Economic history of Australia

1951: 1301:

and regulations, but by 1943, a severe manpower shortage limited further industrial expansion. High profits, and the strict rationing of consumables led to a rapid increase in national savings and profits, which generated a surplus of domestic capital. To fund the war effort, in 1942, the Australian Government instituted the Uniform Taxation Act and removed the ability of the state governments to levy income tax. Higher taxation and successive bond drives meant that by 1945, the Australian Government had largely funded the war effort from domestic sources. In the immediate postwar period, Australia was able even to extend economic assistance to Britain, and the Curtin government could start planning for a comprehensive plan of postwar reconstruction.

502: 494: 850: 1285:. The Japanese attack on Australia in 1942 led the Australian Government to adopt an "All In" war policy, which dictated the full mobilisation of the Australian economy and workforce. To that end, a range of economic and industrial controls were adopted: rationing, production controls, military and industrial conscription. The new powers were generally administered by the Commonwealth Government assisted by government appointed boards of control. The best and the most successful example was the Commonwealth Munitions Board (CMB) which directed the expansion of the Australian munitions industry. Chaired by 2117: 997: 1542: 1744:, there has been a significant political shift in focus toward National Security and renewed interest in Australia's manufacturing industry. Although free trade continues to take place, the importance of a thriving local industry has regained traction as an important consensus. The economic reforms implemented since the 1980s have led to a large contraction of the Australian manufacturing sector, along with trade union membership; with the percentage of workforce unionisation dropping from over 50% in the 1970s, to only 14% presently. 1942:. Since then, all manufacturing has been at Altona. In 2008, Toyota exported 101,668 vehicles worth $ 1,900 million. In 2011 the figures were "59,949 units worth $ 1,004 million". On 10 February 2014 it was announced that by the end of 2017 Toyota would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia. Whilst we've seen the closure of Holden, Ford and Toyota there has been an increase in Australia's Electric Vehicle potential with the introduction of ACE EV and Australian electric vehicle company. 1414:, were broadly successful in maintaining economic growth and unemployment, but were criticised by opponents for failing to effectively control inflation, instituting periodic "credit squeezes" (1952 and 1961), and rejecting national economic planning. During the 1960s an increase in tariff protection for new industries protected jobs and profits, but lowered the need for productivity and innovation, and by 1966 foreign investment was shifting to the less heavily regulated mining and pastoral sectors. 45: 2022:

settlers to the Hunter River after coal was found there in 1795. In 1804 the Sydney-based administration established a permanent convict settlement near the mouth of the Hunter River to mine and load the coal, predetermining the town's future as a coal port by naming it Newcastle. Today, Newcastle, NSW, is the largest coal port in the world. Now the state of Queensland is Australia's top coal producer, with its Bowen Basin the main source of black coal, and plans by miners such as

1102:. Governments shared in the wealth and ploughed money into urban infrastructure, particularly railways. Huge fortunes were built on speculation, and Victorian business and politics became notorious for corruption. English banks lent freely to colonial speculators, adding to the mountain of debt on which the boom was built. Following the collapse of the Land Boom, property values in central Melbourne would not return to the level of the 1880s until the late 1950s (in real terms). 1111: 530: 6066: 1554: 452: 726:

all, agriculture was established on the basis of land grants to senior officials and emancipated convicts, and limited freedoms were allowed to convicts to supply a range of goods and services. Although economic life depended heavily on the government Commissariat as a supplier of goods, money and foreign exchange, individual rights in property and labour were recognised, and private markets for both started to function.

6078: 822:(1824), which was granted the right to select 1,000,000 acres (4,047 km2) in New South Wales for agricultural development; and new corporate settlements were established in Western Australia (1829) and South Australia (1836). By the 1830s, wool had overtaken whale oil as the colony's most important export, and by 1850 New South Wales had displaced Germany as the main overseas supplier to British industry. 1618:" the trade union movement agreed to support economic reform and oppose industrial conflict (i.e. strikes). The success of the "Accord" allowed a Labor government to implement economic reforms that in other nations had been implemented by conservative political parties; tariffs were progressively cut, the Australian dollar was floated (1983), and the financial system deregulated. Hawke was also able to 1394:, the continuance of the mass immigration policy began in 1946, and the signing of a range of new trade agreements with nations outside the British Empire, including West Germany (1955), Japan (1957) and the USSR (1965). In 1955 Australia began exporting coal to Japan, and by 1967 Japan had surpassed Britain as Australia's main market. In 1966 Australia abandoned the pound and adopted the 738:, "Australian GDP per worker grew exceptionally quickly from the 1820s to the 1870s, at a rate about twice that of the US and three times that of Britain." This rapid growth in GDP per worker did not however lead to rising inequality (as has been the case in similar scenarios in other countries) but rather a "revolutionary levelling in incomes up to the 1870s". 1390:, continued to regulate economic activity, but preferred to manage the economy "indirectly" where possible. More encouragement was given to private industry, but where public enterprise was deemed "necessary" it was retained, and in some cases expanded. The pragmatic approach of the conservative Menzies Government was underlined with the establishment of the 802:

a massive scale. Aboriginal populations collapsed in the face of disease, violence and forced removal until they survived only on the margins of the new pastoral economy, on government reserves, or in the arid parts of the continent least touched by white settlement. The process would be repeated in northern Australia during the second half of the century.

575:, the Home Secretary, the white population in the colony was 1,030, of which 753 were convicts and their children; the colony also had 7 horses, 2903 sheep, 749 swine, 6 rabbits, and 754 cattle. The Indigenous population was not counted or estimated, nor reported at that point. More settlers came with the arrival of the 626:(whalebone) were valuable commodities and provided Australia with its first major export industries. Sealing and whaling contributed more to the colonial economy than land produce until the 1830s. When Governor Phillip left the colony in December 1792, the European population was 4,221, of whom 3,099 were convicts. 1406:(1956) and the gradual relaxation of government controls over "hire purchase" helped Australia to develop into an affluent society in the 1950s and 1960s. Rising income from taxation receipts eventually allowing the Australian Government to fund a large expansion in higher education, the development of 1727:

WorkChoices, in effect, took away an employee's right to sue for unfair dismissal if their former employer employed less than 100 people, making its implementation extremely unpopular, greatly contributing to the Howard government's loss at the 2007 election. The newly elected Labor government, under

1501:

that succeeded Whitlam promised greater control of government spending, and an end to inflationary pay increases in the public sector. However, its close links with industry and commerce made it reluctant to institute economic reform. While a growing number of economists and business leaders began to

1485:

had caused prices to spike and, according to government figures, inflation topped 13% for the year 1973–1974. By mid-1974, Australia was in an economic recession. The rapid change in economic conditions was not countered by a change in government policy. In particular Whitlam's desire to increase the

801:

The impact of the original penal settlements on the indigenous population had been enormous. The consequences of squatting after 1820 were equally devastating as the land and natural resources upon which indigenous hunter-gathering activities and environmental management depended were appropriated on

773:

At different times, the extraction of natural resources, whether maritime before the 1840s or later gold and other minerals, was also important. Agriculture, local manufacturing and construction industries expanded to meet the immediate needs of growing populations, which concentrated increasingly in

1966:

industry. This decline continued through the first decade of the 21st century. Since the 1980s, tariffs have steadily been reduced; in early 2010, the tariffs were reduced from 17.5 to 10 percent on clothing, and 7.5–10% to 5% for footwear and other textiles. As of 2010, most textile manufacturing,

1378:

was commenced. This policy achieved high economic growth, but led to growing political opposition, especially after the failure of the government to nationalise the banking sector in 1948. Political opponents also capitalized on the retention of rationing of food and petrol. As a result, in 1949 the

1248:

That injection of foreign investment led to increases in construction, particularly in the private residential sector. That injection of foreign cash was the main contributor to economic expansion, which was again troublesome for Australia's economy. Returns on investments, as before, were immensely

1070:

was the first major bank to fail, with 13 more to follow. By the end of the year it is estimated that half of Australian bank customers had been debarred from their bank. Consequently, the eastern Australian colonies saw the start of a severe depression in 1890–91. Australian economic historian Noel

1034:

An investment boom in Australia in the 1880s saw increased economic expansion although the investments were providing less of a return. That can be attributed to foreign funds' becoming more available to Australia. The influx of capital led to Australians' experiencing the highest per capita incomes

826:

best land had been occupied in the absence of substantial investment in fencing and water supplies. Without further geographical expansion, opportunities for high profits were reduced and the flow of British capital dried up, contributing to a wider downturn caused by drought and mercantile failure.

797:

By 1840, they had claimed a vast swathe of territory two hundred miles in depth running from Moreton Bay in the north (the site of modern Brisbane) to the Port Phillip District (the future colony of Victoria, whose capital Melbourne was marked out in 1837) to Adelaide in South Australia. The absence

793:

In 1831, the principles of systematic colonization popularized by Edward Gibbon Wakefield (1796–1862) were put into practice in New South Wales with the substitution of land sales for grants in order to finance immigration. This, however, did not affect the continued outward movement of pastoralists

1300:

greatly stimulated the economy by increasing production and ending unemployment. Labor relations were good and strikes were avoided. A wide range of industries, including motor vehicles, metal processing, TCF (textiles, clothing and footwear) and chemicals, all benefitted from government contracts

1265:

A major labour strike took place at the State Coalfields in Wonthaggi, Victoria in 1934. Conditions were hard on the strikers over a five-month episode. Their resilience, cohesion, and significant community support accounted for their persistence. Winning the strike revitalized the Victorian labour

865:

in many parts of Australia and changed the direction of the Australian economy. The discovery led to many workers leaving their employment and heading for the goldfields. The gold rushes caused a huge influx of people from overseas, including from many non-British sources. In the 1850s Victoria was

789:

The process of colonial growth began with two related developments. First, in 1820, Macquarie responded to land pressure in the districts immediately surrounding Sydney by relaxing restrictions on settlement. Soon the outward movement of herdsmen seeking new pastures became uncontrollable. From the

725:

In line with the British government's policy of concentrated land settlement for the colony, Governors of New South Wales tended to be conservative in making land grants. By the end of Macquarie's tenure in 1821, less than 1,000 square miles (3,000 km2) of land had been granted in the colony. Above

2150:

and Queensland, the area would have to be abandoned. Despite these objections to restricting immigration, between 1875 and 1888 all Australian colonies enacted legislation which excluded all further Chinese immigration. Asian immigrants already residing in the Australian colonies were not expelled

1337:

relative to each other and with the US dollar being pegged to gold. Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate which was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967. The exchange rate between the Australian and British pounds was set at 0.8 GBP (16 shillings sterling; A£1 5s = £1 sterling). However,

1597:

Despite similarities in history, law and culture, Australia and Canada followed quite different macroeconomic histories. Australia's GDP per capita was well above those of Britain and the United States in 1870, and more than twice the Canadian level. By the 1980s, however, Canada's GDP per capita

1429:

the U.S. Economy began to enter into a difficult period, and the rate of U.S. investment into Australia began to decline. Even more ominously, Australia began to face greater economic competition and a steady decline in her terms of trade. In this context the governments that followed the Menzies

1252:

By the 1920s, agricultural producers were experiencing profit troubles and governments, which invested heavily on transportation infrastructure, were not getting the returns that they had expected. Cutbacks in borrowing, government and private expenditure in the late 1920s led to a recession. The

954:

As fertile land became less available to settlers, pastoral industries continued to increase their land holdings for the use of wool production. This caused a retraction in returns on investment by pastoral companies. Even when poorer land was utilized for the purpose of wool production there was

902:

Due to the increases in income attributable to the gold rush, manufacturing and construction sectors of the economy fared very well. The boom fuelled by gold and wool lasted through the 1860s and the 1870s. Victoria suffered from an acute labour shortage despite its steady influx of migrants, and

825:

Allowing for the colonial economy's growing complexity, the cycle of growth based upon land settlement, exports and British capital would be repeated twice. The first pastoral boom ended in a depression which was at its worst during 1842–43. Although output continued to grow during the 1840s, the

745:

4-year term (1821–1825) land grants were more readily made. In addition, regulations introduced during Brisbane's term enabled settlers to purchase (with his permission) up to 4,000 acres (16 km) at 5s an acre (with superior quality land priced at 7s 6d). During his term, the total amount of

1735:

These economic reforms have resulted in Australia now being considered one of the most open economies in the world, notwithstanding polarising opinions regarding the long-term success of free and open trade, and its inevitable effect on domestic workers. Australia has enjoyed over two decades of

1321:

International conditions also favoured the policy as after the war Australia enjoyed favourable terms of trade and an increase in the amount of foreign (largely US) investment into the economy. However, it was assumed that the agricultural and mining sectors would be geared towards international

1280:

World War II had a profound impact on the Australian economy and permanently changed how the economy was run. Prior to 1939, the Commonwealth Government had little role in the management of the Australian economy. The state governments levied most of the income tax, and Australia's international

785:

In addition to New South Wales, four other British colonies were established on the mainland: Western Australia (1829), South Australia (1836), Victoria (1851) and Queensland (1859). Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania after 1856) became a separate colony in 1825. From the 1850s, these colonies acquired

1373:

Immediately after 1945 Australia continued to be governed by the ALP, which adopted a policy of reconstruction based on the principles of "nationalisation and rationalisation". This dictated that the government maintain control over the "commanding heights" of the economy in order to continue

1244:

While wool-growing remained at the centre of economic activity, a variety of new goods, such as wheat, dairy and other agriculturally-based produce, became part of Australian exports. It was in then that the latter started contributing more to economic growth than wool production. Part of that

813:

ideas, and the wholesale spread of white settlement were all part of a profound transformation in official and private perceptions of Australia's prospects and economic value as a British colony. Millennia of fire-stick management to assist hunter-gathering had created inland grasslands in the

777:

The opportunities for large profits in pastoralism and mining attracted considerable amounts of British capital, while expansion generally was supported by enormous government outlays for transport, communication and urban infrastructures, which also depended heavily on British finance. As the

2021:

In 1984 Australia surpassed the US as the world's largest coal exporter. One-third of Australia's coal exports were shipped from the Hunter Valley region of New South Wales, where coal mining and transport had begun nearly two centuries earlier. Coal River was the first name given by British

781:

The costs of immigration were subsidized by colonial governments, with settlers coming predominantly from the United Kingdom and bringing skills that contributed enormously to the economy's growth. All this provided the foundation for the establishment of free colonial societies. In turn, the

2358:

La Croix, Sumner J., 'Sheep, Squatters, and the Evolution of Land Rights in Australia: 1787-1847' (University of Hawaii-Manoa) – paper presented at "Inequality and the Commons", 3rd annual conference of the International Association for the Study of Common Property, Washington DC, USA, 18–20

2042:

rules were imposed on 21 March, and “non-essential” services were closed, which included social gathering venues such as pubs and clubs but, unlike many other countries, did not include most business operations such as construction, manufacturing and many retail categories. A second wave of

1884:

comparisons, the US$ is exchanged at A$ 0.98. In recent times Australia has received financial growth in the mining industry. This has been a major contributing factor of a high Australian dollar. The reform of the Australian economy in this period was not without cost. Improvements in the

1469:

and economic restructuring. Higher government spending coupled with higher wages, but not linked to higher productivity, created strong inflationary pressure. Whitlam's lack of a majority in the Australian Senate, and the hostility of the conservative state governments made it difficult to

1401:

Economic growth, high employment levels, growing foreign investment and the development of new markets led Australia to enjoy a high level of economic prosperity in the post-war period. Rationing was abolished in 1950. High population growth, high government spending, the introduction of

760:

From the 1820s economic growth was based increasingly upon the production of fine wool and other rural commodities for markets in Britain and the industrializing economies of Northwestern Europe. To finance this trade a number of banks set up in London in the 1830s, including the

1464:

did not prove effective at dealing with stagflation. Gough Whitlam had been elected on a platform that included the rapid expansion of government funded health and education programs. At the same time the labour movement, of which the Labor Party was a part, were opposed to both

1253:

recession itself became worse as other nations fell into depressions. They not only cut back on foreign investments to Australia but also led to a lower demand for Australian exports. That culminated into the biggest recession in Australia's history, which peaked in 1931–1932.

2010:) expect it to be gone within 30–50 years and 56 years, respectively. These 2010 estimates require on-going review to take into account shifting demand for lower-grade iron ore and improving mining and recovery techniques (allowing deeper mining below the groundwater table). 866:

Australia's gold mining centre, its population increasing from 76,000 in 1851 to 540,000 in 1861. Australia's total population more than tripled from 430,000 in 1851 to 1.7 million in 1871. There was a resumption of wool as the principal provider of economic growth by 1860.

1374:

economic growth, restrain inflation and institute full employment. A number of Australian companies such as QANTAS were nationalised in this period, while a range of government run enterprises such as TAA and the ANL were set up to expand the government sector. In 1948 the

1241:, Australia left the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government set a rate of £1 Australian = 16 shillings sterling (£1·5s Australian = £1 sterling; A£1.25 = £1 sterling). 2130:

Australia gained a reputation as "the working man's paradise". Some employers tried to undercut the unions by importing Chinese labour. This produced a reaction which led to all the colonies restricting Chinese and other Asian immigration. This was the foundation of the

1011:

Australia gained a reputation as "the working man's paradise." Some employers tried to undercut the unions by importing Chinese labour. This produced a reaction which led to all the colonies restricting Chinese and other Asian immigration. This was the foundation of the

665:

was appointed in the following year. There was a change of policy under his administration towards the promotion of a private economy to support the penal regime, separate from the activities and interests of the colonial government. There was a significant increase in

2135:. The "Australian compact", based around centralised industrial arbitration, a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries, and White Australia, was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century. 1016:. The "Australian compact", based around centralised industrial arbitration, a degree of government assistance particularly for primary industries, and White Australia, was to continue for many years before gradually dissolving in the second half of the 20th century. 1357:

countries with which Australia did most of its external trade. As the pound sterling went from US$ 4.03 to US$ 2.80, the Australian pound went from US$ 3.224 to US$ 2.24. Relative to the pound sterling, the Australian pound remained the same at A£1 5s = £1 sterling.

1410:, the national capital, and the host the 1956 Melbourne Olympics. By the time of Sir Robert Menzies's retirement in 1966, the Australian economy seemed stronger and wealthier than ever before. The Australian governments of this period, dominated by the conservative 1071:

Butlin would later argue that the history of Australian settlement has been one of growth financed by foreign capital, punctuated by depression caused by balance of payment crises after a collapse in property prices and exacerbated by the imprudent use of capital.

690:, was established in 1817. The Bank, and each private bank established afterwards, could issue its own paper money. During the 19th and early 20th century, the Bank of New South Wales opened branches, first throughout Australia and Oceania, including branches at 670:

after 1810, which provided cheap and skilled labour for the colony. As laborers, craftsmen, clerks and tradesmen, many convicts possessed the skills required in the new settlements. As their terms expired, they also added permanently to the free population.

2046:

On 2 September 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, Australia officially went into recession (defined as two quarters of negative growth) with GDP falling 7% in the June 2020 quarter, the largest drop on record. GDP fell 0.3% in the March quarter.

1506:

preferred to promote policies similar to those adopted in the earlier post-war period; chiefly wage and credit restraint, and tighter government economic regulation of the economy. This was symbolised in 1982 when Fraser dismissed the findings of the

877:

which lasted for forty years. Melbourne spread eastwards and northwards over the surrounding flat grasslands, and southwards down the eastern shore of Port Phillip. Wealthy new suburbs grew up, while the working classes settled in the inner suburbs.

881:

The influx of educated gold seekers from England led to rapid growth of schools, churches, learned societies, libraries and art galleries. On the back of the wealth derived from gold, there was a burst in building activity especially in Melbourne.

817:

Both the physical environment and the official incentives just described raised expectations of considerable profits to be made in pastoral enterprise and attracted a growing stream of British capital in the form of organizations like the

769:

established in 1837. This growth was interrupted by two major depressions during the 1840s and 1890s and stimulated in complex ways by the rich gold discoveries in Victoria in 1851, but the underlying dynamics were essentially unchanged.

3369: 798:

of any legal title meant that these intruders became known as 'squatters' and the terms of their tenure were not finally settled until 1846 after a prolonged political struggle with the Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps.

1885:

efficiency of the services sector, agriculture and mining were achieved while manufacturing industries struggled, especially those industries that had been established behind a wall of high tariffs created in the post-war period.

1361:

With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, Australia converted the traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the US dollar. In September 1974, Australia valued the dollar against a basket of currencies called the

872:

As the easy gold ran out in Victoria many people flooded into Melbourne or became a pool of unemployed in cities around Ballarat and Bendigo. The accelerated population growth and the enormous wealth of the goldfields fuelled a

1225:, so was Australia. In 1914, the pound sterling was removed from the gold standard, but when it was returned to the gold standard in 1925, the sudden increase in its value, imposed by the nominal gold price, unleashed crushing 1050:, led to a reassessment of the exposure of investors to regions of declining return, and consequently British investors began to withdraw from providing further funding to the Australian market. This caused a banking crisis in 1245:

emergence of other sources of economic expansion came from technological progress, such as disease-resistant wheat and refrigerated shipping. The development of these technologies also renewed large-scale foreign investment.

1950: 2142:

movement began a series of protests against foreign labour. Their arguments were that Asians and Chinese took jobs away from white men, worked for "substandard" wages, lowered working conditions and refused unionisation.

659:, whose officers had benefited most from access to land and imported goods (thus hopelessly entangling public and private interests), defied the authority of the governors. The New South Wales Corps was recalled in 1808. 1309:

Wartime measures and the expanded wartime economy provided the basis for rapid economic growth in the period after 1945. Postwar economic reconstruction was also aided by a policy of national development pursued by the

1074:

The impact of the end of the long boom and the collapse of the property market in Melbourne did not impact as greatly the economy of the colony of Western Australia, where substantial reserves of gold were discovered at

1646:(ASX) was formed in 1987 through the amalgamation of six independent stock exchanges that formerly operated in the state capitals. Each of those exchanges had a history of share trading dating back to the 19th century. 1262:, that is when Australia moved from the old model to the new model.) Trade protection, particularly from tariffs implemented by governments at the time, were instrumental to the prosperity of the manufacturing sector. 2853: 1366:(TWI) in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the US dollar. The daily TWI valuation was changed in November 1976 to a periodically adjusted valuation. On 12 December 1983, Australia 753:

of the Sydney settlement. From 1831 the granting of free land ceased and the only land that was to be available for sale was to be within the Nineteen Counties. Despite the uncertainty of land tenure,

1256:

The worldwide depression of the 1930s was not felt as badly in Australia than in to international counterparts because of increases in productivity from the manufacturing sector. (In William Sinclair

636:) was established in 1804 as a penal settlement. It was founded more to forestall a possible French claim to that part of Australia than for any immediate economic benefit to the Sydney settlement. 586:

Governors of New South Wales had authority to make land grants to free settlers, emancipists (former convicts) and non-commissioned officers. Land grants were often subject to conditions, such as a

3746:(June 1968), Vol. 18 Issue 6, pp 406–414 online. Covers transportation 1788 to 1920, regarding ships, bullock drays, concord coaches, camels, railways, buggies, horse bucks, trams, and automobiles. 1342:" until 1967. That reflected Australia's historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound. After a brief period of disruption caused by the Second World War, the 3440: 1430:

government in the period 1966–1972 increasingly found it hard to manage the rising expectations of consumers and industry. In the period 1972–1973 Australia began to experience the beginnings of "

3074: 1497:

The failure of the Whitlam government to effectively manage the Australian economy was a factor in the crisis that ended that government's term in office at the end of 1975. The government of

2043:

infections in Victoria emerged during May to June, and Victoria imposed a strict lockdown, which continued into September. State governments also imposed bans on cross state border movements.

3359: 6041: 651:

during the first 25 years of settlement was rum. Though it did not solve the problem arising from the lack of coins, but in an attempt to put some order into the economy, in 1800, Governor

3337: 782:

institutions associated with these – including the rule of law, secure property rights, and stable and democratic political systems – created conditions that, on balance, fostered growth.

6046: 3391: 778:

economy expanded, large-scale immigration became necessary to satisfy the growing demand for workers, especially after the end of convict transportation to the eastern mainland in 1840.

1736:

economic growth, coupled with low inflation and relatively low unemployment - until 2020 when the country entered into a brief recession where unemployment skyrocketed amid the global

1638:

was sold off in three parcels in 1997, 1999 and 2006. One result of these reforms was a marked increase labour productivity, and a reduction in government spending as a proportion of

1508: 5142: 3307: 2952: 2272: 2863: 1685:

which compromised the wellbeing of millions of Americans. The following recession thus impacted the many countries closely linked to the United States, including Australia.

2444:"Bank of Australasia (incorporated by Royal Charter, 1835), London Office, no. 8, Austin Friars : paid up capital £900,000, Directors ... - Version details - Trove" 1417:

After 1967 the favourable conditions that Australia had enjoyed in the international economy began to change. From 1962 Britain progressively abandoned the system of

3827: 4412: 3020: 903:

this pushed up wages until they were the highest in the world. Victoria was known as "the working man's paradise" in these years. The Stonemasons Union won the

2778:

Primary Research Service, 'From There to Back Again?: Australian Inflation and Unemployment, 1964 to 1993', Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1994:

1322:

markets, and manufacturing would serve the domestic "consumer" market. This continued into the 1950s and 1960s, and led government policy makers to implement

2886: 2146:

Objections to these arguments came largely from wealthy land owners in rural areas. It was argued that without Asiatics to work in the tropical areas of the

567:, though the actual landing and consequent settlement was initially confined to the Port Jackson area. According to the first census of 1788, as reported by 886:

was erected between Melbourne and Williamstown in 1853. The first railway in Australia was built in Melbourne in 1854. Following incorporation in 1853, the

869:

The colonial governments started a "development strategy" by issuing bonds to the London market, selling public land and using this to fund infrastructure.

647:. One very important British oversight was the provision of adequate coinage for the new colony and, because of the shortage of any sort of money, the real 5159: 2836: 4281: 2912: 2705: 3548: 1697:

fell by 1.7%, employment by 3.4% and the unemployment rate rose to 10.8%. However, as is typical during recessions, there was a beneficial reduction in

790:

1820s, the British authorities also encouraged private enterprise by the wholesale assignment of convicts to private employers and easy access to land.

6036: 1098:

In the 1880s, the long boom culminated in a frenzy of speculation and rapid inflation of land prices known as the Land Boom and centred on the city of

794:

who simply occupied land where they could find it beyond the official limits of settlement, usually in disregard for any rights of indigenous peoples.

6051: 5848: 2978: 1486:

wages and conditions of the federal public service was not checked. This fed into a 30% increase in imports and a $ 1.5 billion increase in the

1122:, where a miner's strike occurred in 1892. Broken Hill endured significant prosperity on the back of its mining industry throughout the 20th century. 2038:

in January 2020. On 20 March, Australian borders were closed to all non-residents, impacting especially tourism and the entry of overseas students.

1622:

several large government enterprises. Sector wide 'Industry Plans' for economic reform were introduced in telecommunications and manufacturing. The

145: 6026: 3465: 2937: 5858: 5838: 5040: 3329: 3501: 5540: 4249: 3171: 3145: 3046: 480: 5045: 4397: 3523: 3417: 639:

The colony of New South Wales barely survived its first years and was largely neglected for much of the following quarter-century while the

590:(one shilling per 50 acres (200,000 m2) to be paid after five years) and a requirement for the grantee to reside on and cultivate the land. 5310: 4468: 1095:, the opening up of the south-west corner of the colony for agricultural development and the rapid expansion of the colonial rail network. 757:

ran large numbers of sheep and cattle beyond the boundaries. From 1836 they could legally do so, paying ten pounds per year for the right.

857:. A boom period in the 1870s due to the discovery of gold led to the construction of many grand edifices and public buildings in the city. 5655: 4264: 1494:

as short-term interest rates rose to extremely high levels. Unemployment also rose significantly despite continuing government spending.

329: 3297: 2956: 5843: 4566: 4296: 4209: 3782: 220: 140: 68: 4813: 4461: 4382: 1481:, special consultant to the Whitlam government, proposed a 25% across the board tariff cut, which was adopted by the government. The 1275: 290: 2276: 829:

A number of London-based banks and mortgage companies were established during this period to operate in the colonies, including the

6031: 6016: 6011: 3642:

Greasley, David, and Les Oxley. "A tale of two dominions: comparing the macroeconomic records of Australia and Canada since 1870."

3544: 2817:

David Greasley, and Les Oxley. "A tale of two dominions: comparing the macroeconomic records of Australia and Canada since 1870."

1338:

those new developments did not entirely supplant the traditional relationship with Britain, and Australia remained a part of the "

809:) and therefore felt free to expand into their territory with impunity. The encouragement of private enterprise, the reception of 749:

Those known as 'free settlers' were only permitted to take up land within the approved areas, which from 1826 was confined to the

4473: 3943: 2637:

John Laurent,"‘That Old Treasure-House of Constructive Suggestion’: Australian Labor Ideology and War Organisation of Industry."

1329:

During the war, Australia's international trade and investment position began to change. In 1944, Australia became a part of the

1257: 96: 6104: 5087: 4897: 4705: 4619: 4528: 4518: 4321: 4224: 1755:. The trend of Australia's gross domestic product at market prices estimated by the International Monetary Fund is as follows: 1174:

1894: recovery from the crisis began. Some reforms to regulations and laws were made to try to prevent future financial abuses.

225: 73: 3671: 2567: 805:

Colonial governments and settlers did not recognise any Aboriginal land rights or sovereignty (arguable under the doctrine of

6082: 4983: 4823: 4478: 4023: 3709: 3647: 2822: 2256: 1747:

The 1980s economic reforms, intended to diversify the national economy and make it more resilient, were introduced after the

1209:

ruling that established the right to a basic wage, a 'fair and reasonable' minimum wage for unskilled workers of 7 shillings.

838: 572: 5099: 4639: 4634: 4629: 1190: 180: 91: 86: 81: 3489: 2743:

Lee, David. "The 1949 federal election: a reinterpretation." Australian Journal of Political Science 29.3 (1994): 501-519.

5486: 5430: 5325: 4831: 4665: 4579: 4377: 4131: 4121: 3506: 1912:

Holden announced on 11 December 2013 that Holden cars would no longer be manufactured in Australia from the end of 2017.

1134: 418: 155: 120: 2166:. The support of the Labor Party was contingent upon restricting non-white immigration, reflecting the attitudes of the 1460:, and growing economic competition in Australia's traditional export markets. However, the economic policies of the ALP 6003: 5988: 5756: 5533: 5493: 4624: 4604: 4045: 1713: 1143: 883: 473: 2695:. Each source may contradict one another. The rates above are the "most plausible facts" derived from these web pages. 2684: 555:

arrived with more than 1,000 convicts, marines and a few free settlers, plus a vast quantity of stores to establish a

5568: 5035: 4936: 4836: 4756: 4690: 3024: 2109:

jobs. Shortages of labour led to high wages for a prosperous skilled working class, whose unions demanded and got an

1152: 1029: 989:

jobs. Shortages of labour led to high wages for a prosperous skilled working class, whose unions demanded and got an

353: 270: 3567:"Towards White Australia: The shadow of Mill and the spectre of slavery in the 1880s debates on Chinese immigration" 3096: 2521: 5676: 4763: 4700: 4685: 4533: 4493: 4402: 4126: 3902: 1293:, the CMB was by the end of the war indirectly managing some of the largest manufacturing concerns in the country. 1128: 675: 295: 275: 230: 210: 190: 115: 2765:

Michael G. Porter, "External shocks and stabilization policy in a small open economy: The Australian experience."

5711: 5204: 5003: 4993: 4929: 4670: 4644: 4483: 4387: 4354: 4316: 4141: 4101: 3857: 2709: 2194: 1987: 1087:' in Western Australia characterized by a sustained, rapid expansion of the colony that would continue up to the 819: 160: 135: 955:

continued investment both from private backers, and governments (in the form of transportation infrastructure).

5911: 5812: 5290: 5189: 4909: 4887: 4793: 4599: 4559: 4392: 4156: 4066: 4051: 3877: 3867: 3775: 2833: 2035: 1643: 1623: 918: 679: 263: 150: 54: 6070: 5906: 5802: 5583: 5526: 5440: 5357: 5233: 5082: 5075: 4946: 4892: 4695: 4433: 4276: 4136: 4111: 4076: 4003: 3948: 3791: 1939: 1379:

government was replaced at national elections with a more conservative government committed to supporting a "

1025: 466: 280: 215: 205: 2982: 2495: 1954:

Total employment in Australian textile, clothing and footwear manufacturing (thousands of people) since 1984

5640: 5425: 5219: 4956: 4919: 4798: 4788: 4660: 4508: 4326: 4301: 4291: 4214: 4161: 4116: 4106: 4096: 4056: 4013: 3973: 3953: 3927: 3837: 3822: 3256:

Bradon Ellem, "A battle between titans? Rio Tinto and union recognition in Australia’s iron ore industry."

2469: 1748: 1658: 1375: 1370:

the Australian dollar, with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payments and other market drivers.

1164: 1160: 1067: 413: 258: 3566: 1975:

The economic rise of China has produced a major demand for mining products, especially iron ore and coal.

1693:

at the time, famously referred to it as "the recession that Australia had to have." During the recession,

493: 5947: 5916: 5891: 5706: 5630: 5194: 5152: 5147: 5094: 4841: 4808: 4736: 4456: 4451: 4407: 4259: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4229: 4219: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4171: 4028: 3993: 3983: 3912: 3897: 3892: 3882: 3872: 3842: 3812: 1894: 1741: 1422: 501: 185: 5993: 5962: 5942: 5896: 5771: 5726: 5701: 5691: 5645: 5625: 5588: 5260: 5164: 5018: 4973: 4877: 4498: 4446: 4372: 4311: 4286: 4239: 4188: 4166: 4151: 4086: 4008: 3998: 3963: 3958: 3922: 3917: 3887: 3852: 3817: 3806: 3478: 3282:

Bo-qiang Lin, nd Jiang-hua Liu, "Estimating coal production peak and trends of coal imports in China."

2158:

which came to power after the first elections to the Commonwealth parliament in 1901 was formed by the

2139: 2056: 1662: 1411: 1038:

However, by the end of the 1880s, overseas investors became more concerned with the difference between

438: 377: 341: 195: 2071:, reduce the hours in a work week, provide public education for children, and bring other benefits to 1083:

in a region of Western Australia that subsequently became known as the 'Goldfields'. This prompted a '

6021: 5967: 5868: 5776: 5380: 5337: 5285: 5184: 5030: 4998: 4914: 4904: 4872: 4552: 4488: 4428: 4331: 4306: 4271: 4146: 4091: 4071: 4061: 3988: 3968: 3907: 3862: 3847: 3832: 3768: 3003: 2779: 2224: 1611: 1391: 942:

in designated areas and made redundant the limits of location, which had limited sale of land to the

891: 683: 285: 200: 125: 3693:

in Matthias Blum and Christopher L. Colvin, eds. (Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2018) pp. 309–317.

1511:(which his government had put in place) that had recommended deregulation of the banking industry. 5921: 5901: 5853: 5760: 5671: 5295: 5280: 5127: 4963: 4924: 4751: 4081: 4018: 3978: 3418:"How Victoria's coronavirus response became a public health 'bushfire' with a second-wave lockdown" 3330:"Australia's social distancing rules have been enhanced to slow coronavirus — here's how they work" 3194: 2443: 2303:"Australian squatters, convicts, and capitalists: dividing up a fast-growing frontier pie, 1821-71" 2179: 2167: 682:

in 1813 enabled the settlers to access and use the wealthy land west of the mountains for farming.

655:

set the value of a variety of foreign coins circulating in New South Wales. During this period the

576: 3502:"Australian recession confirmed as COVID-19 triggers biggest economic plunge on record - ABC News" 1704:

This process of economic reform and restructuring continued under the Coalition government led by

1452:" in the early 1970s. This was primarily caused by developments in the international economy; the 1151:

1893: a major international depression and the speculative property boom of the 1880s, led to the

5926: 5751: 5445: 5320: 5300: 5275: 5255: 5008: 4978: 4803: 4680: 4609: 4503: 2374: 1881: 1717: 1682: 1599: 887: 834: 810: 766: 687: 601: 595: 580: 175: 63: 3232: 2398: 1425:. Australia's privileged access to the British market was drawing to a close. In the era of the 1353:

by 30%, and Australia followed suit so that the Australian pound would not become overvalued in

1260: 1201:

forms the Commonwealth government, the first labour movement in the world to attain government.

5781: 5721: 5686: 5593: 5352: 5330: 5305: 5270: 5250: 5214: 5052: 5023: 5013: 4988: 4951: 4882: 4719: 4614: 3364: 2199: 2163: 2132: 1928: 1690: 1367: 1314:(ALP), which formed the government from 1941 to 1949. That policy was in line with the general 1311: 1198: 1155:

and a serious economic depression. 11 commercial banks failed or temporarily closed to avoid a

1013: 862: 610: 2378:(DAILY ed.). Launceston, Tasmania: National Library of Australia. 13 July 1935. p. 8 1237:, including Australia, and the rest of the world. In 1929, as an emergency measure during the 849: 5743: 5635: 5415: 5347: 5245: 5199: 5062: 4968: 4855: 4741: 3520: 3122: 2078: 1650: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1443: 1184: 969:

opening in all cities and most regional towns in the following forty years. During the 1880s

958: 908: 854: 656: 365: 2170:

and other labour organisations at the time, upon whose support the Labor Party was founded.

1318:

ideals that the ALP held and were then widely supported within the broader labour movement.

5957: 5886: 5863: 5797: 5716: 5681: 5549: 5479: 5450: 5372: 5209: 5179: 5115: 5070: 4783: 4778: 4746: 4731: 4587: 3051: 2910: 2189: 2184: 1983: 1363: 1330: 1051: 931: 754: 699: 667: 591: 406: 235: 30: 3360:"Australia coronavirus updates live: NSW and Victoria to shut down non-essential services" 2067:, increase wages for both union workers and non-union workers, raise the entire society's 8: 5972: 5952: 5878: 5696: 5650: 5578: 5400: 5342: 5174: 5137: 4867: 2858: 2159: 2026:

to open up the Galilee and Surat Basins to coal mining. China became the main customer.

1916: 1654: 1418: 1334: 1194: 926: 830: 786:

responsible government. In 1901, they federated, creating the Commonwealth of Australia.

762: 401: 389: 382: 370: 334: 253: 3007: 2089:

opening in all cities and most regional towns in the next forty years. During the 1880s

5807: 5502: 5460: 5435: 5420: 5410: 5405: 5395: 5362: 5265: 5169: 4773: 4768: 3597: 2418: 2341: 2147: 2116: 2068: 1729: 1520: 1461: 1323: 996: 806: 652: 640: 686:

was established as Australia's first inland settlement. The first bank in Sydney, the

5609: 5390: 5132: 4438: 3705: 3459: 2931: 2422: 2345: 2333: 2252: 2155: 2039: 2003: 1999: 1924: 1737: 1709: 1503: 1395: 943: 912: 750: 707: 662: 648: 394: 358: 346: 3269:

Anthony David Owen, "Australia's role as an energy exporter: Status and prospects."

2950: 1598:

almost matched the United States, and was well above that of Australia and Britain.

5563: 5507: 4941: 2575: 2410: 2325: 2317: 1906: 1678: 1607: 1490:

by the end of 1974. Primary producers of commodities such as beef were caught in a

1238: 1233:

and the subsequent 1926 deflation had far-reaching economic effects throughout the

1214: 715: 514: 456: 170: 2693:

Foreign Currency Units per 1 U.S. dollar, 1948-2005, PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service

1541: 5733: 3694: 3527: 2840: 2688: 1666: 1536: 1482: 1453: 1434:" as unemployment and inflation began to rise simultaneously for the first time. 1286: 1088: 1059: 1055: 1039: 742: 703: 644: 548: 3760: 5821: 5816: 5766: 5385: 4513: 2120: 2110: 2082: 1935: 1898: 1752: 1498: 1491: 1466: 1387: 1343: 1282: 1234: 1218: 1206: 1043: 1000: 990: 962: 904: 568: 560: 3075:"South Australia stunned as GM announces Holden's closure in Adelaide in 2017" 2414: 1217:. Monetary policy ensured that the Australian pound was fixed in value to the 6098: 4523: 3750: 2369: 2337: 2219: 2094: 2072: 2064: 2023: 1674: 1619: 1487: 1380: 1354: 1339: 1222: 974: 874: 564: 3572:. 11th Biennial National Conference of the Australian Historical Association 614:, after landing their passengers and cargo then went whaling and sealing in 44: 3676: 2911:

corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra.

2692: 2681: 2090: 2060: 1991: 1686: 1670: 1603: 1168: 970: 556: 544: 533: 3654:

Recovery from the Depression: Australia and the World Economy in the 1930s

5455: 5315: 3100: 2677: 2525: 2106: 2086: 1721: 1705: 1631: 1615: 1449: 1431: 1426: 1297: 1119: 986: 966: 935: 691: 615: 605: 552: 3441:"Family of four staying at Rydges seeded 90% of second-wave COVID cases" 3195:"ACCI Welcomes textiles and car tariff cuts (ACCI media release 003/10)" 2329: 2302: 2002:

is approximately 430 million tonnes a year and rising. Gavin Mudd (

505:

1942 pictorial map of Australia showing its natural wealth and resources

5518: 3666:

McLean, Ian W. "Australian economic growth in historical perspective."

3217:

Celal Bayari, "Economic geography of the Australian mining industry."

1959: 1546: 1478: 1403: 1110: 1080: 1076: 939: 529: 2321: 2151:

and retained the same rights as their Anglo and Southern compatriots.

1740:. Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, trade disputes with China, and the 1657:, resulting from a stock collapse of unprecedented size which saw the 4575: 4544: 3736:

Portrait of the Family within the Total Economy, Australia Since 1788

2549:

The Story of Australia's People: The Rise and Rise of a New Australia

2124: 2102: 1698: 1474: 1350: 1315: 1230: 1226: 1099: 1092: 1084: 1047: 1004: 982: 930:

reformed land holdings in New South Wales in an attempt to break the

619: 587: 540: 518: 130: 3479:

Australia’s First Recession in Decades Signals Tougher Times to Come

3047:"Toyota workers out of jobs as car manufacturer closes Altona plant" 1630:

was sold in two parcels, one in 1993 and the other in 1995, and the

1349:

In 1949, the United Kingdom devalued the pound sterling against the

1213:

In 1910, the federal government introduced a national currency, the

2951:

Adam McKissack; Jennifer Chang; Robert Ewing; Jyoti Rahman (2008).

1553: 1407: 1156: 1148:

1892: 133 limited companies went into liquidation in Victoria alone

1115: 1063: 814:

southeast that were ideally suited to the production of fine wool.

719: 695: 633: 583:

in 1791, with other convict transports in the years that followed.

2780:

https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bp/1994-95/94bp09.pdf

1994:, or 24 billion tonnes. The current production rate from the 1139:

1891: 16 small banks and building societies collapsed in Melbourne

563:

claimed all of eastern Australia as its territory on the basis of

2499: 2228:. NSW: National Library of Australia. 28 November 1889. p. 7 1995: 1963: 1920: 1728:

Kevin Rudd, completely repealed WorkChoices in 2008, passing the

1635: 1610:, which commenced the process of economic reform by concluding a 3661:

Why Australia Prospered: The Shifting Sources of Economic Growth

2854:"The real reasons why it was the 1990s recession we had to have" 3302: 3172:"Australian manufacturing—structural trends 2001–02 to 2006–07" 1902: 1627: 1457: 629: 623: 3637:

The British Empire in Australia: An Economic History 1834–1939

2953:"Structural effects of a sustained rise in the terms of trade" 1346:

returned to its position as Australia's main trading partner.

2123:

march circa 1900, outside Parliament House in Spring Street,

2098: 2007: 1606:

of the Australian economy began in the early 1980s under the

1003:

march circa 1900, outside Parliament House in Spring Street,

978: 3146:"Toyota confirms exit from Australian manufacturing in 2017" 3684: 2013:

Tensions remain high between management and labour unions.

1167:. On 1 May, the Victoria government implemented a five-day 711: 594:

commenced in 1791, when Captain Thomas Melvill, commanding

2732:

The Oxford History of Australia: The Middle Way. 1942-1995

2665:

The Oxford History of Australia: The Middle Way. 1942-1995

1893:

In 2008, four companies mass-produced cars in Australia.

1694: 1639: 1614:. In exchange for wage restraint and an increase in the " 1290: 2887:"27 years and counting since Australia's last recession" 1091:. This expansion allowed the development of the port of 938:. The Acts allowed unlimited selection of agricultural 497:

GDP per capita development in Australia and New Zealand

2639:

Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History

2613:

Labour History: A Journal of Labour and Social History

2275:. Blue Mountains Crossings Bicentenary. Archived from 1681:

industry was facing decline which eventually led to a

2105:(wharf workers), but soon spread to cover almost all 1386:

The new Australian Government, led by Liberal leader

985:(wharf workers), but soon spread to cover almost all 2611:

Peter Cochrane, "The Wonthaggi coal strike, 1934."

1967:

even by Australian companies, is performed in Asia.

1473:

In 1973, with Australia experiencing sharply rising

1421:

adopted in 1932 and moved towards membership of the

2884: 2706:"1350.0 - Australian Economic Indicators, Mar 1998" 678:were a barrier to the expansion of the colony. The 3742:Unstead, R. J. "From Bullock Dray to Tin Lizzie." 3596: 3545:"Race and Organized Labor in Australia, 1850–1901" 3115: 3089: 2522:"Media Business Communication timeline since 1861" 632:in what was then called Van Diemen's Land (modern 3790: 3219:Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 1626:was sold in three parcels between 1991 and 1996. 1296:The economic policies of the Labor government of 1042:and actual returns on Australian investment. The 6096: 3727:The Process of Economic Development in Australia 2251:. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 36. 1931:. Both plants were closed down in October 2016. 1281:trade was dictated by its relationship with the 907:in 1856 and celebrated by building the enormous 3609:Forming a Colonial Economy: Australia 1810-1850 3067: 2496:"The University of Melbourne 150th Anniversary" 2300: 894:in 1856. There were many other building works. 3588: 3298:"Australia closes borders to stop coronavirus" 3192: 2461: 1661:fall by 22.6%. This collapse, larger than the 5534: 4560: 3776: 3599:Investment in Australian Economic Development 3012: 2467: 2301:Panza, Laura; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (2019). 1897:ceased production in March 2008, followed by 1720:and further deregulated labour markets under 474: 3630:British Imperialism and Australia: 1783–1833 3560: 3558: 3464:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3439:Mills, Noel Towell, Tammy (18 August 2020). 3352: 3289: 2936:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2678:Tables of modern monetary history: Australia 2628:(Australian War Memorial, 1952) ch 6, 9, 10. 2547:Blainey, Geoffrey (2016). "The Bank Crash". 3755:The Cambridge Economic History of Australia 3137: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2265: 1266:movement and enhanced its political power. 1035:in the world during the late 19th century. 5541: 5527: 4567: 4553: 3783: 3769: 3681:A History of Australasian Economic Thought 2601:. Melbourne University Press. p. 197. 1612:wages accord with the trade union movement 1514: 1333:, with major world currencies maintaining 481: 467: 3564: 3555: 3538: 3536: 3021:"Tomcar - New local vehicle manufacturer" 2913:"Trends in union membership in Australia" 2399:"Rethinking the origins of terra nullius" 2246: 2113:and other benefits unheard of in Europe. 1276:Australian home front during World War II 993:and other benefits unheard of in Europe. 746:land in private hands virtually doubled. 5548: 3724: 3691:An Economist’s Guide to Economic History 3639:, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 3392:"Restrictions on non-essential services" 3164: 3143: 2555: 2240: 2115: 1962:in the mid-1980s, Australia had a large 1949: 1665:, was handled effectively by the global 1552: 1540: 1109: 995: 848: 528: 500: 492: 3230: 3018: 2752:Allan William Martin, and Patsy Hardy, 2682:Tables of modern monetary history: Asia 2546: 1448:The post-war economic boom ended with " 23:This article is part of a series on the 6097: 4574: 3733: 3594: 3542: 3533: 3322: 2596: 2514: 1673:began to quickly recover. However, in 5522: 4548: 3764: 3490:Australia's recession in seven graphs 3438: 3295: 3144:Dunckley, Mathew (10 February 2014). 2955:. Australian Treasury. Archived from 2789: 2787: 2396: 1927:and the northern Melbourne suburb of 1915:Ford had two main factories, both in 1249:different from the expected returns. 861:The discovery of gold in 1851 led to 839:English, Scottish and Australian Bank 6077: 3699: 3420:. ABC News (Australia). 11 July 2020 2805: 2799: 2793: 2296: 2294: 2138:In the 1870s and 1880s, the growing 1934:Until 2006, Toyota had factories in 1221:, and as long as Britain was on the 643:was preoccupied until 1815 with the 181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition 3757:(Cambridge University Press, 2015). 3530:Australian Council of Trade Unions. 3507:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 2397:Borch, Merete (29 September 2008). 2036:COVID-19 pandemic reached Australia 1502:call for economic deregulation the 521:since European settlement in 1788. 13: 3632:, Sydney University Press, Sydney. 3543:Markey, Raymond (1 January 1996). 3372:from the original on 22 March 2020 3340:from the original on 21 March 2020 3310:from the original on 19 March 2020 3099:. Toyota Australia. Archived from 2784: 2498:. 10 February 2011. Archived from 1716:from 2000, established a national 1549:, the financial heart of Australia 14: 6116: 3652:Gregory, R.G., and N. G. Butlin. 3258:Economic and Industrial Democracy 3231:Pincock, Stephen (14 July 2010). 3193:Peter Anderson (1 January 2010). 2862:. 2 December 2006. Archived from 2754:Robert Menzies: 1944-1978. Vol. 2 2291: 2029: 1990:" of iron currently amount to 24 1644:Australian Stock Exchange Limited 1193:federal government formed by the 1153:Australian banking crisis of 1893 1030:Australian banking crisis of 1893 921:was opened in Melbourne in 1861. 734:According to a 2018 study in the 6076: 6065: 6064: 3828:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3719:An Economic History of Australia 3623:Labour and Industry in Australia 3019:Hassall, David (12 April 2012). 2654:(Australian War Memorial, 1955). 2468:Kathryn Wells (5 October 2007). 1509:Campbell Commission into Banking 1470:effectively manage the economy. 919:Australia's first stock exchange 884:Australia's first telegraph line 450: 43: 3565:Griffiths, Phil (4 July 2002). 3547:. The Historian. Archived from 3514: 3494: 3483: 3472: 3432: 3410: 3384: 3276: 3263: 3250: 3224: 3211: 3186: 3039: 2997: 2971: 2944: 2904: 2878: 2846: 2827: 2811: 2772: 2759: 2746: 2737: 2724: 2710:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2698: 2670: 2657: 2644: 2631: 2618: 2605: 2590: 2540: 2488: 2195:History of tariffs in Australia 2050: 1988:economic demonstrated resources 1986:calculates that the country's " 1632:Commonwealth Serum Laboratories 820:Australian Agricultural Company 5813:Australian Securities Exchange 3689:Oxley, Les. "Australasia." in 3296:Burke, Kelly (19 March 2020). 2676:Historical rates derived from 2436: 2390: 2362: 2352: 2249:A Concise History of Australia 2212: 1888: 1708:which took power in 1996. The 1521:Neoliberalism § Australia 946:which had applied since 1826. 680:crossing of the Blue Mountains 1: 6105:Economic history of Australia 4469:Confederate States of America 3792:Economic histories by country 3738:. Cambridge University Press. 3721:. Cambridge University Press. 3625:, Cambridge Books, Cambridge. 3603:. Cambridge University Press. 3077:. GM Holden. 12 December 2013 2626:The government and the people 2551:. Penguin Books. p. 168. 2403:Australian Historical Studies 2220:"The Mayor's Opening Address" 2205: 1068:The Bank of Van Diemen's Land 1046:of 1890, although focused on 1026:1890s depression in Australia 729: 511:economic history of Australia 6052:Australia–United Kingdom FTA 5656:Australian Capital Territory 3055:. Australia. 6 December 2017 1659:Dow Jones Industrial Average 1655:Black Monday of October 1987 1437: 1376:Snowy Mountain River Project 1304: 1269: 1178: 1165:Commercial Bank of Australia 1161:National Bank of Australasia 1105: 1019: 702:(1851), New Zealand (1861), 543:began on 26 January 1788 at 524: 7: 6027:Australia–United States FTA 5917:National Electricity Market 4529:Scotland in the Middle Ages 4398:Mongolian People's Republic 3683:(Routledge, 2017), 250 pp. 3589:Sources and further reading 2310:The Economic History Review 2273:"History – general history" 2173: 1945: 1742:Russian invasion of Ukraine 1456:, Britain's entry into the 1423:European Economic Community 1135:Australian shearers' strike 927:Crown Lands Acts 1861 (NSW) 890:was built in 1855, and the 714:(1901), Papua (now part of 539:The European settlement of 74:European exploration (land) 10: 6121: 5772:Minerals Resource Rent Tax 4479:England in the Middle Ages 2470:"The Australian Gold Rush" 2247:Macintyre, Stuart (2004). 2083:Trades and Labour Councils 2057:Australian labour movement 1663:stock market crash of 1929 1518: 1441: 1412:Liberal Party of Australia 1273: 1182: 1144:Broken Hill miners' strike 1023: 963:Trades and Labour Councils 949: 897: 844: 439:List of years in Australia 69:European exploration (sea) 6060: 6042:Trans-Pacific Partnership 6022:Australia–New Zealand FTA 6002: 5981: 5968:Social class in Australia 5935: 5877: 5831: 5790: 5777:Passenger Movement Charge 5742: 5664: 5618: 5602: 5556: 5473: 5371: 5241: 5232: 5123: 5114: 5061: 4937:Intelligence and security 4863: 4854: 4822: 4727: 4718: 4653: 4595: 4586: 4421: 4363: 4342: 4180: 4037: 3936: 3798: 3004:Reserve Bank of Australia 2885:Parliament of Australia. 2843:at australianpolitics.com 2839:26 September 2011 at the 2834:Paul Keating – Chronology 2767:Review of World Economics 2476:. Government of Australia 2415:10.1080/10314610108596162 2225:The Sydney Morning Herald 1970: 1392:Reserve Bank of Australia 1289:, the General Manager of 892:State Library of Victoria 600:, one of 11 ships of the 5902:Energy efficiency rating 5757:Goods & Services Tax 3725:Sinclair, W. A. (1976). 3670:80.250 (2004): 330–345. 3526:21 November 2008 at the 3023:. GoAuto. Archived from 2597:Cannon, Michael (1966). 2524:. Caslon. Archived from 2180:Agriculture in Australia 2168:Australian Workers Union 2162:with the support of the 2081:was opened in 1859 with 2059:generally sought to end 1229:. Both the initial 1914 1171:to ameliorate the panic. 961:was opened in 1859 with 774:the main urban centres. 559:in New South Wales. The 6047:Indonesia–Australia FTA 3717:Shann, Edward (2016). 3644:Economic History Review 3635:Fitzpatrick, B (1941). 3628:Fitzpatrick, B (1939). 2979:"Edit/Review Countries" 2819:Economic History Review 2691:(India's section), and 2687:12 January 2007 at the 2016: 1978: 1882:purchasing power parity 1718:Productivity Commission 1683:savings and loan crisis 1653:came swiftly after the 1600:Economic liberalisation 1515:1983–2020; 2020–present 888:University of Melbourne 835:Union Bank of Australia 767:Union Bank of Australia 736:Economic History Review 688:Bank of New South Wales 5594:Snowy Mountains Scheme 5569:Banking crisis of 1893 5331:Indigenous Australians 4832:States and territories 4210:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3729:. Melbourne: Cheshire. 3659:McLean, Ian W (2016). 3646:51.2 (1998): 294–318. 3595:Butlin, N. G. (1964). 3365:The Guardian Australia 3221:107.5 (2016): 552-566. 2821:51.2 (1998): 294-318. 2769:114.4 (1978): 709-735. 2574:. 2003. Archived from 2568:"Timeline: Depression" 2200:Transport in Australia 2164:Australian Labor Party 2133:White Australia Policy 2127: 1955: 1714:goods and services tax 1608:Hawke Labor government 1594: 1550: 1312:Australian Labor Party 1199:Australian Labor Party 1123: 1014:White Australia Policy 1008: 858: 536: 506: 498: 4625:Territorial evolution 4403:Serbia and Montenegro 4364:Former industrialized 3734:Snooks, G.D. (1994). 3621:Coghlan, T A (1918). 3616:War Economy 1939-1942 3286:38.1 (2010): 512-519. 3273:16.2 (1988): 131-151. 3260:35.1 (2014): 185-200. 2119: 2079:Melbourne Trades Hall 1953: 1651:early 1990s recession 1634:was floated in 1994. 1556: 1544: 1533:Early 2000s recession 1529:Early 1990s recession 1525:Early 1980s recession 1185:Australian settlement 1129:Great maritime strike 1113: 1024:Further information: 999: 959:Melbourne Trades Hall 909:Melbourne Trades Hall 855:Federal Coffee Palace 852: 657:New South Wales Corps 532: 504: 496: 5958:Poverty in Australia 5550:Economy of Australia 5071:Cabinet of Australia 5046:Government ministers 4814:World Heritage Sites 4620:European exploration 4422:Historical economies 3521:History of the ACTU. 2190:Banking in Australia 2185:Economy of Australia 2006:) and Jonathon Law ( 1984:Geoscience Australia 1960:trade liberalisation 1364:trade weighted index 1335:fixed exchange rates 1331:Bretton Woods system 618:waters. Seal skins, 592:Whaling in Australia 457:Australia portal 56:Timeline and periods 6037:Japan–Australia FTA 6032:China–Australia FTA 6017:Australia–Korea FTA 6012:Australia–Chile FTA 5973:Wealth in Australia 5953:Income in Australia 5936:Economic conditions 5832:Regulatory agencies 5791:Banking and Finance 5579:Four pillars policy 5143:Gross state product 4265:Republic of Ireland 3944:Antigua and Barbuda 3704:, Hill of Content, 3702:The Whitlam Venture 3700:Reid, Alan (1976), 3551:on 19 October 2017. 3510:. 2 September 2020. 3150:Port Macquarie News 2796:, pp. 118–119. 2502:on 10 February 2011 2160:Protectionist Party 2063:practices, improve 1419:Imperial Preference 1195:Protectionist Party 831:Bank of Australasia 763:Bank of Australasia 743:Governor Brisbane's 698:) in 1850, then in 5859:Corporations power 5808:Official cash rate 5712:Telecommunications 5461:Australian studies 5396:Australian English 5205:Telecommunications 5041:Government leaders 4984:Political ideology 3233:"Iron Ore Country" 3174:. 24 November 2008 3125:. Toyota Australia 2663:Geoffrey Bolton, 2279:on 4 February 2014 2148:Northern Territory 2128: 2069:standard of living 1956: 1730:Fair Work Act 2009 1595: 1551: 1462:Whitlam government 1324:import replacement 1124: 1009: 859: 663:Governor Macquarie 653:Philip Gidley King 641:British government 537: 507: 499: 354:Northern Territory 264:Chinese Australian 254:African Australian 221:Telecommunications 141:Capital punishment 6092: 6091: 5912:Green electricity 5641:Western Australia 5610:Australian dollar 5516: 5515: 5469: 5468: 5291:Human trafficking 5228: 5227: 5110: 5109: 4910:Foreign relations 4850: 4849: 4714: 4713: 4661:Asian Australians 4542: 4541: 4494:Habsburg monarchy 4462:Republic of China 3749:Ville, Simon and 3711:978-0-85572-079-7 3368:. 22 March 2020. 3336:. 21 March 2020. 3152:. Portnews.com.au 3027:on 2 January 2013 2959:on 31 August 2008 2734:(1996). pp 27–58. 2712:. 8 December 2006 2667:(1996). pp 27–58. 2641:68 (1995): 46-62. 2615:27 (1974): 12-30. 2578:on 31 August 2007 2528:on 29 August 2008 2322:10.1111/ehr.12739 2258:978-0-521-60101-6 2156:Barton government 2040:Social distancing 2004:Monash University 2000:Western Australia 1919:: located in the 1878: 1877: 1749:mid-1980s decline 1738:COVID-19 pandemic 1710:Howard government 1679:savings and loans 1624:Commonwealth Bank 1504:Fraser government 1444:1973–75 recession 1396:Australian Dollar 944:Nineteen Counties 751:Nineteen Counties 708:Western Australia 649:means of exchange 579:in 1789, and the 491: 490: 424: 423: 414:Western Australia 276:Jewish Australian 271:Indigenous people 34: 6112: 6080: 6079: 6068: 6067: 6004:Trade agreements 5907:Geothermal power 5803:Financial system 5584:Great Depression 5574:Economic history 5564:Australian pound 5543: 5536: 5529: 5520: 5519: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5358:Waste management 5239: 5238: 5160:Household income 5121: 5120: 5083:Governor-General 4893:Electoral system 4861: 4860: 4725: 4724: 4593: 4592: 4569: 4562: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4484:Ethiopian Empire 4439:Byzantine Empire 4388:Empire of Brazil 3785: 3778: 3771: 3762: 3761: 3739: 3730: 3714: 3663:, Princeton U.P. 3604: 3602: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3571: 3562: 3553: 3552: 3540: 3531: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3498: 3492: 3487: 3481: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3293: 3287: 3280: 3274: 3267: 3261: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3228: 3222: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3032: 3016: 3010: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2981:. Archived from 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2948: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2866:on 12 April 2014 2850: 2844: 2831: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2744: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2674: 2668: 2661: 2655: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2599:The Land Boomers 2594: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2564: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2448:trove.nla.gov.au 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2409:(117): 136–137. 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2349: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2216: 2093:developed among 1940:Altona, Victoria 1774:Inflation index 1758: 1757: 1677:, the lumbering 1591: 1585: 1579: 1573: 1567: 1561: 1557:Australia bonds 1239:Great Depression 1215:Australian pound 1159:, including the 1116:mining boom town 1040:expected returns 973:developed among 837:(1837), and the 765:in 1835 and the 716:Papua New Guinea 569:Governor Phillip 547:(modern Sydney, 515:economic history 483: 476: 469: 455: 454: 453: 314: 313: 259:Asian Australian 171:Eureka Rebellion 57: 47: 37: 32: 24: 18: 17: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6109: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6088: 6056: 5998: 5994:Labour movement 5977: 5963:Property bubble 5943:Government debt 5931: 5873: 5827: 5817:S&P/ASX 200 5786: 5738: 5660: 5646:South Australia 5626:New South Wales 5619:State economies 5614: 5598: 5552: 5547: 5517: 5512: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5478: 5465: 5426:Public holidays 5367: 5311:Life expectancy 5224: 5106: 5057: 4846: 4818: 4804:Protected areas 4710: 4649: 4582: 4573: 4543: 4538: 4417: 4393:Empire of Japan 4373:Austria-Hungary 4365: 4359: 4338: 4176: 4132:Solomon Islands 4033: 3932: 3794: 3789: 3712: 3668:Economic Record 3591: 3586: 3585: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3541: 3534: 3528:Wayback Machine 3519: 3515: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3488: 3484: 3477: 3473: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3396:business.gov.au 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3313: 3311: 3294: 3290: 3281: 3277: 3268: 3264: 3255: 3251: 3241: 3239: 3229: 3225: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3177: 3175: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3155: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3094: 3090: 3080: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3028: 3017: 3013: 3008:Historical Data 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2985:on 11 June 2010 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2949: 2945: 2929: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2841:Wayback Machine 2832: 2828: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2785: 2777: 2773: 2764: 2760: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2725: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2689:Wayback Machine 2675: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2649: 2645: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2619: 2610: 2606: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2579: 2566: 2565: 2556: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2505: 2503: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2477: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2359:September 1992. 2357: 2353: 2305: 2299: 2292: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2176: 2053: 2032: 2019: 1981: 1973: 1948: 1891: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1764:Gross domestic 1593: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1539: 1537:Great Recession 1517: 1483:1973 oil crisis 1446: 1440: 1307: 1287:Essington Lewis 1278: 1272: 1197:. In 1904, the 1187: 1181: 1108: 1089:First World War 1060:New South Wales 1056:South Australia 1032: 1022: 952: 900: 847: 732: 704:South Australia 645:Napoleonic Wars 611:William and Ann 549:New South Wales 527: 487: 451: 449: 444: 443: 434: 426: 425: 378:South Australia 342:New South Wales 318:State/Territory 311: 303: 302: 249: 241: 240: 111: 103: 102: 101: 59: 55: 35: 31: 22: 12: 11: 5: 6118: 6108: 6107: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6074: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Home ownership 5945: 5939: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5892:Carbon pricing 5889: 5883: 5881: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5825: 5822:All Ordinaries 5819: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5767:Luxury Car Tax 5764: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5729: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Superannuation 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5662: 5661: 5659: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5523: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5497: 5490: 5483: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5377: 5375: 5369: 5368: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5220:Welfare system 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5195:Superannuation 5192: 5190:Stock exchange 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5153:Public housing 5148:Home ownership 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5095:Prime Minister 5092: 5091: 5090: 5080: 5079: 5078: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5053:Shadow Cabinet 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5031:Public Service 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4912: 4907: 4905:Federal budget 4902: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4864: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4737:Climate change 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:Constitutional 4663: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4650: 4648: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4519:Ottoman Empire 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4474:Dutch Republic 4471: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4434:Ashanti Empire 4431: 4429:Ancient Greece 4425: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4416: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4378:Czechoslovakia 4375: 4369: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4322:United Kingdom 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4225:Czech Republic 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3802: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3787: 3780: 3773: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3747: 3740: 3731: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3697: 3687: 3674: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3619: 3612: 3605: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3554: 3532: 3513: 3493: 3482: 3471: 3431: 3409: 3398:. 3 April 2020 3383: 3351: 3321: 3288: 3275: 3262: 3249: 3223: 3210: 3185: 3163: 3136: 3123:"Exports-2011" 3114: 3103:on 27 May 2010 3097:"Exports-2008" 3088: 3066: 3038: 3011: 2996: 2970: 2943: 2917:www.aph.gov.au 2903: 2891:www.aph.gov.au 2877: 2845: 2826: 2810: 2808:, p. 160. 2798: 2783: 2771: 2758: 2745: 2736: 2723: 2697: 2669: 2656: 2650:S. J. Butlin, 2643: 2630: 2624:Paul Hasluck, 2617: 2604: 2589: 2554: 2539: 2513: 2487: 2460: 2435: 2389: 2361: 2351: 2316:(2): 568–594. 2290: 2264: 2257: 2239: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2121:Eight-hour day 2111:eight-hour day 2052: 2049: 2031: 2030:2020 recession 2028: 2018: 2015: 1980: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1947: 1944: 1936:Port Melbourne 1890: 1887: 1876: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1777: 1772: 1769:US$ exchange 1767: 1766:product - A$ m 1762: 1753:terms of trade 1712:established a 1588: 1582: 1576: 1570: 1564: 1558: 1516: 1513: 1499:Malcolm Fraser 1492:credit squeeze 1467:wage restraint 1439: 1436: 1388:Robert Menzies 1344:United Kingdom 1306: 1303: 1283:British Empire 1274:Main article: 1271: 1268: 1235:British Empire 1219:pound sterling 1211: 1210: 1207:Harvester case 1183:Main article: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1149: 1146: 1140: 1137: 1131: 1114:A mine in the 1107: 1104: 1044:Barings Crisis 1021: 1018: 1001:Eight-hour day 991:eight-hour day 951: 948: 934:domination of 905:eight-hour day 899: 896: 846: 843: 731: 728: 676:Blue Mountains 668:transportation 604:, and Captain 561:United Kingdom 526: 523: 489: 488: 486: 485: 478: 471: 463: 460: 459: 446: 445: 442: 441: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 421: 416: 410: 409: 404: 398: 397: 392: 386: 385: 380: 374: 373: 368: 362: 361: 356: 350: 349: 344: 338: 337: 332: 326: 325: 320: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 299: 298: 293: 283: 278: 273: 268: 267: 266: 256: 250: 247: 246: 243: 242: 239: 238: 233: 228: 226:Rail transport 223: 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 186:Historiography 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 123: 118: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 100: 99: 94: 89: 84: 78: 77: 76: 71: 66: 60: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6117: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6085: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5897:Energy policy 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:Corporate law 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5732: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692:Manufacturing 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Privatisation 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5326:Ethnic groups 5324: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165:Manufacturing 5163: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5019:Republicanism 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974:National debt 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4535: 4534:Tamil Country 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4509:Mongol Empire 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4024:United States 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3751:Glenn Withers 3748: 3745: 3744:History Today 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3716: 3713: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3686: 3685:online review 3682: 3678: 3677:Millmow, Alex 3675: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3634: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3617: 3614:Butlin, N.G. 3613: 3610: 3607:Butlin, N.G. 3606: 3601: 3600: 3593: 3592: 3568: 3561: 3559: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3517: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3446: 3442: 3435: 3419: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3387: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3355: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3309: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3292: 3285: 3284:Energy Policy 3279: 3272: 3271:Energy policy 3266: 3259: 3253: 3238: 3234: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3196: 3189: 3173: 3167: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3124: 3118: 3102: 3098: 3092: 3076: 3070: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2974: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2838: 2835: 2830: 2824: 2820: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2768: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2614: 2608: 2600: 2593: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2543: 2527: 2523: 2517: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2297: 2295: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2149: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2134: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2074: 2073:working class 2070: 2066: 2065:worker safety 2062: 2058: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2024:Gina Rinehart 2014: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1965: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1901:in 2016, and 1900: 1896: 1886: 1883: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1794: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1733: 1731: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1675:North America 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1574: 10 year 1568: 20 year 1562: 30 year 1555: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1489: 1488:trade deficit 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1382: 1381:mixed economy 1377: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1355:sterling zone 1352: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1340:Sterling Zone 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1277: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223:gold standard 1220: 1216: 1208: 1205:In 1907, the 1204: 1203: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189:In 1901, the 1186: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1017: 1015: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 947: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928: 924:In 1861, the 922: 920: 916: 914: 910: 906: 895: 893: 889: 885: 879: 876: 870: 867: 864: 856: 851: 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 823: 821: 815: 812: 808: 807:terra nullius 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 768: 764: 758: 756: 752: 747: 744: 739: 737: 727: 723: 721: 718:) (1910) and 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 669: 664: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612: 607: 603: 599: 598: 593: 589: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:terra nullius 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 535: 531: 522: 520: 516: 512: 503: 495: 484: 479: 477: 472: 470: 465: 464: 462: 461: 458: 448: 447: 440: 437: 436: 430: 429: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 360: 357: 355: 352: 351: 348: 345: 343: 340: 339: 336: 333: 331: 328: 327: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 307: 306: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 265: 262: 261: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 245: 244: 237: 236:Unfree labour 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 113: 107: 106: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 75: 72: 70: 67: 65: 62: 61: 58: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 29: 28: 25: 20: 19: 16: 6081: 6069: 5869:Reserve Bank 5573: 5494:Bibliography 5381:Architecture 5338:Prostitution 5321:Demographics 5286:Homelessness 5185:Reserve Bank 4999:Conservatism 4947:Constitution 4915:Human rights 4873:Constitution 4824:Subdivisions 4675: 4605:Bibliography 4524:Roman Empire 4489:Feudal Japan 4457:Ming dynasty 4452:Song dynasty 4408:Soviet Union 4383:East Germany 4349: 4187: 4127:Saudi Arabia 4044: 3903:South Africa 3805: 3754: 3743: 3735: 3726: 3718: 3701: 3690: 3680: 3667: 3660: 3653: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3608: 3598: 3574:. Retrieved 3549:the original 3516: 3505: 3496: 3485: 3474: 3448:. Retrieved 3444: 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3412: 3400:. Retrieved 3395: 3386: 3374:. Retrieved 3363: 3354: 3342:. Retrieved 3333: 3324: 3312:. Retrieved 3301: 3291: 3283: 3278: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3252: 3240:. Retrieved 3236: 3226: 3218: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3188: 3176:. Retrieved 3166: 3154:. Retrieved 3149: 3139: 3127:. Retrieved 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3101:the original 3091: 3079:. Retrieved 3069: 3057:. Retrieved 3050: 3041: 3029:. Retrieved 3025:the original 3014: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2983:the original 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2957:the original 2946: 2920:. Retrieved 2916: 2906: 2894:. Retrieved 2890: 2880: 2868:. Retrieved 2864:the original 2857: 2848: 2829: 2818: 2813: 2801: 2774: 2766: 2761: 2753: 2748: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2714:. Retrieved 2700: 2672: 2664: 2659: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2625: 2620: 2612: 2607: 2598: 2592: 2580:. Retrieved 2576:the original 2571: 2548: 2542: 2532:29 September 2530:. Retrieved 2526:the original 2516: 2504:. Retrieved 2500:the original 2490: 2478:. Retrieved 2473: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2447: 2438: 2426:. Retrieved 2406: 2402: 2392: 2380:. Retrieved 2375:The Examiner 2373: 2364: 2354: 2330:11343/284809 2313: 2309: 2281:. Retrieved 2277:the original 2267: 2248: 2242: 2230:. Retrieved 2223: 2214: 2153: 2145: 2137: 2129: 2091:Trade unions 2087:Trades Halls 2077: 2061:child labour 2054: 2051:Trade unions 2045: 2033: 2020: 2012: 1982: 1974: 1957: 1933: 1929:Broadmeadows 1914: 1911: 1892: 1879: 1746: 1734: 1726: 1703: 1687:Paul Keating 1671:stock market 1648: 1604:deregulation 1596: 1592: 1 year 1586: 2 year 1580: 5 year 1496: 1472: 1447: 1416: 1400: 1385: 1372: 1360: 1348: 1328: 1326:strategies. 1320: 1308: 1295: 1279: 1264: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1212: 1188: 1169:bank holiday 1097: 1073: 1037: 1033: 1010: 971:Trade unions 967:Trades Halls 957: 953: 925: 923: 917: 901: 880: 871: 868: 860: 853:Melbourne's 833:(1835), the 828: 824: 816: 811:Wakefieldian 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 759: 748: 740: 735: 733: 724: 673: 661: 638: 628: 616:Australasian 609: 596: 585: 577:Second Fleet 557:penal colony 551:), when the 545:Port Jackson 538: 534:Port Jackson 510: 508: 322: 317: 165: 156:Constitution 146:Civil rights 126:Antisemitism 97:1945–present 21: 15: 5922:Solar power 5702:Real estate 5672:Agriculture 5456:Anglosphere 5296:Immigration 5261:Citizenship 5128:Agriculture 5014:Nationalism 4957:Enforcement 4930:Transgender 4764:Earthquakes 4752:Environment 4686:Immigration 4615:Archaeology 4499:Inca Empire 4447:Han dynasty 4355:New Zealand 4317:Switzerland 4282:Netherlands 4142:South Korea 4122:Philippines 4102:North Korea 3858:Ivory Coast 3242:28 November 3237:ABC Science 3203:13 February 3156:10 February 3129:10 February 3081:12 December 3031:10 February 2652:War Economy 2582:29 November 2453:10 February 2370:"BORN HERE" 2140:trade union 2107:blue-collar 1889:Automobiles 1776:(2000=100) 1722:WorkChoices 1706:John Howard 1649:The global 1616:social wage 1450:stagflation 1432:stagflation 1427:Vietnam War 1298:John Curtin 1120:Broken Hill 1066:. In 1891, 987:blue-collar 936:land tenure 863:gold rushes 692:Moreton Bay 606:Eber Bunker 602:Third Fleet 581:Third Fleet 573:Lord Sydney 553:First Fleet 513:traces the 296:Transgender 191:Immigration 121:Agriculture 33:History of 5927:Wind power 5782:Tax return 5752:Fuel taxes 5677:Automotive 5665:Industries 5636:Queensland 5446:Television 5416:Literature 5301:Irreligion 5281:Healthcare 5276:Euthanasia 5256:Censorship 5063:Government 5009:Liberalism 4979:Parliament 4691:Indigenous 4681:Federation 4671:Diplomatic 4645:Since 1945 4610:Prehistory 4413:Yugoslavia 4157:Tajikistan 4067:East Timor 4052:Azerbaijan 4046:Arab world 3878:Mozambique 3868:Madagascar 2922:28 January 2896:28 January 2506:17 October 2480:21 October 2428:31 October 2232:22 January 2206:References 2103:stevedores 2075:families. 1998:region of 1992:gigatonnes 1923:suburb of 1895:Mitsubishi 1689:, who was 1669:, and the 1547:Sydney CBD 1519:See also: 1479:Fred Gruen 1454:Oil Crisis 1442:See also: 1404:television 1142:1892: the 1133:1891: the 1127:1890: the 1081:Coolgardie 1077:Kalgoorlie 983:stevedores 940:crown land 932:squatters' 730:1821–1840s 366:Queensland 176:Federation 64:Prehistory 5722:Transport 5687:Insurance 5353:Squatting 5306:Languages 5271:Education 5251:Aged care 5215:Transport 5024:Socialism 5004:Far-right 4994:Christian 4989:Anarchism 4952:Judiciary 4888:Donations 4883:Elections 4794:Mountains 4742:Continent 4720:Geography 4640:1901–1945 4635:1851–1900 4630:1788–1850 4576:Australia 4366:economies 4350:Australia 4277:Lithuania 4137:Singapore 4112:Palestine 4077:Indonesia 4004:Nicaragua 3949:Argentina 3450:20 August 3059:9 October 2870:8 January 2806:Reid 1976 2794:Reid 1976 2423:144756641 2346:157822746 2338:0013-0117 2125:Melbourne 1909:in 2017. 1868:1,044,162 1771:US1 = A$ 1724:in 2006. 1699:inflation 1691:Treasurer 1620:privatise 1475:inflation 1438:1972–1982 1351:US dollar 1316:socialist 1305:1945-1972 1270:1939–1945 1259:'s terms 1231:inflation 1227:deflation 1179:1900–1939 1106:1890–1900 1100:Melbourne 1093:Fremantle 1085:Gold Rush 1048:Argentina 1020:1880–1890 1005:Melbourne 755:squatters 620:Whale oil 597:Britannia 588:quit rent 541:Australia 525:1788–1821 519:Australia 407:Melbourne 310:By region 166:Economics 161:Diplomacy 131:Anzac Day 92:1901–1945 87:1851–1900 82:1788–1850 36:Australia 6099:Category 6071:Category 5744:Taxation 5651:Tasmania 5631:Victoria 5603:Currency 5503:Category 5348:Religion 5246:Abortion 5200:Taxation 4969:Monarchy 4964:Military 4920:Intersex 4856:Politics 4837:Capitals 4701:Monarchy 4696:Military 4676:Economic 4654:By topic 4600:Timeline 4580:articles 4504:Iroquois 4327:Scotland 4302:Slovakia 4292:Portugal 4215:Bulgaria 4162:Thailand 4117:Pakistan 4107:Mongolia 4097:Malaysia 4057:Cambodia 4014:Paraguay 3974:Colombia 3954:Barbados 3937:Americas 3928:Zimbabwe 3838:Ethiopia 3823:Botswana 3524:Archived 3460:cite web 3402:20 April 3376:22 March 3370:Archived 3344:22 March 3338:Archived 3314:19 March 3308:Archived 3052:ABC News 2989:31 March 2932:cite web 2837:Archived 2730:Bolton, 2716:19 April 2685:Archived 2174:See also 2095:shearers 1946:Textiles 1917:Victoria 1408:Canberra 1163:and the 1064:Tasmania 1052:Victoria 975:shearers 841:(1852). 722:(1910). 720:Tasmania 710:(1883), 706:(1877), 700:Victoria 696:Brisbane 684:Bathurst 634:Tasmania 433:See also 402:Victoria 390:Tasmania 383:Adelaide 371:Brisbane 335:Canberra 291:Marriage 248:By group 231:Religion 211:Monarchy 206:Military 116:Abortion 6083:Commons 5887:Biofuel 5798:Banking 5761:dispute 5717:Tourism 5682:Fishing 5557:History 5480:Outline 5451:Theatre 5441:Symbols 5406:Cuisine 5373:Culture 5234:Society 5210:Tourism 5180:Poverty 5116:Economy 4898:Parties 4799:Regions 4789:Islands 4784:Geology 4779:Forests 4747:Deserts 4732:Climate 4706:Railway 4588:History 4343:Oceania 4260:Ireland 4255:Hungary 4245:Germany 4235:Estonia 4230:Denmark 4220:Croatia 4205:Belgium 4200:Austria 4195:Albania 4172:Vietnam 4029:Uruguay 3994:Jamaica 3984:Ecuador 3913:Tunisia 3898:Somalia 3893:Senegal 3883:Nigeria 3873:Morocco 3843:Eritrea 3813:Algeria 3753:, eds. 3576:14 June 3445:The Age 3424:11 July 3107:3 March 2963:27 July 2859:The Age 2756:(1993). 2572:The Age 2474:Website 2382:12 July 1996:Pilbara 1964:textile 1925:Norlane 1921:Geelong 1871:A$ 1.26 1857:A$ 1.30 1854:926,880 1843:A$ 1.71 1840:669,779 1829:A$ 1.34 1826:500,458 1815:A$ 1.27 1812:407,307 1801:A$ 1.42 1798:245,596 1787:A$ 0.87 1784:140,987 1751:in the 1667:economy 1636:Telstra 1368:floated 950:1875–80 913:Carlton 898:1860–75 845:1850–60 741:During 323:Capital 136:Banking 5982:Unions 5879:Energy 5697:Mining 5508:Portal 5401:Cinema 5343:Racism 5316:People 5175:Mining 5138:Energy 5133:Dollar 4878:Courts 4868:Asylum 4842:Cities 4809:Rivers 4757:issues 4578: 4514:Muisca 4443:China 4312:Sweden 4297:Russia 4287:Norway 4250:Greece 4240:France 4189:Europe 4181:Europe 4167:Turkey 4152:Taiwan 4087:Israel 4009:Panama 3999:Mexico 3964:Canada 3959:Brazil 3923:Zambia 3918:Uganda 3888:Rwanda 3853:Guinea 3818:Angola 3807:Africa 3799:Africa 3708: 3695:online 3672:online 3656:(1989) 3648:online 3618:(1961) 3611:(1995) 3303:7 News 3178:9 July 2823:online 2421: 2344: 2336: 2283:28 May 2255: 2101:, and 2099:miners 1971:Mining 1958:Until 1907:Toyota 1903:Holden 1642:. The 1628:Qantas 1590: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1535:, and 1458:E.E.C. 981:, and 979:miners 630:Hobart 624:baleen 395:Hobart 359:Darwin 347:Sydney 216:Sports 196:Labour 151:Cinema 110:Topics 5727:Ports 5487:Index 5436:Sport 5431:Radio 5421:Music 5411:Dance 5363:Women 5266:Crime 5170:Media 5036:Women 4774:Fauna 4769:Flora 4332:Wales 4307:Spain 4272:Italy 4147:Syria 4092:Japan 4072:India 4062:China 3989:Haiti 3969:Chile 3908:Sudan 3863:Kenya 3848:Ghana 3833:Egypt 3570:(RTF) 3198:(PDF) 2419:S2CID 2342:S2CID 2306:(PDF) 2008:CSIRO 1191:first 419:Perth 281:Women 5989:ACTU 5849:ASIC 5844:APRA 5839:ACCC 5734:Wine 5391:Arts 5100:list 5088:list 5076:list 4925:LGBT 4082:Iran 4038:Asia 4019:Peru 3979:Cuba 3706:ISBN 3578:2006 3466:link 3452:2020 3426:2020 3404:2020 3378:2020 3346:2020 3316:2020 3244:2012 3205:2010 3180:2014 3158:2014 3131:2014 3109:2010 3083:2013 3061:2017 3033:2014 2991:2010 2965:2008 2938:link 2924:2022 2898:2022 2872:2014 2718:2011 2584:2007 2534:2008 2508:2017 2482:2012 2455:2016 2430:2022 2384:2014 2334:ISSN 2285:2013 2253:ISBN 2234:2012 2154:The 2085:and 2055:The 2034:The 2017:Coal 1979:Iron 1938:and 1905:and 1899:Ford 1880:For 1874:122 1865:2007 1860:116 1851:2005 1846:100 1837:2000 1823:1995 1809:1990 1795:1985 1781:1980 1761:Year 1602:and 1545:The 1079:and 1062:and 1028:and 965:and 875:boom 712:Fiji 674:The 622:and 509:The 286:LGBT 201:LGBT 5864:FWC 5386:Art 4942:Law 3334:ABC 2411:doi 2326:hdl 2318:doi 1832:90 1818:80 1804:54 1790:36 1695:GDP 1640:GDP 1383:." 1291:BHP 1157:run 1118:of 911:in 608:of 571:to 517:of 330:ACT 6101:: 3679:. 3557:^ 3535:^ 3504:. 3462:}} 3458:{{ 3443:. 3394:. 3362:. 3332:. 3306:. 3300:. 3235:. 3148:. 3049:. 3006:: 2934:}} 2930:{{ 2915:. 2889:. 2856:. 2786:^ 2708:. 2680:, 2570:. 2557:^ 2472:. 2446:. 2417:. 2407:32 2405:. 2401:. 2372:. 2340:. 2332:. 2324:. 2314:72 2312:. 2308:. 2293:^ 2222:. 2097:, 1732:. 1701:. 1531:, 1527:, 1523:, 1477:, 1398:. 1058:, 1054:, 977:, 915:. 5824:) 5815:( 5763:) 5759:( 5542:e 5535:t 5528:v 4568:e 4561:t 4554:v 3784:e 3777:t 3770:v 3580:. 3468:) 3454:. 3428:. 3406:. 3380:. 3348:. 3318:. 3246:. 3207:. 3182:. 3160:. 3133:. 3111:. 3085:. 3063:. 3035:. 2993:. 2967:. 2940:) 2926:. 2900:. 2874:. 2720:. 2586:. 2536:. 2510:. 2484:. 2457:. 2432:. 2413:: 2386:. 2348:. 2328:: 2320:: 2287:. 2261:. 2236:. 1007:. 694:( 482:e 475:t 468:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.