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449:—tried to soften the harsher terms of the armistice, but Keitel replied that they would have to accept or reject the armistice as it was. Given the military situation that France was in, Huntziger had "no choice" but to accede to the armistice terms. The cease-fire went into effect at 00:35 on 25 June 1940, more than two days later, only after
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Article 19 of the Franco-German armistice required the French state to turn over to German authorities any German national on French territory, who would then frequently face deportation to a concentration camp (the "Surrender on Demand" clause). Keitel gave verbal assurances that this would apply
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In the last sentence of the preamble, the drafters inserted: "However, Germany does not have the intention to use the armistice conditions and armistice negotiations as a form of humiliation against such a valiant opponent", referring to the French forces. In
Article 3, Clause 2, the drafters said
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This was envisaged as a temporary treaty until a final peace treaty was negotiated. At the time, both French and
Germans thought the occupation would be a provisional state of affairs and last only until Britain came to terms, which they both thought was imminent. For instance, none of the French
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The map shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi
Germany annexed Alsace Lorraine, and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining two-fifths of
336:, and he wanted to ensure that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering French territory, particularly as he turned his attentions towards Britain. Finally, as Germany lacked
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complained that the armistice terms imposed on France were harsher than those imposed on
Germany in 1918. They provided for German occupation of three-fifths of metropolitan France north and west of a line through Geneva and Tours and extending to the Spanish border, so as to give
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The armistice did have some relative advantages for the French, compared to worse possible outcomes, such as keeping the colonial empire and the fleet, and, by avoiding full occupation and disarmament, the remaining French rump state in the unoccupied zone could enforce a certain
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The best, most modernised French armies had been sent north and lost in the resulting encirclement; the French had lost their best heavy weaponry and their best armored formations. Between May and June, French forces were in general retreat and
Germany threatened to occupy
285:. The negotiations lasted one day, until the evening of 22 June 1940: General Huntziger had to discuss the terms by phone with the French government representatives, who had fled to Bordeaux, mainly with the newly nominated defence minister, General
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mainly to those refugees who had "fomented the war", a euphemism for Jews, and especially German Jews who until then had enjoyed asylum in France. Keitel also made one other concession, that French aircraft need not be handed over to the
Germans.
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until the cessation of all hostilities. Nearly 1,000,000 Frenchmen were thus forced to spend the next five years in German POW camps. About a third of the initial 1,500,000 prisoners taken were released or exchanged as part of the
Germans'
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southern and eastern metropolitan France, Overseas France and North Africa unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by
Marshal Philippe Pétain.
275:. After listening to the reading of the preamble, Hitler—in a calculated gesture of disdain for the French delegates—exited the carriage, as Foch had done in 1918, leaving the negotiations to the chief of the
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The
Armistice site was demolished by the Germans on Hitler's orders three days later. The carriage itself was taken to Berlin as a trophy of war, along with pieces of a large stone tablet. The
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sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the
British use of them was to maintain a formally independent and neutral French rump state.
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United States Department of State, Publication No. 6312, Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945, Series D, IX, 671–676. Washington, DC : Government Printing Office, 1956.
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ports. All people who had been granted political asylum had to be surrendered and high occupation costs were demanded of France by Germany, approximately 400 million
17:
200:, and the commander-in-chief of the French Army General Weygand, Reynaud resigned on 16 June. Pétain became prime minister. While French resistance continued with the
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487:; Hitler ordered it to be left intact, so that it would be honoring only a wasteland. The railway carriage was later exhibited in Berlin, and then taken to
221:) had losses of 27,000 dead, more than 111,000 wounded and 18,000 missing. French losses were 92,000 dead and more than 200,000 wounded. The
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was to be disarmed but not surrendered, for Hitler realised that pushing France too far could result in France fighting on from the
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146:. The French were also permitted to retain control of all of their non-European territories. Adolf Hitler deliberately chose
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in 1945, where it was destroyed by SS troops and the remains buried. After the war, the site and memorials were restored by
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that replaced the Third Republic was mutually recognised as the legitimate government of all of Metropolitan France except
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had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from
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impaled by a sword) was also destroyed and all evidence of the site was obliterated, except notably the statue of
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Shirer, William, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon & Schuster, 2011,
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that Germany did not intend to heavily occupy north-west France after the cessation of hostilities with
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When Adolf Hitler received word from the French government that it wished to negotiate an
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End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939–1940
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ended any further attempts by the British to unite the two countries.
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A final peace treaty was never negotiated, and the free zone (
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would be permitted. As one of Hitler's few concessions, the
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had sat when he faced the representatives of the defeated
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on 10 June to avoid capture and declared Paris to be an
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suffered 68,000 casualties, with around 10,000 killed.
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a German occupation zone in Northern and Western France
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before starting the negotiations for the armistice at
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another armistice was signed between France and Italy
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497:German POW labour
447:Charles Huntziger
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67:, June 1940
61:World War I
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597:7 December
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431:zone libre
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317:blitzkrieg
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402:based in
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235:armistice
218:Wehrmacht
183:open city
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65:Compiègne
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503:See also
459:de facto
374:Atlantic
347:'s book
312:Fall Rot
179:Bordeaux
91:and the
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370:Channel
259:Britain
247:revenge
204:led by
118:, this
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338:a navy
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