45:
452:
815:, indicating that it was no longer part of the United Kingdom, but a separate state of which the monarch was now directly the head, rather than through linkage with Great Britain. Though unnamed, except through reference to the 'British Dominions beyond the Seas', the ground-breaking move shattered the previous concept of the shared monarch to one of multiple monarchies, all held by the one monarch.
740:
between the federal and a state law, then the federal law "will prevail". But the United
Kingdom still had the power to engage in foreign affairs on behalf of Australia, and to make laws for it. In the early years Australia continued to be represented by the United Kingdom as part of the British Empire at international conferences. In 1919, following Canadian lead, Australian Prime Minister
959:. The Australia Act effectively terminated the ability of the British Parliament or Government to make laws for Australia or its States, even at their request; and provided that any law which was previously required to be passed by the British Parliament on behalf of Australia could now be passed by Australia and its States by themselves.
938:
deny them appointment to the Senate. Under
Section 11 of the Constitution a State parliament can still refuse to appoint the party's nominee; in this case, a stand-off can develop where the vacancy goes unfilled. This occurred in 1987, when the Tasmanian state parliament refused to appoint the Labor Party's nominee for a casual vacancy.
724:
were called, which ultimately adopted a constitution based on a combination of
British, American and other models (monarchy and parliamentary government from Britain, federalism from Canada and the United States, the use of the referendum from Switzerland). This constitution was then approved by the
684:
was a
British Act of Parliament to define the relationship between local ("colonial") and British ("imperial") legislation. It confirmed that colonial legislation was to have full effect within the colony, limited only to the extent that it was not in contradiction with ("repugnant to") any Imperial
941:
Two time-honoured constitutional principles were in conflict during the crisis. The first is that a ministry drawn from the majority of the lower house may continue to govern until it has lost the confidence of the House. The second is that a ministry may not continue to govern once supply has been
759:
Finally, the
Constitution provided that any law of the Australian Parliament could be disallowed within a year by the British monarch (acting on the advice of British ministers), though this power was never in fact exercised. In summary, the constitutional position of the Commonwealth as a whole in
640:
in 1859 both from the colony of New South Wales. By
Letters Patent on 6 June 1859, Queen Victoria gave her approval to the separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales. On the same day an Order-in-Council gave Queensland its own Constitution. Queensland became a self-governing colony
497:
is the history of
Australia's foundational legal principles. Australia's legal origins as a nation state began in the colonial era, with the reception of English law and the lack of any regard to existing Indigenous legal structures. As the colonies expanded, Australia gradually began to achieve de
937:
Of these, only the first has been partly resolved; an amendment in 1977 changed the procedure for casual appointment. While the State
Parliaments can still require a state Governor to appoint somebody who is not the party's nominee, by stripping that nominee of their party membership the party can
739:
The
Australian Constitution, besides other matters, dealt with the allocation of powers between the colonies, which became states, and the federal parliament. Most of the powers, including those of foreign affairs and defence, were concurrent powers, with the proviso that if there was a conflict
716:
in 1885. However, the council was a weak non-executive, non-legislative federation of
Western Australia, Fiji, Queensland, Tasmania and Victoria. The movement for full federation developed in the late 19th century, culminating in the six Australian colonies forming a federation of States. It was
549:
Soon after Lord Sydney appointed him governor, Phillip drew up a detailed memorandum of his plans for the proposed new colony. In one paragraph he wrote: "The laws of this country will of course, be introduced in South Wales, and there is one that I would wish to take place from the moment his
1000:
binding) that the United Kingdom is a "foreign power" within the meaning of the Constitution, and therefore that holders of British citizenship are ineligible for election to the Federal Parliament (though a special "grandfathering" arrangement merely phases out the right of British citizens to
1124:
Sir Joseph Banks, 'Draft of proposed Introduction to Captn Flinders Voyages', November 1811; State Library of New South Wales, The Papers of Sir Joseph Banks, Series 70.16; quoted in Robert J. King, "Terra Australis, New Holland and New South Wales: the Treaty of Tordesillas and Australia",
823:
put the principle into effect by assuming the right to select their own governor-general and to demand a direct right of audience with the King (excluding British ministers), other dominions were much slower to go down this path, and when they did so, they were faced with determined, though
874:, with retroactive effect to 3 September 1939, the start of World War II. The adoption of the Statute repealed the application of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 in relation to federal legislation. However, the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 continued to have application in individual
954:
The power under the Statute of Westminster to request the British Parliament to make laws for Australia was used on several occasions, primarily to enable Australia to acquire new territories. But its most significant use was also its last. This was when the procedure was used to pass the
751:
The Constitution provided that the British monarch be represented in Australia by a Governor-General. Originally, appointments were made on the advice of the British, not the Australian, government, and was generally a British aristocrat. In 1930, the Australian government insisted that
514:
who in 1770 sailed up most of the east coast of Australia and then claimed the entire coastline he had just explored as British territory. No formal legal justification was made of the claim at the time, but in any event no regard was given to any potential Indigenous legal rights.
841:
by having King George V sign an international treaty on behalf of his Irish realm as early as 1931 (where he was formally advised by the Irish Minister for External Affairs who formally attended His Majesty, with no British minister present), the formal title
667:. The Colonial Office in London retained control of some matters, notably foreign affairs, defence, and international shipping. New Zealand achieved responsible government in 1853, New South Wales and Victoria in 1855, Tasmania in 1856, Queensland in 1859 (
912:
and the passing of the bills into law as allowed under section 57. The political situation however was not improved much by the 1974 election, and the Senate later failed to provide "supply" (i.e. to pass tax and expenditure acts). The resulting
641:
with its own Governor, a nominated Legislative Council and an elected Legislative Assembly. South Australia was founded as a "free province"—it was never a penal colony. Victoria and Western Australia were also founded "free", but later accepted
985:. None of the other four justices in that case disagreed with this reasoning. (Because it was not strictly necessary to decide the case at hand, this is not strictly a binding judicial determination; but it is almost certainly correct given the
818:
Though this principle was implicit in the Act and in the King's new titles, and came out of a Commonwealth Conference, neither the British government nor the dominion governments seemed initially to grasp its significance. So while the Irish
566:. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Though the settlement was a military prison, and Phillip had full power as governor, the colony also had a civil administration and courts of law.
1287:
768:
A fundamental change in the constitutional structures of the British Commonwealth (formerly the British Empire, and not to be confused with the Commonwealth of Australia) did occur, however, in the late 1920s. Under the British
3039:
835:, etc., even if that title was never used formally, with the only link being that that monarch was also monarch of the UK and resident outside the Commonwealth of Australia. Curiously, while the Irish asserted the title
3089:
3074:
3034:
3009:
685:
Act which extended to that colony. The Act had the effect of clarifying and strengthening the position of colonial legislatures, while at the same time restating their ultimate subordination to the British Parliament.
3029:
2999:
3024:
3014:
3004:
577:
the court held it did not have the jurisdiction to convict an Aborignal man of murdering another Aboriginal man as English law did not apply to them. However, this judgment was implicitly overturned in the case of
2984:
2989:
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2906:
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1808:
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have any effect on the monarchy in Australia, because of the Australia Act: succession to the throne would continue in Australia according to the existing rule, unless and until that was altered
773:, which implemented a decision of an earlier Commonwealth conference, the unified Crown that had heretofore been the centre point of the Empire was replaced by multiple crowns worn by a
601:
on 10 October 1835. The proclamation was issued in response to the attempt by graziers from Van Diemen's Land to enter into an agreement with indigenous tribes in Port Philip, known as
616:
of Western Australia was established in 1832, separately from that of New South Wales, effectively taking over by Britain of the remainder of the Australian continent. Following the
3702:
933:
How can the Governor-General and Prime Minister have a sensible discussion when each is able to have the other dismissed immediately provided that the other has not already acted?
550:
Majesty's forces take possession of the country: That there can be no slavery in a free land, and consequently no slaves." European settlement commenced with the arrival of the
725:
voters in each of the six colonies. (At the time women had the vote in only one of them: South Australia, and Aboriginal Australians in South Australia and Queensland only).
946:
no longer has the power to block money bills. To date it has not been resolved in Australia. The crisis of 1975 may be repeated in the future, though it is unlikely.
2015:
756:
be appointed. The British government very reluctantly accepted the Australian position that such appointments be made on the advice of the Australian government.
2220:
908:. Although it had a majority in the lower House, the ALP faced a hostile Senate, and the defeat of Government bills led to a double dissolution and a consequent
562:
between 18 and 20 January 1788. The Fleet brought a total of 1044 people to the new settlement, of whom 696 were convicts. The actual settlement was located at
1790:
2184:
3719:
3084:
2138:
3079:
977:(the ultimate court of appeal) expressed the view that if the British Parliament were to alter the law of succession to the throne, such a change could
3049:
1658:
3069:
3064:
3054:
3044:
2994:
2148:
2067:
1900:
628:
over New Zealand in 1840 and was part of the colony of New South Wales. In 1841, it was separated from the colony of New South Wales to form the new
1572:
145:
3059:
3600:
3019:
2979:
645:. A campaign by the settlers of New South Wales led to the end of convict transportation to that colony; the last convict ship arrived in 1848.
2974:
2964:
498:
facto independence. Over the years as a result the foundations of the Australian legal system gradually began to shift. This culminated in the
480:
1864:
1602:
1554:
1401:
1372:
1342:
692:(whether or not those English laws had been intended by Parliament to be effective in the colony). This had been a particular problem for the
3605:
2969:
2941:
2826:
2286:
1020:
962:
Since the Australia Act, the only remaining constitutional link with the United Kingdom (if it is one) is in the person of the monarch (see
3870:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2866:
2846:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2281:
2128:
2951:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2756:
2746:
2731:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
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2661:
2656:
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2646:
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2636:
2631:
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2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
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2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
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2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2276:
2266:
2256:
2113:
2010:
1969:
1964:
1933:
329:
3126:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2271:
2251:
1928:
909:
531:
220:
140:
68:
3373:
2214:
290:
2174:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2118:
914:
871:
796:, etc., each of these states, in effect, as dominions, amounting to a subset of the United Kingdom. After 1927, he reigned as King
770:
729:
688:
Until the passage of the Act, a number of colonial statutes had been struck down by local judges on the grounds of repugnancy to
96:
1873:
4088:
3647:
3457:
3265:
3179:
2082:
225:
73:
2036:
1338:
671:
in that year with self-government from the beginning) and Western Australia in 1890. These arrangements were confirmed by the
3543:
3383:
2210:
2205:
1984:
1893:
1176:
904:
forced several constitutional issues to be tested. For two weeks in 1972, the Government had only two ministers, Whitlam and
891:
721:
522:
was appointed Governor-designate of the new colony in October 1786. In Phillip's commission, the boundary was defined as the
1732:"The Struggle for Judicial Independence: The Amotion and Suspension of Supreme Court Judges in Nineteenth Century Australia"
593:
could not sell or assign land, nor could an individual person or group acquire land, other than through distribution by the
3659:
3199:
3194:
3189:
2225:
180:
91:
86:
81:
4103:
4093:
4046:
3990:
3885:
3391:
3139:
1938:
875:
418:
120:
1091:
4053:
3184:
3164:
2077:
473:
1046:
510:
Prior to European settlement of Australia, Europeans had been to the land merely as explorers. The only exception was
3595:
3496:
3396:
3316:
3250:
2062:
1844:
1802:
1446:
1148:
353:
270:
1616:
1419:
3323:
3260:
3245:
1886:
1691:
1239:
990:
701:
295:
275:
230:
210:
190:
115:
736:
1900. The Act entered into force on 1 January 1901, at which point the Commonwealth of Australia came into being.
4098:
3764:
3563:
3553:
3489:
3230:
3204:
1620:
1524:
1216:
673:
654:
160:
135:
1234:
3850:
3749:
3469:
3447:
3353:
3159:
3119:
1099:
804:
781:
760:
relation to the United Kingdom was, originally, the same as that of the individual colonies before federation.
713:
263:
150:
54:
582:, where the court held that Aborigianl people had no law and could be convicted for the murder of each other.
4000:
3917:
3793:
3642:
3635:
3506:
3452:
3255:
3235:
2052:
1979:
1010:
693:
466:
280:
215:
205:
165:
518:
Orders-in-Council were issued in London on 6 December 1785 for the establishment of a colony in Botany Bay.
3985:
3779:
3516:
3479:
3358:
3348:
3220:
745:
413:
258:
3754:
3712:
3707:
3654:
3401:
3368:
3296:
2169:
867:
185:
3820:
3724:
3578:
3533:
3437:
2230:
535:
438:
377:
341:
195:
3940:
3897:
3845:
3744:
3590:
3558:
3474:
3464:
3432:
3112:
2164:
1909:
1076:
733:
285:
200:
125:
612:, named Van Diemen's Land, was proclaimed a separate colony from the colony of New South Wales. The
3855:
3840:
3687:
3523:
3484:
3311:
2108:
2092:
1861:
668:
4005:
3880:
3860:
3835:
3815:
3568:
3538:
3363:
3240:
3169:
2072:
2000:
1923:
1273:
1258:
974:
807:
did not mention the dominions by name, except 'Ireland', which changed from being referred to as
573:
an Aboriginal man was found liable under law for the murder of a colonist. Later, in the case of
175:
63:
3912:
3890:
3865:
3830:
3810:
3774:
3612:
3583:
3573:
3548:
3511:
3442:
3279:
3174:
2235:
2057:
2031:
1828:
1687:
897:
660:
590:
1754:
1708:
3975:
3907:
3805:
3759:
3622:
3528:
3415:
3301:
1974:
1739:
1731:
832:
642:
629:
365:
4039:
4010:
3932:
3769:
3739:
3675:
3630:
3343:
3338:
3306:
3291:
3147:
1959:
1474:
633:
569:
The application of English law to the Indigenous population remained unsettled however. In
406:
235:
30:
8:
3960:
3902:
3734:
3697:
3427:
1716:
625:
523:
401:
389:
382:
370:
334:
253:
942:
exhausted. The potential of conflict has been resolved in the United Kingdom, where the
4062:
4020:
3995:
3980:
3970:
3965:
3955:
3922:
3825:
3729:
3333:
3328:
2179:
1197:
1015:
966:). But even that connection may not be automatic. In an important constitutional case (
963:
956:
879:
866:
would have full legislative autonomy. This was given legislative effect in 1931 by the
859:
617:
602:
499:
1568:
1387:"Order-in-Council separating Van Diemen's Land from New South Wales 14 June 1825 (UK)"
632:. South Australia was formed in 1836 separately of the colony of New South Wales, and
608:
During the 19th century, separate British colonies were formed in Australia. In 1825,
3950:
3692:
2261:
2005:
1943:
1840:
1798:
1776:
1617:"1998 Special Article – The State of New South Wales – Timeline of History"
1442:
1172:
1144:
863:
613:
394:
358:
346:
4067:
3501:
1832:
1330:
1305:
789:
697:
456:
170:
1586:
1538:
921:
Must a State Governor appoint a party's nomination as a replacement in the Senate?
1868:
1103:
837:
598:
559:
1217:"Recognition of Indigenous Legal Autonomy in Nineteenth Century New South Wales"
3945:
1415:
1386:
1357:
943:
664:
621:
586:
519:
4082:
2087:
1704:
1201:. Sydney. 14 April 1865. p. 8 – via National Library of Australia.
1192:
1163:
1071:
905:
901:
1878:
712:
The first formal steps to federation of the colonies was in the form of the
44:
1080:. Qld. 2 October 1952. p. 5 – via National Library of Australia.
793:
753:
741:
1141:
Historical Records of New South Wales, Volume 1, Part 2, Phillip 1783–1792
4015:
3875:
1164:
689:
563:
551:
1862:
Australian Parliamentary Library – Australia's Constitutional Milestones
1439:
New Zealand Birth Certificates – 50 of New Zealand's Founding Documents
967:
870:. The Statute took effect in Australia in 1942 with the passing of the
728:
It was then passed (with an amendment allowing for some appeals to the
637:
594:
555:
511:
1520:
3135:
3104:
1587:"Order-in-Council ending transportation of convicts [to NSW]"
1434:
986:
700:
had struck down local statutes on numerous occasions in the colony's
130:
1797:(14th ed.). Commonwealth of Australia. 2016. pp. 139–142.
763:
609:
1243:
663:, managing most of their own affairs while remaining part of the
1285:
831:
reigning in the dominions, after 1927, there was technically a
824:
ultimately futile, attempts to block such evolution in London.
827:
Whereas before 1927, it was correct in law to talk about the
744:
insisted that Australia have separate representatives at the
924:
Should the Senate refuse supply or refuse to discuss supply?
800:
Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, South Africa, etc.
659:
Between 1855 and 1890, the six colonies individually gained
1929:
Chapter I of the Constitution of Australia: The Legislature
1965:
Chapter II of the Constitution of Australia: The Executive
1826:
1645:
1633:
1507:
1495:
1461:
930:
If he does not, should the Governor-General dismiss him?
996:
The same case decided (and on this point the decision
2185:
Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990
1539:"Ordinance enabling transportation of convicts to WA"
927:
Should the Prime Minister resign in such a situation?
803:
The form of use in the royal title as issued by King
527:
2006:
Chapter III of the constitution of Australia: Courts
1092:"Governor Phillip's Instructions 25 April 1787 (UK)"
732:
in London) as an Act of the British Parliament: the
2221:
2017–18 Australian parliamentary eligibility crisis
1874:Documentation on Australian Constitutional History
1427:
1138:
1047:"Botany and the colonisation of Australia in 1770"
1755:"Royal Arms, Styles, and Titles of Great Britain"
1665:. Vol. XVII, no. 1349. 13 November 1860
502:, an act formally ending legal ties with the UK.
4080:
1323:
764:From a united imperial Crown to a shared monarch
1341:from the original on 18 March 2019 – via
1709:"Colonial Legislation and the Laws of England"
1703:
1421:Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand
853:
3120:
1908:
1894:
1779:. Commonwealth of Australia. 19 October 1973.
1571:. State Records Office of Western Australia.
474:
1729:
717:envisaged that New Zealand might also join.
2011:Section 75 of the Constitution of Australia
1970:Section 61 of the Constitution of Australia
1934:Section 51 of the Constitution of Australia
1659:"Colonial Defence and Imperial Repudiation"
1639:
1627:
1501:
1489:
1455:
1167:, Simon Balderstone and John Bowan (2006).
748:and not as part of the British delegation.
3127:
3113:
3010:(xviii) Copyrights, patents and trademarks
2078:Implied freedom of political communication
1901:
1887:
1837:The Oxford Companion to Australian History
1752:
1331:"Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK)"
1306:"Governor Bourke's Proclamation 1835 (UK)"
734:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act
481:
467:
1791:"Ch 4: Delay in filling casual vacancies"
1433:
1288:"Australian Law as Applied to Aborigines"
1286:Australian Law Reform Commission (1977).
1210:
1208:
858:By the mid-1920s, it was accepted by the
648:
2175:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
1697:
1292:Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws
915:Australian constitutional crisis of 1975
872:Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942
1214:
1193:"Australian Discovery and Colonisation"
1139:Britton, A; Bladen, F. M. (1893–1901).
771:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
597:. The proclamation was approved by the
554:, comprising 11 ships which arrived at
23:This article is part of a series on the
4081:
3134:
2975:(v) Post and telegraph (communication)
1839:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
1205:
1132:
1084:
1044:
3108:
2236:Separatist movements within Australia
2083:Implied immunity of instrumentalities
1882:
1723:
892:1975 Australian constitutional crisis
707:
2287:VIII: Alteration of the Constitution
2226:List of proposed states of Australia
1523:. Public Record office of Victoria.
1418:, the British government issued the
949:
788:Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the
181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
3070:(xxxv) Conciliation and arbitration
2201:Constitutional history of Australia
1527:from the original on 29 April 2016.
1242:, Forbes CJ, 24 November 1827) via
544:Relations de Divers Voyages Curieux
495:Constitutional history of Australia
13:
900:in 1972 and 1974 under its leader
14:
4115:
2965:(i) Interstate trade and commerce
1855:
1811:from the original on 18 May 2019.
1777:"Royal Style and Titles Act 1973"
1717:University of Tasmania Law Review
1713:University of Tasmania Law Review
1575:from the original on 13 May 2016.
885:
1240:Supreme Court of New South Wales
1129:, no.47, 1998, pp. 35–55, p. 35.
450:
43:
3015:(xix) Naturalization and aliens
1819:
1783:
1769:
1746:
1677:
1651:
1621:Australian Bureau of Statistics
1609:
1579:
1561:
1531:
1521:"PROVguide 57: Convict Records"
1513:
1467:
1408:
1379:
1358:"New South Wales Act 1823 (UK)"
1350:
1298:
1279:
1263:
1248:
1045:Buchan, Bruce (28 April 2020).
682:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
674:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
655:Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865
540:Hollandia Nova‒‒Terre Australe,
3065:(xxxi) Acquisition of property
1730:Clark, David (24 March 2024).
1603:Museum of Australian Democracy
1555:Museum of Australian Democracy
1402:Museum of Australian Democracy
1373:Museum of Australian Democracy
1343:Museum of Australian Democracy
1227:
1185:
1157:
1118:
1100:National Archives of Australia
1064:
1038:
714:Federal Council of Australasia
669:separated from New South Wales
1:
4089:Australian constitutional law
2053:Australian Constitutional Law
1031:
1011:Australian constitutional law
846:was only adopted through the
524:135th meridian east longitude
505:
2257:II: The Executive Government
1646:Davison, Hirst and Macintyre
1634:Davison, Hirst and Macintyre
1508:Davison, Hirst and Macintyre
1496:Davison, Hirst and Macintyre
1462:Davison, Hirst and Macintyre
1169:Events That Shaped Australia
917:raised a series of issues:
7:
2170:Statute of Westminster 1931
2149:Retirement of judges (1977)
1274:[1836] NSWSupC 35
1259:[1829] NSWSupC 26
1004:
868:Statute of Westminster 1931
854:Statute of Westminster 1931
746:Versailles Peace Conference
74:European exploration (land)
10:
4120:
4104:Republicanism in Australia
4094:Legal history of Australia
2231:Republicanism in Australia
2211:Constitutional Conventions
2068:Constitutional conventions
889:
882:came into effect in 1986.
848:Royal Style and Titles Act
722:constitutional conventions
696:in South Australia, where
652:
439:List of years in Australia
69:European exploration (sea)
4033:
3931:
3801:
3792:
3683:
3674:
3621:
3497:Intelligence and security
3423:
3414:
3382:
3287:
3278:
3213:
3155:
3146:
2950:
2302:
2295:
2244:
2193:
2165:Constitution of Australia
2157:
2101:
2088:Reserve power (sovereign)
2045:
2024:
1993:
1985:Federal Executive Council
1952:
1916:
1910:Constitution of Australia
1694:(18 July 1865).
1688:(1865) Pelham's Reports 1
1077:Townsville Daily Bulletin
1021:Constitutional convention
991:Abdication Crisis of 1936
973:), three justices of the
809:Great Britain and Ireland
3040:(xxiiiA) Social security
1939:House of Representatives
1867:17 February 2012 at the
1026:
698:Justice Benjamin Boothby
3055:(xxix) External affairs
2139:Casual vacancies (1977)
2114:Senate elections (1906)
1795:Odgers' Senate Practice
1310:www.foundingdocs.gov.au
1221:Indigenous Law Bulletin
1215:Kercher, Bruce (1998).
1096:Documenting a Democracy
975:High Court of Australia
534:) taking the line from
4099:Constitutional history
3891:Indigenous Australians
3392:States and territories
2952:Enumerated legislative
2129:Social services (1946)
2124:2nd State debts (1928)
2119:1st State debts (1910)
2058:Responsible government
2032:Inter-State Commission
898:Australian Labor Party
813:Great Britain, Ireland
661:responsible government
649:Responsible government
591:Indigenous Australians
3185:Territorial evolution
3060:(xxx) Pacific islands
2267:IV: Finance and Trade
2093:Reserved State powers
1740:Macquarie Law Journal
1736:Macquarie Law Journal
1477:. About-australia.com
896:The elections of the
630:Colony of New Zealand
536:Melchisédech Thévenot
532:26 January 1788 – Map
3631:Cabinet of Australia
3606:Government ministers
3374:World Heritage Sites
3180:European exploration
2158:Constitutional texts
2063:Separation of powers
1663:Daily Southern Cross
1569:"Convict Records WA"
1475:"Queensland History"
1424:on 16 November 1840.
1294:. ALRC Report No 31.
1223:– via Austlii.
1072:"Historic Landmarks"
643:transported convicts
457:Australia portal
56:Timeline and periods
3703:Gross state product
3050:(xxvii) Immigration
2954:powers (Section 51)
2262:III: The Judicature
1692:Supreme Court of SA
1591:foundingdocs.gov.au
1543:foundingdocs.gov.au
1391:foundingdocs.gov.au
1362:foundingdocs.gov.au
1335:foundingdocs.gov.au
1276:, (1836) 1 Legge 72
626:British sovereignty
4021:Australian studies
3956:Australian English
3765:Telecommunications
3601:Government leaders
3544:Political ideology
3085:(xxxviii) Imperial
3075:(xxxvi) Transition
2282:VII: Miscellaneous
2180:Australia Act 1986
2144:Referendums (1977)
2134:Aboriginals (1967)
2109:Referendum process
2025:Other institutions
2016:Boilermakers' Case
1545:. 29 December 1849
1016:Constitutional law
971:(1999) 163 ALR 648
964:Queen of Australia
957:Australia Act 1986
880:Australia Act 1986
860:British government
844:Queen of Australia
780:Before 1927, King
720:In the 1890s, two
708:Towards federation
618:Treaty of Waitangi
354:Northern Territory
264:Chinese Australian
254:African Australian
221:Telecommunications
141:Capital punishment
4076:
4075:
4029:
4028:
3851:Human trafficking
3788:
3787:
3670:
3669:
3470:Foreign relations
3410:
3409:
3274:
3273:
3221:Asian Australians
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3080:(xxxvii) Referral
3020:(xx) Corporations
2252:I: The Parliament
1917:Legislative power
1833:Macintyre, Stuart
1827:Davison, Graeme;
1707:(24 March 1965).
1178:978-1-74110-492-9
950:The Australia Act
876:Australian states
833:King of Australia
614:Swan River Colony
491:
490:
424:
423:
414:Western Australia
276:Jewish Australian
271:Indigenous people
34:
4111:
4056:
4049:
4042:
3918:Waste management
3799:
3798:
3720:Household income
3681:
3680:
3643:Governor-General
3453:Electoral system
3421:
3420:
3285:
3284:
3153:
3152:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3090:(xxxix) Incident
3035:(xxiii) Pensions
2300:
2299:
1980:Governor-General
1903:
1896:
1889:
1880:
1879:
1850:
1813:
1812:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1753:François Velde.
1750:
1744:
1743:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1685:Dawes v Quarrel
1683:see for example
1681:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1655:
1649:
1648:, pp. 138–9
1643:
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1183:
1182:
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1155:
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1130:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:. Archived from
1088:
1082:
1081:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1051:The Conversation
1042:
790:Irish Free State
784:reigned as king
752:Australian-born
589:proclaimed that
529:
483:
476:
469:
455:
454:
453:
314:
313:
259:Asian Australian
171:Eureka Rebellion
57:
47:
37:
32:
24:
18:
17:
4119:
4118:
4114:
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4109:
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4079:
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4059:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4025:
3986:Public holidays
3927:
3871:Life expectancy
3784:
3666:
3617:
3406:
3378:
3364:Protected areas
3270:
3209:
3142:
3133:
3103:
3094:
3005:(xiv) Insurance
2985:(ix) Quarantine
2953:
2946:
2291:
2240:
2189:
2153:
2097:
2041:
2020:
1989:
1953:Executive power
1948:
1912:
1907:
1869:Wayback Machine
1858:
1853:
1847:
1822:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1757:. Heraldica.org
1751:
1747:
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1228:
1213:
1206:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1171:. New Holland.
1162:
1158:
1151:
1137:
1133:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1106:on 15 June 2006
1090:
1089:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1007:
952:
894:
888:
856:
838:King of Ireland
829:British monarch
766:
710:
657:
651:
603:Batman's Treaty
599:Colonial Office
587:Governor Bourke
560:New South Wales
546:(Paris, 1663).
508:
487:
451:
449:
444:
443:
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378:South Australia
342:New South Wales
318:State/Territory
311:
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249:
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111:
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101:
59:
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35:
31:
22:
12:
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5:
4117:
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3790:
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3780:Welfare system
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3762:
3757:
3755:Superannuation
3752:
3750:Stock exchange
3747:
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3713:Public housing
3708:Home ownership
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3678:
3672:
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3668:
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3664:
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3655:Prime Minister
3652:
3651:
3650:
3640:
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3627:
3625:
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3613:Shadow Cabinet
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3591:Public Service
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3571:
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3494:
3493:
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3465:Federal budget
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
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3297:Climate change
3294:
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3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
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3238:
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3228:
3226:Constitutional
3223:
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3208:
3207:
3202:
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3082:
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3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3030:(xxii) Divorce
3027:
3025:(xxi) Marriage
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:(xiii) Banking
2997:
2995:(xii) Currency
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2277:VI: New States
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2019:
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2013:
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1994:Judicial power
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1856:External links
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1715:. (1965) 2(2)
1705:Campbell, Enid
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653:Main article:
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3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3579:Republicanism
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:National debt
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:(x) Fisheries
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:(ii) Taxation
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2272:V: The States
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:The Dismissal
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2037:Privy Council
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1848:
1846:0-19-553597-9
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1810:
1806:
1804:9781760105037
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1756:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1642:
1636:, p. 556
1635:
1630:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1604:
1593:. 22 May 1840
1592:
1588:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1556:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1510:, p. 679
1509:
1504:
1498:, p. 598
1497:
1492:
1476:
1470:
1464:, p. 464
1463:
1458:
1450:
1448:9780958299718
1444:
1441:. AUT Media.
1440:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1382:
1374:
1363:
1359:
1353:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1230:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1188:
1180:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1160:
1152:
1150:9780868330006
1146:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1037:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
999:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
970:
965:
960:
958:
947:
945:
939:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:
918:
916:
911:
910:joint sitting
907:
906:Lance Barnard
903:
902:Gough Whitlam
899:
893:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
851:
849:
845:
840:
839:
834:
830:
825:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
761:
757:
755:
749:
747:
743:
737:
735:
731:
730:Privy Council
726:
723:
718:
715:
705:
703:
702:Supreme Court
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
678:
676:
675:
670:
666:
662:
656:
646:
644:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
583:
581:
576:
572:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
547:
545:
542:published in
541:
537:
533:
525:
521:
516:
513:
503:
501:
500:Australia Act
496:
484:
479:
477:
472:
470:
465:
464:
462:
461:
458:
448:
447:
440:
437:
436:
430:
429:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
405:
403:
400:
399:
396:
393:
391:
388:
387:
384:
381:
379:
376:
375:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
307:
306:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
236:Unfree labour
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
107:
106:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
58:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
29:
28:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4054:Bibliography
3941:Architecture
3898:Prostitution
3881:Demographics
3846:Homelessness
3745:Reserve Bank
3559:Conservatism
3507:Constitution
3475:Human rights
3433:Constitution
3384:Subdivisions
3225:
3165:Bibliography
2980:(vi) Defence
2200:
2194:Other topics
1836:
1820:Bibliography
1794:
1785:
1771:
1759:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:. (2013) 12
1735:
1725:
1712:
1699:
1684:
1679:
1667:. Retrieved
1662:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1611:
1601:– via
1597:17 September
1595:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1563:
1553:– via
1549:17 September
1547:. Retrieved
1542:
1533:
1515:
1503:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1469:
1457:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1400:– via
1394:. Retrieved
1390:
1381:
1371:– via
1365:. Retrieved
1361:
1352:
1334:
1325:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1291:
1281:
1269:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1196:
1187:
1168:
1159:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1095:
1086:
1075:
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:
1040:
997:
995:
983:in Australia
982:
978:
968:
961:
953:
940:
936:
895:
857:
847:
843:
836:
828:
826:
820:
817:
812:
808:
802:
797:
794:South Africa
785:
779:
774:
767:
758:
754:Isaac Isaacs
750:
742:Billy Hughes
738:
727:
719:
711:
690:English laws
687:
681:
679:
672:
658:
636:in 1851 and
607:
584:
579:
574:
570:
568:
548:
543:
539:
517:
509:
494:
492:
322:
317:
156:Constitution
155:
146:Civil rights
126:Antisemitism
97:1945–present
21:
15:
4016:Anglosphere
3856:Immigration
3821:Citizenship
3688:Agriculture
3574:Nationalism
3517:Enforcement
3490:Transgender
3324:Earthquakes
3312:Environment
3246:Immigration
3175:Archaeology
3045:(xxvi) Race
1829:Hirst, John
1270:R v Murrell
1255:R v Ballard
1165:Wendy Lewis
821:immediately
575:R v Ballard
564:Sydney Cove
552:First Fleet
296:Transgender
191:Immigration
121:Agriculture
33:History of
4083:Categories
4006:Television
3976:Literature
3861:Irreligion
3841:Healthcare
3836:Euthanasia
3816:Censorship
3623:Government
3569:Liberalism
3539:Parliament
3251:Indigenous
3241:Federation
3231:Diplomatic
3205:Since 1945
3170:Prehistory
2296:By section
2245:By chapter
2102:Amendments
2073:Federalism
2001:High Court
1924:Parliament
1315:27 January
1056:27 January
1032:References
969:Sue v Hill
878:until the
694:government
638:Queensland
580:R v Murrel
556:Botany Bay
538:'s chart,
512:James Cook
506:Settlement
366:Queensland
176:Federation
64:Prehistory
3913:Squatting
3866:Languages
3831:Education
3811:Aged care
3775:Transport
3584:Socialism
3564:Far-right
3554:Christian
3549:Anarchism
3512:Judiciary
3448:Donations
3443:Elections
3354:Mountains
3302:Continent
3280:Geography
3200:1901–1945
3195:1851–1900
3190:1788–1850
3136:Australia
2961:Powers of
2046:Doctrines
1481:10 August
1435:Paul Moon
1396:10 August
1367:10 August
1235:R v Tommy
1127:The Globe
987:precedent
864:dominions
624:declared
585:In 1835,
571:R v Tommy
528:135° east
407:Melbourne
310:By region
166:Economics
161:Diplomacy
131:Anzac Day
92:1901–1945
87:1851–1900
82:1788–1850
36:Australia
4063:Category
3908:Religion
3806:Abortion
3760:Taxation
3529:Monarchy
3524:Military
3480:Intersex
3416:Politics
3397:Capitals
3261:Monarchy
3256:Military
3236:Economic
3214:By topic
3160:Timeline
3140:articles
1975:Monarchy
1865:Archived
1835:(1998).
1809:Archived
1761:29 April
1690:at p. 8
1573:Archived
1525:Archived
1437:(2010).
1339:Archived
1005:See also
805:George V
782:George V
634:Victoria
610:Tasmania
433:See also
402:Victoria
390:Tasmania
383:Adelaide
371:Brisbane
335:Canberra
291:Marriage
248:By group
231:Religion
211:Monarchy
206:Military
116:Abortion
4040:Outline
4011:Theatre
4001:Symbols
3966:Cuisine
3933:Culture
3794:Society
3770:Tourism
3740:Poverty
3676:Economy
3458:Parties
3359:Regions
3349:Islands
3344:Geology
3339:Forests
3307:Deserts
3292:Climate
3266:Railway
3148:History
1960:Cabinet
1669:4 April
1623:. 1988.
1244:Austlii
1001:vote).
989:of the
323:Capital
136:Banking
4068:Portal
3961:Cinema
3903:Racism
3876:People
3735:Mining
3698:Energy
3693:Dollar
3438:Courts
3428:Asylum
3402:Cities
3369:Rivers
3317:issues
3138:
1944:Senate
1843:
1801:
1445:
1198:Empire
1175:
1147:
1110:28 May
850:1973.
395:Hobart
359:Darwin
347:Sydney
216:Sports
196:Labour
151:Cinema
110:Topics
4047:Index
3996:Sport
3991:Radio
3981:Music
3971:Dance
3923:Women
3826:Crime
3730:Media
3596:Women
3334:Fauna
3329:Flora
1272:
1257:
1027:Notes
862:that
595:Crown
419:Perth
281:Women
3951:Arts
3660:list
3648:list
3636:list
3485:LGBT
2827:105A
2215:1998
1841:ISBN
1799:ISBN
1763:2010
1719:148.
1671:2010
1599:2016
1551:2016
1483:2016
1443:ISBN
1398:2016
1369:2016
1317:2024
1173:ISBN
1145:ISBN
1112:2006
1058:2024
680:The
530:), (
493:The
286:LGBT
201:LGBT
3946:Art
3502:Law
2942:128
2937:127
2932:126
2927:125
2922:124
2917:123
2912:122
2907:121
2902:120
2897:119
2892:118
2887:117
2882:116
2877:115
2872:114
2867:113
2862:112
2857:111
2852:110
2847:109
2842:108
2837:107
2832:106
2822:105
2817:104
2812:103
2807:102
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