Immigration to Australia

27: 202: 19: 2178:, Addison and Worswick found in a 2002 study that "there is no evidence that immigration has negatively impacted on the wages of young or low-skilled natives." Furthermore, Addison's study found that immigration did not increase unemployment among native workers. Rather, immigration decreased unemployment. However, in 2005 the Productivity Commission concluded that higher immigration levels would result in lower wage growth for existing Australian residents. On the impact of immigration on unemployment levels, the Commission said: "The conclusion that immigration has not caused unemployment at an aggregate level does not imply that it cannot lead to higher unemployment for specific groups. Immigration could worsen the labour market outcomes of people who work in sectors of the economy that have high concentrations of immigrant workers." 266: 388: 1981: 880: 1521: 730: 1052: 760: 780: 1102: 280: 1172: 1002: 937: 830: 680: 660: 645: 630: 3378: 1555: 860: 1725: 1037: 845: 987: 306:, which was a strengthening and unification of disparate colonial policies designed to restrict non-White settlement. Because of opposition from the British government, an explicit racial policy was avoided in the legislation, with the control mechanism being a dictation test in a European language selected by the immigration officer. This was selected to be one the immigrant did not know; the last time an immigrant passed a test was in 1909. Perhaps the most celebrated case was 1589: 1017: 1538: 952: 710: 1691: 2160:, has argued: "It is true that a net migration intake averaging around 180,000 per year will mean that the proportion of persons aged 65 plus to the total population will be a few percentage points lower in 2050 than it would be with a low migration intake. But this ‘gain’ would be bought at the expense of having to accommodate a much larger population. These people too, will age, thus requiring an even larger migration intake in subsequent years to look after them." 2153:, has said that the Government's focus on skilled migration has in fact reduced the average age of migrants. "More than half are aged 15 to 34, compared with 28 per cent of our population. Only 2 per cent of permanent immigrants are 65 or older, compared with 13 per cent of our population." Because of these statistics, Gittens claims that immigration is slowing the ageing of the Australian population and that the "net benefit to the economy is a lot more clear-cut." 2134:, Peter McDonald claims that "it is demographic nonsense to believe that immigration can help to keep our population young." However, according to Creedy and Alvarado (p. 99), by 2031 there will be a 1.1 per cent fall in the proportion of the population aged over 65 if net migration rate is 80,000 per year. If net migration rate is 170,000 per year, the proportion of the population aged over 65 would reduce by 3.1 per cent. As of 2007 during the leadership of 1640: 1117: 1742: 902: 3382: 1657: 1623: 1067: 1572: 1087: 917: 2288: 1762: 887: 1708: 1674: 745: 1487: 1190:- Australian working visas are most commonly granted to highly skilled workers. Candidates are assessed against a points-based system, with points allocated for certain standards of education. These visas are often sponsored by individual States, which recruit workers according to specific needs. Visas may also be granted to applicants sponsored by an Australian business. The most popular form of sponsored working visa was the 795: 1606: 967: 695: 2145:, immigration can reduce the average age of the Australian population: "The level of net overseas migration is important: net inflows of migrants to Australia reduce the rate of population ageing because migrants are younger on average than the resident population. Currently, around 85 per cent of migrants are aged under 40 when they migrate to Australia, compared to around 55 per cent for the resident population." 1504: 810: 2171:, and released an initial position paper on 17 January 2006 which states that the increase of income per capita provided by higher migration (50 percent more than the base model) by the 2024–2025 financial year would be $ 335 (0.6%), an amount described as "very small." The paper also found that Australians would on average work 1.3 percent longer hours, about twice the proportional increase in income. 318:, assisted migrants received passage assistance from colonial government funds. The British government paid for the passage of convicts, paupers, the military, and civil servants. Few immigrants received colonial government assistance before 1831. However, young women were receiving assisted passages from state governments to migrate to Australia in the early years of Federation. 1405:. The Australian Red Cross administers the scheme under contract to the Department of Immigration and Citizenship. It provides financial assistance to asylum seekers in the community who satisfy specific eligibility criteria, and also facilitates access to casework assistance and to other support services for asylum seekers through the Australian Red Cross. 235:, which followed on the heels of the Second Fleet in 1791, were a bit better. The fleet comprised 11 ships. Of the more than 2000 convicts brought onto the ships, 173 male convicts and 9 female convicts died during the voyage. Other transport fleets bringing further convicts as well as freemen to the colony would follow. By the end of the 2079:, the Australian government reduced its immigration target by 14%, and the permanent migration program for skilled migrants was reduced to 115,000 people for that financial year. In 2010–2011, the migration intake was adjusted so that 67.5% of the permanent migration program would be for skilled migrants, and 113,725 visas were granted. 415:. The scheme initially targeted citizens of all Commonwealth countries; after the war it gradually extended to other countries such as the Netherlands and Italy. The qualifications were straightforward: migrants needed to be in sound health and under the age of 45 years. There were initially no skill restrictions, although under the 2219:). There was, overall, an upward trend in the number of immigrants to Australia over the period of the Howard Government (1996–2007). The Rudd Labor Government (elected 2007) increased the quota again once in office. In 2010, both major parties continue to support high immigration, with former Prime Minister 2198:

The impact that immigration has on social cohesion in Australia is not clear. According to a 2018 report by the Scanlon Report, between 80 and 82% of Australians felt that immigration had a positive impact on Australian society. Australians under the age of 30 were twice as likely to feel positively

2056:

in its submission to the same Productivity Commission report stated that "rapid growth in overseas visitors such as students may have boosted demand for rental housing". However, the Commission found that "the ABS resident population estimates have limitations when used for assessing housing demand.

2040:

problem. According to Robertson, Federal Government policies that fuel demand for housing, such as the currently high levels of immigration, as well as capital gains tax discounts and subsidies to boost fertility, have had a greater impact on housing affordability than land release on urban fringes.

313:

The government also found that if it wanted immigrants, it had to subsidise migration. The great distance from Europe made Australia a more expensive and less attractive destination than Canada and the United States. The number of immigrants needed during different stages of the economic cycle could

230:

arrived in 1790 bringing more convicts. The conditions of the transportation was described as horrific and worse than slave transports. Of the 1,026 convicts who embarked, 267 (256 men and 11 women) died during the voyage (26%); a further 486 were sick when they arrived of which 124 died soon after.

2406:

Aboriginal Australians are descended from the same small group of people who left Africa about 70,000 years ago and colonised the rest of the world, a large genetic study shows. After arriving in Australia and New Guinea about 50,000 years ago, the settlers evolved in relative isolation, developing

2256:

to win support from the working class, while simultaneously winning support from employers with high legal immigration. In 2006, the Labor Party under Kim Beazley took a stance against the importation of increasingly large numbers of temporary skilled migrant workers by employers, arguing that this

2185:

in Australia by "battlers" because of the belief that immigrants will steal jobs. Gittins claims though that "it's true that immigrants add to the supply of labour. But it's equally true that, by consuming and bringing families who consume, they also add to the demand for labour – usually by more."

1393:

Refugee and humanitarian visa holders are also eligible to receive on-arrival settlement support through the Humanitarian Settlement Services program, which provides intensive settlement-support and equips individuals with the skills and knowledge to independently access services beyond the initial

1389:

The Australian Cultural Orientation program provides practical advice and the opportunity to ask questions about travel to and life in Australia to refugee and humanitarian visa holders who are preparing to settle in Australia. The program is delivered overseas over five days before the visa holder

1385:

The Settlement Grants Program provides funding to assist humanitarian entrants and migrants settle in Australia and to participate equitably in Australian society as soon as possible after arrival. The program is targeted to deliver settlement services to humanitarian entrants, family migrants with

225:

comprised 11 ships carrying 775 convicts and 645 officials, members of the crew, marines, and their families and children. The settlers consisted of petty criminals, second-rate soldiers and a crew of sailors. There were few with skills needed to start a self-sufficient settlement, such as farmers

2121:

stated that Australia is underpopulated due to a low birth rate, and that negative population growth will have adverse long-term effects on the economy as the population ages and the labour market becomes less competitive. To avoid this outcome the government increased immigration to fill gaps in

2090:

for recent university graduates of various degrees, including dentistry, computer science, architecture, psychology, and nursing. In 2014, a number of the professional associations for some of these fields criticised the immigration policy for skilled migrants, contending that these policies have

2189:

Robert Birrell has asserted that high immigration levels are being used by the Federal Government to stimulate aggregate economic growth, but that per capita growth is more important to Australians. Birrell concluded that high migration does not benefit existing residents, because it dilutes the

2264:

poll found that 49% of Australians say that ‘the total number of migrants coming to Australia each year is too high’, while a minority said it is ‘too low’ (13%), representing a 10-point rise in opposition to immigration since 2014. Furthermore, 67% say that 'overall, immigration has a positive

1397:

The Immigration Advice and Application Assistance Scheme provides professional assistance, free of charge, to disadvantaged visa-applicants, to help with the completion and submission of visa applications, liaison with the department, and advice on complex immigration matters. It also provides

2023:

has been one of the main factors driving growth in domestic greenhouse gas emissions. It concluded that the average emissions per capita in the countries that immigrants come from is only 42 percent of average emissions in Australia, finding that as immigrants alter their lifestyle to that of

369:, the Governor-General proclaimed the cessation of immigration until further notice. The next group to arrive were 5,000 Jewish refugee families from Germany in 1938. Approved groups such as these were assured of entry by being issued a Certificate of Exemption from the Dictation Test. 1378:, available to eligible migrants from the humanitarian, family and skilled-visa streams, provides free English-language courses for those who do not have functional English. Up to 510 hours of English language courses are provided during the first five years of settlement in Australia. 1964:, outlined six potential dilemmas associated with immigration-driven population growth. These included: the absolute numbers of aged residents continuing to rise despite high immigration off-setting ageing and declining birth-rates in a proportional sense; a worsening of Australia's 1381:

The Department of Home Affairs operates a 24-hour, seven-days-a-week telephone-based interpreting service called the Translating and Interpreting Service National, which facilitates contact between non-English speakers and interpreters, enabling access to government and community

2057:

Given the significant influx of foreigners coming to work or study in Australia in recent years, it seems highly likely that short-stay visitor movements may have added to the demand for housing. However, the Commissions are unaware of any research that quantifies the effects."

2186:

Overall, Gittins has written that the "economic case for rapid population growth though immigration is surprisingly weak," noting the diseconomies of scale, infrastructure costs and negative environmental impacts associated with continued immigration-driven population growth.

2190:

benefit that can accrue from the export of non-renewable resources which form a large part of the Australian economy. As well, Birrell argues that a slowdown in labour force growth would require employers to pay greater attention to training, wages and conditions of workers.

2024:

Australians, they increase global greenhouse gas emissions. The Institute calculated that each additional 70,000 immigrants will lead to additional emissions of 20 million tonnes of greenhouse gases by the end of the Kyoto target period (2012) and 30 million tonnes by 2020.

298:. This latter group was subject to increasing restrictions and discrimination, making it impossible for many to remain in the country. With the federation of the Australian colonies into a single nation, one of the first acts of the new Commonwealth Government was the 3874: 1227:- Foreign investors could invest the business or fund in Australia to acquire the Permanent Residential of Australia, after 4 years (including the year which acquire the visa), they need to take the exam and make a declaration in order to be a citizen of Australia. 2199:

about immigration as Australians over the age of 60 were. A follow-up report in 2019 found that 85% of Australians polled felt that multiculturalism had made a positive impact on Australia, but 40% admitted negative or very negative feelings towards Muslims.

2582: 4435: 2126:

to encourage families to have more children. However, opponents of population growth such as Sustainable Population Australia do not accept that population growth will decline and reverse, based on current immigration and fertility projections.

2014:

will lead to a deterioration of natural ecosystems through increased temperatures, extreme weather events and less rainfall in the southern part of the continent, thus reducing its capacity to sustain a large population even further. The

3326: 3907: 407:, believing that having narrowly avoided a Japanese invasion, Australia must "populate or perish". Hundreds of thousands of displaced Europeans migrated to Australia and over 1,000,000 British subjects immigrated under the 2265:

impact on the economy’, while 65% say that ‘immigrants strengthen the country because of their hard work and talents’, and 62% believe that ‘accepting immigrants from many different countries makes Australia stronger’.

5905: 3751: 2985: 1200:- The Australian Government actively encourages foreign students to study in Australia. There are a number of categories of a student visa, most of which require a confirmed offer from an educational institution. 1231:

Claims have been made that Australia's migration program is in conflict with anti age-discrimination legislation and there have been calls to remove or amend the age limit of 50 for general skilled migrants.

2586: 4427: 2091:

contributed to difficulties for local degree holders in obtaining full-time employment. In 2016, the Department of Health forecast a shortfall in nurses of approximately 85,000 by 2025 and 123,000 by 2030.

6051: 3264: 6016: 3974: 4338: 2963: 1206:- Visas are often granted on the basis of family ties in Australia. There are a number of different types of Australian family visas, including Contributory Parent visas, Child Visa and Partner visas. 3884: 3819: 2876: 4307: 134:

are the skilled migration and family re-union programs. A 2014 sociological study concluded that: "Australia and Canada are the most receptive to immigration among western nations." In 2023,

127:, which in turn saw a shrinkage of the Australian population for the first time since World War I, though in the following period 2021–22 showed a very strong recovery of migrant arrivals. 6056: 5920: 26: 2393: 1216:

Employment and family visas can often lead to Australian citizenship; however, this requires the applicant to have lived in Australia for at least four years with at least one year as a

3238: 2648: 4642: 4495: 3689: 6066: 3899: 6026: 6011: 5983: 5940: 3769: 294:, beginning in 1851, led to an enormous expansion in population, including large numbers of British and Irish settlers, followed by smaller numbers of Germans, other Europeans, and 5950: 5479: 3941: 3356: 6046: 6006: 4127: 6041: 6021: 4612: 3796: 3493: 2481: 3755: 3467: 1354:

Special Humanitarian Programme (SHP) visas for persons who are subject to substantial discrimination amounting to gross violation of their human rights in their home country

3096: 2977: 2810: 2456: 4200: 4068: 3537: 1949:

There are a range of views in the Australian community on the composition and level of immigration, and on the possible effects of varying the level of immigration and

4582: 4157: 247:

The colonies promoted migration by a variety of schemes. The Bounty Immigration Scheme (1835-1841) boosted emigration from the United Kingdom to New South Wales. The

5915: 4465: 2964:

https://immi.homeaffairs.gov.au/what-we-do/migration-program-planning-levels#:~:text=In%20the%202024%E2%80%9325%20Migration,21%20and%202021%E2%80%9322%20respectively

4281: 3330: 2102:

allows immigration by professionals who end up competing with graduates of Australian universities for scarce positions. On the other hand, Australia's shortage of

6061: 5965: 2541: 3851: 3268: 1866:

had the largest population, and the largest foreign-born population, in Australia (1,544,023). Certain nationalities concentrated notably in this state: 74.5% of

6036: 5960: 3966: 5955: 5945: 5935: 5925: 4330: 3156: 2788: 3641: 6031: 5988: 5910: 4365: 2566: 2311: 4219: 3282: 1972:; overuse of agricultural soils; marine fisheries and domestic supplies of oil and gas; and a decline in urban air quality, river quality and biodiversity. 5496: 4090: 3829: 2052:, concluded: "Growth in immigration since the mid-1990s has been an important contributor to underlying demand, particularly in Sydney and Melbourne." The 1212:- This visa is a residence permit allowing travelers to undertake employment (and sometimes study) in the country issuing the visa to supplement education. 4556: 4254: 3725: 3216: 2511: 2114:

Another element in the immigration debate is a concern to alleviate adverse impacts arising from Australia's ageing population. In the 1990s, the former

3667: 2036:

analyst Rory Robertson, assert that high immigration and the propensity of new arrivals to cluster in the capital cities is exacerbating the nation's

201: 3178: 2868: 1401:

In response to the needs of asylum seekers, the Asylum Seeker Assistance Scheme was established in 1992 to address Australia's obligations under the

4299: 2842: 3518: 3407: 1408:

A variety of community-based services cater to the needs of newly-arrived migrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Some of these services, such as

5377: 2383: 1358:

The cap for visas granted under the humanitarian program was 13,750 for 2015–16, plus an additional 12,000 visas available for refugees from the

3558: 3065: 3614: 3594: 2239:

population clock reached 25 million 33 years ahead of predictions, with 62% of the growth in the last ten years being a result of immigration.

3242: 5382: 4634: 4522: 4487: 3700: 2645: 1402: 1349: 142: 2002:

believe that as the driest inhabited continent, Australia cannot continue to sustain its current rate of population growth without becoming

5647: 4673: 2908: 2235:

speech that: "My instinct is to extend to as many people as possible the freedom and benefits of life in Australia". On 7 August 2018, the

22:

People born overseas as a percentage of the population in Australia divided geographically by statistical local area, as of the 2011 census

4237: 4174: 4019: 3773: 310:, a left-wing Austrian journalist who could speak five languages, who was failed in a test in Scottish Gaelic and deported as illiterate. 138:

ranked Australia as the top country destination for individuals seeking to work and live a high-quality life based on global assessments.

68:, the policy was gradually relaxed, and was abolished entirely in 1973. Since 1945, more than 7 million people have settled in Australia. 3424: 1359: 634: 18: 3930: 3352: 2087: 4903: 4119: 2668: 4386: 5150: 3008: 2207:

Over the last decade, leaders of the major Federal political parties have demonstrated support for high level immigration (including

1961: 4604: 3788: 2473: 3999: 3489: 2076: 1855:

The separate Australian States show some differences in settlement patterns, as demonstrated in the statistics compiled during the

1056: 1051: 3463: 2930: 2611: 5877: 3088: 2919: 2897: 2337: 1749: 4234:

Addison, T. and Worswick, C. (2002). The impact of immigration on the earnings of natives: Evidence from Australian micro data.

3304: 2820: 1914:, with 528,827 overseas-born residents, had the highest proportion of foreign-born population. The state attracted 29.6% of all 6092: 5424: 5234: 5042: 4956: 2952: 2941: 2696: 2445: 2142: 71:

Between 1788 and the mid-20th century, the vast majority of settlers and immigrants came from Britain and Ireland (principally

3534: 3039: 1386:

low levels of English proficiency and dependants of skilled migrants in rural and regional areas with low English-proficiency.

265: 5320: 5160: 4196: 4060: 1969: 4578: 5436: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4779: 4154: 1422: 4457: 4278: 2419: 64:

for much of the 20th century, which forbade the entrance in Australia of people of non-European ethnic origins. Following

5823: 5767: 5662: 5168: 5002: 4916: 2069: 4747: 3593:(submission 12 to the Productivity Commission's position paper on Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth). 2533: 5830: 4961: 4941: 4717: 4044: 3843: 3613:(submission 9 to the Productivity Commission's position paper on Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth). 1370:

The Australian Government and the community provide a number of migration-assistance and settlement-support services:

684: 150: 2628: 6087: 5372: 5273: 5173: 5093: 5027: 3126: 2730: 2347: 2130:

There is debate over whether immigration can slow the ageing of Australia's population. In a research paper entitled

2098:

academics published a report which contended that Australia's immigration program is deeply flawed. The government's

408: 404: 378: 130:

Net overseas migration has increased from 30,042 in 1992–93 to 178,582 persons in 2015–16. The largest components of

92: 3148: 2778: 1892:, the second-most populous state, also had the second-largest number of overseas-born persons (1,161,984). 50.6% of 1819:

The Australian Bureau of Statistics source lists England and Scotland separately although they are both part of the

5100: 5037: 5022: 4261: 3630: 2253: 2007: 299: 166: 4362: 3286: 2563: 226:

and builders, and the colony experienced hunger and hardships. Male settlers far outnumbered female settlers. The

5541: 5340: 5330: 5266: 5007: 4981: 4849: 2321: 2236: 1441: 1431: 4094: 5627: 5526: 5246: 5224: 5130: 4936: 4896: 4548: 3729: 3353:"Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2020(b)(c)" 3327:"Table 5.1 Estimated resident population, by country of birth(a), Australia, as at 30 June, 1996 to 2019(b)(c)" 3208: 2503: 1434:

in 2020. It shows only countries or regions or birth with a population of over 100,000 residing in Australia.

387: 5777: 5694: 5570: 5419: 5412: 5283: 5229: 5032: 5012: 2342: 2327: 1375: 1217: 1183:

There are a number of different types of Australian immigration, classed under different categories of visa:

1166: 423: 5762: 5556: 5293: 5256: 5135: 5125: 4997: 3663: 2060:

Some individuals and interest groups have also argued that immigration causes overburdened infrastructure.

3186: 2846: 2252:, said former Prime Minister John Howard had been "a tricky chap" on immigration, by appearing "tough" on 1980: 5870: 5531: 5489: 5484: 5431: 5178: 5145: 5073: 1988: 799: 4216: 3515: 3404: 2909:

https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visa-statistics/live/migration-program

5930: 5597: 5501: 5355: 5310: 5214: 4806: 4409: 2783: 2332: 184: 4875: 5717: 5674: 5622: 5521: 5367: 5335: 5251: 5241: 5209: 4889: 4727: 3565: 3061: 2388: 2182: 2053: 1593: 1542: 3610: 3590: 1427:

As of 2019, 30% of the Australian resident population, or 7,529,570 people, had been born overseas.

5617: 5464: 5300: 5261: 5088: 2751: 2352: 1856: 1176: 227: 4518: 4175:"Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth - Productivity Commission Commissioned Study" 3405:

Future Dilemmas: Options to 2050 for Australia's population, Technology, Resources and Environment

231:

The fleet was more of a drain on the struggling settlement than of any benefit. Conditions on the

5782: 5657: 5637: 5612: 5592: 5345: 5315: 5140: 5017: 4946: 2306: 2164: 2045: 2016: 1937: 1875: 1409: 315: 248: 232: 176: 135: 91:

during the 19th century. In the decades immediately following World War II, Australia received a

39: 2474:"Australia's population shrinks for the first time since WWI as COVID turns off immigration tap" 5886: 5863: 5689: 5667: 5642: 5607: 5587: 5551: 5389: 5360: 5350: 5325: 5288: 5219: 5056: 4951: 4670: 4516:

Gittens, R. (20 August 2003). Honest John's migrant twostep. The Age. Retrieved 2 October from

4235: 4182: 4016: 2931:

https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-on-migration-program-2016-17.pdf

2115: 1999: 1915: 1644: 1576: 416: 303: 291: 108: 61: 35: 4827: 3435: 2920:

https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/2015-16-migration-programme-report.pdf

2898:

https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-programme-2013-14.pdf

2725:. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia: Fairfax, Syme & Weldon Associates. pp. 2–22. 2272:

has called for a national plebiscite asking voters if they think immigration is too high. The

1932:

had 695,525 overseas-born residents, and attracted the greatest proportion of persons born in

419:, people from mixed-race backgrounds found it very difficult to take advantage of the scheme. 251:

was established to encourage settlement in South Australia by labourers and skilled migrants.

5752: 5684: 5582: 5536: 5399: 5305: 5192: 5078: 4789: 3635: 1893: 1746: 1627: 1106: 834: 283: 196: 4331:"It's the climate, not immigration, that keeps Australians awake at night | David Marr" 2953:

https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2018-19.pdf

2942:

https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf

2672: 205:

Women in England mourning their loved ones who are to be transported to the penal colony at

115:, and there has been a large and continuing wave of immigration from across the world, with 5816: 5787: 5709: 5546: 5516: 5452: 5407: 5120: 5115: 5083: 5068: 4924: 4382: 2316: 2003: 1889: 1729: 1678: 1661: 1559: 260: 236: 154: 96: 80: 3012: 2721:

Price, Charles (1987). "Chapter 1: Immigration and Ethnic Origin". In Wray Vamplew (ed.).

2422:. Department of Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs. 2005. Archived from 8: 5737: 5679: 5511: 5474: 5204: 2301: 2175: 1867: 1610: 1525: 1491: 1430:

The following table shows Australia's population by country of birth as estimated by the

1339: 941: 906: 901: 146: 84: 72: 3996: 3265:"Humanitarian Settlement Program | Department of Social Services, Australian Government" 5839: 5797: 5772: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5699: 5602: 5506: 5110: 5105: 2608: 2037: 1923: 1905: 1897: 1883: 1712: 1695: 1508: 1171: 427: 88: 5727: 5469: 4040: 3300: 2726: 2686: 2273: 2157: 2095: 2020: 1950: 1911: 1879: 1766: 1006: 124: 116: 76: 4488:"Australia's population hits 25 million, 33 years ahead of schedule - MacroBusiness" 5844: 5278: 4737: 3035: 2760: 2504:"Australia's population has shrunk. What is the ideal population for this country?" 2293: 2072:

of skilled occupations that are currently acceptable for immigration to Australia.

1965: 1933: 1901: 1871: 392: 366: 307: 295: 279: 180: 112: 4734:

The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, its People and their Origins

4853: 4677: 4369: 4285: 4241: 4223: 4204: 4161: 4023: 4003: 3618: 3598: 3541: 3522: 3411: 2815: 2652: 2615: 2570: 1919: 1863: 382: 175:

of humans to the continent took place around 65,000 years ago via the islands of

172: 100: 57: 3752:"Dentists join the growing calls for cap on student uni places | The Australian" 5722: 3879: 3824: 2423: 2269: 2261: 2212: 2118: 2033: 2011: 1833: 1820: 1795: 1520: 936: 829: 679: 664: 659: 649: 644: 629: 412: 104: 50: 4847:

Australian State of Queensland skilled and business migration information site

2534:"Overseas Migration, 2021-22 financial year | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 6081: 3006: 2248: 2232: 2224: 2150: 1968:

due to more imports and higher consumption of domestic production; increased

1724: 1194:

set in place in 1996 which has now been abolished by the Turnbull government.

1041: 1036: 891: 734: 729: 286:

poster issued by the Overseas Settlement Office to attract immigrants (1928).

4859:

Australian State of Victoria official site for skilled and business migrants

3900:"Forecast oversupply of doctors to hit this year amid calls to halt imports" 2764: 2646:

A story of rupture and resilience: When did Australia's human history begin?

2156:

Robert Birrell, director of the Centre for Population and Urban Research at

4820: 3283:"Fact sheet - Immigration Advice and Application Assistance Scheme (IAAAS)" 2243: 2146: 1992: 1588: 1021: 1016: 779: 749: 400: 214: 65: 53: 4814: 3118: 5855: 5792: 5652: 4579:"'We have a right to a say': Hanson continues population plebiscite push" 4300:"More people want immigration cuts in 2018, social cohesion report finds" 3875:"Accounting 'not cut' from immigration skilled occupations list for 2015" 2228: 2216: 2208: 2135: 1690: 1554: 1537: 991: 986: 956: 951: 864: 859: 849: 844: 784: 714: 709: 239:

in 1868, approximately 165,000 people had entered Australia as convicts.

222: 218: 131: 4858: 4605:"Pauline Hanson: Give Australians a vote on immigration - MacroBusiness" 3301:"Australian Immigration Fact Sheet 66. Humanitarian Settlement Services" 2746: 119:

being the largest source of immigrants in the 21st century. In 2019–20,

4801: 2220: 2123: 1929: 206: 43: 4846: 4912: 4881: 3591:

Submission to the Productivity Commission on Population and Migration

2691: 2629:"Decoding Global Talent 2024: Dream Destinations and Mobility Trends" 2103: 1984: 1841: 1803: 1741: 1639: 1459: 1121: 1116: 4774: 4714:

From White Australia to Woomera: The Story of Australian Immigration

4635:"Pauline Hanson's immigration bill suffers massive defeat in Senate" 4197:

Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth (Position Paper)

3931:"Australia's Skilled Migration Program: Scarce Skills Not Required" 1656: 1622: 1344:

Australia grants two types of visa under its humanitarian program:

1191: 1071: 1066: 3179:"Australia's response to the Syrian and Iraqi humanitarian crisis" 2661: 1707: 1571: 1486: 1091: 1086: 921: 916: 744: 49:

European colonisation began in 1788 with the establishment of a

3967:"Costello hatches census-time challenge: procreate and cherish" 3553: 3551: 3549: 1837: 1832:

In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source,

1799: 1761: 1001: 886: 879: 794: 4700:

The Impact of Immigration in Australia: A Demographic Approach

4383:"Lateline – 11/06/2008: Immigration intake to rise to 300,000" 4217:

Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth Key Points

4149: 4147: 4145: 3611:

Negative Economic Impacts of Immigration and Population Growth

4876:

Office of The Migration Agents Registration Authority (OMARA)

3089:"Chart of the day: Where do migrants to Australia come from?" 2609:

Attitudes to immigration and cultural diversity in Australia.

1957: 1845: 1807: 1673: 1605: 1503: 1398:

migration advice to prospective visa-applicants and sponsors.

1101: 971: 966: 814: 809: 764: 759: 699: 694: 34:

The Australian continent was first settled when ancestors of

4871:

Department of Immigration and Border Protection of Australia

4870: 3546: 4142: 3697:

Department of Immigration and Border Protection (Australia)

1416: 3490:"High Population Policy Will Double Greenhouse Gas Growth" 4410:"Abbott urges more migration, compassion for boat people" 4372:, Background Briefing, Radio National Sunday 18 June 2006 4017:

Population Futures for Australia: the Policy Alternatives

3726:"Australian Graduate Survey - Graduate Careers Australia" 2132:

Population Futures for Australia: the Policy Alternatives

4091:"Part 2: Long-term demographic and economic projections" 1236:

New permanent migrants to Australia by region (2016–17)

4358: 4356: 2109: 2088:

some declines in full-time employment between 2012–2015

213:

European migration to Australia began with the British

3718: 3239:"What is the Australian Cultural Orientation program?" 3033: 603:

Foreign-born Australian residents by country of birth

4255:"Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth" 111:

in 1973, Australia has pursued an official policy of

4742:

Markus, Andrew, James Jupp and Peter McDonald, eds.

4353: 3789:"Nurses union says 3,000 graduates cannot find work" 2283: 1785:

Only countries with 100,000 or more are listed here.

1365: 372: 4821:

NSW Migration Heritage Centre, Australia (archived)

4761:

Australia's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook

4037:

Population Ageing, Migration and Social Expenditure

3379:"2006 Census Data : View by Location Or Topic" 3007:Australian Government. Department of Home Affairs. 2975: 2420:"The Evolution of Australia's Multicultural Policy" 2257:is simply a way for employers to drive down wages. 2169:

Economic Impacts of Migration and Population Growth

1962:

Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs

1412:, receive funding from the Commonwealth Government. 160: 83:), although there was significant immigration from 3434:. Sustainable Population Australia. Archived from 2978:"Population and migration statistics in Australia" 254: 4114: 4112: 4035:Alvarado, José; Creedy, John (9 September 2009). 2438: 30:Monthly arrivals of permanent settlers since 1976 6079: 4693:Ideology and Immigration: Australia 1976 to 1987 3464:"Population Growth and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 2747:"Two Thousand Girls. AUSTRALASIA'S GAIN IN 1910" 4754:The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day 2658:, 17 November 2017, Retrieved 17 November 2017. 2312:Department of Immigration and Border Protection 2138:, the net migration rate was 160,000 per year. 1155: 107:than in previous decades. Since the end of the 4707:Immigration and Australia: Myths and Realities 4109: 4034: 2407:unique genetic characteristics and technology. 2384:"Out of Africa – Aboriginal origins uncovered" 1886:Australian residents lived in New South Wales. 1348:Refugee-category visas for refugees under the 1175:"Life From A Suitcase" sculpture installed at 60:. Beginning in 1901, Australia maintained the 5871: 4897: 4288:, The Sydney Morning Herald, 20 December 2010 2202: 2027: 1403:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1350:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 314:be controlled by varying the subsidy. Before 143:Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 3938:The Australian Population Research Institute 3820:"Surfeit of vets prompts call to cap places" 1960:population study commissioned by the former 4759:Wells, Andrew, and Martinez, Theresa (ed.) 4458:"Australia's population will hit 25m today" 3664:"Immigration cut only temporary 16Mar 2009" 3034:Australian Visa Bureau (22 December 2011). 2375: 1918:Australian residents, and narrowly trailed 5885: 5878: 5864: 4904: 4890: 4815:Origins: Immigrant Communities in Victoria 4061:"Farewell, John. We will never forget you" 3149:"The Special Humanitarian Programme (SHP)" 2843:"Fact sheet - Key facts about immigration" 2618:" Journal of Sociology 50.1 (2014): 10-22. 1840:and the Special Administrative Regions of 1802:and the Special Administrative Regions of 1794:The Australian Bureau of Statistics lists 426:largely displaced cultural selectivity in 99:, with many more immigrants arriving from 4817:– Immigration Museum, Victoria, Australia 3062:"How old is too old to become a migrant?" 149:. In recent years, Australia's policy of 4825: 4167: 3872: 2716: 2714: 2100:Medium to Long-Term Strategic Skill List 1979: 1417:Country of birth of Australian residents 1170: 386: 278: 264: 200: 25: 17: 4297: 3928: 3786: 3381:. Censusdata.abs.gov.au. Archived from 2687:"Australia's Early Immigration Schemes" 2338:Mental health and immigration detention 2276:voted the proposal down 54 votes to 2. 2167:launched a commissioned study entitled 1944: 1908:Australian residents lived in Victoria. 1333: 190: 6080: 4911: 4407: 4298:Medhora, Shalailah (4 December 2018). 4130:from the original on 24 September 2015 4009: 3989: 3844:"Construction & Architecture News" 2324:, a hoax regarding benefits comparison 5859: 4885: 4756:(3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001) 4546: 4542: 4540: 4120:"Back-scratching at a national level" 3897: 3873:Berkovic, Nicola (12 November 2014). 3854:from the original on 28 December 2019 3458: 3456: 3397: 3086: 2720: 2711: 2544:from the original on 25 December 2022 2381: 2181:Gittins claims there is considerable 1439: 242: 4780:Museum of Chinese Australian History 4525:from the original on 21 January 2017 4389:from the original on 5 December 2009 4328: 4310:from the original on 8 November 2020 4164:, Policy, Vol. 26 No. 1, Autumn 2010 3817: 3527: 3319: 3307:from the original on 3 November 2012 3129:from the original on 21 January 2017 2446:"2018 – 19 Migration Program Report" 2396:from the original on 6 November 2012 2110:Economic growth and aging population 1922:in having the largest population of 1423:Foreign-born population of Australia 1179:dedicated to immigrants in Australia 1160: 4510: 4408:Hudson, Phillip (23 January 2010). 4279:Beware gurus selling high migration 4209: 4189: 3977:from the original on 2 January 2017 3910:from the original on 27 August 2017 3644:from the original on 4 January 2021 3603: 3583: 3414:, CSIRO Resource Futures, Canberra. 3355:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3329:. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 3159:from the original on 3 January 2017 3042:from the original on 1 January 2012 2976:Commonwealth Parliament, Canberra. 2575: 2048:in its 2004 Inquiry Report No. 28, 327:Annual average assisted immigrants 269:Migrants disembarking from a ship, 157:by boat has attracted controversy. 13: 4744:Australia's Immigration Revolution 4685: 4537: 4228: 3947:from the original on 15 March 2018 3762: 3670:from the original on 5 August 2009 3535:PM told he's wrong on house prices 3508: 3496:from the original on 8 August 2020 3470:from the original on 8 August 2020 3453: 3099:from the original on 11 April 2020 2988:from the original on 3 August 2020 2723:Australians: Historical Statistics 2556: 2514:from the original on 12 April 2021 2484:from the original on 13 April 2021 2462:from the original on 6 April 2023. 2193: 14: 6104: 4864: 4826:Richards, Eric (12 August 2015). 4645:from the original on 23 July 2020 4615:from the original on 2 April 2020 4585:from the original on 2 April 2020 4498:from the original on 2 April 2020 4468:from the original on 2 April 2020 4438:from the original on 8 April 2022 4093:. Treasury.gov.au. Archived from 4071:from the original on 3 March 2016 3403:Foran, B., and F. Poldy, (2002), 3359:from the original on 16 July 2022 3219:from the original on 27 June 2018 3068:from the original on 9 March 2021 2879:from the original on 13 June 2018 2791:from the original on 2 April 2020 2699:from the original on 2 April 2020 2562:Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2348:Post war immigration to Australia 1366:Migration and settlement services 1273:North Africa and the Middle East 411:, colloquially becoming known as 409:Assisted Passage Migration Scheme 379:Post-war immigration to Australia 373:Post-war immigration to Australia 4559:from the original on 8 July 2020 4349:– via www.theguardian.com. 4329:Marr, David (25 November 2019). 4015:McDonald, P., Kippen, R. (1999) 3799:from the original on 19 May 2019 3425:"Baby Bonus Bad for Environment" 3333:from the original on 2 July 2021 2286: 2122:labour markets and introduced a 2032:A number of economists, such as 2008:Sustainable Population Australia 1760: 1740: 1723: 1706: 1689: 1672: 1655: 1638: 1621: 1604: 1587: 1570: 1553: 1536: 1519: 1502: 1485: 1115: 1100: 1085: 1065: 1050: 1035: 1015: 1000: 985: 965: 950: 935: 915: 900: 885: 878: 858: 843: 828: 808: 793: 778: 758: 743: 728: 708: 693: 678: 658: 643: 628: 300:Immigration Restriction Act 1901 167:Immigration history of Australia 161:Immigration history of Australia 141:Australia is a signatory to the 4627: 4597: 4571: 4519:"Honest John's migrant twostep" 4480: 4450: 4420: 4401: 4375: 4341:from the original on 3 May 2020 4322: 4291: 4271: 4247: 4083: 4067:. Melbourne. 25 November 2007. 4053: 4028: 3995:Goldie, J. (23 February 2006) 3959: 3922: 3891: 3866: 3836: 3818:Hare, Julie (22 January 2014). 3811: 3780: 3744: 3699:. 31 March 2013. Archived from 3682: 3656: 3623: 3482: 3417: 3371: 3345: 3293: 3275: 3257: 3231: 3201: 3171: 3141: 3111: 3080: 3054: 3027: 3000: 2969: 2957: 2946: 2935: 2924: 2913: 2902: 2891: 2869:"Australia's Migration Program" 2861: 2835: 2803: 2771: 2739: 2679: 2639: 2621: 2322:Immigrant benefits urban legend 2237:Australian Bureau of Statistics 2019:has concluded that Australia's 1826: 1813: 1788: 1779: 1442:Australian Bureau of Statistics 1432:Australian Bureau of Statistics 255:Gold rush and population growth 5906:Federated States of Micronesia 3997:"Time to stop all this growth" 3898:Patty, Anna (8 January 2017). 3559:"Microsoft Word - prelims.doc" 3087:Liddy, Matt (20 August 2018). 2601: 2526: 2496: 2466: 2412: 1975: 1452:Estimated resident population 1: 6093:Maritime history of Australia 3929:Birrell, Bob (8 March 2016). 3787:Stewart, John (24 May 2014). 3666:. Abc.net.au. 16 March 2009. 2819:. 10 May 2009. Archived from 2363: 2343:Multiculturalism in Australia 2328:Immigrant health in Australia 2063: 1376:Adult Migrant English Program 1321:Supplementary and Not Stated 1167:Australian permanent resident 403:Australia launched a massive 270: 4385:. Abc.net.au. 11 June 2008. 3638:. Department of Home Affairs 3533:Wade, M. (9 September 2006) 3492:. Tai.org.au. 10 July 2011. 3466:. Tai.org.au. 10 July 2011. 3209:"Department of Home Affairs" 3064:. SBS News. 26 August 2013. 2368: 2149:, an economics columnist at 1313:Southern and Eastern Europe 1156:Current immigration programs 38:arrived via the islands of 7: 4668:Commonwealth of Australia. 4155:The Risks of High Migration 4006:(Retrieved 30 October 2006) 2875:. Parliament of Australia. 2759:(48): 70–73. 1 April 1911. 2583:"Australian Bureau of noms" 2382:Smith, Debra (9 May 2007). 2279: 1989:International Space Station 1360:conflicts in Syria and Iraq 597: 10: 6109: 4841:State immigration websites 4807:Migration Museum, Adelaide 4790:"Immigrants and Emigrants" 4661: 4549:"Immigration and refugees" 3631:"Skilled Occupations List" 2784:ABC Television (Australia) 2453:Department of Home Affairs 2333:Immigration to New Zealand 2203:Politics and public debate 2084:Graduate Careers Australia 2028:Housing and infrastructure 1420: 1390:begins his or her journey. 1337: 1249:Southern and Central Asia 1164: 376: 258: 194: 185:history of human migration 164: 123:came to a halt during the 5997: 5974: 5893: 5810: 5708: 5578: 5569: 5460: 5451: 5398: 5274:Intelligence and security 5200: 5191: 5159: 5064: 5055: 4990: 4932: 4923: 4878:(archived 17 August 2018) 4240:29 September 2015 at the 4215:Productivity Commission, 4195:Productivity Commission, 4124:The Sydney Morning Herald 3971:The Sydney Morning Herald 3904:The Sydney Morning Herald 3848:Architecture & Design 3617:27 September 2007 at the 3597:27 September 2007 at the 3514:Klan, A. (17 March 2007) 3119:"Offshore - Resettlement" 2389:The Sydney Morning Herald 2227:'; and Opposition Leader 2183:opposition to immigration 2054:Reserve Bank of Australia 1758: 1738: 1721: 1704: 1687: 1670: 1653: 1636: 1619: 1602: 1585: 1568: 1551: 1534: 1517: 1500: 1483: 1471: 1456: 1451: 1448: 618: 615: 612: 302:, otherwise known as the 93:large wave of immigration 6088:Immigration to Australia 6052:Northern Mariana Islands 4724:The English in Australia 4705:Foster, William, et al. 4609:www.macrobusiness.com.au 4553:Lowy Institute Poll 2019 4492:www.macrobusiness.com.au 4002:25 February 2021 at the 3690:"Net overseas migration" 2669:"Map of Human Migration" 2358: 2353:Visa policy of Australia 2106:is not being addressed. 1970:greenhouse gas emissions 1410:Migrant Resource Centres 1188:Skilled Occupation visas 221:on 26 January 1788. The 121:immigration to Australia 6017:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 5887:Immigration to Oceania 4748:Excerpt and text search 4728:Excerpt and text search 4718:Excerpt and text search 3540:19 October 2017 at the 3521:22 October 2008 at the 3410:5 November 2010 at the 2564:International migration 2307:Demography of Australia 2165:Productivity Commission 2077:global financial crisis 2075:In 2009, following the 2046:Productivity Commission 2000:environmental movements 1289:Oceania and Antarctica 249:South Australia Company 177:Maritime Southeast Asia 145:and has resettled many 46:over 50,000 years ago. 40:Maritime Southeast Asia 5668:Indigenous Australians 5169:States and territories 4852:8 October 2017 at the 4363:"Workers of the World" 4222:19 August 2006 at the 4160:10 August 2014 at the 4022:18 August 2011 at the 2068:Australia maintains a 1995: 1848:are listed separately. 1180: 417:White Australia Policy 396: 365:With the onset of the 304:White Australia policy 287: 276: 210: 109:White Australia policy 62:White Australia policy 36:Indigenous Australians 31: 23: 6000:and other territories 4962:Territorial evolution 4244:, Vol. 78, pp. 68–78. 4185:on 27 September 2007. 3940:. Monash University. 3770:"Optometry Australia" 3636:Australian Government 2651:13 April 2020 at the 2569:13 April 2020 at the 2143:Commonwealth Treasury 2038:housing affordability 1983: 1926:Australian residents. 1174: 395:arrived in Australia. 390: 284:Australian Government 282: 268: 204: 197:Convicts in Australia 183:as part of the early 155:unauthorised arrivals 29: 21: 5408:Cabinet of Australia 5383:Government ministers 5151:World Heritage Sites 4957:European exploration 4752:O'Farrell, Patrick. 4738:Excerpt about Sydney 4676:24 June 2022 at the 4432:www.heraldsun.com.au 4428:"Abbott's open door" 4284:18 June 2014 at the 4203:25 June 2006 at the 3640:. 10 December 2020. 3289:on 11 February 2018. 3213:www.directory.gov.au 2849:on 12 September 2015 2614:23 June 2016 at the 2540:. 16 December 2022. 2317:Europeans in Oceania 2104:skilled tradespeople 2050:First Home Ownership 1945:Impacts and concerns 1334:Humanitarian program 1210:Working holiday visa 439:Migration programme 261:Australian gold rush 237:penal transportation 191:Penal transportation 5480:Gross state product 4434:. 22 January 2010. 4267:on 29 October 2012. 3887:on 18 January 2015. 3832:on 25 January 2017. 3706:on 26 November 2015 2787:. 1 November 2007. 2675:on 14 January 2013. 2426:on 19 February 2006 2302:Asylum in Australia 2254:illegal immigration 2242:In 2003, economist 2176:regression analysis 2017:Australia Institute 1340:Asylum in Australia 1297:Sub-Saharan Africa 1244:Number of migrants 1237: 604: 405:immigration program 151:mandatory detention 5798:Australian studies 5733:Australian English 5542:Telecommunications 5378:Government leaders 5321:Political ideology 4802:"Migration Museum" 4691:Betts, Katharine. 4671:Migration Act 1958 4521:. 20 August 2003. 4368:9 May 2010 at the 3015:on 23 January 2018 2823:on 17 January 2010 2231:stating in a 2010 2086:, there have been 2010:(SPA) argues that 1996: 1987:at night from the 1473:Total foreign-born 1394:settlement period. 1281:North-West Europe 1235: 1218:permanent resident 1181: 602: 428:immigration policy 397: 316:Federation in 1901 288: 277: 243:Bounty Immigration 215:convict settlement 211: 32: 24: 6075: 6074: 6067:Wallis and Futuna 5975:Associated states 5853: 5852: 5806: 5805: 5628:Human trafficking 5565: 5564: 5447: 5446: 5247:Foreign relations 5187: 5186: 5051: 5050: 4998:Asian Australians 4836:(South Australia) 4768:Migration history 4611:. 7 August 2018. 4547:Institute, Lowy. 4494:. 6 August 2018. 4464:. 7 August 2018. 3732:on 27 August 2017 3432:population.org.au 3271:on 23 March 2018. 3183:www.border.gov.au 3153:www.border.gov.au 3123:www.border.gov.au 3036:"Australia visas" 2607:Markus, Andrew. " 2510:. 25 March 2021. 2480:. 24 March 2021. 2274:Australian Senate 2246:, a columnist at 2163:In July 2005 the 2158:Monash University 2141:According to the 2116:Federal Treasurer 2096:Monash University 2021:population growth 1951:population growth 1912:Western Australia 1876:South Korean-born 1775: 1774: 1328: 1327: 1161:Migration program 1153: 1152: 942:South Sea Islands 595: 594: 363: 362: 125:COVID-19 pandemic 6100: 6057:Pitcairn Islands 6027:French Polynesia 6012:Christmas Island 5941:Papua New Guinea 5921:Marshall Islands 5894:Sovereign states 5880: 5873: 5866: 5857: 5856: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5695:Waste management 5576: 5575: 5497:Household income 5458: 5457: 5420:Governor-General 5230:Electoral system 5198: 5197: 5062: 5061: 4930: 4929: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4883: 4882: 4835: 4811: 4797: 4794:Culture Victoria 4784: 4775:"Chinese Museum" 4763:(ABC-CLIO, 2004) 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4641:. 29 July 2019. 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4544: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4462:www.9news.com.au 4454: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4379: 4373: 4360: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4295: 4289: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4260:. 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424:multiculturalism 391:In 1954, 50,000 367:Great Depression 321: 320: 308:Egon Erwin Kisch 275: 272: 181:Papua New Guinea 113:multiculturalism 6108: 6107: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6071: 5999: 5993: 5976: 5970: 5951:Solomon Islands 5889: 5884: 5854: 5849: 5836: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5802: 5763:Public holidays 5704: 5648:Life expectancy 5561: 5443: 5394: 5183: 5155: 5141:Protected areas 5047: 4986: 4919: 4910: 4867: 4854:Wayback Machine 4800: 4788: 4773: 4688: 4686:Further reading 4683: 4678:Wayback Machine 4664: 4659: 4658: 4648: 4646: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4603: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4545: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4441: 4439: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4370:Wayback Machine 4361: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4296: 4292: 4286:Wayback Machine 4276: 4272: 4264: 4257: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4242:Wayback Machine 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3362: 3360: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3336: 3334: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3245:on 1 April 2018 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3215:. 25 May 2017. 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3032: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2914: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2841: 2840: 2836: 2826: 2824: 2816:Museum Victoria 2809: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2719: 2712: 2702: 2700: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2653:Wayback Machine 2644: 2640: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2616:Wayback Machine 2606: 2602: 2592: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2571:Wayback Machine 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2472: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2448: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2399: 2397: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2205: 2196: 2194:Social cohesion 2112: 2066: 2030: 1978: 1947: 1936:(52.4%) and in 1920:New South Wales 1894:Sri Lankan-born 1882:, and 59.4% of 1864:New South Wales 1853: 1852: 1831: 1827: 1818: 1814: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1759: 1739: 1722: 1705: 1688: 1671: 1654: 1637: 1620: 1603: 1586: 1569: 1552: 1535: 1518: 1501: 1484: 1460:Australian-born 1449:Place of birth 1425: 1419: 1368: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1169: 1163: 1158: 1114: 1099: 1084: 1064: 1049: 1034: 1014: 999: 984: 964: 949: 934: 914: 899: 884: 877: 857: 842: 827: 807: 792: 777: 757: 742: 727: 707: 692: 677: 657: 642: 627: 600: 385: 383:New Australians 377:Main articles: 375: 273: 263: 257: 245: 199: 193: 187:out of Africa. 169: 163: 58:New South Wales 12: 11: 5: 6106: 6096: 6095: 6090: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6047:Norfolk Island 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6007:American Samoa 6003: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5977:of New Zealand 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5883: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5860: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5835: 5834: 5827: 5820: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5560: 5559: 5557:Welfare system 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5532:Superannuation 5529: 5527:Stock exchange 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5490:Public housing 5485:Home ownership 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5432:Prime Minister 5429: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5416: 5415: 5404: 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5392: 5390:Shadow Cabinet 5387: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5370: 5368:Public Service 5365: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5297: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5249: 5244: 5242:Federal budget 5239: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5074:Climate change 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5003:Constitutional 5000: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4909: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4873: 4866: 4865:External links 4863: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4843: 4842: 4838: 4837: 4832:SA History Hub 4823: 4818: 4812: 4798: 4786: 4770: 4769: 4765: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4740: 4730: 4720: 4710: 4703: 4698:Burnley, I.H. 4696: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4626: 4596: 4570: 4536: 4509: 4479: 4449: 4419: 4414:The Advertiser 4400: 4374: 4352: 4321: 4290: 4270: 4246: 4227: 4208: 4188: 4166: 4141: 4108: 4097:on 2 June 2011 4082: 4052: 4046:978-1858987248 4045: 4027: 4008: 3988: 3958: 3921: 3890: 3880:The Australian 3865: 3835: 3825:The Australian 3810: 3779: 3761: 3743: 3717: 3681: 3655: 3622: 3602: 3582: 3571:on 3 June 2011 3545: 3526: 3507: 3481: 3452: 3416: 3396: 3370: 3344: 3318: 3292: 3274: 3256: 3230: 3200: 3170: 3140: 3110: 3079: 3053: 3026: 3009:"Visa listing" 2999: 2982:www.aph.gov.au 2968: 2956: 2945: 2934: 2923: 2912: 2901: 2890: 2873:www.aph.gov.au 2860: 2834: 2802: 2770: 2738: 2731: 2710: 2678: 2660: 2638: 2620: 2600: 2589:on 7 July 2018 2574: 2555: 2538:www.abs.gov.au 2525: 2495: 2465: 2437: 2411: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2281: 2278: 2270:Pauline Hanson 2262:Lowy Institute 2223:advocating a ' 2213:Peter Costello 2204: 2201: 2195: 2192: 2119:Peter Costello 2111: 2108: 2065: 2062: 2034:Macquarie Bank 2029: 2026: 2012:climate change 1991:, showing its 1977: 1974: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1927: 1909: 1887: 1851: 1850: 1834:Mainland China 1825: 1821:United Kingdom 1812: 1796:Mainland China 1787: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1736: 1735: 1732: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1664: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1583: 1582: 1579: 1566: 1565: 1562: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1532: 1531: 1528: 1526:Mainland China 1515: 1514: 1511: 1498: 1497: 1494: 1481: 1480: 1475: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1454: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1367: 1364: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1338:Main article: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1314: 1310: 1309: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1229: 1228: 1225:Investor visas 1214: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1195: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1112: 1109: 1097: 1094: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1062: 1059: 1047: 1044: 1032: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1012: 1009: 997: 994: 982: 978: 977: 974: 962: 959: 947: 944: 932: 928: 927: 924: 912: 909: 897: 894: 875: 871: 870: 867: 855: 852: 840: 837: 825: 821: 820: 817: 805: 802: 790: 787: 775: 771: 770: 767: 755: 752: 740: 737: 725: 721: 720: 717: 705: 702: 690: 687: 675: 671: 670: 667: 665:United Kingdom 655: 652: 650:United Kingdom 640: 637: 635:United Kingdom 625: 621: 620: 617: 614: 611: 599: 596: 593: 592: 589: 585: 584: 581: 577: 576: 573: 569: 568: 565: 561: 560: 557: 553: 552: 549: 545: 544: 541: 537: 536: 533: 529: 528: 525: 521: 520: 517: 513: 512: 509: 505: 504: 501: 497: 496: 493: 489: 488: 485: 481: 480: 477: 473: 472: 469: 465: 464: 461: 457: 456: 453: 449: 448: 445: 441: 440: 437: 413:Ten Pound Poms 393:Dutch migrants 374: 371: 361: 360: 357: 353: 352: 349: 345: 344: 341: 337: 336: 333: 329: 328: 325: 259:Main article: 256: 253: 244: 241: 195:Main article: 192: 189: 165:Main article: 162: 159: 147:asylum seekers 105:Eastern Europe 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6105: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6042:New Caledonia 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022:Easter Island 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5813: 5809: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Ethnic groups 5661: 5659: 5656: 5655: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502:Manufacturing 5500: 5498: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5356:Republicanism 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311:National debt 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4900: 4895: 4893: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4868: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4732:Jupp, James. 4731: 4729: 4725: 4722:Jupp, James. 4721: 4719: 4715: 4712:Jupp, James. 4711: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4541: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4453: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4256: 4250: 4243: 4239: 4236: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4179:www.pc.gov.au 4176: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4115: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4086: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3962: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3925: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3814: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3765: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3685: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3632: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3358: 3354: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2864: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2806: 2790: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2752:The Lone Hand 2748: 2742: 2734: 2732:0-949288-29-2 2728: 2724: 2717: 2715: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2688: 2682: 2674: 2670: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2617: 2613: 2610: 2604: 2588: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2559: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2374: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2295: 2284: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2250: 2249:Fairfax Media 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2233:Australia Day 2230: 2226: 2225:Big Australia 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2200: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2179: 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