups have been marginalised by academic histories. Peter Reid states, "Aboriginal history today takes form in dance, art, novel, biography, autobiography, oral history, archival research, family papers, drama, poetry and film."
689:
museums and public institutions. Popular histories by amateur historians regularly outsell work by academic historians. The internet and developments in digital technology mean that individuals and community groups can readily research, produce and distribute their own historical works. Local histories and family histories have proliferated in recent decades. A 2003 survey by the
University of Technology, Sydney found that 32 per cent of respondents had engaged in family history or a history-related hobby.
680:'s ideas on the relationship between memory and history influenced work in a number of fields including military history, ethnographic history, oral history and historical work in Australian museums. Interdisciplinary histories drawing on the insights of fields such as sociology, anthropology, cultural studies and environmental studies have become more common since the 1980s. Transnational approaches which analyse Australian history in a global and regional context have also flourished in recent decades.
45:
452:
503:
challenged by historians using a variety of approaches including
Marxist analysis of the Australian labour movement, geopolitical analysis of factors such as Australia's physical size and distance from Europe and America, and the role of luck and chance in shaping Australian society. From the 1970s, histories of marginalised groups such as Indigenous Australians, women, migrants and those with minority sexualities became more prominent.
712:
black armband history which he defined as the view "that most
Australian history since 1788 has been little more than a disgraceful story of imperialism, exploitation, racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination". In 1997, Howard repeated his criticism of black armband history in the context of the political controversies about Indigenous native title and the Stolen Generations.
660:(1981) and Peter Reid's work on Aboriginal children who had been removed from their parents. While Indigenous-settler relations remains an important field, Reid states that in the past few decades historians of Indigenous Australia have increasingly explored local histories and "the changing internal relations between individuals and family, clan and community."
756:
might prejudice future legal actions and no government should be expected to apologise for the actions of previous governments. The release of the report and the government's response sparked a heated political, media and public debate about the facts of forced removals and the appropriate political response. A number of historians, including
549:(1921–42). Bean's earlier work as Australia's official war correspondent had helped establish the Anzac legend which, according to McKenna: "immediately supplanted all other narratives of nationhood – the march of the explorers, the advance of settlement, Eureka, Federation and Australia's record of progressive democratic legislation."
711:
In a 1993 lecture, Geoffrey
Blainey made a distinction between a "three cheers" view of history which saw Australian history as largely a success, and a "black armband" view which claimed that "much of Australian history was a disgrace". In 1996, the prime minister John Howard stated that he rejected
575:
The rapid expansion of university history departments in the 1950s and 1960s saw an increasing diversity of interpretations and specialisations in
Australian history. A number of academic historians still worked within the imperial history tradition, while others explored the contribution of liberal,
498:
refers to the publications produced by historians of
Australia, and the sources, critical methods, topics and interpretations they have used and examined. Many 19th century histories were written by prominent settlers or commissioned by colonial governments intent on influencing British policy in the
692:
These developments, along with the prevalence of interdisciplinary histories, have led some
Australian historians to question the boundaries of history as an academic discipline. MacIntyre has questioned the claim that specialised procedures and forms of communication can protect the discipline from
584:
developed an idiosyncratic interpretation of
Australian history telling the story of "epic tragedy" in which "the explorers, Governors, improvers, and perturbators vainly endeavoured to impose their received schemes of redemption on an alien, intractable setting". According to MacIntyre, Clark "had
507:
history. Meanwhile, historical practice was becoming more diversified and less centred in universities, with the flourishing of oral histories, local histories, family histories, interdisciplinary studies and transnational approaches which analyse
Australian history in a global and regional context.
755:
report on the forced removal of
Indigenous children from their families. The authors of the report stated that the policy of forced removals amounted to genocide and called for an apology to, and compensation for, the victims. The government refused to offer a parliamentary apology, arguing that it
707:
The history wars were a series of public disputes about interpretations of Australian history involving historians, politicians and media commentators which occurred between approximately 1993 and 2007 but which had their roots in the revisionist histories from the 1970s and political debates about
595:
was scathing in its observations of a complacent, dull, anti-intellectual and provincial Australia, with a swollen suburbia and absence of innovation–its title has been frequently misinterpreted as complimentary, though Horne meant it unfavourably. Another notable "big picture" interpretation
502:
20th century historiography up to the 1960s was dominated by competing imperial and nationalist interpretations. Nationalist historians emphasised an independent Australian identity forged in war, and a democratic ethos dating back to the goldfields of the 1850s. From the 1960s, these schools were
787:
to review the museum's inaugural exhibition for political bias. In 2003, a second review also found that there was no systemic political or cultural bias in the museum. A number of historians publicly criticised the inquiry as political interference in the independence of the museum. In 2006, the
775:
in which he argued that there had been no genocide of Aboriginal Tasmanians and that historians had systematically misrepresented evidence about the nature and extent of violence against Aboriginal Tasmanians for political reasons. Geoffrey Blainey praised the book and it sparked a widespread and
688:
Historians such as McKenna, MacIntyre and others point out that in the 21st century most historical works are not created by academic historians, and public conceptions of Australia's history are more likely to be shaped by popular histories, historical fiction and drama, the media, the internet,
506:
At the turn of the 21st century, a series of public controversies dubbed "the history wars" sparked heated political and media debate over whether a "black armband" historical orthodoxy was overemphasising the importance of racism, violence, inequality and environmental degradation in Australia's
732:
published a series of articles alleging that historian Manning Clark had been "an agent of influence" for the Soviet Union. The newspaper linked its allegations to current political debates about Australia's history. The Press Council later found that the newspaper's allegations were unfounded..
556:
published a series of histories from 1939 to 1941 which sought to demonstrate the exploitative nature of Britain's economic relationship with Australia and the role of the labour movement in a struggle for social justice and economic independence. One of the most influential works of the radical
663:
Academic history continued to be influenced by British, American and European trends in historical method and modes of interpretation. Post-structuralist ideas on the relationship between language and meaning were influential in the 1980s and 1990s, for example, in
631:(1976) analysed the role of women in Australian history. Others explored the history of those marginalised because of their sexuality or ethnicity. Oral history became an increasingly prominent addition to traditional archival sources in a number of topic areas.
719:, responded publicly, variously accusing the prime minister of seeking to rewrite history to exclude the critical analysis of Australia's past and of misrepresenting recent Australian historiography for political purposes. However, historian
499:
colony or promoting British investment and immigration. Professional academic history began in the 1890s, dominated by "imperial" interpretations in which Australia was seen as an example of a flourishing British society in a new land.
564:(1958) which sought to trace the origins of a distinctive democratic national ethos from the experiences of the convicts, bushrangers, gold-diggers, drovers and shearers. In the 1960s Marxist historians such as
545:
776:
often acrimonious academic, media and public debate about settler violence against Aboriginal people and about Windschuttle's criticisms of particular historians.
145:
1194:
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1339:
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conservative and other traditions to Australia's distinctive political, cultural and economic development. In the first two volumes of his
329:
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few imitators and the successive volumes had a much greater impact on the public than the profession." The 1964 book
353:
270:
607:
The 1970s saw a number of challenges to traditional imperial and nationalist interpretations of Australian history.
295:
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115:
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director of the museum, Peter Morton, stated: "I want people to come out feeling good about Australia."
651:
438:
377:
341:
195:
1199:
643:
285:
200:
125:
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175:
63:
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Radical nationalist interpretations of Australian history became more prominent from the 1930s.
615:(1970) attacked radical nationalist historical narratives from a Marxist New Left perspective.
539:
Military history received government support after the First World War, most prominently with
365:
720:
406:
235:
30:
1168:
723:, agreed with John Howard that the "guilt school of Australian history has gone too far".
8:
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multiculturalism, Indigenous land rights, the stolen generations and national identity.
768:
1306:
1287:
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explored the relationship of the labour movement to radical nationalist politics.
1190:
784:
757:
639:(1978), a social history of the Great Depression, is a notable early example.
1323:
1301:
Macintyre, Stuart (1999). "Australia and the Empire". In Winks, Robin (ed.).
779:
A new battlefront in the history wars opened in 2000 when the council of the
624:
581:
44:
1227:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2: The Commonwealth of Australia
761:
616:
592:
565:
540:
940:
Boucher, Leigh. "New cultural history and Australia's colonial past". In
677:
665:
558:
716:
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A number of historians, including Henry Reynolds, Elaine Thompson and
642:
There was also a revival in Aboriginal history. Notable works include
1195:"Opinion: Disclosed at last, the embedded messages that adorn museum"
130:
1303:
The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography
1165:"Lateline – 15/07/2003: Museum review attracts historians ire"
1167:. Australian Broadcasting Corp. 15 July 2003. Archived from
1286:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
510:
764:, contributed to the political and academic debate.
1248:(5th ed.). Crowsnest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
519:, the first Australian histories, such as those by
1225:Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (2013).
1224:
1074:"Different Perspectives on Black Armband History"
1041:
991:
878:
829:
1321:
828:McKenna, Mark (2013). "The history anxiety". In
1123:
1121:
1067:
1065:
1063:
749:Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission
1281:
1229:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
1151:
1139:
1112:
1097:
1078:Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library
1003:
977:Lake, Marilyn. "Histories across borders". In
915:
890:
865:
841:
804:
1053:Atkinson, Alan. "History in the academy". In
1027:Read, Peter. "Making Aboriginal History". In
927:Read, Peter. "Making Aboriginal History". In
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1246:Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788
1118:
1060:
546:History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918
1262:
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1028:
1015:
978:
965:
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941:
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596:of Australian history from this period is
481:
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1300:
1040:McKenna, Mark. "The history anxiety". In
990:McKenna, Mark. "The history anxiety". In
877:McKenna, Mark. "The history anxiety". In
853:
816:
1263:Clark, Anna; Ashton, Paul, eds. (2013).
735:
1282:Macintyre, Stuart; Clark, Anna (2004).
1071:
726:In August 1996, the Brisbane newspaper
529:Cambridge History of the British Empire
23:This article is part of a series on the
1322:
1243:
1189:
1127:
902:Thomson, Alistair. "Oral history". In
1108:
1106:
956:, pp. 81–82, 101, 114–15, 143–44
773:The Fabrication of Aboriginal History
648:The Destruction of Aboriginal Society
1340:Historiography of the British Empire
181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
511:19th century and imperial histories
13:
1103:
1072:McKenna, Mark (10 November 1997).
14:
1351:
743:: Battlefront in the History Wars
450:
43:
1267:. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing.
1157:
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751:(HREOC), in 1997, released its
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822:
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657:The Other Side of the Frontier
621:Damned Whores and God's Police
1:
1042:Bashford & Macintyre 2013
992:Bashford & Macintyre 2013
879:Bashford & Macintyre 2013
830:Bashford & Macintyre 2013
791:
781:National Museum of Australia
741:National Museum of Australia
7:
1330:Historiography of Australia
1305:. Oxford University Press.
783:commissioned the historian
496:historiography of Australia
74:European exploration (land)
10:
1356:
1218:
1152:Macintyre & Clark 2004
1140:Macintyre & Clark 2004
1113:Macintyre & Clark 2004
1098:Macintyre & Clark 2004
1004:Macintyre & Clark 2004
916:Macintyre & Clark 2004
891:Macintyre & Clark 2004
866:Macintyre & Clark 2004
842:Macintyre & Clark 2004
805:Macintyre & Clark 2004
700:
439:List of years in Australia
69:European exploration (sea)
1200:The Sydney Morning Herald
1244:Broome, Richard (2019).
1100:, pp. 50–51, 69–71
1055:Clark & Ashton 2013
1029:Clark & Ashton 2013
1016:Clark & Ashton 2013
979:Clark & Ashton 2013
966:Clark & Ashton 2013
954:Clark & Ashton 2013
942:Clark & Ashton 2013
929:Clark & Ashton 2013
904:Clark & Ashton 2013
703:Australian history wars
670:Mr Bligh's Bad Language
602:The Tyranny of Distance
1265:Australian History Now
744:
557:nationalist trend was
739:
562:The Australian Legend
1335:History of Australia
637:Weevils in the Flour
578:History of Australia
457:Australia portal
56:Timeline and periods
676:Memory studies and
531:published in 1933.
769:Keith Windschuttle
753:Bringing Them Home
745:
354:Northern Territory
264:Chinese Australian
254:African Australian
221:Telecommunications
141:Capital punishment
1171:on 4 January 2012
1154:, pp. 191–97
1142:, pp. 161–70
1130:, pp. 309–16
1115:, pp. 153–59
1044:, pp. 576–77
994:, pp. 579–80
981:, pp. 270–73
944:, pp. 288–94
832:, pp. 564–67
819:, pp. 163–81
721:Patrick O'Farrell
588:The Lucky Country
554:Brian Fitzpatrick
521:William Wentworth
491:
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414:Western Australia
276:Jewish Australian
271:Indigenous people
34:
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1193:(2 April 2006).
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633:Wendy Lowenstein
629:The Real Matilda
609:Humphrey McQueen
598:Geoffrey Blainey
517:Stuart MacIntyre
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580:(1962, 1968)
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46:
42:
41:
38:
29:
28:
25:
20:
19:
16:
1302:
1299:
1283:
1280:
1264:
1261:
1245:
1242:
1226:
1223:
1204:. Retrieved
1198:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:the original
1159:
1147:
1135:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1077:
1049:
1036:
1031:, p. 24
1023:
1011:
999:
986:
973:
968:, p. 19
961:
949:
936:
923:
911:
906:, p. 75
898:
886:
873:
861:
849:
837:
824:
812:
800:
778:
772:
766:
762:Anna Haebich
752:
746:
727:
725:
714:
710:
706:
697:History wars
691:
687:
684:21st century
673:
669:
662:
655:
647:
641:
636:
628:
620:
617:Anne Summers
612:
606:
601:
593:Donald Horne
586:
577:
574:
561:
551:
544:
538:
535:20th century
528:
514:
505:
501:
495:
492:
322:
317:
185:
156:Constitution
146:Civil rights
126:Antisemitism
97:1945–present
21:
15:
1128:Broome 2019
678:Pierre Nora
666:Greg Dening
623:(1975) and
296:Transgender
191:Immigration
121:Agriculture
33:History of
1324:Categories
1293:0522851282
792:References
771:published
717:Don Watson
570:Ian Turner
566:Bob Gollan
543:12 volume
366:Queensland
176:Federation
64:Prehistory
767:In 2002,
407:Melbourne
310:By region
166:Economics
161:Diplomacy
131:Anzac Day
92:1901–1945
87:1851–1900
82:1788–1850
36:Australia
1175:27 April
650:(1970),
604:(1966).
433:See also
402:Victoria
390:Tasmania
383:Adelaide
371:Brisbane
335:Canberra
291:Marriage
248:By group
231:Religion
211:Monarchy
206:Military
116:Abortion
1219:Sources
1206:11 June
323:Capital
136:Banking
1309:
1290:
1271:
1252:
1233:
1083:11 May
672:(1992)
395:Hobart
359:Darwin
347:Sydney
216:Sports
196:Labour
151:Cinema
110:Topics
419:Perth
281:Women
1307:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1269:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1208:2006
1177:2010
1085:2021
760:and
747:The
568:and
523:and
494:The
286:LGBT
201:LGBT
668:'s
646:'s
635:'s
627:in
619:in
611:in
600:'s
591:by
330:ACT
1326::
1197:.
1120:^
1105:^
1076:.
1062:^
654:'
1315:.
1296:.
1277:.
1258:.
1239:.
1210:.
1179:.
1087:.
674:.
482:e
475:t
468:v
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