History of Australia (1901–1945)

1669: 2159: 1592:, Lyons held a steadfast belief in the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence and the Lyons period gave Australia stability and eventual growth between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy – a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery. The 1518:, proposed a radical plan which repudiated overseas debt. The "Premier's Plan" finally accepted by federal and state governments in June 1931, followed the deflationary model advocated by Niemeyer and included a reduction of 20% in government spending, a reduction in bank interest rates and an increase in taxation. In March 1931, Lang announced that interest due in London would not be paid and the Federal government stepped in to meet the debt. In May, the Government Savings Bank of New South Wales was forced to close. The Melbourne Premiers' Conference agreed to cut wages and pensions as part of a severe deflationary policy but Lang, renounced the plan. The grand opening of the 853: 1419: 992: 2381:

and some food was introduced, (although less severely than in Britain) Christmas holidays curtailed, "brown outs" introduced and some public transport reduced. From December 1941, the Government evacuated all women and children from Darwin and northern Australia, and over 10,000 refugees arrived from South East Asia as Japan advanced. In January 1942, the Manpower Directorate was set up "to ensure the organisation of Australians in the best possible way to meet all defence requirements." Minister for War Organisation of Industry,

635: 2345: 1879: 1438: 1867: 1693: 45: 1814: 2365: 1089: 713:, Labor won a majority in both houses of parliament and Fisher again became prime minister. The Labor government introduced a series of reforms including a progressive land tax (1910), invalid pensions (1910) and a maternity allowance (1912). The government established the Commonwealth Bank (1911) but referendums to nationalise monopolies and extend Commonwealth trade and commerce powers were defeated in 1911 and 1913. The Commonwealth took over responsibility for the 1106:, and Australia obtained a special League of Nations mandate over German New Guinea allowing Australia to control trade and immigration. Australia also gained a 42 per cent share of the formerly German-ruled island of Nauru, giving access to its rich superphosphate reserves. Australia argued successfully against a Japanese proposal for a racial equality clause in the League of Nations covenant, as Hughes feared that it would jeopardise the White Australia policy. 9043: 1296: 9053: 2101: 2446: 452: 627:

standards and majority British culture. The government also ended the use of indentured South Sea Islander labour in the Queensland sugar cane industry and announced that the workers would be repatriated to their islands by 1906. Deakin stated that White Australia, "is not a surface, but a reasoned policy which goes to the roots of national life, and by which the whole of our social, industrial and political organisation is governed."

2117: 1558: 2143:, to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under the command of General MacArthur, who became "Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific". Curtin had thus presided over a fundamental shift in Australia's foreign policy. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. In late May 1942, Japanese 2645:

industry and manufacturing. Most research and funding was devoted to the life sciences. Museums multiplied and devoted themselves to the collection, classification and display of biological specimens and human artefacts, and the promotion of evolutionary science. Universities introduced more sub-disciplines of biology and botany. Research into plant physiology led to advances in agricultural production.

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becoming prime minister, Hughes abandoned a promised referendum to give the Commonwealth the power to control prices, although the government later used its wartime powers to regulate the prices of some basic goods. Lower wages and perceptions of profiteering by some businesses led, in 1916, to a wave of strikes by miners, waterside workers and shearers.

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calls for an Australian fleet. Deakin proposed the purchase of destroyers in 1906 and his government's Surplus Revenue Act of 1908 provided £250,000 for naval expenditure. The Fisher Labor government increased the naval budget and in 1911 established the Royal Australian Navy. In October 1913, the navy's first battle cruiser,

1625:, a young New South Welshman of just 21 years of age wrote his name into the record books by smashing the previous highest batting score in first-class cricket with 452 runs not out in just 415 minutes. The rising star's world beating cricketing exploits were to provide much needed joy to Australians through the emerging 2591:. However, the ratification was backdated to 1939 to confirm the validity of legislation passed by the Australian Parliament during World War II. According to historian Frank Crowley, this was because Australians had little interest in redefining their relationship with Britain until after the crisis of World War II. 1333:, a balance of trade was not successfully achieved with Britain. "In the five years from 1924... to... 1928, Australia bought 43.4% of its imports from Britain and sold 38.7% of its exports. Wheat and wool made up more than two-thirds of all Australian exports," a dangerous reliance on just two export commodities. 2265:

between November 1942 and January 1943, saw Australian and United States forces attack the main Japanese beachheads in New Guinea, at Buna, Sanananda and Gona. Facing tropical disease, difficult terrain and well constructed Japanese defences, the allies only secured victory with heavy casualties. The

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Exposed by continuous borrowing to fund capital works in the 1920s, the Australian and state governments were "already far from secure in 1927, when most economic indicators took a turn for the worse. Australia's dependence of exports left her extraordinarily vulnerable to world market fluctuations,"

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Australia embraced the new technologies of transport and communication. Coastal sailing ships were finally abandoned in favour of steam, and improvements in rail and motor transport heralded dramatic changes in work and leisure. In 1918 there were 50,000 cars and lorries in the whole of Australia. By

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Political and industrial unrest intensified in 1917. From August to October there was a major strike of New South Wales railway, transport, waterside and coal workers which was defeated after the Commonwealth and New South Wales governments arrested strike leaders and organised special constables and

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School education was divided into separate state and Catholic education systems. Private schools with strong ties to the Protestant religions also provided schooling which mainly attracted more affluent families. About 40% of adults attended church regularly, and the family and social lives of many

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Manufacturing grew significantly because of the war. "In 1939 there were only three Australian firms producing machine tools, but by 1943 there were more than one hundred doing so." From having few front line aircraft in 1939, the RAAF had become the fourth largest allied Air Force by 1945. A number

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said "The dependence of Australia upon the competence, let alone the readiness, of British statesmen to send forces to our aid is too dangerous a hazard upon which to found Australia's defence policy.". According to John Robertson, "some British leaders had also realised that their country could not

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would indeed prove insufficient to defend Australia from attack from the north. Billy Hughes was brought back into cabinet by Lyons as Minister for External Affairs in 1937. From 1938, Lyons used Hughes to head a recruitment drive for the Australian Defence Force. Prime Minister Lyons died in office

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in her collection of oral histories of the Depression. However, David Potts argues that "over the last thirty years …historians of the period have either uncritically accepted that figure (29% in the peak year 1932) including rounding it up to 'a third,' or they have passionately argued that a third

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at latitude 20°S. New South Wales has had one further territory surrendered, namely Jervis Bay Territory comprising 6,677 hectares, in 1915. The external territories were added: Norfolk Island (1914); Ashmore Island, Cartier Islands (1931); the Australian Antarctic Territory transferred from Britain

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Few Australians publicly opposed the war in 1914, and volunteers for the AIF outstripped the capacity to enlist and train them. There was also a surge in female participation in voluntary organisations such as the Red Cross and patriotic groups such as the One Woman, One Recruit League. Anti-German

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By the time the war ended on 11 November 1918, 324,000 Australians had served overseas. Casualties included 60,000 dead and 150,000 wounded—the highest casualty rate of any allied force. Australian troops also had higher rates of unauthorised absence, crime and imprisonment than other allied forces.

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The breaking of the Federation Drought in 1903 heralded a period of strong economic growth. The economy grew by 75 per cent in the fourteen years to the outbreak of the First World War, with pastoralism, construction, manufacturing and government services leading the way. Rural industries were still

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became the second Labor prime minister. In response, the Liberal-Protectionists, Anti-Socialists and conservative "Corner" group entered into a coalition known as the Fusion which formed a government under prime minister Deakin in June 1909. Reid stated that the question was whether Australia should

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Although the peak of Army enlistments occurred in June–July 1940, when over 70,000 enlisted, it was the Curtin Labor government, formed in October 1941, that was largely responsible for "a complete revision of the whole Australian economic, domestic and industrial life." Rationing of fuel, clothing

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The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) was formed from New South Wales in 1911 to provide a location for the proposed new federal capital of Canberra (Melbourne was the seat of government from 1901 to 1927. The FCT was renamed the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) in 1938.) The Northern Territory was

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The Australian population also grew strongly, driven by a fall in infant mortality, increasing adult life expectancy, and a revival in state-subsidised immigration. The population increased from four million in 1901 to five million in 1914. From 1910 to 1914 just under 300,000 migrants arrived, all

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In 1907, Deakin proposed compulsory military training for home defence, a measure that was supported by Watson and Hughes of the Labor party. The Labor party adopted the measure at its 1908 annual conference and in 1911 the Fisher government expanded the system of compulsory military training which

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Under a 1902 agreement, Australia contributed to the cost of a Royal Navy Pacific fleet to provide for the nation's defence, but Britain reserved the right to deploy the fleet outside Australian waters. Following Japan's defeat of Russia in the 1904–05 war, concern about Japanese naval power led to

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which grew from under 100,000 members in 1901 to more than half a million in 1914. The party also drew considerable support from clerical workers, Catholics and small farmers. In 1905, the Labor party adopted objectives at the federal level which included the "cultivation of an Australian sentiment

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The Barton government also introduced a tariff on imports designed to raise revenue and protect Australian industry. However, the tariff was lower and less extensive than many protectionists wanted due to the need to attract sufficient support from Labor parliamentarians, who had a free vote on the

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Until the late 1930s, defence was not a significant issue for Australians. At the 1937 elections, both political parties advocated increased defence spending, in the context of increased Japanese aggression in China and Germany's aggression in Europe. There was a difference in opinion over how the

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and his largely inexperienced Government were almost immediately faced with a series of crises. Hamstrung by their lack of control of the Senate, a lack of control over the Banking system and divisions within their Party over how best to deal with the situation, the government was forced to accept

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Enlistments also declined, falling from 35,000 a month at its peak in 1915 to 6,000 a month in 1916. Hughes returned from a trip to England and the Western Front in July 1916 and narrowly won a Cabinet vote to hold a referendum on conscription for overseas service. In September the New South Wales

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The Australians suffered about 8,000 deaths in the campaign. Australian war correspondents variously emphasised the bravery and fighting qualities of the Australians and the errors of their British commanders. By 1916, Australian servicemen were commemorating 25 April, and the date soon became an

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became the largest party with 38 per cent of the vote (compared with 37 per cent for Labor and 21 per cent for the Protectionists). Deakin's Protectionist government remained in power, but following the passage of legislation for old age pensions and a new protective tariff in 1908, Labor withdrew

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The First World War also sharpened the religious divide. At first, all churches supported the war, but the Catholic hierarchy became increasingly opposed to conscription which led many protestants to question their patriotism. After the war, Catholics generally supported the Labor Party while the

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became Prime Minister in 1923, when members of the Nationalist Party Government voted to remove W.M. Hughes. Speaking in early 1925, Bruce summed up the priorities and optimism of many Australians, saying that "men, money and markets accurately defined the essential requirements of Australia" and

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In July 1905, Deakin withdrew his support for the Reid government and again formed a Protectionist government with the support of Labor. The new government embarked on a series of social reforms and a program dubbed "new protection" under which tariff protection for Australian industries would be

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aimed to extend the restrictions on the immigration of Asians that had previously been enacted by the colonies. Like the colonial legislation, the Immigration Restriction Act used a dictation test in a European language to exclude Asian migrants, who were considered a threat to Australia's living

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The Commonwealth constitution formalised the separation of church and state while guaranteeing freedom of religious worship. At federation, about 95% of the white population declared themselves Christian of which about 40% were Church of England, 20% Catholic, 14% Methodist and 10% Presbyterian.

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were prominent campaigners against conscription. The referendum was defeated by a wider margin than in 1916. An April 1918 recruiting conference including representatives of the Commonwealth government, State governments, employers and labour leaders also failed to reach agreement on measures to

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In May 1942 uniform tax laws were introduced in Australia, as state governments relinquished their control over income taxation, "The significance of this decision was greater than any other… made throughout the war, as it added extensive powers to the Federal Government and greatly reduced the

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Gerhard Fisher argues that the government aggressively promoted economic, industrial, and social modernisation in the war years. but at the cost of liberal-democratic values. Irish nationalists and labour radicals were under suspicion as well. Racist hostility was high against toward nonwhites,

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Business uncertainty, the enlistment of young male workers, and the disruption of shipping and export markets led to a decline in economic output. The economy contracted by 10 per cent during the course of hostilities. Inflation rose in the first two years of war and real wages fell. Soon after

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struck down the New Protection legislation as unconstitutional. However, the Harvester case set a standard for a basic wage which was subsequently used by the Conciliation and Arbitration Court when settling industrial disputes. By 1914 the Commonwealth, New South Wales, Queensland and Western

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The three major parties all supported a system of Commonwealth conciliation and arbitration to settle industrial disputes extending across state borders, but Labor insisted that railway workers should be included in the system and preference be given to unionised labour. Disagreements about the

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Federation brought an increase in national scientific organisations and centralised funding for the sciences. By 1943 there were about 500 scientific, technical and medical research institutions in Australia. Federal and state organisations were heavily involved in applied research for primary

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which prevented Britain from making laws for its dominions. After it was ratified by the Parliament of Australia, this formally ended most of the constitutional links between Australia and the UK, although Australia's States remained "self-governing colonial dependencies of the British Crown".

1034:, the state branches of the Labor party began expelling other prominent pro-conscriptionists. In November, Hughes and 23 of his supporters left the parliamentary party, and in January 1917 they formed a new Nationalist government with the former opposition. The Nationalists comfortably won the 583:

was sworn in as Australia's first prime minister. The new Commonwealth was a federation of the six former British colonies of Australia, which now became states. The new constitution established a federal government with defined powers, among the most important of which were external affairs,

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peninsula on 25 April 1915. The Australian and New Zealand position at Anzac Cove was vulnerable to attack and the troops suffered heavy losses in establishing a narrow beachhead. After it had become clear that the expeditionary force would be unable to achieve its objectives in the face of

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Religion had a strong ethnic element: most Australian Anglicans being of English descent, most Catholics of Irish descent and most Presbyterians of Scottish heritage. Attempts to unite the Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches failed in 1901–13 and again in 1917–25.

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sent to defend Singapore were sunk soon afterwards. Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While demanding reinforcements from Churchill, on 27 December 1941 Curtin published an historic announcement:

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campaigns, Menzies re-approached the Labor Party to form a War Cabinet. Unable to secure their support, and with an unworkable parliamentary majority, Menzies resigned as Prime Minister. The Coalition held office for another month, before the independents switched allegiance and

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also points out that although Australian GDP grew from £386.9 million to £485.9 million between 1931–1932 and 1938–1939, real domestic product per head of population was still "but a few shillings greater in 1938–1939 (£70.12), than it had been in 1920–1921 (£70.04).

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magazine described loans as occurring with a "disconcerting frequency" unrivalled in the British Empire: "It may be a loan to pay off maturing loans or a loan to pay the interest on existing loans, or a loan to repay temporary loans from the bankers.... Thus, well before the

916:, the AIF suffered 5,533 casualties in 24 hours, the most costly single encounter in Australian military history. Elsewhere on the Somme, 23,000 Australians were killed or wounded in seven weeks of attacks on German positions. In Spring 1917, as the Germans retreated to the 1604:

There is debate over the extent reached by unemployment in Australia, often cited as peaking at 29% in 1932. "Trade Union figures are the most often quoted, but the people who were there…regard the figures as wildly understating the extent of unemployment" wrote historian

2027:"The Australian Government... regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies' fighting plan. Without inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to 951:

of August that year. Constituting about one tenth of the British and dominion soldiers on the Western Front, the Australian Corps was responsible for more than 20 per cent of the territory reconquered, prisoners captured and field guns taken in the counter offensive.

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Australia achieved full sovereignty from the UK on a progressive basis. On 1 January 1901, the British Parliament passed legislation allowing the six Australian colonies to govern in their own right as part of the Commonwealth of Australia. This achieved

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wrote several successful songs with Australian themes including "Along the Road to Gundagai" (1922). Most Australian live music and recordings were heavily derivative of popular British and American styles such as the sentimental songs of the 1930s and

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to represent Australia at the 1932 League of Nations Assembly in Geneva and in 1934 Hughes became Minister for Health and Repatriation. Later Lyons appointed him Minister for External Affairs, however Hughes was forced to resign in 1935 after his book

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in 1919, Hughes argued that Germany should pay the full cost of the war, but ultimately gained only £5 million in war reparations for Australia. Australia and the other self-governing British dominions won the right to become full members of the new

1902:, and a citizen militia organised for local defence. Troubled by Britain's failure to increase defences at Singapore, Menzies was cautious in committing troops to Europe. By the end of June 1940, France, Norway and the Low Countries had fallen to 5305:

by Australia shows de facto recognition of sovereign nation status. See Sir Geoffrey Butler KBE, MA and Fellow, Librarian and Lecturer in International Law and Diplomacy of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge author of "A Handbook to the League of

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Earth sciences were also favoured because of their connection with agriculture and mining. The Australian Survey Office was established in 1910. Geological and meteorological research was integral to the Antarctic expeditions led by geologist

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Hughes attended the Imperial War Conference and Imperial War Cabinet in London from June 1918 where Australia, New Zealand, Canada and South Africa won British support for their separate representation at the eventual peace conference. At the

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arrived in Australia to take up his post in January 1945. Curtin hoped this might influence the British to despatch men and equipment to the Pacific, and the appointment reaffirmed the important role of the Crown to the Australian nation.

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replaced Fisher as prime minister in October 1915, regulations under the act were increasingly used to censor publications, penalise public speech and suppress organisations that the government considered detrimental to the war effort.

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in the UK. The Act removed the right of the British Parliament to make laws for Australia and ended any British role in the government of the Australian States. It also removed the right of appeal from Australian courts to the British

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in 1932 provided little respite to the growing crisis straining the young federation. With multimillion-pound debts mounting, public demonstrations and move and counter-move by Lang and the Scullin, then Lyons federal governments, the

1226:". The goal was to enhance the status of the graziers (operators of big sheep ranches) and small farmers, and secure subsidies for them. Enduring longer than any other major party save the Labor party, it has generally operated in 2278:

taking a direct role in planning and operations being essentially directed by staff at New Guinea Force headquarters in Port Moresby. Bitter fighting continued in New Guinea between the largely Australian force and the Japanese

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Of Australia's wartime population of 7 million, almost 1 million men and women served in a branch of the services during the six years of warfare. By war's end, gross enlistments totalled 727,200 men and women in the

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British Malaya quickly collapsed, shocking the Australian nation. British, Indian and Australian troops made a disorganised last stand at Singapore, before surrendering on 15 February 1942. 15,000 Australian soldiers became

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in June effectively defeated the Japanese navy and the Japanese army launched a land assault on Moresby from the north. Between July and November 1942, Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the

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The Australian economy was markedly affected by World War II. Expenditure on war reached 37% of GDP by 1943–4, compared to 4% expenditure in 1939–1940. Total war expenditure was £2,949 million between 1939 and 1945.

2254:, though clearly marked as a medical vessel, was sunk by a Japanese submarine off the Queensland coast. Of the 332 persons on board including doctors and nurses, just 64 survived and only one of the ship's nursing staff, 2533:

was the temporary seat of government from 1901 to 1927 while Canberra was being constructed. The Northern Territory was transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the federal parliament in 1911.

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Two battle hardened Australian divisions were already steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin refused, and anxiously awaited their return to Australia. US President

753:. When the British government asked for more troops from Australia in early 1902, the Australian government obliged with a national contingent. Some 16,500 men had volunteered for service by the war's end in June 1902. 2270:. The offensives in Papua and New Guinea of 1943–44 were the single largest series of connected operations ever mounted by the Australian armed forces. The Supreme Commander of operations was the United States General 2006:

With most of Australia's best forces committed to fight against Hitler in the Middle East, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii, on 8 December 1941 (eastern Australia time). The British battleship

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that he was seeking such from Britain. The migration campaign of the 1920s, operated by the Development and Migration Commission, brought almost 300,000 Britons to Australia, although schemes to settle migrants and

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the major employer (accounting for a quarter of all jobs) but manufacturing was fast catching up. While employment grew by 30 per cent during the period, employment in manufacturing increased by almost 70 per cent.

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in 1932. Soon after, on the cusp of US success, Phar Lap developed suspicious symptoms and died. Theories swirled that the champion race horse had been poisoned and a devoted Australian public went into shock. The

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increased the reserve militia to almost 80,000. The first division raised for war was designated the 6th Division, of the 2nd AIF, there being five Militia Divisions on paper and a 1st AIF in the First World War.

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With federation, the Commonwealth inherited the small defence forces of the six former Australian colonies. By 1901, units of soldiers from all six Australian colonies had been active as part of British forces in

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Australia also created, virtually from nothing, a significant female workforce engaged in direct war production. Between 1939 and 1944 the number of women working in factories rose from 171,000 to 286,000. Dame

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In 1902, the government introduced female suffrage in the Commonwealth jurisdiction, but at the same time excluded Aboriginal people from the franchise unless they already had the vote in a state jurisdiction.

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had been introduced by the Deakin government the previous year. Defence expenditure increased from £1 million in 1908–09 to £4.3 million in 1913–14, when it accounted for a third of the Commonwealth budget.

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Before the First World War, Australian theatre was dominated by British drama, bushranger plays and rural comedies. Attempts to establish an Australian national theatre were short-lived, but Louis Esson's

1241:. Industrial disputes characterised the 1920s in Australia. Other major strikes occurred on the waterfront, in the coalmining and timber industries in the late 1920s. The union movement had established the 2084:

suffered severe ill-treatment in the Pacific Theatre. Around 160 men of Lark Force were bayonetted after capture at Toll Plantation, while 300 of the surrendering Gull Force were summarily executed in the

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Australian trade unions support of the war, after Germany attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941. However, in spring 1940, the coal miners struck for higher wages for 67 days under communist leadership.

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exposed a lack of preparation in Australia for what Hughes correctly supposed to be a coming war. Soon after, the Lyons government tripled the defence budget. With Western Powers developing a policy of

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including Pacific Islanders, Chinese and Aborigines. The result, Fischer says, was a strengthening of conformity to imperial loyalties and an explicit preference for immigrants from the British Isles.

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was placed under the authority of Australia which saw the territory as vital for the protection of shipping lanes. With the passage of the Papua Act of 1905, British New Guinea became the Australian

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pushed the new flying machines to the limit, completing a round Australia circuit in 1927 and in 1928 traversed the Pacific Ocean, via Hawaii and Fiji from the US to Australia in the aircraft

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When the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 4 August 1914, the declaration automatically involved all of Britain's colonies and dominions. The outbreak of war came in the middle of the

655:. The Watson government itself fell in April and a Free Trade government under prime minister Reid successfully introduced legislation for a Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Court. 4623: 2825:(1912) was a notable work. In the inter-war years, Australian drama was fostered by the overtly political New Theatre Movement and small repertory theatres. Katherine Susannah Pritchard's 1754:

battle fleet "which, it was hoped, would use it in time of need." Defence spending in the inter-war years reflected this priority. In the period 1921–1936 totalled £40 million on the

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defence spending should be allocated however. The UAP government emphasised co-operation with Britain in "a policy of imperial defence." The lynchpin of this was the British naval base at

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but Labor still controlled the Senate. The Cook government's attempt to pass legislation abolishing preferential treatment for union members in the Commonwealth Public Service triggered a

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became famous for fusing western landscape painting with traditional Aboriginal concern for country. A modernist reaction to the Heidelberg tradition spawned the work of artists such as

2310:(of whom 557,800 served overseas), 216,900 in the RAAF and 48,900 in the RAN. Over 39,700 were killed or died as prisoners of war, about 8,000 of whom died as prisoners of the Japanese. 9030: 2325: 1766:(RAAF) (established in 1921, the "youngest" of the three services). In 1939, the Navy, which included two heavy cruisers and four light cruisers, was the service best equipped for war. 828:

campaign during which Labor leader Andrew Fisher promised to defend Britain "to the last man and the last shilling." Both major parties offered Britain 20,000 Australian troops. As the

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based upon the maintenance of racial purity" and "the collective ownership of monopolies". In the same year, the Queensland branch of the party adopted an overtly socialist objective.

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Australia used arbitration courts to settle industrial disputes and fix wages and conditions, while Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania used wage boards to achieve the same goals.

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In Australia, the costs of major investment had traditionally been met by state and Federal governments and heavy borrowing from overseas was made by the governments in the 1920s. A

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won the 1929 election in a landslide, but was quite unable to cope with the Depression. Labor split into three factions and then lost power in 1932 to a new conservative party, the

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as its new leader. Fearing Japanese intentions in the Pacific, Menzies established independent embassies in Tokyo and Washington to receive independent advice about developments.

1554:, easily won office. They remained in power under Lyons through Australia's recovery from the Great Depression and into the early stages of the World War II under Robert Menzies. 1847:

Thus began Australia's involvement in the six-year global conflict. Australians were to fight in an extraordinary variety of locations, from withstanding the advance of Hitler's

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was already facing significant difficulties. As the economy slowed in 1927, so did manufacturing and the country slipped into recession as profits slumped and unemployment rose.

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argues that the Labor opposition urged greater national self-reliance through a buildup of manufacturing and more emphasis on the Army and RAAF, as Chief of the General Staff,

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are notable for their chamber music of the 1920s and 1930s. Clive Martin Douglas attempted to incorporate Aboriginal influences in his music and is notable for his operetta

2081: 1863:. From bomber missions over Europe and Mediterranean naval engagements, to facing Japanese mini-sub raids on Sydney Harbour and devastating air raids on the city of Darwin. 1637:, following an assassination attempt and carrying 9 stone 12 pounds weight. Phar Lap sailed for the United States in 1931, going on to win North America's richest race, the 651:

legislation were instrumental in the fall of Deakin's Protectionist government in April 1904 and the appointment of the first national Labor government under prime minister

8841: 1531:, had been examining Lang's instruction not to pay money into the Federal Treasury. Game judged it was illegal. Lang refused to withdraw his order and, on 13 May, he was 839:

Public enthusiasm for the war was high, and the initial quota for the AIF was quickly filled. The troops left for Egypt on 1 November 1914, one of the escort ships, HMAS

5278:...Statute of Westminster 1931, the Australian States remained 'self-governing colonial dependencies of the British Crown' until the Australia Acts 1986 came into force. 1910:. Menzies called for "all out war", increasing Federal powers and introducing conscription. Menzies' minority government came to rely on just two independents after the 1663: 5343: 607:(ALP) polled third. Labor declared it would support the party which offered concessions to its program, and Barton's protectionists formed a government, with Deakin as 2490: 2860:

was successful internationally for his short compositions in the style of British folk tunes although he also wrote longer orchestral pieces and experimental works.

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of the Conciliation and Arbitration Court set a fair and reasonable wage based on the needs of a male breadwinner supporting a wife and three children. In 1908, the

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was not implemented in Australia, though anti-alcohol forces were successful in having hotels closed after 6 pm, and closed altogether in a few city suburbs.

1411:, and did not return to office until 1941. Australia made a very slow recovery from the Depression during the late 1930s. Lyons died in 1939 and was succeeded by 1109:

Although Japan was allowed to occupy the German territories north of the equator, Hughes was alarmed by this policy. Hughes frequently clashed with US President

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Australian women were encouraged to contribute to the war effort by joining one of the female branches of the armed forces or participating in the labour force.

1999:". Vital in the defence of Egypt and the Suez Canal, the Siege saw the advance of the German army halted for the first time and provided a morale boost for the 1565:

is chaired off the cricket pitch after scoring a world record 452 runs not out in 1930. Sporting success lifted Australian spirits through the Depression years.

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Fischer, Gerhard (April 1995). "'Negative integration' and an Australian road to modernity: Interpreting the Australian homefront experience in World War I".

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were held in Sydney from 5–12 February, timed to coincide with Sydney's sesqui-centenary (150 years since the foundation of British settlement in Australia).

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and 75% of their comrades perished due to ill-treatment and the conditions of their incarceration. In 1943, 2,815 Australian POWs died constructing Japan's

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introduced a degree of austerity and government control previously unknown, to such an extent that he was nicknamed "the man who killed Father Christmas."

1506:, a representative of the English banks who visited in mid 1930, proposed a deflationary plan, involving cuts to government spending and wages. Treasurer 1925: 1793:

fight Japan and Germany at the same time." But "this was never discussed candidly at…meeting(s) of Australian and British defence planners", such as the

1584:", pursued an orthodox fiscal policy and refused to accept NSW Premier Jack Lang's proposals to default on overseas debt repayments. According to author 2676: 1462:

accounted for almost half Australia's accumulated debt by December 1927. The situation caused alarm amongst a few politicians and economists, notably

8414: 2570:, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to 1655: 5383: 145: 4675: 1735: 1596:

has often been credited with steering recovery from the depression, although just how much of this was owed to their policies remains contentious.

1267:

music, entertainment culture, new technology and consumerism that characterised the 1920s in the USA was, to some extent, also found in Australia.

1057:

to be held in December. The referendum campaign proved divisive, with Hughes denouncing opponents of the measure as "the Germans of Australia, the

928:, suffering 10,000 casualties. In the summer and autumn of 1917, Australian troops also sustained heavy losses during the British offensive around 806: 9008:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

4462: 2097:

on 2,000 Australian and British prisoners of war – only six survived. This was the single worst war crime perpetrated against Australians in war.

6746: 2086: 1191:

was formed in 1920 and, though remaining electorally insignificant, it obtained some influence in the Trade Union movement and was banned during

1499:

solutions that eventually split the party, as it had in 1917. Some gravitated to New South Wales Premier Lang, other to Prime Minister Scullin.

1341:, established in 1853, finally closed in 1924. In 1920, the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service (to become the Australian airline 480: 1070:

increase troop numbers. Enlistments in 1918 were the lowest for the war, leading to the disbandment of 12 battalions and mutinies in the AIF.

9077: 8573: 6751: 1928:

for the duration of his visit. Returning to Australia, with the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian army suffering badly in the

9001: 8984: 8862: 7016: 2684: 2656:

The First World War stimulated the foundation of the national Advisory Council of Science and Industry in 1916 which eventually became the

8453: 4364: 329: 8143: 8137: 7239: 6272: 4842: 2050: 1668: 220: 140: 68: 1117:

and a full member of the League of Nations, Australia took an important step towards international recognition as a sovereign nation.

8199: 6519: 2319: 1838:

My fellow Australians. It is my melancholy duty to inform you, officially, that, in consequence of the persistence by Germany in her

290: 4440: 1245:(ACTU) in 1927 in response to the Nationalist government's efforts to change working conditions and reduce the power of the unions. 5875:

Garton, Stephen; Stanley, David (2013). "The Great War and its aftermath, 1914-22". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).

5388: 5150:

Many people incorrectly assume that Australia became a fully independent and sovereign nation on January 1st, 1901 with Federation.

4394: 3266: 2588: 1684:

c. 1933. Hughes opposed the policy of "appeasement" favoured by the Western powers and warned of an Australia ill-prepared for the

1659: 2628:

declared protestant and civil marriage rites invalid which exacerbated divisions between Catholics, Protestants and secularists.

1054: 1031: 96: 4812: 4418: 2405:, designed and built in four months of 1942, emphasised the desperate state Australia found itself in as the Japanese advanced. 2290:

MacCarthur excluded Australian forces from the main push north into the Philippines and Japan. It was left to Australia to lead

8047: 6793: 6603: 6411: 6325: 4632:, p. 20: "Thus Australian battalions of World War II carried the prefix 2/ to distinguish them from battalions of World War I". 2603:

in London. Most important, the Act transferred into Australian hands full control of all Australia's constitutional documents.

1430: 1098: 225: 73: 4581:

Robertson, John (1988). "The Distant War: Australia and Imperial defence 1919-1914". In McKernan, M. & Browne, M. (eds.).

2730:

helped forge a distinctive national literature. The following decades saw the emergence of critically acclaimed poets such as

1874:

saw an Australian garrison halt the advance of Hitler's Panzer divisions for the first time since the commencement of the war.

8408: 7232: 6689: 6529: 5984: 5960: 5673: 5654: 5635: 5493: 5474: 4981: 2046: 1949: 1769:

Scarred by the experiences of World War I, Australia reluctantly prepared for a new war, in which the primacy of the British

1734:

to try to satisfy the demands of Europe's new dictators without war, Prime Minister Lyons sailed for Britain in 1937 for the

865: 576: 3936: 2231:

Concerned to maintain British commitment to the defence of Australia, Prime Minister Curtin announced in November 1943 that

8356: 7582: 6805: 6340: 6335: 2910: 2498: 1153: 975:. In 1918, they pressed on through Palestine and into Syria in an advance that led to the Ottoman surrender on 31 October. 897:

determined Turkish resistance, the Anzacs were evacuated in December, followed by the British and French in early January.

814: 180: 86: 81: 1613:

Extraordinary sporting successes did something to alleviate the spirits of Australians during the economic downturn. In a

1046:(IWW) was declared an unlawful organisation and more than 100 of its members were arrested. In September, protests by the 8686: 7468: 7353: 7192: 7136: 7031: 6537: 6371: 6285: 6112: 5903: 5796: 5777: 2418: 1282:

in 1927 failed to assist and the industry that had begun so brightly with the release of the world's first feature film,

418: 155: 120: 4731: 4709: 1800:

By September 1939 the Australian Army numbered 3,000 regulars. A recruiting campaign in late 1938, led by Major-General

1633:

dominated Australia's racing industry, at one stage winning fourteen races in a row. Famous victories included the 1930

9082: 8404: 7199: 6330: 6310: 6158: 4920: 4753: 2807:(1920) proving popular. Local film production, however, halved in the 1930s in the face of competition from Hollywood. 1242: 810: 473: 5200: 2836:

Australian composers of the period mostly produced conservative work based on mainstream British and European models.

2606:

Attempts to unite the Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches failed in 1901–13 and again in 1917–25.

1357:. He went on to global fame and a series of aviation records before vanishing on a night flight to Singapore in 1935. 8566: 7759: 6741: 6642: 6542: 6462: 6396: 6131: 6090: 6052: 6019: 5941: 5884: 5865: 5856:(1988). "The Crucible: The Establishment of the Anzac Tradition 1899–1918". In McKernan, M. & Browne, M. (eds.). 5834: 5815: 5758: 5701: 5030: 4590: 4528: 4348: 4296: 4189: 4003: 3464: 1515: 1446: 873: 353: 270: 5134: 1916:

In January 1941, Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore's defences. Arriving in London during

1318:"on the land" were generally not a success. "The new irrigation areas in Western Australia and the Dawson Valley of 1017:

which gave it the power to make regulations "for securing the public safety and defence of the Commonwealth". After

8439: 8426: 6469: 6406: 6391: 5951:

Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth, 1890-1901". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).

2879:

Australian popular songs before the First World War mostly drew on music hall and overseas trends such as ragtime.

2232: 1911: 1035: 825: 737: 729: 710: 697: 615: 592: 295: 275: 230: 210: 190: 115: 4555: 8655: 8386: 7224: 6910: 6709: 6699: 6635: 6376: 6350: 5273: 2905: 1961: 1467: 1043: 849:

along the way. Meanwhile, in September, a separate Australian expeditionary force had captured German New Guinea.

833: 160: 135: 8949: 8477: 8091: 7985: 7802: 7486: 6996: 6895: 6615: 6593: 6499: 6305: 6265: 6071: 5922: 5321: 2482: 2458: 2450: 2049:, the first time the Australian mainland had ever been attacked by enemy forces. Over the following 19 months, 1547: 1315: 1165: 263: 150: 54: 4872:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography. 4312:

Potts, David (1991). "A Reassessment of the extent of Unemployment in Australia during the Great Depression".

4240:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography. 4142:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography. 4123:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography. 3906:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University – via Australian Dictionary of Biography. 2298:. Curtin suffered from ill health from the strains of office and died weeks before the war ended, replaced by 2155:. On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and the city of Newcastle. 8759: 8523: 8274: 7715:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 7612: 7544: 7146: 7063: 6939: 6788: 6781: 6652: 6598: 6401: 6381: 3917: 2883:

remained popular on stage and in gramophone recordings. Local commercial record production began in 1926 and

2466: 2236: 1899: 1626: 1395:

of the 1930s, which produced unemployment and destitution even greater than those seen during the 1890s. The

1366: 1253: 608: 572: 506: 466: 280: 215: 205: 165: 988:

leagues were formed and 7,000 Germans and other "enemy aliens" were sent to internment camps during the war.

8559: 8009: 7933: 7909: 7903: 7260: 7131: 6925: 6662: 6625: 6504: 6494: 6366: 2803: 2526: 1427: 1257:(1933); Heard Island, McDonald Islands, and Macquarie Island transferred to Australia from Britain (1947). 1238: 1188: 1172:

and breakaway elements of Labor (of which he was the most prominent), after the deep and bitter split over

1083: 1004: 413: 258: 4135: 2746:

movement of the late 1930s sought to create a new Australian literature drawing on Aboriginal traditions.

8976: 8642: 7492: 6900: 6858: 6853: 6800: 6547: 6514: 6442: 5393: 2812: 2797: 2758: 2584: 2546: 2538: 2502: 2474: 2221: 1973: 1524: 1346: 1303: 1284: 1249: 1215: 1138: 556: 185: 4683: 2955: 2056:

Three reinforced infantry battalions awaited the advancing Japanese in an arc across Australia's north:

1278:

declined through the decade, over 2 million Australians attending cinemas weekly at 1250 venues. A

8714: 8491: 8465: 8362: 8131: 6966: 6870: 6724: 6679: 6583: 4470: 2768:

Painting was dominated by a conservative nationalism which prized Australian landscape painting in the

2422: 2217: 2042: 1763: 1677: 1511: 1470:, but most political, union and business leaders were reluctant to admit to serious problems. In 1926, 1248:

Starting on 1 February 1927 (and lasting until 12 June 1931), the Northern Territory was divided up as

1231: 1169: 921: 721: 681: 438: 377: 341: 195: 2795:

Local cinema flourished in the first two decades of the century, with films about bushrangers such as

1882:

Australian troops at Milne Bay, New Guinea.The Australian army was the first to inflict defeat on the

1716:

Defence issues became increasingly prominent in public affairs with the rise of fascism in Europe and

9005:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 8648: 8604: 8326: 8037: 7712: 7682: 7440: 7086: 7043: 6991: 6890: 6736: 6704: 6620: 6610: 6578: 6258: 4775: 1643: 1476: 1184: 1173: 285: 200: 125: 4884: 4793: 3738: 2068:

on New Britain. These "bird forces" were overwhelmed: in early 1942, Lark Force was defeated in the

501:

of the six colonies to create the Commonwealth of Australia. The young nation joined Britain in the

8829: 8537: 8484: 8392: 8350: 8314: 8268: 7883: 7532: 7474: 7001: 6986: 6833: 6669: 6630: 6457: 2821: 2550: 2506: 2373: 2213: 2162:

A propaganda poster calling for Australians to avenge the 1943 sinking of Australian Hospital Ship

2152: 2008: 1794: 1423: 1234:(since the 1940s), becoming a major party of government in Australia – particularly in Queensland. 1013: 1738:, en route conducting a diplomatic mission to Italy on behalf of the British Government, visiting 1237:

Other significant after-effects of the war included ongoing industrial unrest, which included the

9046: 8878: 8753: 8721: 8702: 8368: 8320: 8262: 7971: 7915: 7291: 7151: 7026: 7006: 6981: 6961: 6714: 6684: 6509: 6386: 6315: 4865: 4254: 2727: 2575: 2515: 2280: 2185: 2177: 2112:

in 1943. 22,000 Australians were captured by the Japanese, of whom around 8000 subsequently died.

2069: 1585: 1350: 944: 929: 668: 639: 619: 538: 498: 175: 63: 3861: 1898:

The recruitment of a volunteer military force for service at home and abroad was announced, the

1550:. At Federal elections in December 1931, the United Australia Party, led by former Labor member 1113:

at the conference, telling him: "I speak for 60,000 dead". Nevertheless, as a signatory to the

8517: 8498: 8374: 8338: 8110: 8098: 7997: 7877: 7865: 7753: 7708: 7696: 7327: 7058: 7036: 7011: 6976: 6956: 6920: 6758: 6729: 6719: 6694: 6657: 6588: 6425: 6320: 5994: 5932:

Hirst, John (2013). "Nation building, 1901-14". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).

5253: 2861: 2845: 2830: 2785: 2295: 2090: 1969: 1942: 1883: 1856: 1704: 1638: 1543: 1539: 1487: 1404: 1396: 956: 948: 925: 852: 623: 604: 588: 4372: 1870:

A patrol from the 2/13th Infantry Battalion at Tobruk in North Africa, (AWM 020779). The 1941

756:

In 1884, Britain and Germany had agreed to partition the eastern half of New Guinea. In 1902,

696:

In 1906, the federal Free Trade Party changed its name to the Anti-Socialist Party and in the

9056: 8662: 7817: 7594: 7576: 7385: 7316: 7121: 7053: 6951: 6905: 6768: 6674: 6561: 6447: 5269: 5257: 5174: 4233: 2743: 2660:(CSIR) in 1926. The CSIR established a Radiophysics unit in 1939. Two Australian scientists, 2518:

after a decade of planning, consultation and voting. The Commonwealth of Australia was now a

2454: 2225: 2212:

had driven Allies back into Egypt. A turning point came between July and November 1942, when

2194: 2136: 1755: 1618: 1532: 1519: 1442: 1299: 1261:

transferred from the control of the South Australian government to the Commonwealth in 1911.

1227: 1047: 1000: 908:

In 1916, five infantry divisions of the AIF were sent to the Western Front. In July 1916, at

365: 6033: 4850: 1842:, Great Britain has declared war upon her, and that, as a result, Australia is also at war. 1774:

in April 1939, with Australia just months from war, and the United Australia Party selected

1418: 1391:

Australia's dependence on primary exports such as wheat and wool was cruelly exposed by the

8967: 8785: 8698: 8632: 8610: 8511: 8471: 8380: 8344: 8282: 8207: 7895: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7185: 7156: 7078: 6915: 6885: 6821: 6776: 6489: 6484: 6452: 6437: 6293: 6170:

Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s

5302: 2837: 2148: 2094: 2000: 1747: 1114: 972: 406: 235: 30: 991: 971:. This included a light horse mounted charge at Beersheba in October which helped win the 8: 8446: 8249: 8156: 8104: 7991: 7979: 7959: 7947: 7859: 7650: 7562: 7106: 7048: 6880: 6843: 6573: 4946: 4448: 2865: 2731: 2267: 2262: 2202: 1891: 1860: 1422:

In 1931, over 1000 unemployed men marched from the Esplanade to the Treasury Building in

1330: 1329:

set up in 1928 to co-ordinate loans, three-quarters of which came from overseas. Despite

1289: 913: 909: 596: 401: 389: 382: 370: 334: 253: 4404: 3899: 3150: 1030:

Labor Party expelled Hughes on account of the issue. Following the narrow defeat of the

8692: 8674: 8614: 8505: 8231: 8193: 8169: 8150: 8041: 7588: 7514: 7480: 7379: 7359: 7285: 7208: 7166: 7141: 7126: 7116: 7111: 7101: 7068: 6971: 6875: 6479: 6474: 5431: 5418:

Uidam, C. (June 1985). "Why the Church Union Movement Failed in Australia, 1901–1925".

3819: 3811: 2595: 2291: 2284: 2181: 2120: 2015: 1996: 1995:

derided the defenders as 'rats', a term the soldiers adopted as an ironic compliment: "

1839: 1480: 1412: 1196: 1134: 968: 893: 761: 757: 733: 714: 3221: 2328:

1942 Australian propaganda poster used on the homefront. Australia feared invasion by

959:

brigades were prominent in halting the Ottoman and German threat to the Suez Canal at

9052: 8638: 8256: 8221: 7953: 7841: 7789: 7783: 7767: 7606: 7600: 7550: 7520: 7450: 7096: 6838: 6154: 6127: 6108: 6086: 6067: 6048: 6015: 5956: 5937: 5918: 5899: 5880: 5861: 5830: 5811: 5792: 5773: 5754: 5697: 5265: 5026: 4820: 4586: 4524: 4426: 4344: 4292: 4185: 3999: 3823: 3460: 2769: 2749:

Australian fiction in the 1930s and 1940s was dominated by popular novelists such as

2688: 2669: 2636:

flourished in business and politics and was generally pro-British and anti-Catholic.

2430: 2357: 2333: 2271: 2140: 2123: 2041:. Curtin predicted that the 'battle for Australia' would now follow. On 19 February, 2031:, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom." 1953: 1921: 1822: 1697: 1581: 1275: 1223: 1177: 1103: 394: 358: 346: 2393:

of aircraft were built under licence in Australia before the war's end, notably the

1207:. Despite splits, the party remained active until its dissolution at the end of the 9009: 8942: 8934: 8926: 8854: 8765: 8733: 8620: 8420: 8332: 8117: 7643: 7636: 7538: 7423: 7368: 7213: 6647: 6029: 5427: 4321: 4284: 3803: 3719: 2777: 2773: 2478: 2394: 2189: 2144: 2105: 2038: 1948:

From 1940 to 1941, Australian forces played prominent roles in the fighting in the

1929: 1739: 1614: 1606: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1392: 1384: 1279: 1088: 960: 936: 869: 600: 514: 510: 456: 170: 7254: 6198:

The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins

5787:

Close, John (1982). "Australians in Wartime". In Willis, Ray; et al. (eds.).

4585:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial and Allen & Unwin Australia. p. 225. 4116: 634: 8962: 8739: 8668: 8459: 8398: 8237: 7921: 7823: 7526: 5234: 4399: 3944: 3787: 2888: 2762: 2739: 2529:) was formed in 1911 as the location for the future federal capital of Canberra. 2494: 2426: 2307: 2077: 2073: 1980: 1979:

A garrison of around 14,000 Australian soldiers, commanded by Lieutenant General

1965: 1957: 1933: 1878: 1871: 1852: 1759: 1717: 1459: 964: 917: 750: 502: 5720:

Bridge, Carl. "Chapter 22: Australia, Britain and the British Commonwealth". In

1437: 8847: 8835: 8680: 8296: 8225: 8214: 8003: 7965: 7871: 7835: 7829: 7795: 7333: 7256: 7091: 6196: 6010:

Lowe, David (2013). "Security". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).

5953:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia

2857: 2719: 2712: 2650: 2567: 2554: 2486: 2329: 2240: 2172:

In an effort to isolate Australia, the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of

1830: 1818: 1775: 1200: 1110: 889: 885: 881: 660: 522: 5316: 4902: 4325: 3723: 2401:, although the majority of aircraft were from Britain and later, the USA. The 2344: 2076:

and through 1942–3, Sparrow Force engaged in a prolonged guerilla campaign in

9071: 8888: 8708: 7889: 7773: 5998: 4739: 4717: 4654: 2723: 2665: 2600: 2470: 2462: 2402: 2275: 2057: 2028: 1984: 1801: 1785: 1681: 1634: 1503: 1495: 1491: 1400: 1310: 1062: 963:

in August 1916. In 1917, they participated in the allied advance through the

702: 664: 580: 560: 552: 4928: 4761: 2126:, Commander of Allied forces in the Pacific, with Australian Prime Minister 1813: 943:

took over command. The Australian Corps was heavily involved in halting the

525:

launched air raids and submarine raids against Australian cities during the

44: 8918: 8626: 8187: 8181: 8162: 7927: 7662: 7569: 7508: 7502: 6100: 6012:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2: The Commonwealth of Australia

5934:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2: The Commonwealth of Australia

5877:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2: The Commonwealth of Australia

5853: 5729:

Carter, David; Griffen-Foley, Bridget. "Chapter 10: Culture and media". In

5694:

The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 2: The Commonwealth of Australia

5212: 2880: 2781: 2754: 2735: 2708: 2692: 2414: 2255: 2173: 1992: 1988: 1903: 1887: 1866: 1721: 1692: 1685: 1673: 1551: 1507: 1463: 1408: 1376: 1326: 1192: 1161: 1018: 996: 652: 518: 1610:

is far too low." Potts suggests a peak national figure of 25% unemployed.

1538:

May 1931 had seen the creation of a new conservative political force, the

1058: 892:. The Anzacs, along with French, British and Indian troops, landed on the 9035: 8531: 8432: 8243: 7847: 7747: 7462: 7456: 7161: 7021: 5711:

Bashford, Alison; Hobbins, Peter. "Chapter 11: Science and medicine". In

5155: 4676:"In office - John Curtin (7 October 1941 – 5 July 1945) and Elsie Curtin" 4463:"In office - Joseph Lyons (6 January 1932 – 7 April 1939) and Enid Lyons" 4289:

Weevils in the Flour: an oral record of the 1930s depression in Australia

3862:"Treaty of Versailles 1919 (including Covenant of the League of Nations)" 2893: 2840:

was a British composer who migrated to Melbourne in 1891 and whose opera

2808: 2750: 2716: 2691:

conducted important research into immunology in the 1930s and 1940s, and

2680: 2661: 2633: 2398: 2382: 2299: 2248: 2209: 2164: 2127: 1938: 1789: 1731: 1622: 1562: 1528: 1450: 1338: 1268: 1219: 1149: 940: 877: 725: 526: 4776:"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war - the Burma–Thailand Railway" 2624:

Australians revolved around the local church. In 1908, the papal decree

2364: 8308: 8289: 8032: 7811: 7430: 7347: 5979: 5768:

Castle, Josie (1982). "The 1920s". In Willis, Ray; et al. (eds.).

4976: 3815: 3791: 2887:'s "Bless this House" (1927) became the most recorded Australian song. 2789: 2410: 2198: 2065: 2061: 1781: 1770: 1751: 1380: 1319: 1204: 1066: 6186:

Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan & Prior, Robin (1996).

6035:

The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901-42, the Succeeding Age

5023:

The Six Years War: A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–1945 War

2324: 2158: 1720:

in Asia. Prime Minister Lyons sent veteran World War I Prime Minister

1458:

according to economic historian Geoff Spenceley. Debt by the state of

1445:

on 20 March 1932. Breaking protocol, the soon to be dismissed Premier

1295: 8954: 7807: 7556: 7340: 6281: 6250: 5860:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial and Allen & Unwin Australia. 2884: 2571: 2530: 2445: 2100: 1917: 1156:

in 1921 and was the first woman elected to any Australian Parliament.

1092:

The Australian delegation. The centre is Prime Minister Billy Hughes.

902: 857: 845: 568: 130: 2453:(front, centre) with his prime ministers. Standing (left to right): 2205:

in August 1942 was the first Allied defeat of Japanese land forces.

1629:

and post-World War II recovery. Between 1929 and 1931 the racehorse

8882: 8797: 8076: 8028: 7777: 7704: 7690: 7686: 7656: 7444: 5844:

Davison, Graeme; Hirst, John & Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (2001).

3807: 2558: 2519: 2109: 1907: 1630: 1573: 1387:

stewarded Australia through its recovery from the Great Depression.

1208: 1053:

Following further falls in enlistments in 1917, Hughes announced a

772:, arrived in Sydney harbour, accompanied by the new light cruisers 764:. Formal Australian administration of the territory began in 1906. 543: 6179:

Reluctant Nation: Australia and the Allied Defeat of Japan 1942–45

6064:

The Light on the Hill : the Australian Labor Party, 1891-1991

4523:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service. p. 33. 2675:

Medical research was boosted by federal organisations such as the

2116: 1557: 935:

In November 1917 the five Australian divisions were united in the

832:

precluded sending conscripts overseas, a new volunteer force, the

8791: 8124: 8084: 7677: 7434: 7393: 5915:

The Sentimental Nation: the making of the Australian Commonwealth

2696: 1349:, the world's first air ambulance in 1928. Dare devil pilot, Sir 905:, centring on themes of "nationhood, brotherhood and sacrifice". 659:

linked to their provision of "fair and reasonable" wages. In the

2707:

In the first decade of the century, established writers such as

1050:

in Melbourne resulted in extensive damage to shops and offices.

932:. Overall, almost 22,000 Australian troops were killed in 1917. 692:

Procession in support of an eight-hour work day, 4 October 1909.

8801: 8176: 7941: 7719: 7321: 5258:"The De-Colonisation of the Australian States, Paper No. 07/19" 2258:. The war crime further enraged popular opinion against Japan. 1848: 1342: 2216:

played a crucial role in some of the heaviest fighting of the

1180:

of 1919, almost certainly brought home by returning soldiers.

1145: 1130: 584:

defence, immigration, taxation, race and customs and excise.

8302: 8024: 7496: 6226:

A Nation for a Continent: The History of Australia, 1901–1975

6151:

Trade Unionism in Australia: A History from Flood to Ebb Tide

5090: 5054: 3792:"Australia and the German Colonies in the Pacific, 1914–1919" 2657: 2632:

conservative parties had stronger support among Protestants.

1490:

was swept to power in a landslide, the former Prime Minister

1371: 6105:

Australia in the Nineteen Twenties: Commentary and Documents

6047:(5th ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 5044: 5042: 4518: 4024: 3996:

History and Heartburn; The Saga of Australian Film 1896–1978

2352: 1011:

In October 1914, the Fisher Labor government introduced the

7853: 4957: 4502: 4500: 1664:

Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II

1569: 1264: 688: 548: 5114: 4198: 4161: 4151: 4149: 3570: 3568: 3341: 3263:

Australian Prime Ministers, National Archives of Australia

2815:, nevertheless, were successful directors in this decade. 2695:

first published his groundbreaking research into maternal

2594:

The final step to full sovereignty was the passing of the

1176:. An estimated 12,000 Australians died as a result of the 864:

After arriving in Egypt, the AIF was incorporated into an

720:

The anti-Labor parliamentary fusion was formalised as the

5039: 5002: 3918:"Australian Communist Party - political party, Australia" 5364: 4599: 4497: 4265: 4084: 4060: 1345:) was established. The Reverend John Flynn, founded the 5283: 5066: 4690: 4215: 4213: 4146: 3866:

Documenting a Democracy, Museum of Australian Democracy

3565: 1379:(1931–1939), pictured with his politically active wife 5653:

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4986:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 622–637. 4794:"Stolen Years: Australian prisoners of war - Sandakan" 4635: 4562: 4491:

From Barton to Fraser: Every Australian Prime Minister

4261:. Kingsford, NSW: University of New South Wales Press. 4096: 3879: 2833:

wrote successful verse dramas for radio in the 1940s.

2421:

in 1943, joining the Robert Menzies' new centre-right

1941:

was sworn in Prime Minister. Eight weeks later, Japan

1502:

Various "plans" to resolve the crisis were suggested;

8907: 8040:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 6185: 5843: 5161: 5102: 5078: 4990: 4072: 4048: 4036: 1991:

between April and August 1941. The Nazi propagandist

1510:

proposed a mildly inflationary plan, while the Labor

1061:

and the IWW." The Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne,

706:

follow a course of free enterprise or state control.

532: 6235:

The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965

4249: 4247: 4210: 4182:

Windows on our Past; Constructing Australian History

4012: 3975: 3963: 3951: 1672:

UAP Minister and veteran World War I Prime Minister

724:

under the former New South Wales Labor Party leader

6244:

Australia: A New History of the Great Southern Land

6188:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

5848:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 5827:

Modern Australia in Documents: Volume 2 - 1939-1970

5808:

Modern Australia in Documents: Volume 1 - 1901–1939

5751:

The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Australian History

5728: 5672:

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5617: 5605: 5593: 5581: 5236:

Official year book of the Commonwealth of Australia

4611: 4184:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. p. 195. 1580:

Lyons favoured the tough economic measures of the "

1535:. At June elections, Lang Labor's seats collapsed. 5692:Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (2013). 5634:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFitzpatrickPeter ( 5025:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. p. 474. 4291:. Fitzroy, Vic.: Scribe Publications. p. 14. 2139:ordered his commander in the Philippines, General 6208:Federation: Australian Art and Society, 1901–2001 5739: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5691: 4940: 4938: 4244: 4136:"Kingsford Smith, Sir Charles Edward (1897–1935)" 3449: 2525:The Federal Capital Territory (later renamed the 1656:Military history of Australia during World War II 1337:1929 there were 500,000. The stage coach company 920:, pursuing Australian troops engaged them at the 701:its support for the government and, in November, 9069: 5648: 5317:"Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 (Cth)" 5301:It has also been argued that the signing of the 2609: 2440: 2003:, which was then standing alone against Hitler. 1736:coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth 1203:unsuccessfully tried to ban it again during the 815:Economic history of World War I § Australia 807:Military history of Australia during World War I 544:White Australia, protectionism and rise of Labor 5898:. Melbourne: Victorian Historical Association. 5710: 5554: 5542: 5530: 5518: 5167: 4984:, Series 1. Army, Volume 7: The Final Campaigns 4542: 4540: 1788:also advocated. In November 1936, Labor leader 1077: 743: 6014:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 5936:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 5879:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 5696:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 5492:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThompson2002 ( 5473:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThompson2002 ( 4935: 4670: 4668: 2947: 2658:Council for Scientific and Industrial Research 2537:In 1931, the Parliament of Britain passed the 1711: 1360: 1218:) formed in 1920 to promulgate its version of 811:Home front during World War I § Australia 8567: 7240: 6266: 5874: 5667: 5201:"When Melbourne was Australia's capital city" 3762: 3694: 3646: 3610: 3574: 3523: 3511: 3499: 3475: 3443: 3395: 3383: 2266:battle set the tone for the remainder of the 888:which had entered the war on the side of the 474: 9002:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 8985:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 8863:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 5917:. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 5629: 4537: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4343:. Carlton North: Scribe Press. p. 395. 3739:"Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)" 3736: 3705: 3703: 2685:National Health and Medical Research Council 2561:of the British empire in the following way: 1494:losing his own seat. The new Prime Minister 995:Australian soldiers carrying Prime Minister 647:issue and many of whom favoured free trade. 618:was one of the first laws passed by the new 5738:Davison, Graeme. "Chapter 9: Religion". In 4813:"Midget Submarine Attack on Sydney Harbour" 4665: 2566:They are autonomous Communities within the 836:(AIF), was raised to meet this commitment. 819: 595:and resulted in a narrow plurality for the 8574: 8560: 7247: 7233: 6273: 6259: 5846:The Oxford Companion to Australian History 5344:"Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942" 5248: 5246: 4283: 2677:Australian Institute for Tropical Medicine 2574:, and freely associated as members of the 856:The Australian 4th Battalion lands at the 481: 467: 6121: 6080: 6042: 6028: 5858:Australia: Two Centuries of War and Peace 5566: 5096: 5060: 5048: 5008: 4947:"Wartime Issue 23 - New Guinea Offensive" 4629: 4605: 4583:Australia: Two Centuries of War and Peace 4580: 4506: 4477: 4271: 4259:Joseph Lyons: The People's Prime Minister 4253: 4167: 4155: 4066: 4030: 3848: 3700: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3634: 3622: 3598: 3586: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3487: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3359: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3245: 3183: 3124: 3112: 3076: 3064: 3004: 2992: 2320:Australian home front during World War II 1829:On 3 September 1939, the Prime Minister, 939:, and in May 1918 the Australian general 787: 736:of parliament. Labor comfortably won the 8046:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 6205: 6061: 5974:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. 5969: 5824: 5805: 5487: 5468: 5389:Australasian Legal Information Institute 5370: 5239:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1957. 5120: 5072: 4696: 4641: 4548:"Robert Menzies, Prime Minister 1939–41" 3941:Australian Political Science Association 3347: 3299: 3287: 3207: 3100: 2589:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 2444: 2425:, formed in 1945. At the same election, 2417:, became the first woman elected to the 2363: 2351: 2343: 2323: 2157: 2115: 2099: 1877: 1865: 1812: 1691: 1667: 1660:Axis naval activity in Australian waters 1568: 1556: 1436: 1417: 1370: 1294: 1144: 1129: 1087: 1038:and Hughes continued as prime minister. 990: 851: 687: 633: 547: 6214: 6148: 5987:, Series 1. Army, Volume 1: To Benghazi 5852: 5748: 5737: 5506: 5456: 5444: 5289: 5243: 5132: 4963: 4866:"Gloucester, first Duke of (1900–1974)" 4488: 4204: 4102: 4090: 3885: 3709: 1742:with assurances of British friendship. 1385:Lyons United Australia Party Government 675: 23:This article is part of a series on the 9070: 9031:Historical flags of the British Empire 9015:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 6280: 6167: 6099: 6066:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 5950: 5767: 5753:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 5719: 5577: 5575: 5413: 5411: 5252: 5135:"Australia's last brick of nationhood" 4521:An Outline of Australian Naval History 4234:"Lang, John Thomas (Jack) (1876–1975)" 4078: 4054: 4042: 4018: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3774: 3219: 3148: 2929: 2429:became the first woman elected to the 1987:by the German-Italian army of General 1486:At elections held in October 1929 the 1120: 1065:, and the Labor premier of Queensland 912:, in a diversionary attack during the 495:history of Australia from 1901 to 1945 8906: 8818: 8555: 8064: 7736: 7411: 7304: 7228: 6254: 6241: 5997:(1995). "Australia in the World". In 5931: 5912: 5786: 5417: 5162:Davison, Hirst & Macintyre (2001) 5108: 5084: 4996: 4882: 4519:Department of Defence (Navy) (1976). 4338: 4311: 4219: 3993: 3786: 3195: 3136: 3088: 3052: 3040: 3028: 3016: 2980: 2953: 2941: 2844:(1909) is set in colonial Australia. 2557:leaders in London, which had defined 1855:; to turning back the advance of the 901:Australian national holiday known as 866:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 728:. The Liberal Party narrowly won the 6232: 6223: 6194: 6009: 5993: 5989:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 5978: 5893: 5223:– via University of Melbourne. 5198: 5020: 4975: 4810: 4617: 4568: 4179: 4114: 3934: 3836: 3371: 2911:History of broadcasting in Australia 2587:until over a decade later, with the 2093:In 1944, the Japanese inflicted the 1154:West Australian Legislative Assembly 1032:October 1916 conscription referendum 797:white, and almost all from Britain. 680:The base of the Labor Party was the 181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 8842:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 7685:. British Cameroons is now part of 6176: 5572: 5408: 5139:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 4944: 4863: 4493:. Stanmore, NSW: Cassell Australia. 2389:financial autonomy of the states." 2051:Australia was attacked from the air 1833:, made a national radio broadcast: 1707:in the Indian Ocean, November 1941. 1649: 1542:formed by breakaway members of the 880:to allied battleships, threatening 13: 7701:unilaterally declared independence 7396:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 6142: 5432:10.1111/j.1467-9809.1985.tb00445.x 5133:Donovan, David (6 December 2010). 4870:Australian Dictionary of Biography 4238:Australian Dictionary of Biography 4140:Australian Dictionary of Biography 4133: 4121:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3904:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3897: 3743:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3226:Australian Dictionary of Biography 3155:Australian Dictionary of Biography 2801:(1906) and rural comedies such as 2072:and Gull Force surrendered in the 1906:and Britain, stood alone with its 1243:Australian Council of Trade Unions 1164:led a new conservative force, the 868:(ANZAC) under the British general 800: 533:From federation to war (1901—1914) 14: 9094: 8908:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 8887:Occupied by Argentina during the 8819: 8065: 5985:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 5205:The University of Melbourne Voice 4982:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 4231: 2413:, widow of former Prime Minister 1055:second referendum on conscription 982: 874:Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 9078:History of Australia (1901–1945) 9051: 9042: 9041: 8454:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6210:. National Gallery of Australia. 6107:. Melbourne: Nelson Publishers. 6083:Australia Goes To War, 1939–1945 5661: 5642: 5623: 5611: 5599: 5587: 5560: 5548: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5481: 5462: 5450: 5438: 5376: 5336: 5309: 5295: 5262:Sydney Law School Research Paper 5227: 5192: 5126: 5014: 4969: 4913: 4895: 4876: 4857: 4835: 4811:Dunn, Peter (25 December 2006). 4804: 4786: 4768: 4746: 4724: 4702: 4647: 4574: 4512: 4455: 4433: 4341:The Myth of the Great Depression 2374:Japanese midget submarine attack 2313: 2233:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 2208:Meanwhile, in North Africa, the 872:. The Anzacs formed part of the 616:Immigration Restriction Act 1901 513:and again joined Britain in the 450: 43: 5791:. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. 5772:. Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. 5740:Bashford & Macintyre (2013) 5731:Bashford & Macintyre (2013) 5722:Bashford & Macintyre (2013) 5713:Bashford & Macintyre (2013) 5618:Carter & Griffen-Foley 2013 5606:Carter & Griffen-Foley 2013 5594:Carter & Griffen-Foley 2013 5582:Carter & Griffen-Foley 2013 4419:"Phar Lap - 1930 Melbourne Cup" 4411: 4387: 4357: 4332: 4305: 4277: 4225: 4173: 4127: 4108: 3987: 3928: 3910: 3891: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3730: 3688: 3676: 3664: 3652: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3329: 3317: 3305: 3293: 3281: 3251: 3239: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3177: 3168: 3142: 3130: 3118: 3106: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 2906:History of Australia since 1945 2848:also composed operas including 2681:Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 1758:(RAN), £20 million on the 1468:University of Western Australia 1449:cuts the ribbon while Governor 1152:(1861–1932) was elected to the 1044:Industrial Workers of the World 682:Australian Trade Union movement 8950:Australian Antarctic Territory 7806:since 1965 (before as part of 7803:British Indian Ocean Territory 7689:, while Tanganyika is part of 7320:since 1960 (before as part of 6045:A Concise History of Australia 5955:. Cambridge University Press. 5829:. Melbourne: Wren Publishing. 5810:. Melbourne: Wren Publishing. 5322:National Archives of Australia 5199:Otto, Kristin (25 June 2007). 4680:National Archives of Australia 4552:National Archives of Australia 4467:National Archives of Australia 3900:"Thornton, Ernest (1907–1969)" 3459:pp. 158–162 Penguin Australia 3259:"Andrew Fisher, during office" 3151:"Cook, Sir Joseph (1860–1947)" 3034: 3022: 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2935: 2923: 2872:(1938) and his symphonic poem 2668:, were seconded to the allied 2549:, a report resulting from the 2283:based in New Guinea until the 1160:After the war, Prime Minister 717:from South Australia in 1911. 1: 6237:. Cambridge University Press. 6215:Samuels, Selina, ed. (2002). 6172:. Melbourne University Press. 5896:The Making of White Australia 5175:"History of the Commonwealth" 4314:Australian Historical Studies 3937:"Countrymindedness Revisited" 3712:Australian Historical Studies 2916: 2610:Religion, science and culture 2583:Australia did not ratify the 2441:The steps to full sovereignty 2237:Governor General of Australia 1900:2nd Australian Imperial Force 1627:Great Depression in Australia 1367:Great Depression in Australia 1183:Following the success of the 1141:founder and leader 1920–1921. 876:with the task of opening the 843:, sinking the German cruiser 507:Great Depression in Australia 7261:British Overseas Territories 6126:. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson. 5789:Issues in Australian History 5770:Issues in Australian History 5649:Simons & Broadstock 1997 5420:Journal of Religious History 4885:"The Sinking of the Centaur" 3998:. Sydney: Harper & Row. 3737:Fitzhardinge, L. F. (2006). 3222:"Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)" 2956:"Deakin, Alfred (1856–1919)" 2765:attracted critical acclaim. 2759:Katherine Susannah Pritchard 2527:Australian Capital Territory 2184:engaged the Japanese in the 1441:Ribbon ceremony to open the 1288:(1906), atrophied until its 1239:1923 Victorian Police strike 1189:Communist Party of Australia 1125: 1084:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 1078:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 1005:Paris Peace Conference, 1919 999:, the 'little digger', down 744:External affairs and defence 7: 8977:British Antarctic Territory 8687:Western Pacific Territories 8581: 6217:Australian Writers, 1915–50 5555:Bashford & Hobbins 2013 5543:Bashford & Hobbins 2013 5531:Bashford & Hobbins 2013 5519:Bashford & Hobbins 2013 4883:James, Karl (14 May 2008). 2899: 2798:The Story of the Kelly Gang 2614: 2585:Statute of Westminster 1931 2547:Balfour Declaration of 1926 2545:The statute formalised the 2222:Second Battle of El Alamein 2188:and halted the attack. The 2104:Netherlands and Australian 2082:Australian Prisoners of War 1974:Second Battle of El Alamein 1920:, Menzies was invited into 1821:and British Prime Minister 1762:and £6 million on the 1727:Australia and the War Today 1712:Defence policy in the 1930s 1525:Governor of New South Wales 1361:Great Depression: the 1930s 1347:Royal Flying Doctor Service 1304:Royal Flying Doctor Service 1285:The Story of the Kelly Gang 1214:The Country Party (today's 926:Second Battle of Bullecourt 860:Peninsula on 25 April 1915. 740:and Fisher resumed office. 563:, the second Prime Minister 557:Prime Minister of Australia 74:European exploration (land) 10: 9099: 8715:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 8132:British Arctic Territories 7412: 7305: 6168:Bridge, Carl, ed. (1991). 6043:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). 6038:. Oxford University Press. 5972:Alfred Deakin: a biography 5749:Bassett, Jan, ed. (1986). 5684: 4369:Australia's Culture Portal 3174:Frank Crowley (1973) p. 22 2639: 2516:federation of the colonies 2423:Liberal Party of Australia 2317: 2294:against Japanese bases in 2274:, with Australian General 1764:Royal Australian Air Force 1653: 1533:dismissed by Governor Game 1512:Premier of New South Wales 1364: 1081: 1003:after his return from the 947:of 1918 and in the allied 922:First Battle of Bullecourt 804: 722:Commonwealth Liberal Party 622:. This centrepiece of the 536: 439:List of years in Australia 69:European exploration (sea) 9083:20th century in Australia 9026: 8995: 8955:Commonwealth of Australia 8913: 8902: 8873: 8825: 8814: 8780: 8587: 8551: 8357:Newfoundland and Labrador 8071: 8060: 8038:League of Nations mandate 8019: 7743: 7732: 7713:Lancaster House Agreement 7683:League of Nations mandate 7672: 7418: 7407: 7311: 7300: 7267: 7179: 7077: 6947: 6938: 6829: 6820: 6767: 6643:Intelligence and security 6569: 6560: 6528: 6433: 6424: 6359: 6301: 6292: 6195:Jupp, James, ed. (2002). 6122:Spenceley, Geoff (1981). 5668:Browning & Breen 1997 5521:, pp. 264–65, 270–73 4903:"Centaur (Hospital ship)" 4326:10.1080/10314619108595855 4117:"Flynn, John (1880–1951)" 3796:Journal of Modern History 3763:Garton & Stanley 2013 3724:10.1080/10314619508595974 3695:Garton & Stanley 2013 3647:Garton & Stanley 2013 3611:Garton & Stanley 2013 3575:Garton & Stanley 2013 3524:Garton & Stanley 2013 3512:Garton & Stanley 2013 3500:Garton & Stanley 2013 3476:Garton & Stanley 2013 3444:Garton & Stanley 2013 3396:Garton & Stanley 2013 3384:Garton & Stanley 2013 2249:Australian Hospital Ship 2228:in favour of the Allies. 2168:off the Queensland coast. 1894:of August–September 1942. 1644:1938 British Empire Games 1477:Wall Street Crash of 1929 834:Australian Imperial Force 569:Commonwealth of Australia 8485:Turks and Caicos Islands 7792:(protectorate) 1907–1949 7737: 7364:(integrated into the UK) 6081:Robertson, John (1984). 6003:Australia's War, 1914–18 5970:La Nauze, J. A. (1965). 5825:Crowley, Frank (1973b). 5806:Crowley, Frank (1973a). 3210:, pp. 95–97, 454–57 2896:of the 1930s and 1940s. 2829:(1927) is notable. Poet 2822:The Time Is Not Yet Ripe 2693:Norman McCallister Gregg 2653:in 1911-14 and 1929-31. 2551:1926 Imperial Conference 2419:House of Representatives 2376:on Sydney Harbour, 1942. 2214:Australia's 9th Division 1795:1937 Imperial Conference 1424:Perth, Western Australia 1195:for its support for the 1139:Country Party (National) 955:In the Middle East, the 820:Australia at war 1914–18 738:September 1914 elections 8768:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 8593:18th and 19th centuries 8409:Queen Charlotte Islands 8369:North-Western Territory 8341:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 7944:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 7609:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 7292:Commonwealth of Nations 6206:McDonald, John (2002). 6062:McMullin, Ross (1991). 5630:Fitzpatrick & Peter 5179:Commonwealth of Nations 4951:Australian War Memorial 4925:Australian War Memorial 4907:Australian War Memorial 4889:Australian War Memorial 4847:Australian War Memorial 4798:Australian War Memorial 4780:Australian War Memorial 4758:Australian War Memorial 4736:Australian War Memorial 4714:Australian War Memorial 4659:Australian War Memorial 4489:Carroll, Brian (1978). 2728:Henry Handel Richardson 2715:and new voices such as 2702: 2522:of the British Empire. 2186:Battle of the Coral Sea 2178:Territory of New Guinea 2070:Battle of Rabaul (1942) 2045:suffered a devastating 1351:Charles Kingsford Smith 945:German Spring Offensive 698:December 1906 elections 669:High Court of Australia 640:Parliament of Australia 579:on 1 January 1901, and 539:Federation of Australia 505:, suffered through the 8518:West Indies Federation 7707:) and continued as an 7290:Current member of the 7037:Indigenous Australians 6538:States and territories 6224:Ward, Russell (1977). 3149:Crowly, F. K. (2006). 2962:. ADBonline.anu.edu.au 2581: 2580: 2539:Statute of Westminster 2510: 2377: 2361: 2349: 2337: 2197:, in the highlands of 2169: 2131: 2113: 2091:Burma-Thailand Railway 2034: 2033: 1970:Syria-Lebanon campaign 1895: 1884:Imperial Japanese Army 1875: 1857:Imperial Japanese Army 1845: 1844: 1826: 1808: 1708: 1689: 1639:Agua Caliente Handicap 1577: 1566: 1540:United Australia Party 1454: 1434: 1405:United Australia Party 1388: 1307: 1168:, formed from the old 1157: 1142: 1099:Paris Peace Conference 1093: 1042:non-union labour. The 1008: 957:Australian Light Horse 861: 788:Economy and population 693: 643: 624:White Australia policy 605:Australian Labor Party 571:was proclaimed by the 564: 509:as part of the global 8440:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7711:state until the 1979 7317:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 6331:Territorial evolution 6242:Welsh, Frank (2008). 6149:Bramble, Tom (2008). 6124:The Depression Decade 6085:. Sydney: Doubleday. 4339:Potts, David (2006). 2564: 2563: 2483:Union of South Africa 2448: 2367: 2355: 2347: 2327: 2226:North Africa Campaign 2161: 2137:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2119: 2103: 2025: 2024: 1950:Mediterranean theatre 1943:attacked Pearl Harbor 1881: 1869: 1836: 1835: 1816: 1756:Royal Australian Navy 1695: 1671: 1619:Sydney Cricket Ground 1617:cricket match at the 1572: 1560: 1520:Sydney Harbour Bridge 1443:Sydney Harbour Bridge 1440: 1421: 1374: 1298: 1148: 1133: 1091: 1001:George Street, Sydney 994: 884:, the capital of the 855: 826:1914 federal election 711:elections of May 1910 691: 638:Opening of the first 637: 620:Australian parliament 551: 8968:Realm of New Zealand 8966:(transferred to the 8953:(transferred to the 8786:Realm of New Zealand 8387:Prince Edward Island 8265:1671–1816, 1833–1960 6777:Cabinet of Australia 6752:Government ministers 6520:World Heritage Sites 6326:European exploration 6005:. Allen & Unwin. 5913:Hirst, John (2000). 5384:"Australia Act 1986" 5303:Treaty of Versailles 5021:Long, Gavin (1973). 4558:on 13 November 2013. 4180:Pook, Henry (1993). 3994:Reade, Eric (1979). 3455:Bill Gammage (1974) 3386:, pp. 41–42, 48 2960:ADBonline.anu.edu.au 2838:George Marshall-Hall 2576:British Commonwealth 2247:On 14 May 1943, the 2235:was to be appointed 2176:, in the Australian 2151:in a daring raid on 2149:accommodation vessel 2095:Sandakan Death March 2001:British Commonwealth 1322:proved disastrous". 1290:revival in the 1970s 1185:Bolshevik Revolution 1178:Spanish flu pandemic 1115:Treaty of Versailles 973:Third Battle of Gaza 676:Labor and anti-Labor 457:Australia portal 56:Timeline and periods 8999:Since 2009 part of 8891:of April–June 1982. 8478:Trinidad and Tobago 8092:Antigua and Barbuda 7992:Straits Settlements 6849:Gross state product 6233:Watt, Alan (1967). 6177:Day, David (1992). 5894:Gibb, D.M. (1973). 5742:, pp. 215–236. 5733:, pp. 237-262. 5724:, pp. 518-536. 5715:, pp. 263-283. 5211:(8). Archived from 5164:, pp. 243–244. 5099:, pp. 189–190. 5063:, pp. 202–203. 4966:, pp. 228–229. 4931:on 19 January 2012. 4764:on 20 January 2012. 4742:on 19 January 2012. 4720:on 19 January 2012. 4686:on 17 January 2012. 4473:on 17 January 2012. 4451:on 8 February 2008. 4395:"Phar Lap - Winner" 4207:, pp. 118–119. 4134:Howard, Frederick. 4033:, pp. 200–201. 3685:, pp. 172–75. 3673:, pp. 170–72. 3661:, pp. 162–67. 3637:, pp. 161–63. 3589:, pp. 142, 161 3562:, pp. 155–57. 3538:, pp. 143–44. 3490:, pp. 157–76. 3410:, pp. 147–49. 3314:, pp. 139–40. 3248:, pp. 138–39. 3220:Norris, R. (2006). 3186:, pp. 130–32. 2995:, pp. 123–25. 2866:Margaret Sutherland 2732:Christopher Brennan 2670:atomic bomb project 2360:, 19 February 1942. 2292:amphibious assaults 2268:New Guinea Campaign 2263:Battle of Buna-Gona 2224:, which turned the 2203:Battle of Milne Bay 2180:. In May 1942, the 1926:British War Cabinet 1892:Battle of Milne Bay 1861:New Guinea Campaign 1546:combining with the 1331:Imperial Preference 1300:The Revd John Flynn 1222:, which it called " 1121:The inter-war years 1014:War Precautions Act 914:Battle of the Somme 597:Protectionist Party 8151:Cape Breton Island 8042:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 7884:Unfederated States 7699:Southern Rhodesia 7286:Commonwealth realm 7167:Australian studies 7102:Australian English 6911:Telecommunications 6747:Government leaders 6690:Political ideology 4732:"2/22nd Battalion" 4441:"Phar Lap's Death" 4115:Bucknall, Graeme. 3935:Wear, Rae (1990). 3338:, pp. 34–35. 3326:, pp. 26–34. 3269:on 25 October 2021 3127:, pp. 93–95. 3115:, pp. 92–93. 2689:Macfarlane Burnett 2596:Australia Act 1986 2511: 2501:), King George V, 2378: 2362: 2350: 2338: 2285:Japanese surrender 2170: 2132: 2114: 2053:almost 100 times. 2014:and battlecruiser 1997:The Rats of Tobruk 1896: 1876: 1840:invasion of Poland 1827: 1709: 1696:The light cruiser 1690: 1578: 1567: 1481:Australian economy 1472:Australian Finance 1455: 1435: 1431:Sir James Mitchell 1389: 1308: 1201:Menzies Government 1197:Hitler-Stalin Pact 1158: 1143: 1135:William McWilliams 1094: 1048:Women's Peace Army 1036:May 1917 elections 1009: 862: 762:Territory of Papua 758:British New Guinea 734:double dissolution 730:May 1913 elections 715:Northern Territory 694: 644: 565: 555:(left), the first 354:Northern Territory 264:Chinese Australian 254:African Australian 221:Telecommunications 141:Capital punishment 9065: 9064: 9022: 9021: 8898: 8897: 8830:Providence Island 8810: 8809: 8775: 8774: 8643:Western Australia 8611:Van Diemen's Land 8547: 8546: 8524:Associated States 8222:Columbia District 8056: 8055: 7910:Manila and Cavite 7728: 7727: 7607:Southern Rhodesia 7601:South-West Africa 7551:Northern Rhodesia 7463:Cape of Good Hope 7403: 7402: 7280:Current territory 7222: 7221: 7175: 7174: 6997:Human trafficking 6934: 6933: 6816: 6815: 6616:Foreign relations 6556: 6555: 6420: 6419: 6367:Asian Australians 6030:Macintyre, Stuart 5962:978-1-1070-1153-3 5670:, pp. 463–65 5651:, pp. 138–41 5632:, pp. 194–98 5620:, pp. 242–43 5608:, pp. 241–42 5596:, pp. 246–47 5584:, pp. 243–46 5569:, pp. 140–41 5557:, pp. 277–78 5545:, pp. 267–68 5509:, pp. 223–26 5447:, pp. 215–19 5396:on 4 January 2012 5123:, pp. 18–19. 4655:"Siege of Tobruk" 4571:, pp. 22–23. 4285:Lowenstein, Wendy 4170:, pp. 15–17. 4093:, pp. 56–57. 3777:, pp. 522–24 3601:, pp. 172–73 3457:The Broken Years. 3434:, pp. 168–69 3374:, pp. 506–08 3362:, pp. 166–67 2932:, pp. 263–65 2788:and photographer 2770:Heidelberg School 2736:John Shaw Nielson 2403:Boomerang fighter 2358:Bombing of Darwin 2334:Fall of Singapore 2272:Douglas Macarthur 2239:. The brother of 2145:midget submarines 2141:Douglas MacArthur 2124:Douglas MacArthur 1954:Operation Compass 1922:Winston Churchill 1823:Winston Churchill 1548:Nationalist Party 1504:Sir Otto Niemeyer 1316:returned soldiers 1302:, founder of the 1254:Central Australia 1224:Countrymindedness 1166:Nationalist Party 1104:League of Nations 949:counter-offensive 589:federal elections 491: 490: 424: 423: 414:Western Australia 276:Jewish Australian 271:Indigenous people 34: 9090: 9055: 9045: 9044: 9010:Antarctic Treaty 8971: 8958: 8943:Falkland Islands 8935:Tristan da Cunha 8927:Ascension Island 8904: 8903: 8855:Falkland Islands 8816: 8815: 8784:Now part of the 8656:Pitcairn Islands 8621:Auckland Islands 8590: 8589: 8576: 8569: 8562: 8553: 8552: 8538:Windward Islands 8492:Vancouver Island 8269:MassachusettsBay 8138:British Columbia 8062: 8061: 7878:Federated States 7734: 7733: 7644:Tristan da Cunha 7613:Southern Nigeria 7545:Northern Nigeria 7424:Ascension Island 7409: 7408: 7365: 7302: 7301: 7276:Former territory 7273: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7226: 7225: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7064:Waste management 6945: 6944: 6866:Household income 6827: 6826: 6789:Governor-General 6599:Electoral system 6567: 6566: 6431: 6430: 6299: 6298: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6191: 6182: 6173: 6164: 6137: 6118: 6096: 6077: 6058: 6039: 6025: 6006: 5990: 5975: 5966: 5947: 5928: 5909: 5890: 5871: 5849: 5840: 5821: 5802: 5783: 5764: 5743: 5734: 5725: 5716: 5707: 5678: 5677: 5665: 5659: 5658: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5497: 5490:, pp. 62–70 5485: 5479: 5478: 5471:, pp. 57–62 5466: 5460: 5459:, pp. 18–20 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5435: 5415: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5392:. Archived from 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5313: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5097:Robertson (1984) 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5061:Robertson (1984) 5058: 5052: 5049:Robertson (1984) 5046: 5037: 5036: 5018: 5012: 5009:Robertson (1984) 5006: 5000: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4945:Stanley, Peter. 4942: 4933: 4932: 4927:. Archived from 4921:"Battle of Buna" 4917: 4911: 4910: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4864:Cunneen, Chris. 4861: 4855: 4854: 4853:on 24 July 2008. 4849:. Archived from 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4823:on 13 April 2010 4819:. Archived from 4817:Australia At War 4808: 4802: 4801: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4760:. Archived from 4750: 4744: 4743: 4738:. Archived from 4728: 4722: 4721: 4716:. Archived from 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4687: 4682:. Archived from 4672: 4663: 4662: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4630:Robertson (1984) 4627: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4606:Robertson (1984) 4603: 4597: 4596: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4559: 4554:. Archived from 4544: 4535: 4534: 4516: 4510: 4507:Robertson (1984) 4504: 4495: 4494: 4486: 4475: 4474: 4469:. Archived from 4459: 4453: 4452: 4447:. Archived from 4437: 4431: 4430: 4425:. Archived from 4415: 4409: 4408: 4407:on 31 July 2008. 4403:. Archived from 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4371:. Archived from 4361: 4355: 4354: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4281: 4275: 4272:Macintyre (1986) 4269: 4263: 4262: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4195: 4177: 4171: 4168:Spenceley (1981) 4165: 4159: 4156:Spenceley (1981) 4153: 4144: 4143: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4067:Macintyre (1986) 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4031:Macintyre (1986) 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4009: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3947:on 23 July 2011. 3943:. Archived from 3932: 3926: 3925: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3898:Murray, Robert. 3895: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3827: 3788:Louis, Wm. Roger 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3718:(104): 452–476. 3707: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3514:, pp. 40–45 3509: 3503: 3502:, pp. 46–47 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3478:, pp. 44–46 3473: 3467: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3398:, pp. 42–43 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3265:. Archived from 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3146: 3140: 3139:, pp. 35–37 3134: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3103:, pp. 55–57 3098: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3055:, pp. 29–31 3050: 3044: 3043:, pp. 25–26 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3019:, pp. 20–21 3014: 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2983:, pp. 21–23 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2951: 2945: 2944:, pp. 15–19 2939: 2933: 2927: 2804:On Our Selection 2778:Margaret Preston 2774:Albert Namatjira 2491:Irish Free State 2190:Battle of Midway 2039:prisoners of war 1983:was besieged in 1740:Benito Mussolini 1650:Second World War 1615:Sheffield Shield 1607:Wendy Lowenstein 1598:Stuart Macintyre 1594:Lyons government 1590:Sydney Institute 1393:Great Depression 1280:Royal Commission 937:Australian Corps 870:William Birdwood 830:Defence Act 1903 609:Attorney-General 601:Free Trade Party 573:Governor-General 515:Second World War 511:Great Depression 497:begins with the 483: 476: 469: 455: 454: 453: 314: 313: 259:Asian Australian 171:Eureka Rebellion 57: 47: 37: 32: 24: 18: 17: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9089: 9088: 9087: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9018: 8991: 8965: 8963:Ross Dependency 8952: 8909: 8894: 8869: 8821: 8806: 8776: 8771: 8727: 8722:Solomon Islands 8669:North Australia 8649:South Australia 8605:New South Wales 8583: 8580: 8543: 8263:Leeward Islands 8067: 8052: 8015: 7922:Muscat and Oman 7739: 7724: 7668: 7414: 7399: 7363: 7307: 7296: 7271: 7263: 7253: 7223: 7218: 7205: 7198: 7191: 7184: 7171: 7132:Public holidays 7073: 7017:Life expectancy 6930: 6812: 6763: 6552: 6524: 6510:Protected areas 6416: 6355: 6288: 6279: 6201:(2nd ed.). 6161: 6145: 6143:Further reading 6140: 6134: 6115: 6114:978-0-170059022 6093: 6074: 6055: 6022: 5963: 5944: 5925: 5906: 5905:978-0-950096759 5887: 5868: 5837: 5818: 5799: 5798:978-0-582663275 5780: 5779:978-0-582663275 5761: 5704: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5616: 5612: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5573: 5565: 5561: 5553: 5549: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5416: 5409: 5399: 5397: 5382: 5381: 5377: 5371:Crowley (1973a) 5369: 5365: 5355: 5353: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5251: 5244: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5215:on 2 April 2010 5197: 5193: 5183: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5143: 5141: 5131: 5127: 5121:Crowley (1973b) 5119: 5115: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5073:Crowley (1973a) 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5040: 5033: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5003: 4995: 4991: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4943: 4936: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4862: 4858: 4841: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4824: 4809: 4805: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4754:"Laha Massacre" 4752: 4751: 4747: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4697:Crowley (1973b) 4695: 4691: 4674: 4673: 4666: 4653: 4652: 4648: 4642:Crowley (1973a) 4640: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4593: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4546: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4498: 4487: 4478: 4461: 4460: 4456: 4445:Museum Victoria 4439: 4438: 4434: 4429:on 15 May 2008. 4423:Museum Victoria 4417: 4416: 4412: 4400:Museum Victoria 4393: 4392: 4388: 4378: 4376: 4375:on 8 April 2011 4363: 4362: 4358: 4351: 4337: 4333: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4255:Henderson, Anne 4252: 4245: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4211: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4178: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4147: 4132: 4128: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4006: 3992: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3952: 3933: 3929: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3735: 3731: 3708: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3653: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3625:, p. 155. 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3454: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3214: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3123: 3119: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3095: 3087: 3083: 3075: 3071: 3067:, p. 101. 3063: 3059: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2948: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2902: 2831:Douglas Stewart 2813:Charles Chauvel 2763:Christina Stead 2740:Kenneth Slessor 2705: 2683:(1916) and the 2642: 2617: 2612: 2443: 2427:Dorothy Tangney 2322: 2316: 2308:Australian Army 2078:Battle of Timor 2074:Battle of Ambon 2011:Prince of Wales 1981:Leslie Morshead 1966:Battle of Crete 1958:Siege of Tobruk 1872:Siege of Tobruk 1853:Siege of Tobruk 1817:Prime Minister 1811: 1760:Australian Army 1714: 1666: 1654:Main articles: 1652: 1460:New South Wales 1375:Prime Minister 1369: 1363: 1250:North Australia 1128: 1123: 1086: 1080: 985: 965:Sinai Peninsula 918:Hindenburg Line 822: 817: 805:Main articles: 803: 801:First World War 790: 746: 678: 546: 541: 535: 503:First World War 487: 451: 449: 444: 443: 434: 426: 425: 378:South Australia 342:New South Wales 318:State/Territory 311: 303: 302: 249: 241: 240: 111: 103: 102: 101: 59: 55: 35: 31: 22: 12: 11: 5: 9096: 9086: 9085: 9080: 9063: 9062: 9060: 9059: 9049: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9024: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9016: 9013: 9006: 8996: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8981: 8973: 8960: 8947: 8939: 8931: 8923: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8900: 8899: 8896: 8895: 8893: 8892: 8885: 8874: 8871: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8859: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8836:Willoughbyland 8833: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8812: 8811: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8804: 8794: 8788: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8750: 8743: 8737: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8725: 8718: 8712: 8706: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8678: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8652: 8646: 8636: 8630: 8624: 8618: 8608: 8601: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8578: 8571: 8564: 8556: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8515: 8509: 8503: 8499:Virgin Islands 8495: 8489: 8481: 8475: 8469: 8466:South Carolina 8463: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8363:North Carolina 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8318: 8312: 8306: 8300: 8297:Mosquito Coast 8294: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8266: 8260: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8226:Oregon Country 8219: 8215:Cayman Islands 8211: 8205: 8204: 8203: 8197: 8191: 8185: 8173: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8135: 8129: 8121: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8044: 8035: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8007: 8004:Trucial States 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7963: 7957: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7815: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7763: 7751: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7730: 7729: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7697:Self-governing 7694: 7680: 7673: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7469:Central Africa 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7438: 7428: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7405: 7404: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7383: 7374: 7373: 7372: 7357: 7354:Ionian Islands 7351: 7345: 7337: 7331: 7325: 7312: 7309: 7308: 7298: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7288: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7268: 7265: 7264: 7257:British Empire 7252: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7203: 7196: 7189: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7154: 7149: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6926:Welfare system 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6901:Superannuation 6898: 6896:Stock exchange 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6859:Public housing 6854:Home ownership 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6801:Prime Minister 6798: 6797: 6796: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6773: 6771: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6759:Shadow Cabinet 6756: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6739: 6737:Public Service 6734: 6733: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6666: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6645: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6611:Federal budget 6608: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6570: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6551: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6534: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6443:Climate change 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6372:Constitutional 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6212: 6203: 6192: 6183: 6174: 6165: 6160:978-0521888035 6159: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6132: 6119: 6113: 6097: 6091: 6078: 6072: 6059: 6053: 6040: 6026: 6020: 6007: 5999:Beaumont, Joan 5991: 5976: 5967: 5961: 5948: 5942: 5929: 5923: 5910: 5904: 5891: 5885: 5872: 5866: 5850: 5841: 5835: 5822: 5816: 5803: 5797: 5784: 5778: 5765: 5759: 5746: 5745: 5744: 5735: 5726: 5717: 5702: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5660: 5641: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5571: 5567:Macintyre 2020 5559: 5547: 5535: 5523: 5511: 5499: 5480: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5426:(4): 393–411. 5407: 5375: 5373:, p. 417. 5363: 5335: 5308: 5294: 5292:, p. 271. 5290:Bassett (1986) 5282: 5242: 5226: 5191: 5166: 5154: 5125: 5113: 5111:, p. 211. 5101: 5089: 5087:, p. 210. 5077: 5065: 5053: 5051:, p. 195. 5038: 5031: 5013: 5011:, p. 198. 5001: 4999:, p. 209. 4989: 4968: 4964:Bassett (1986) 4956: 4934: 4912: 4894: 4875: 4856: 4834: 4803: 4785: 4767: 4745: 4723: 4701: 4689: 4664: 4646: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4598: 4591: 4573: 4561: 4536: 4529: 4511: 4496: 4476: 4454: 4432: 4410: 4386: 4356: 4349: 4331: 4320:(7): 378–398. 4304: 4297: 4276: 4274:, p. 287. 4264: 4243: 4224: 4222:, p. 318. 4209: 4205:Bassett (1986) 4197: 4190: 4172: 4160: 4145: 4126: 4107: 4105:, p. 213. 4103:Bassett (1986) 4095: 4091:Bassett (1986) 4083: 4081:, p. 273. 4071: 4069:, p. 204. 4059: 4057:, p. 253. 4047: 4045:, p. 285. 4035: 4023: 4011: 4004: 3986: 3974: 3962: 3950: 3927: 3922:britannica.com 3909: 3890: 3888:, p. 236. 3886:Bassett (1986) 3878: 3853: 3849:Macintyre 2020 3841: 3829: 3808:10.1086/239953 3802:(4): 407–421. 3779: 3767: 3755: 3729: 3699: 3687: 3683:Macintyre 1986 3675: 3671:Macintyre 1986 3663: 3659:Macintyre 1986 3651: 3639: 3635:Macintyre 1986 3627: 3623:Macintyre 1986 3615: 3603: 3599:Macintyre 2020 3591: 3587:Macintyre 1986 3579: 3564: 3560:Macintyre 1986 3552: 3548:Macintyre 2020 3540: 3536:Macintyre 1986 3528: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3488:Macintyre 1986 3480: 3468: 3448: 3436: 3432:Macintyre 2020 3424: 3420:Macintyre 2020 3412: 3408:Macintyre 1986 3400: 3388: 3376: 3364: 3360:Macintyre 2020 3352: 3340: 3336:Macintyre 1986 3328: 3324:Macintyre 1986 3316: 3312:Macintyre 1986 3304: 3292: 3280: 3250: 3246:Macintyre 1986 3238: 3212: 3200: 3188: 3184:Macintyre 1986 3176: 3167: 3141: 3129: 3125:Macintyre 1986 3117: 3113:Macintyre 1986 3105: 3093: 3081: 3077:Macintyre 1986 3069: 3065:Macintyre 1986 3057: 3045: 3033: 3021: 3009: 3005:Macintyre 2020 2997: 2993:Macintyre 1986 2985: 2973: 2946: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2915: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2901: 2898: 2858:Percy Grainger 2854:Ship of Heaven 2720:Miles Franklin 2713:Banjo Paterson 2704: 2701: 2651:Douglas Mawson 2641: 2638: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2568:British Empire 2555:British Empire 2499:United Kingdom 2442: 2439: 2332:following the 2330:Imperial Japan 2318:Main article: 2315: 2312: 2241:King George VI 2153:Sydney Harbour 2108:at Tarsau, in 1962:Greek campaign 1831:Robert Menzies 1819:Robert Menzies 1810: 1807: 1776:Robert Menzies 1718:militant Japan 1713: 1710: 1651: 1648: 1586:Anne Henderson 1582:Premiers' Plan 1413:Robert Menzies 1365:Main article: 1362: 1359: 1355:Southern Cross 1274:The fledgling 1216:National Party 1187:in Russia the 1127: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1111:Woodrow Wilson 1079: 1076: 984: 983:The home front 981: 890:Central Powers 886:Ottoman Empire 882:Constantinople 821: 818: 802: 799: 789: 786: 745: 742: 677: 674: 661:Harvester case 545: 542: 537:Main article: 534: 531: 523:Imperial Japan 489: 488: 486: 485: 478: 471: 463: 460: 459: 446: 445: 442: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 410: 409: 404: 398: 397: 392: 386: 385: 380: 374: 373: 368: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 344: 338: 337: 332: 326: 325: 320: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 293: 283: 278: 273: 268: 267: 266: 256: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 233: 228: 226:Rail transport 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 186:Historiography 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 77: 76: 71: 66: 60: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9095: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9048: 9040: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9003: 8998: 8997: 8994: 8987: 8986: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8944: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8928: 8924: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8905: 8901: 8890: 8889:Falklands War 8886: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8872: 8865: 8864: 8860: 8857: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8820:South America 8817: 8813: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8793: 8789: 8787: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8744: 8741: 8738: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8709:Union Islands 8707: 8704: 8700: 8697: 8694: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8602: 8600: 8599: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8565: 8563: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8550: 8539: 8536: 8533: 8530: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8513: 8510: 8507: 8504: 8501: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8482: 8479: 8476: 8473: 8470: 8467: 8464: 8461: 8458: 8455: 8451: 8448: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8431: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8421:Rupert's Land 8419: 8416: 8413: 8410: 8406: 8403: 8400: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8385: 8382: 8381:Paulet affair 8379: 8376: 8373: 8370: 8367: 8364: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8334: 8331: 8328: 8327:New Hampshire 8325: 8322: 8319: 8316: 8315:New Brunswick 8313: 8310: 8307: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8281: 8276: 8273: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8264: 8261: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8248: 8245: 8242: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8230: 8227: 8223: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8209: 8206: 8201: 8198: 8195: 8192: 8189: 8186: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8161: 8158: 8155: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8089: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8070: 8066:North America 8063: 8059: 8049: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8011: 8008: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7986:South Vietnam 7984: 7981: 7978: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7961: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7949: 7946: 7943: 7940: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7902: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7876: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7867: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7840: 7837: 7834: 7831: 7828: 7825: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7800: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7788: 7785: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7742: 7735: 7731: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7596: 7593: 7590: 7587: 7584: 7581: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7567: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7531: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7501: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7410: 7406: 7395: 7392: 7387: 7384: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7370: 7367: 7366: 7361: 7358: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7343: 7342: 7338: 7335: 7332: 7329: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7303: 7299: 7293: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7250: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7197: 7194: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7145: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7032:Ethnic groups 7030: 7028: 7025: 7024: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6871:Manufacturing 6869: 6867: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6831: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6725:Republicanism 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:National debt 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6245: 6240: 6236: 6231: 6227: 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6166: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6146: 6135: 6133:0-17-006048-9 6129: 6125: 6120: 6116: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6101:Robson, Lloyd 6098: 6094: 6092:0-86824-155-5 6088: 6084: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6054:9781108728485 6050: 6046: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6021:9781107011540 6017: 6013: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5954: 5949: 5945: 5943:9781107011540 5939: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5916: 5911: 5907: 5901: 5897: 5892: 5888: 5886:9781107011540 5882: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5867:0-642-99502-8 5863: 5859: 5855: 5854:Gammage, Bill 5851: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5836:0-85885-032-X 5832: 5828: 5823: 5819: 5817:0-85885-032-X 5813: 5809: 5804: 5800: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5766: 5762: 5760:0-19-554422-6 5756: 5752: 5747: 5741: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5705: 5703:9781107011540 5699: 5695: 5690: 5689: 5675: 5669: 5664: 5656: 5650: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5568: 5563: 5556: 5551: 5544: 5539: 5533:, p. 266 5532: 5527: 5520: 5515: 5508: 5503: 5495: 5489: 5488:Thompson 2002 5484: 5476: 5470: 5469:Thompson 2002 5465: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5395: 5391: 5390: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5367: 5352: 5345: 5339: 5324: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5195: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5151: 5140: 5136: 5129: 5122: 5117: 5110: 5105: 5098: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5075:, p. 55. 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5043: 5034: 5032:0-642-99375-0 5028: 5024: 5017: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4993: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4941: 4939: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4710:"Bird Forces" 4705: 4699:, p. 51. 4698: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4660: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4620:, p. 26. 4619: 4614: 4608:, p. 17. 4607: 4602: 4594: 4592:0-642-99502-8 4588: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4532: 4530:0-642-02255-0 4526: 4522: 4515: 4509:, p. 12. 4508: 4503: 4501: 4492: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4458: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4436: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4406: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4365:"Don Bradman" 4360: 4352: 4350:1-920769-84-6 4346: 4342: 4335: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4298:0-908011-06-7 4294: 4290: 4286: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4239: 4235: 4232:Nairn, Bede. 4228: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4201: 4193: 4191:0-19-553544-8 4187: 4183: 4176: 4169: 4164: 4158:, p. 14. 4157: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4079:Castle (1982) 4075: 4068: 4063: 4056: 4055:Castle (1982) 4051: 4044: 4043:Castle (1982) 4039: 4032: 4027: 4021:, p. 76. 4020: 4019:Robson (1980) 4015: 4007: 4005:0-06-312033-X 4001: 3997: 3990: 3984:, p. 48. 3983: 3982:Robson (1980) 3978: 3972:, p. 45. 3971: 3970:Robson (1980) 3966: 3960:, p. 18. 3959: 3958:Robson (1980) 3954: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3887: 3882: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3851:, p. 175 3850: 3845: 3839:, p. 129 3838: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3776: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3696: 3691: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3655: 3648: 3643: 3636: 3631: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3607: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3583: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3561: 3556: 3550:, p. 171 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3465:0-14-003383-1 3462: 3458: 3452: 3445: 3440: 3433: 3428: 3422:, p. 168 3421: 3416: 3409: 3404: 3397: 3392: 3385: 3380: 3373: 3368: 3361: 3356: 3350:, p. 214 3349: 3348:Crowley 1973a 3344: 3337: 3332: 3325: 3320: 3313: 3308: 3301: 3300:McMullin 1991 3296: 3290:, p. 584 3289: 3288:La Nauze 1965 3284: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3242: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3209: 3208:La Nauze 1965 3204: 3197: 3192: 3185: 3180: 3171: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3126: 3121: 3114: 3109: 3102: 3101:McMullin 1991 3097: 3090: 3085: 3078: 3073: 3066: 3061: 3054: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3030: 3025: 3018: 3013: 3007:, p. 158 3006: 3001: 2994: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2926: 2922: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2786:Albert Tucker 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724:Joseph Furphy 2721: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2672:during WWII. 2671: 2667: 2666:Mark Oliphant 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2646: 2637: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2621: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2601:Privy Council 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2314:The Homefront 2311: 2309: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2276:Thomas Blamey 2273: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2252: 2245: 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1647: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1635:Melbourne Cup 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1611: 1608: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1496:James Scullin 1493: 1492:Stanley Bruce 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1407:(UAP) led by 1406: 1402: 1401:James Scullin 1398: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1311:Stanley Bruce 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1276:film industry 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1232:Liberal Party 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1170:Liberal party 1167: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1090: 1085: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1063:Daniel Mannix 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1027: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 989: 980: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 898: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 859: 854: 850: 848: 847: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 816: 812: 808: 798: 794: 785: 781: 779: 775: 771: 765: 763: 759: 754: 752: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 718: 716: 712: 707: 704: 703:Andrew Fisher 699: 690: 686: 683: 673: 670: 666: 665:H. B. Higgins 662: 656: 654: 648: 641: 636: 632: 628: 625: 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 591:were held in 590: 585: 582: 581:Edmund Barton 578: 577:Lord Hopetoun 574: 570: 562: 561:Alfred Deakin 558: 554: 553:Edmund Barton 550: 540: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 484: 479: 477: 472: 470: 465: 464: 462: 461: 458: 448: 447: 440: 437: 436: 430: 429: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 307: 306: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 237: 236:Unfree labour 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 107: 106: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 58: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 29: 28: 25: 20: 19: 16: 9000: 8983: 8975: 8941: 8933: 8925: 8919:Saint Helena 8917: 8861: 8853: 8746: 8703:Cook Islands 8654: 8627:New Hebrides 8596:20th century 8512:West Florida 8497: 8483: 8415:Rhode Island 8393:Pennsylvania 8351:Newfoundland 8288: 8213: 8163:East Florida 8134:16th c.–1880 8123: 8075: 7972:Crown Colony 7960:Pulo Condore 7934:Crown Colony 7928:North Borneo 7801: 7760:Protectorate 7709:unrecognised 7703:in 1965 (as 7642: 7595:South Africa 7583:Sierra Leone 7570:Saint Helena 7568: 7563:Orange River 7441:Bechuanaland 7422: 7380:Protectorate 7339: 7315: 7279: 7259:and Current 7200:Bibliography 7087:Architecture 7044:Prostitution 7027:Demographics 6992:Homelessness 6891:Reserve Bank 6705:Conservatism 6653:Constitution 6621:Human rights 6579:Constitution 6530:Subdivisions 6345: 6311:Bibliography 6243: 6234: 6225: 6216: 6207: 6197: 6187: 6178: 6169: 6150: 6123: 6104: 6082: 6063: 6044: 6034: 6011: 6002: 5983: 5971: 5952: 5933: 5914: 5895: 5876: 5857: 5845: 5826: 5807: 5788: 5769: 5750: 5693: 5663: 5644: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5562: 5550: 5538: 5526: 5514: 5507:Davison 2013 5502: 5483: 5464: 5457:Davison 2013 5452: 5445:Davison 2013 5440: 5423: 5419: 5398:. 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Retrieved 2959: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2889:Jack O'Hagan 2881:Nellie Melba 2878: 2873: 2869: 2853: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2827:Brumby Innes 2826: 2820: 2817: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2782:Sidney Nolan 2772:tradition. 2767: 2755:Eleanor Dark 2748: 2744:Jindyworobak 2709:Henry Lawson 2706: 2679:(1910), the 2674: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2605: 2593: 2582: 2565: 2544: 2536: 2524: 2512: 2459:Newfoundland 2435: 2415:Joseph Lyons 2407: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2372:, sunk by a 2369: 2339: 2304: 2289: 2260: 2256:Ellen Savage 2250: 2246: 2230: 2207: 2195:Kokoda Track 2174:Port Moresby 2171: 2163: 2133: 2055: 2035: 2026: 2017: 2010: 2005: 1993:Lord Haw Haw 1989:Erwin Rommel 1978: 1952:, including 1947: 1915: 1904:Nazi Germany 1897: 1888:World War II 1846: 1837: 1828: 1799: 1780: 1768: 1744: 1726: 1722:Billy Hughes 1715: 1703:, lost in a 1699: 1676:(left) with 1674:Billy Hughes 1612: 1603: 1579: 1561:21-year-old 1552:Joseph Lyons 1537: 1508:Ted Theodore 1501: 1485: 1471: 1464:Edward Shann 1456: 1409:Joseph Lyons 1390: 1377:Joseph Lyons 1354: 1335: 1327:Loan Council 1324: 1309: 1283: 1273: 1263: 1259: 1247: 1236: 1213: 1193:World War II 1182: 1174:Conscription 1162:Billy Hughes 1159: 1108: 1095: 1072: 1052: 1040: 1028: 1024: 1019:Billy Hughes 1012: 1010: 997:Billy Hughes 986: 977: 954: 934: 907: 899: 863: 844: 840: 838: 829: 823: 795: 791: 782: 777: 773: 769: 766: 755: 751:the Boer War 747: 719: 708: 695: 679: 657: 653:Chris Watson 649: 645: 629: 613: 586: 566: 519:Nazi Germany 494: 492: 322: 317: 156:Constitution 146:Civil rights 126:Antisemitism 97:1945–present 91: 21: 15: 9036:Anglosphere 8754:New Zealand 8663:New Zealand 8532:West Jersey 8447:Saint Lucia 8433:Saint Kitts 8427:Saint Croix 8407:1763–1791* 8375:Nova Scotia 8321:New England 8277:, 1691–1776 8244:East Jersey 8232:Connecticut 8111:Bay Islands 7998:Transjordan 7916:Mesopotamia 7754:Afghanistan 7748:Aden Colony 7533:Niger Coast 7499:) 1874–1957 7475:East Africa 7457:Cape Colony 7447:) 1884–1966 7437:) 1868–1966 7162:Anglosphere 7002:Immigration 6967:Citizenship 6834:Agriculture 6720:Nationalism 6663:Enforcement 6636:Transgender 6470:Earthquakes 6458:Environment 6392:Immigration 6321:Archaeology 5995:Lowe, David 5980:Long, Gavin 5184:16 February 5144:12 February 4977:Long, Gavin 4618:Long (1952) 4569:Long (1952) 3775:Bridge 2013 2954:R. Norris. 2930:Irving 2013 2894:swing music 2862:Alfred Hill 2852:(1922) and 2846:Alfred Hill 2809:Ken G. Hall 2751:Ion Idriess 2717:Steele Rudd 2662:Eric Burhop 2634:Freemasonry 2578:of Nations. 2493:). Seated: 2467:New Zealand 2399:Beaufighter 2383:John Dedman 2300:Ben Chifley 2210:Axis Powers 2128:John Curtin 2080:. Captured 1939:John Curtin 1790:John Curtin 1732:appeasement 1623:Don Bradman 1563:Don Bradman 1544:Labor Party 1529:Philip Game 1488:Labor Party 1451:Philip Game 1397:Labor Party 1339:Cobb and Co 1269:Prohibition 1220:agrarianism 1150:Edith Cowan 941:John Monash 878:Dardanelles 726:Joseph Cook 527:Pacific War 296:Transgender 191:Immigration 121:Agriculture 33:History of 9072:Categories 8988:since 1908 8980:since 1908 8946:since 1833 8938:since 1816 8930:since 1815 8922:since 1658 8879:department 8866:since 1908 8858:since 1833 8659:since 1838 8639:Swan River 8633:Queensland 8520:1958–1962 8502:since 1666 8488:since 1799 8339:New Jersey 8309:New Albion 8293:since 1632 8290:Montserrat 8271:1629–1691 8218:since 1670 8140:1858–1866 8128:since 1619 8080:since 1650 8033:Bangladesh 7968:1841–1946 7930:1882–1963 7896:Federation 7874:1819–1826 7812:Seychelles 7756:1839–1842 7647:since 1816 7631:Tanganyika 7589:Somaliland 7577:Seychelles 7573:since 1658 7493:Gold Coast 7487:The Gambia 7431:Basutoland 7427:since 1815 7369:Free State 7362:1542–1800 7348:Heligoland 7344:since 1713 7152:Television 7122:Literature 7007:Irreligion 6987:Healthcare 6982:Euthanasia 6962:Censorship 6769:Government 6715:Liberalism 6685:Parliament 6397:Indigenous 6387:Federation 6377:Diplomatic 6351:Since 1945 6316:Prehistory 6073:0195534514 5924:0195506200 3871:5 November 3748:5 November 3273:25 October 3231:25 October 3196:Hirst 2000 3160:25 October 3137:Hirst 2013 3089:Hirst 2013 3053:Hirst 2013 3041:Hirst 2013 3029:Hirst 2013 3017:Hirst 2013 2981:Hirst 2013 2942:Hirst 2013 2917:References 2790:Max Dupain 2411:Enid Lyons 2199:New Guinea 2121:US General 2066:Lark Force 2062:Gull Force 2060:on Timor, 1782:Gavin Long 1771:Royal Navy 1752:Royal Navy 1698:HMAS 1686:coming war 1576:, c. 1930. 1381:Enid Lyons 1320:Queensland 1205:Korean War 1082:See also: 1067:T. 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Ryan 593:March 1901 587:The first 499:federation 366:Queensland 176:Federation 64:Prehistory 8972:1841–1947 8959:1841–1933 8850:1831–1966 8844:1670–1688 8838:1651–1667 8832:1631–1641 8762:1914–1962 8756:1907–1947 8749:1901–1942 8747:Australia 8742:1900–1974 8736:1900–1970 8724:1893–1978 8717:1892–1979 8711:1889–1948 8705:1888–1901 8699:Rarotonga 8695:1884–1902 8689:1877–1976 8683:1874–1970 8677:1851–1901 8671:1846–1847 8665:1841–1907 8651:1836–1901 8645:1829–1901 8635:1824–1901 8629:1824–1980 8623:1807–1863 8617:1803–1901 8607:1788–1901 8540:1833–1960 8534:1674–1702 8526:1967–1983 8514:1763–1783 8508:1607–1776 8494:1849–1866 8480:1889–1962 8474:1862–1863 8468:1712–1776 8462:1635–1644 8456:1627–1979 8449:1605–1979 8442:1882–1983 8435:1623–1983 8429:1625–1650 8423:1670–1870 8417:1636–1776 8411:1853–1863 8401:1620–1691 8395:1681–1776 8389:1763–1873 8377:1713–1867 8371:1859–1870 8365:1712–1776 8359:1583–1907 8353:1907–1949 8347:1664–1776 8335:1637–1662 8333:New Haven 8329:1680–1776 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