1226:
791:
934:
1017:
1009:
707:
45:
1508:
452:
1032:, Australia believed that it must increase its population to avoid the threat of another invasion and launched an immigration program whose goal was to increase Australia's population with the slogan "populate or perish". Hundreds of thousands of displaced Europeans immigrated to Australia with more than three million people immigrating from Europe during the late 1940s until the 1960s. The
1473:, stating that he believed the rate of Asian immigration into Australia should be slowed for the sake of social cohesion. He stated: "I do believe that if it is – in the eyes of some in the community – that it's too great, it would be in our immediate-term interest and supporting of social cohesion if it were slowed down a little, so the capacity of the community to absorb it was greater."
1092:, the dictation test was removed and a new universal visa scheme or entry permits introduced. This allowed non-Europeans to immigrate. Their entry was now based on what they could contribute to Australia and if it could be shown that they could integrate into Australian society. This attracted many professionals and highly qualified people who added to Australia's relatively small
1454:, an Australian historian, made a speech criticizing what he saw as disproportionately high levels of Asian immigration to Australia. Blainey's remarks touched off a flood of debate and controversy about immigration and multiculturalism, known as the 'Blainey debate'. In 1984, he wrote a book outlining his ideas on immigration and multiculturalism titled
736:. The new colony was formally proclaimed as the Colony of New South Wales on 7 February. Other transport fleets bringing further convicts as well as free settlers to the colony followed. As a result of agitation by the free settlers in Sydney, transportation of convicts to Sydney ended in 1840. It continued to the colonies of
1491:
Poll found that a majority of
Australians oppose the current rate of immigration to Australia. In 2018, 54% of Australians say that ‘the total number of migrants coming to Australia each year is too high’. A minority say its ‘too low’ (14%). These results represent a significant rise in opposition to
1103:
being the most famous). This growth of immigration greatly changed the national image regarding the
Australian way of life which, before the war, had been dominated by Anglo-Saxons. Immigration was still strict in allowing non-Europeans to immigrate into the country due to the White Australia Policy.
956:
The White
Australia policy involved the exclusion of all non-European people from immigrating into Australia, and was the official policy of all governments and all mainstream political parties in Australia from the 1890s to the 1950s, and elements of the policy survived until the 1970s. Although the
653:, and commerce and contact was continued via this route although there is little evidence to suggest immediate influences extended much further south. A more sporadic contact along the northern Australian coast was maintained by seafarers across the Timor and Arafat Seas, with substantial evidence of
818:
In 1851 the
Australian population was 437,655, of which 77,345, or just under 18%, were Victorians. A decade later the Australian population had grown to 1,151,947 and the Victorian population had increased to 538,628; just under 47% of the Australian total and a sevenfold increase. The rapid growth
1594:
Aboriginal
Australians are descended from the same small group of people who left Africa about 70,000 years ago and colonised the rest of the world, a large genetic study shows. After arriving in Australia and New Guinea about 50,000 years ago, the settlers evolved in relative isolation, developing
1441:
By 2004, the number of unauthorised boat arrivals had been reduced dramatically. The government argued that this was the result of its strong policy towards asylum seekers. Others argued that the decrease was the result of global factors, such as changing circumstances in the primary source nations
1248:
As at 2007 immigration accounted just over half the overall growth in
Australia's population. In N.S.W. and South Australia about three-quarters of the population growth could be attributed to immigration. The planned intake for 2007-08 was almost 153,000, plus 13,000 under the humanitarian program
976:
crisis by which time there were hundreds of thousands of Jewish seeking to immigrate. Although many nations attended the conference and expressed their concerns for the refugees, No progress was made towards re-settlement of the refugees. Australia agreed to accept 15,000 Jewish refugees over three
822:
During the later half of the 19th century, several colonies funded the immigration of skilled immigrants from Europe, starting with the assistance of German vintners to South
Australia. The government found that if it wanted immigrants it had to subsidise migration; the great distance from Europe
1437:
meaning that if asylum seekers landed on an excised island, Australia was not required to provide access to the
Australian courts or permanent settlement. Australia still adheres to its international obligations by considering such refugee applications offshore and providing temporary protection
1244:
In 2004–05, Australia accepted 123,000 new settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of immigrants (40,000 in 2004/05) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants came from Asia, led by China and India. There was also significant growth in student numbers from Asia, and
830:, assisted migrants received passage assistance from colonial government funds; the British government paid for the passage of convicts, paupers, the military and civil servants. Few immigrants received colonial government assistance before 1831. In Queensland many immigrants passed through the
689:
had explained that the DNA link could have been by people actually moving, physically travelling from India directly to
Australia, or their genetic material could have moved in terms of contact between India and neighbouring populations who then had contact with other neighbour populations and
1048:
Australia looked first to
Britain for migrants. In the beginning the assisted immigration scheme was popular among young married couples and single people. It was inexpensive, an adventure and an opportunity. After only a year, however, there was a shortage of ships and numbers dropped. The
814:
occurred hard on the heels of a major worldwide economic depression. As a result, about two per cent of the population of the British Isles emigrated to New South Wales and Victoria during the 1850s. There were also a significant number of continental Europeans, North Americans and Chinese.
760:, with its capital Melbourne founded in 1839, were settled only by free settlers. South Australia not only received British migrants, but also a significant influx of Prussian farmers and tradesmen, initially seeking freedom from religious persecution. By the end of the
1252:
Since the 1988 Fitzgerald Inquiry, the quota for skilled and business migrants has risen compared with the quota for family reunions. Refugees that are granted a protection visa are eligible for standard social security benefits such as New start and Rent Assistance.
634:
some 10,000 years ago the Australian continent once more became a separated landmass. However, the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and the northern
565:
people. Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive waves and distinct peoples is still subject to academic debate, as is its timing. The minimum widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in Australia at 40,000 to 43,000 years
1081:
Over the next twenty years, patterns of immigration continued to change. The government encouraged more people to come to Australia and many more assisted agreements were made with countries. In the late 1950s, more immigrants began to be accepted from the
1044:
in 1945. The government was still trying to increase Australia's population, especially with people who have skills in the secondary industry sector. As the world was transforming into a more industrial and technological world, Australia needed to keep up.
1659:
Geneticists re-examining the first settlement of Australia and Papua-New Guinea by modern humans have concluded that the two islands were reached some 50,000 years ago by a single group of people who remained in substantial or total isolation until recent
1484:, which subsequently won nearly one quarter of the vote in Queensland state elections. Hanson claimed government policies were favoring migrants (multiculturalism) and indigenous Australians. The issue of immigration remains highly sensitive in Australia.
993:
stated in 1947: "We have 25 years at most to populate this country before the yellow races are down on us." This concern about Australia's demographic vulnerability was a driving force behind the country's massive post-war program of European immigration.
1049:
immigration targets were not being met. For the first time, in a revolutionary step for both Australian society and international relations, Australia looked outside Britain for migrants. In 1947, Calwell agreed to bring 12,000 people every year from
657:
in the centuries prior to European arrival, and also evidence of earlier contacts and exchanges by other groups. However, these exchanges do not appear to have involved any extended settlement or migrations of non-Aboriginal peoples to the region.
771:
and Ireland and new lands were opened up for farming. Despite the long and arduous sea voyage, settlers were attracted by the prospect of making a new life on virtually free land. Many settlers occupied land without authority; they were known as
1077:
grounds with the condition that they would remain in Australia for two years and work in government selected jobs. 182,159 people were sponsored by the IRO from the end of World War II up to the end of 1954 to resettle in Australia from Europe.
685:. This study overturns the view that Australian continent was isolated from the time it was first colonised about 45,000–50,000 years ago until Europeans discovered Australia in the eighteenth century. Doctor Mark Stoneking, from the
980:
A predominantly European nation on the periphery of Asia, historically many white citizens of Australia feared being demographically overwhelmed by the heavily populated Asian countries to the north. Following the
2037:
2147:
513:. From the early 17th century onwards, the continent experienced the first coastal landings and exploration by European explorers. Permanent European settlement began in 1788 with the establishment of a
1460:. Blainey remained a persistent critic of multiculturalism throughout the 1980s, claiming multiculturalism was a "sham", "anti-British" and threatened to transform Australia into a "cluster of tribes".
1139:". The development of Australia's multicultural policy was heavily influenced by the Galbally Report of 1978, which addressed issues with living in and planning for a multicultural Australian society.
630:
The ancestral Australian Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop, diversify and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again rose at the terminus of the
1877:
1225:
945:
One of the motives for creating a federated Australia was the need for a common immigration policy. There was much resistance to Chinese immigration and the use of indentured workers from
1581:
1480:
expressed her concern that Australia "was in danger of being swamped by Asians". This message exposed a population deeply divided on the issue of immigration. Hanson went on to form the
1646:
1996:
2955:
2085:
1433:
After the election, the government continued with its hard line on unauthorised arrivals of asylum seekers. Legislation was developed to excise certain islands from Australia's
1680:
2121:
1492:
the existing migration rate – up 14 points since last year, and up 17 points since we first asked this question in 2014. Immigration to Australia came to a halt during the
1903:
1426:. This was a major factor contributing to the victory of the Coalition, deemed impossible only a few months earlier, and also marked the beginning of the controversial
2029:
724:
After the loss of the United States, Britain experienced overcrowding of its prisons and sought to ease the problems by transportation of its prisoners. In 1787 the
698:. It has taken a while for the Indian influence to be discovered because Indigenous Australians have been hesitant to participate in these kinds of genetic studies.
2143:
3351:
1873:
1744:
1099:
The Australian government assisted many of the refugees, such as helping them find work (due to an expanding economy and major infrastructure projects, the
2972:
1033:
1554:
686:
2169:
145:
2101:
1418:
During the 2001 election campaign, immigration and border protection became the hot issue, as a result of incidents such as the Tampa affair, the
2853:
1941:
1571:
1555:
Helen Davidson at Madjedbebe and Calla Wahlquist, (20 Jul 2017), Australian dig finds evidence of Aboriginal habitation up to 80,000 years ago,
480:
619:
to reach Sahul; then via the land bridge to spread out through the continent. Archaeological evidence indicates human habitation at the upper
2858:
1854:
New South Wales assisted immigrant figures included immigrants for what became Victoria until 1850 and for what became Queensland until 1859.
540:
3341:
3123:
1638:
1988:
1245:
continued high numbers of tourists from Asia. Planned immigrant intake in 2005-06 had more than doubled compared with the intake of 1996.
768:
329:
2379:
2077:
220:
140:
68:
2626:
1672:
681:
first appeared in the fossil suggests that the Indians took their dingos with them and they may also have brought stone tools called
290:
2209:
2117:
2061:
957:
expression 'White Australia policy' was never in official use, it was common in political and public debate throughout the period.
1714:
1131:
refugees migrated to Australia. During that twenty years, Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration
977:
years with Australia's delegate, Tomas W. White saying "As we have no real racial problem, we are not desirous of importing one."
673:'s first recorded contact with the Australian coastline. The study also suggests that up to 11 per cent of Aboriginal Australians
1611:
1108:
826:
The number of immigrants needed during different stages of the economic cycle could be controlled by varying the subsidy. Before
96:
2900:
2710:
2518:
2432:
225:
73:
790:
588:
resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100–150 m. The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the
2796:
2636:
3346:
2912:
2452:
2447:
2442:
180:
91:
86:
81:
3299:
3243:
3138:
2644:
2478:
2392:
418:
155:
120:
3306:
2437:
2417:
1382:
1070:
473:
2848:
2749:
2649:
2569:
2503:
2320:
1965:
1913:
1806:
1778:
1041:
1003:
982:
353:
270:
823:
made Australia a more expensive and less practical destination than Canada, the United States, Brazil or Argentina.
2576:
2513:
1388:
933:
536:. From the late 1970s there was a significant increase in immigration from Asian and other non-European countries.
295:
275:
230:
210:
115:
1736:
3017:
2816:
2806:
2742:
2483:
2457:
654:
160:
135:
694:'s Centre for Ancient DNA, says that the Indian influence may well have played a role in the development of the
3103:
3002:
2722:
2700:
2606:
2412:
2372:
1937:
749:
719:
620:
263:
150:
54:
2235:
1016:
3253:
3170:
3046:
2895:
2888:
2759:
2705:
2508:
2488:
2315:
Parkville, Vic: History Dept., University of Melbourne, Melbourne University history monographs ; 0002.
695:
533:
466:
280:
215:
205:
165:
1395:. With a sharp rise in unauthorised boat arrivals in the late 1990s, mostly from war-torn countries such as
1142:
Migration to Australia in the late twentieth century was influenced by a number of world events, including:
3238:
3032:
2769:
2732:
2611:
2601:
2473:
1899:
1827:
1387:
In the early 1990s Australian immigration legislation was changed dramatically, introducing the concept of
413:
258:
2173:
834:
in Brisbane. The facility was built shortly after a period when immigration had been at an all-time high.
669:
arrived in Australia about 4,230 years ago. It shows that the Indian migrants settled in Australia before
3007:
2965:
2960:
2907:
2654:
2621:
2549:
1822:
1766:
185:
2098:
3073:
2977:
2831:
2786:
2690:
1183:
in June 1989, as a result of which many Chinese students in Australia were granted permanent residency.
938:
831:
615:
It is theorised that these original peoples first navigated the shorter distances from and between the
438:
377:
341:
195:
2195:
1929:
1249:
and in addition 24,000 New Zealanders were expected to migrate under specific trans-Tasman agreement.
3193:
3150:
3098:
2997:
2843:
2811:
2727:
2717:
2685:
2365:
1984:
1576:
1521:
1434:
1419:
1214:
1180:
803:
285:
200:
125:
3108:
3093:
2940:
2776:
2737:
2564:
1773:. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. pp. 23 and 26.
1536:
1496:, which in turn saw a shrinkage of the Australian population for the first time since World War I.
745:
3258:
3133:
3113:
3088:
3068:
2821:
2791:
2616:
2493:
2422:
827:
556:
525:
506:
175:
63:
2210:"Australia's population shrinks for the first time since WWI as COVID turns off immigration tap"
3165:
3143:
3118:
3083:
3063:
3027:
2865:
2836:
2826:
2801:
2764:
2695:
2532:
2427:
1100:
1008:
928:
811:
785:
691:
646:
631:
529:
502:
1801:. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. pp. 2–22.
752:
in Western Australia by free settlers, failed to prosper and asked for convicts. In contrast,
3228:
3160:
3058:
3012:
2875:
2781:
2668:
2554:
662:
650:
365:
2136:
744:(founded 1824, and later renamed Queensland) for some years longer. The small settlement of
3292:
3263:
3185:
3022:
2992:
2928:
2883:
2596:
2591:
2559:
2544:
2400:
1531:
1526:
1469:
1174:
807:
761:
757:
737:
406:
235:
30:
1797:
Price, Charles (1987). "Chapter 1: Immigration and Ethnic Origin". In Wray Vamplew (ed.).
690:
eventually, there would have been contact with Australia. Professor Alan Cooper, from the
8:
3213:
3155:
2987:
2950:
2680:
2058:
1378:
1156:
to Indonesian's troops in 1975, which led many East-Timorese to seek refuge in Australia.
1149:
in 1975, the start of migration waves from Indo-China to Western countries and Australia.
636:
605:
401:
389:
382:
370:
334:
253:
1706:
3315:
3273:
3248:
3233:
3223:
3218:
3208:
3175:
3078:
2982:
2586:
2581:
1088:
670:
627:(also at that time connected via a land bridge) was reached at least 30,000 years ago.
562:
1607:
1237:
was elected. Planned immigrant intake was reduced to 68,000 following the election of
1115:. The last reside of the policy was finally abolished in 1973 under the Government of
3203:
2945:
2316:
1909:
1802:
1774:
1493:
1456:
1404:
1234:
1233:
In 1994–95, Australia accepted 87,000 immigrants, the last financial year before the
1093:
394:
358:
346:
2347:(Greenhouse Publications in association with Vaccari Italian Historical Trust, 1987)
592:
than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single landmass (known as
3320:
2754:
2236:"Australia's population has shrunk. What is the ideal population for this country?"
1513:
1481:
1451:
1427:
1136:
1021:
969:
456:
170:
2306:
The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins
2105:
2065:
1969:
1702:
1476:
In her maiden speech to the House of Representatives after her election in 1996,
753:
593:
577:
544:
521:
498:
1012:
British migrants on the deck of the Georgic, Australia, 1949, byb Norman Herfort
706:
3198:
1488:
1477:
1037:
990:
986:
973:
729:
567:
514:
3335:
1187:
1116:
946:
616:
609:
584:
were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of extended
44:
2025:
1412:
1408:
1128:
1074:
1029:
961:
810:, transformed Australia economically, politically and demographically. The
767:
From about 1815 Sydney began to grow rapidly as free settlers arrived from
573:
In any event, this migration was achieved during the closing stages of the
517:
1962:
570:, while the upper range supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP.
3268:
3128:
1464:
1400:
1392:
1238:
1146:
1112:
1083:
764:
in 1868, approximately 165,000 people had entered Australia as convicts.
741:
733:
725:
715:
601:
597:
574:
2331:
2299:
2289:
960:
By 1938, many Jews were seeking to leave Germany and Austria due to the
1171:
to flee military regimes during the 1970s and seek refuge in Australia.
1153:
1132:
950:
682:
585:
510:
532:, which was abolished after World War II, heralding the modern era of
2388:
2357:
1195:
1164:
1058:
965:
643:
589:
581:
561:
The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present
130:
2286:
From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration
1159:
Dictatorships in South America, which led political dissidents from
1199:
773:
624:
701:
1610:. stonepages.com, Paola Arosio & Diego Meozzi. 24 July 2003.
1463:
Blainey's views were echoed by some politicians. In August 1988,
1218:
1191:
1177:
of 1975–1990, which saw many Lebanese refugees come to Australia.
1168:
1066:
1050:
1874:"Refugee crises and the sad legacy of the 1938 Evian conference"
1863:
The History of Immigration of Australia of the Last Century Book
1407:
enforced the mandatory detention policy created by the previous
1423:
1203:
1062:
1054:
732:
sailed for Australia. On 26 January 1788 a landing was made at
501:
to the continent around 80,000 years ago when the ancestors of
2272:
The Impact of Immigration in Australia: A Demographic Approach
2144:"Australian Government assistance to refugees: fact v fiction"
1207:
1160:
678:
666:
661:
According to a 2013 German study by a team of researchers on
1411:
government. This came to international attention during the
1391:
of unauthorised arrivals, who were popularly referred to as
1639:"From DNA Analysis, Clues to a Single Australian Migration"
1396:
799:
806:
in New South Wales and then in the newly formed colony of
674:
2311:
Lack, John and Templeton, Jacqueline – editors – (1988)
1963:
APMRN – Migration Issues in the Asia Pacific – Australia
1769:(1987). "Chapter 2: Population". In Wray Vamplew (ed.).
728:
of 11 ships and about 1350 people under the command of
1673:"Research shows ancient Indian migration to Australia"
1608:"Australia colonized earlier than previously thought?"
794:
Drawing of migrants disembarking from a ship, ca. 1885
1024:
arrived; Maria Scholte is to the right of the picture
776:
and became the basis of a powerful landowning class.
2326:
Markus, Andrew, James Jupp and Peter McDonald, eds.
1707:"Ancient migration: Genes link Australia with India"
1503:
1127:
During the 1970s and 1980s, around 120,000 southern
2352:
Australia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook
677:derives from Indians. During the migration period,
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1930:"Harold Holt (26 January 1966 – 19 December 1967)"
968:, the forced removal of Jews. In June 1938 at the
687:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
1229:Monthly arrivals of permanent settlers since 1976
756:, with its capital Adelaide founded in 1836, and
3333:
2265:Ideology and Immigration: Australia 1976 to 1987
838:Annual average assisted immigrants to Australia
2338:The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day
2011:
819:was predominantly a result of the gold rushes.
702:British colonisation and settlement: 1787–1850s
2279:Immigration and Australia: Myths and Realities
1979:
1977:
1595:unique genetic characteristics and technology.
1572:"Out of Africa – Aboriginal origins uncovered"
1438:visas to those in genuine need of protection.
922:
665:DNA genes reveal that a wave of migrants from
3352:History of the foreign relations of Australia
2373:
1898:
710:Australian emigrant ship, woodcut print, 1873
541:Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
474:
1445:
505:arrived on the continent via the islands of
1974:
1850:
1848:
1846:
2380:
2366:
2350:Wells, Andrew, and Theresa Martinez, eds.
2345:Buongiorno Australia:Our Italian Heritage.
2170:"Fact sheet - Key facts about immigration"
1823:"Yungaba Immigration Depot (entry 600245)"
1563:
1221:to trickle into major cities in Australia.
989:invasion in WWII, Minister of Immigration
481:
467:
2313:Sources of Australian immigration history
2099:General Skilled Migration – Chapter Four
1843:
1765:
1224:
1015:
1007:
932:
789:
705:
2024:
1989:"Little squares that define the nation"
1983:
1792:
1790:
1701:
1467:, then opposition leader, launched the
997:
550:
23:This article is part of a series on the
3334:
2387:
2124:from the original on 19 September 2015
2040:from the original on 26 September 2008
2361:
2340:(3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001)
2150:from the original on 15 February 2015
2030:"Back-scratching at a national level"
1815:
1796:
1569:
740:(where settlement began in 1803) and
539:Australia is also a signatory to the
2088:from the original on 8 January 2007.
1821:
1787:
1683:from the original on 15 January 2013
1636:
1584:from the original on 6 November 2012
1194:from 1991 to 2001, which drove many
181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
3342:History of immigration to Australia
2059:Migration News – Migration Dialogue
1737:"DNA confirms recent Indian influx"
1717:from the original on 7 October 2014
1677:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
13:
2328:Australia's Immigration Revolution
2257:
2078:"Immigration numbers over 123,000"
1880:from the original on 28 March 2017
1799:Australians: Historical Statistics
1771:Australians: Historical Statistics
1729:
1695:
1665:
1626:The West Australian (19 July 2003)
1383:Immigration detention in Australia
1071:International Refugee Organisation
972:was held in France to discuss the
528:in 1901, Australia maintained the
14:
3363:
1944:from the original on 3 March 2016
1747:from the original on 4 April 2015
1614:from the original on 5 March 2012
1372:
1042:Assisted Passage Migration Scheme
1004:Post-war immigration to Australia
1999:from the original on 17 May 2008
1908:. Connor Court. pp. 37–41.
1649:from the original on 15 May 2013
1506:
1069:who were being cared for by the
649:peoples were established in the
495:immigration history of Australia
450:
43:
2228:
2202:
2188:
2162:
2118:"Australia's migration history"
2110:
2092:
2084:. Melbourne. 31 December 2005.
2070:
2052:
1956:
1922:
1892:
1866:
1857:
802:, beginning in 1851 first near
655:Macassan contact with Australia
642:Several thousand years ago the
1938:National Archives of Australia
1759:
1630:
1600:
1548:
1111:in 1966, under Prime Minister
779:
720:German settlement in Australia
1:
1831:. Queensland Heritage Council
1637:Wade, Nicholas (8 May 2007).
1542:
1122:
1073:(IRO). They were accepted on
696:Australian Aboriginal culture
621:Swan River, Western Australia
596:), connected by an extensive
534:multiculturalism in Australia
1828:Queensland Heritage Register
1065:. Many of these people were
7:
3347:Social history of Australia
1570:Smith, Debra (9 May 2007).
1499:
1107:The White Australia Policy
985:and the associated fear of
923:Early federation: 1901–1945
623:by about 40,000 years ago;
74:European exploration (land)
10:
3368:
2196:"2018 Lowy Institute Poll"
1376:
1217:, which led migrants from
1001:
939:Yungaba Immigration Centre
926:
832:Yungaba Immigration Centre
783:
713:
632:most recent glacial period
554:
439:List of years in Australia
69:European exploration (sea)
3286:
3184:
3054:
3045:
2936:
2927:
2874:
2750:Intelligence and security
2676:
2667:
2635:
2540:
2531:
2466:
2408:
2399:
1934:primeministers.naa.gov.au
1902:; Nolan, Gerry O (2023).
1577:The Sydney Morning Herald
1522:Demographics of Australia
1450:In March 1984, Professor
1446:Opposition to immigration
1442:of Afghanistan and Iraq.
1422:, and the sinking of the
1420:Children overboard affair
1215:Jakarta riots of May 1998
1210:, to settle in Australia.
1181:Tiananmen Square massacre
748:, founded in 1829 on the
2296:The English in Australia
2277:Foster, William, et al.
2064:6 September 2006 at the
1537:Immigration to Australia
2332:excerpt and text search
2300:excerpt and text search
2290:excerpt and text search
1624:– reporting on news in
1560:. Retrieved 22 Oct 2018
557:Prehistory of Australia
507:Maritime Southeast Asia
497:began with the initial
3144:Indigenous Australians
2645:States and territories
1230:
1175:The Lebanese Civil War
1101:Snowy Mountains Scheme
1025:
1013:
942:
929:White Australia policy
795:
786:Australian gold rushes
730:Captain Arthur Phillip
711:
692:University of Adelaide
647:Torres Strait Islander
530:White Australia Policy
503:Aboriginal Australians
2438:Territorial evolution
2034:Sydney Morning Herald
1993:Sydney Morning Herald
1228:
1109:began to be abandoned
1086:. In 1958, under the
1020:In 1954 the 50,000th
1019:
1011:
936:
793:
709:
663:Indigenous Australian
651:Torres Strait Islands
2884:Cabinet of Australia
2859:Government ministers
2627:World Heritage Sites
2433:European exploration
2336:O'Farrell, Patrick.
2176:on 12 September 2015
2104:27 June 2008 at the
1876:. 30 November 2001.
1532:History of Australia
1527:Europeans in Oceania
1470:One Australia policy
1262:Migration Programme
1034:Immigration Minister
998:Post-war immigration
762:penal transportation
551:Original inhabitants
457:Australia portal
56:Timeline and periods
2956:Gross state product
1968:11 May 2008 at the
1705:(14 January 2013).
1679:. 15 January 2013.
1389:mandatory detention
1379:Asylum in Australia
839:
637:Cape York Peninsula
606:Gulf of Carpentaria
568:Before Present (BP)
543:and recognises the
3274:Australian studies
3209:Australian English
3018:Telecommunications
2854:Government leaders
2797:Political ideology
2263:Betts, Katharine.
1987:(2 January 2006).
1643:The New York Times
1231:
1147:The fall of Saigon
1089:Migration Act 1958
1026:
1014:
943:
837:
828:federation in 1901
796:
712:
671:Captain James Cook
354:Northern Territory
264:Chinese Australian
254:African Australian
221:Telecommunications
141:Capital punishment
3329:
3328:
3282:
3281:
3104:Human trafficking
3041:
3040:
2923:
2922:
2723:Foreign relations
2663:
2662:
2527:
2526:
2474:Asian Australians
1494:COVID-19 pandemic
1457:All for Australia
1405:Howard government
1370:
1369:
1235:Howard government
1094:tertiary industry
1040:, introduced the
987:Imperial Japanese
983:attacks on Darwin
941:in Brisbane, 1950
920:
919:
798:The discovery of
738:Van Diemen's Land
491:
490:
424:
423:
414:Western Australia
276:Jewish Australian
271:Indigenous people
34:
3359:
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3171:Waste management
3052:
3051:
2973:Household income
2934:
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2896:Governor-General
2706:Electoral system
2674:
2673:
2538:
2537:
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2405:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2354:(ABC-CLIO, 2004)
2343:Pascoe, Robert.
2252:
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2172:. Archived from
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2047:
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2028:(13 June 2007).
2022:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1981:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
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1514:Australia portal
1511:
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1509:
1482:One Nation Party
1452:Geoffrey Blainey
1428:Pacific Solution
1256:
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1137:multiculturalism
970:Evian Conference
953:sugar industry.
840:
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171:Eureka Rebellion
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2617:Protected areas
2523:
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2258:Further reading
2255:
2245:
2243:
2242:. 25 March 2021
2234:
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2216:. 24 March 2021
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2066:Wayback Machine
2057:
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2012:
2002:
2000:
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1970:Wayback Machine
1961:
1957:
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1900:Franklin, James
1897:
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545:right of asylum
522:New South Wales
499:human migration
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1905:Arthur Calwell
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1489:Lowy Institute
1478:Pauline Hanson
1447:
1444:
1435:migration zone
1374:
1373:Asylum seekers
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1002:Main article:
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974:Jewish refugee
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2321:0-86839-679-6
2318:
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2307:
2304:Jupp, James.
2303:
2301:
2297:
2294:Jupp, James.
2293:
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2284:Jupp, James.
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1985:Sheehan, Paul
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3307:Bibliography
3194:Architecture
3151:Prostitution
3134:Demographics
3099:Homelessness
2998:Reserve Bank
2812:Conservatism
2760:Constitution
2728:Human rights
2686:Constitution
2637:Subdivisions
2498:
2418:Bibliography
2351:
2344:
2337:
2327:
2312:
2305:
2295:
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2271:
2264:
2244:. Retrieved
2239:
2230:
2218:. Retrieved
2213:
2204:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2112:
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2042:. Retrieved
2033:
2001:. Retrieved
1992:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1933:
1924:
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1882:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1833:. Retrieved
1826:
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1749:. Retrieved
1740:
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1710:
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1651:. Retrieved
1642:
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1602:
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1586:. Retrieved
1575:
1565:
1557:The Guardian
1556:
1550:
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1475:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1417:
1413:Tampa affair
1409:Paul Keating
1386:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1232:
1152:The fall of
1141:
1126:
1106:
1098:
1087:
1080:
1075:humanitarian
1047:
1030:World War II
1027:
979:
959:
955:
944:
825:
821:
817:
797:
766:
723:
660:
641:
629:
614:
572:
560:
538:
518:penal colony
494:
492:
322:
317:
190:
156:Constitution
146:Civil rights
126:Antisemitism
97:1945–present
21:
15:
3269:Anglosphere
3109:Immigration
3074:Citizenship
2941:Agriculture
2827:Nationalism
2770:Enforcement
2743:Transgender
2577:Earthquakes
2565:Environment
2499:Immigration
2428:Archaeology
2154:15 February
2128:15 February
1465:John Howard
1401:Afghanistan
1393:boat people
1239:John Howard
1192:the Balkans
1113:Harold Holt
1084:Middle East
812:gold rushes
780:Gold rushes
742:Moreton Bay
734:Sydney Cove
726:First Fleet
716:First Fleet
602:Arafura Sea
600:across the
598:land bridge
575:Pleistocene
296:Transgender
191:Immigration
121:Agriculture
33:History of
3336:Categories
3259:Television
3229:Literature
3114:Irreligion
3094:Healthcare
3089:Euthanasia
3069:Censorship
2876:Government
2822:Liberalism
2792:Parliament
2504:Indigenous
2494:Federation
2484:Diplomatic
2458:Since 1945
2423:Prehistory
1948:24 January
1721:14 January
1687:15 January
1618:2 November
1543:References
1154:East Timor
1133:Al Grassby
1123:Modern era
964:policy of
951:Queensland
784:See also:
750:Swan River
714:See also:
683:microliths
644:Melanesian
586:glaciation
582:sea levels
563:Indigenous
526:federation
511:New Guinea
366:Queensland
176:Federation
64:Prehistory
3166:Squatting
3119:Languages
3084:Education
3064:Aged care
3028:Transport
2837:Socialism
2817:Far-right
2807:Christian
2802:Anarchism
2765:Judiciary
2701:Donations
2696:Elections
2607:Mountains
2555:Continent
2533:Geography
2453:1901–1945
2448:1851–1900
2443:1788–1850
2389:Australia
1751:26 August
1415:of 2001.
1241:in 1996.
1196:Albanians
1165:Argentina
1059:Lithuania
966:Judenrein
895:1861–1900
869:1831–1860
846:Australia
774:squatters
590:Timor Sea
407:Melbourne
310:By region
166:Economics
161:Diplomacy
131:Anzac Day
92:1901–1945
87:1851–1900
82:1788–1850
36:Australia
3316:Category
3161:Religion
3059:Abortion
3013:Taxation
2782:Monarchy
2777:Military
2733:Intersex
2669:Politics
2650:Capitals
2514:Monarchy
2509:Military
2489:Economic
2467:By topic
2413:Timeline
2393:articles
2246:14 April
2220:14 April
2180:27 April
2148:Archived
2122:Archived
2102:Archived
2086:Archived
2062:Archived
2038:Archived
1997:Archived
1966:Archived
1942:Archived
1884:27 March
1878:Archived
1745:Archived
1715:Archived
1681:Archived
1647:Archived
1612:Archived
1582:Archived
1500:See also
1487:A 2018,
1366:190,000
1358:185,000
1350:171,318
1342:158,630
1334:148,200
1326:142,933
1318:120,060
1310:114,360
1302:108,070
1200:Bosnians
1135:termed "
1067:refugees
808:Victoria
804:Bathurst
758:Victoria
625:Tasmania
433:See also
402:Victoria
390:Tasmania
383:Adelaide
371:Brisbane
335:Canberra
291:Marriage
248:By group
231:Religion
211:Monarchy
206:Military
116:Abortion
3293:Outline
3264:Theatre
3254:Symbols
3219:Cuisine
3186:Culture
3047:Society
3023:Tourism
2993:Poverty
2929:Economy
2711:Parties
2612:Regions
2602:Islands
2597:Geology
2592:Forests
2560:Deserts
2545:Climate
2519:Railway
2401:History
2330:(2010)
2298:(2004)
2288:(2007)
2082:The Age
2003:19 June
1835:13 July
1315:2004–05
1307:2003–04
1299:2002–03
1294:85,000
1291:2001–02
1286:76,000
1283:2000–01
1278:70,000
1275:1999–00
1270:68,000
1267:1998–99
1219:Jakarta
1169:Uruguay
1051:Estonia
769:Britain
580:, when
515:British
323:Capital
136:Banking
3321:Portal
3214:Cinema
3156:Racism
3129:People
2988:Mining
2951:Energy
2946:Dollar
2691:Courts
2681:Asylum
2655:Cities
2622:Rivers
2570:issues
2391:
2319:
2308:(2002)
2281:(1998)
2274:(2001)
2267:(1997)
2044:4 June
1912:
1805:
1777:
1660:times.
1653:5 June
1588:5 June
1424:SIEV-X
1403:, the
1259:Period
1204:Croats
1063:Poland
1061:, and
1055:Latvia
1028:After
898:10,087
872:18,268
843:Period
679:dingos
395:Hobart
359:Darwin
347:Sydney
216:Sports
196:Labour
151:Cinema
110:Topics
3300:Index
3249:Sport
3244:Radio
3234:Music
3224:Dance
3176:Women
3079:Crime
2983:Media
2849:Women
2587:Fauna
2582:Flora
2323:(set)
1208:Serbs
1161:Chile
1129:Asian
910:1,161
907:5,359
904:1,304
901:1,912
884:2,728
878:8,796
875:5,355
746:Perth
667:India
594:Sahul
578:epoch
419:Perth
281:Women
3204:Arts
2913:list
2901:list
2889:list
2738:LGBT
2317:ISBN
2248:2021
2222:2021
2182:2013
2156:2015
2130:2015
2046:2008
2005:2008
1950:2016
1910:ISBN
1886:2017
1837:2015
1803:ISBN
1775:ISBN
1753:2013
1723:2013
1689:2013
1655:2008
1620:2007
1590:2008
1399:and
1397:Iraq
1381:and
1363:2012
1355:2011
1347:2008
1339:2007
1331:2006
1323:2005
1213:The
1186:The
1167:and
962:Nazi
937:The
916:232
890:200
800:gold
718:and
608:and
509:and
493:The
286:LGBT
201:LGBT
3199:Art
2755:Law
2240:ABC
2214:ABC
1711:BBC
1190:in
913:119
887:710
881:479
864:WA
861:Tas
855:Qld
852:Vic
849:NSW
675:DNA
520:in
330:ACT
3338::
2238:.
2212:.
2146:.
2120:.
2080:.
2036:.
2032:.
2013:^
1995:.
1991:.
1976:^
1940:.
1936:.
1932:.
1845:^
1825:.
1789:^
1743:.
1739:.
1713:.
1709:.
1675:.
1657:.
1645:.
1641:.
1592:.
1580:.
1574:.
1430:.
1206:,
1202:,
1198:,
1163:,
1119:.
1096:.
1057:,
1053:,
1036:,
858:SA
639:.
612:.
604:,
547:.
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2250:.
2224:.
2198:.
2184:.
2158:.
2132:.
2048:.
2007:.
1952:.
1918:.
1888:.
1839:.
1811:.
1783:.
1755:.
1725:.
1691:.
1622:.
482:e
475:t
468:v
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