Australian Army during World War II

719:, was also available for local defence. In addition, by early 1942 there were 12,000 garrison force personnel—mostly reservist veterans of World War I—organised into 13 garrison battalions for coastal defence and five battalions and two companies for internal security tasks, including guarding prisoner of war camps. Yet at this time only 30 percent of Militia units were on full-time duty, with the remainder periodically undertaking three month-long mobilisations. The Militia was also poorly armed, and there was insufficient equipment to be issued to all units if they were mobilised. In response to the Japanese threat following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the capture of the 8th Division in Malaya, the condition of the Militia became a pressing concern, after largely having been ignored since 1940. Several middle-ranking and senior officers of the AIF were subsequently posted to Militia units and formations to give them experience. Meanwhile, the Army was forced to move units between Militia divisions so that the most combat-ready could be sent to areas believed to be under the greatest threat of attack. Some battalions were amalgamated, and although some were later separated and reformed, others were disbanded altogether. After the 2161: 815:

vehicles was also reduced, but the conditions that the organisation was designed for did not recur and it proved only moderately successful. As a result, the divisions were strengthened for their 1944–45 campaigns by returning the artillery and anti-tank units that had been removed. The creation of the jungle divisions represented the first time in the Australian Army's history that it had adopted an organisation specifically for the conditions in which its forces would fight. Previously force structure had been heavily influenced by the British Army, and the decision to adopt an organisation to suit local conditions reflected a growing maturity and independence. Yet it also resulted in the adoption of a two-tier force structure, as formations that were not designated for jungle warfare remained on the previous scales of equipment and manning. Ultimately, while their structure was better suited to operations in Australia, they were no longer able to be used against the Japanese. As a result, the burden of the fighting increasingly fell on those formations that had been re-organised, while the remainder of the Army was relegated to garrison duties.

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British units provided many logistic and line of communication services for the AIF in North Africa during the early campaigns in 1940 and 1941, the Army needed to raise extensive support units to support its combat formations in the Pacific following the Japanese entry into the war. As a result, the growth of the support arms and ancillary services proved dramatic, including many capabilities which the Australian Army had only minimal or no previous experience in maintaining. These units included terminal formations and beach groups responsible for loading and unloading ships, food and petroleum storage and distribution units and several farm units which grew food for troops in remote areas. In addition, with Australia's national support base located well to the rear, in the major cities in the south-east of the country, significant expansion of the Army's transport capabilities was required to move supplies and men to the field force based in northern Australia and New Guinea. Many road transport units were raised to move supplies around Australia, while the

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in senior positions also rose, and in 1945 they held half of all senior appointments. They remained under-represented in unit commands, and, as in 1940, there was still only one infantry battalion commanded by a regular officer. Following the outbreak of war with Japan, many senior officers with distinguished records in the Middle East were recalled to Australia to lead Militia formations and fill important staff posts as the Army expanded. The following year, though, the Army reached its greatest extent after which it shrank in size. With a limited number of senior appointments and more senior officers than required, Blamey faced public and political criticism after he "shelved" several senior officers. The career prospects of junior officer were also affected, particularly in the infantry. Of the 52 officers promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant colonel in the last six months of 1944 only five were infantrymen, while two were engineers, and 45 were from the supporting arms.

797:, although further reductions were ordered in August 1944 and June 1945. By 1945 the support arms had grown considerably as a proportion of the total force and by August 1945 ordnance and the electrical and mechanical engineers totalled 42,835 men, while the artillery had been reduced to half its previous strength. Infantry, cavalry and armoured corps personnel numbered just 62,097 men, while engineers, signals and the medical services remained the same, albeit as part of a much smaller Army. Regardless, at the end of the war it remained one of the largest Allied armies as a proportion of population, being second only to the Soviet Union. The VDC was also reduced in size in May 1944, and was finally disbanded on 24 August 1945. If the conflict had continued past August 1945, the size of the Army would have been further reduced to three divisions once Bougainville, New Guinea and New Britain had been secured. Two of these divisions would have been used on garrison duties, while a 1025: 2863:

16 August 1945, the day after Japan surrendered. Undertaken in four phases, it was finally completed on 15 February 1947 by which time a total of 349,964 soldiers had been discharged. Although the process largely proceeded smoothly, many soldiers felt it was too slow and there was widespread dissatisfaction among men continuing to serve in the South West Pacific after the war ended. The speed of demobilisation was hampered by the requirement to continue to maintain security in the areas still occupied, the lack of sufficient shipping, the administrative workload entailed, and limited facilities for use for the demobilisation process. Although the Second AIF was not disbanded until 30 June 1947 a temporary organisation known as the Interim Army was established at the end of the war and included all members of the Army on full-time duty. Meanwhile, in a departure from previous defence policy the Australian government decided that a small peacetime

1517: 2145:(including western New Guinea) and the pre-war Australian and British territories in eastern New Guinea and the Solomon Islands as well as Nauru and Ocean Islands in the Pacific. The Australian forces in Borneo and the NEI were to remain in place only until they were relieved by British and Dutch units in late 1945. I Corps was responsible for garrisoning Borneo and the eastern NEI, and the First Army disarmed Japanese forces in the pre-war British and Australian territories in and around New Guinea. After the surrender documents were signed the 7th and 9th Divisions took control of Borneo and five forces were dispatched from Morotai and Darwin to the key islands in the eastern NEI. While the British forces in the western NEI took part in fighting against Indonesian nationalists, the Australians were careful to not become involved in the 846:

come from Britain. As such the development of such defences was initially hampered by a lack of available equipment. The coastal defence system reached its peak size during 1944. The Army had few anti-aircraft guns at the outbreak of war, and a high priority was given to expanding the air defences around major cities and important industrial and military facilities. By 1942 anti-aircraft batteries were in place around all the major cities as well as the key towns in northern Australia. The expansion of the artillery in general, and coastal defence and anti-aircraft units in particular, meant that by June 1942 some 80,000 of the 406,000 members of the Army were artillerymen. VDC units gradually took over responsibility for manning the fixed coastal and anti-aircraft defences as the threat of attack against the Australian mainland receded.

784:, as well as many support and service units. In August 1942, the Army had a strength of 476,000 men. This force proved larger than what Australia's population and industry could sustain; by late 1942 the number of personnel who needed to be inducted each month to make good losses caused by sickness and combat was much larger than the numbers who were becoming eligible for service, and the allocation of a high proportion of Australia's limited supply of manpower to the military was inhibiting the expansion of the munitions industry and other key sectors of the economy. The Army was also unbalanced as a large majority its personnel were employed in arms corps undertaking combat and combat support roles. Heavily reliant upon its allies for logistical support, it required more personnel in support arms such as 459:

would suffer financial hardship if forced to enter the military, the remainder were liable for three months training followed by ongoing reserve service. A side effect of this arrangement was the creation of two different armies with different conditions of service, one the part-volunteer part-conscript Militia and the other the all-volunteer AIF. This situation resulted in administrative and structural problems that existed throughout the war, as well as a sometimes bitter professional rivalry between the men of the two forces. Later, provision was made to allow Militia units to transfer to the AIF if sufficient numbers of personnel volunteered to serve under AIF terms of service. This required 65 percent of a unit's war establishment—or 75 percent of its actual strength—to volunteer and allowed whole

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to 24 days, after which there was a camp for 70 days. Meanwhile, soldiers who had been through the 90-day training regimen in 1939–40 were given 12 days' additional training, while those who had not completed this training undertook 70 days. This allowed for individual training, but prevented proper unit training. In July 1941, fully trained soldiers who had completed 90 days' training became liable for three months' additional training per year while new recruits were liable for six months. At the same time, the War Cabinet provided for more intensive training for the full-time cadre of Militia units, which were not to exceed 25 percent of the unit's strength. Training for the Militia and the VDC was also hampered in the early war years by a lack of small arms, particularly after the

2130:. Japanese field commanders subsequently surrendered to Allied forces across the Pacific Theatre and Australian forces accepted the surrender of their Japanese opponents at ceremonies conducted at Morotai, several locations in Borneo, Timor, Wewak, Rabaul, Bougainville and Nauru. Following the surrender the Australian Army faced a number of immediate operational and administrative issues, including the need to maintain security in the areas it occupied, the disarming and administration of surrendered Japanese forces in these areas, organising the return of approximately 177,000 soldiers (including prisoners of war) to Australia, the demobilisation and discharge of the bulk of the soldiers serving in the Army, and the raising of an occupation force for service in Japan. 2094: 1704: 1904: 907:(AWAS) in August 1941. AWAS members filled a wide range of roles to allow the Army to redeploy male soldiers to fighting units. While they mainly worked in clerical and administrative positions, and auxiliary roles such as drivers and signallers, many served in anti-aircraft batteries, operating radars and searchlights but not the guns themselves. While Blamey sought to have members of the AWAS posted overseas from early 1941 onwards, the Australian Government did not agree to this until 1945. As a result, only about 400 of the 24,000 women who joined the AWAS served outside Australia. The AWAS was reduced in size following the war, and was finally disbanded on 30 June 1947. Colonel 869: 1653: 433: 819: 1253: 2877: 1900:

value of these campaigns was controversial at the time and remains so to this day as the Australian Government authorised these operations for primarily political, rather than military, reasons. It was believed that keeping the Army involved in the war would give Australia greater influence in any post-war peace conferences and that liberating Australian territories would enhance Australia's influence in its region. Critics of these campaigns, such as author Peter Charlton, argue that they were unnecessary and wasteful of the lives of the Australian soldiers involved as the Japanese forces were already isolated and ineffective.

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and a years' duration being run. Unlike the First AIF, newly commissioned lieutenants were not sent back to their original unit, but were posted to the first vacancy. Other schools included the School of Artillery, the Guerrilla Warfare School, the Cooking and Catering School, the School of Military Law and the School of Movement and Transport. Recruit training was now thorough and exacting, and for infantrymen culminated in a jungle training course at Canungra, where the Jungle Warfare School turned out 4,000 reinforcements a month. In 1945, the 29th Brigade received 1,000 young reinforcements shortly before embarking for

1790: 2244:, the commander 2nd Division. All were over 50 years of age and all except Bennett, Drake-Brockman and Mackay were serving or former regular soldiers. Only the first three were considered to command the 6th Division and Second AIF, for which posts Blamey was selected by Prime Minister Menzies. Both Blamey and Lavarack were promoted to lieutenant general on 13 October 1939. Blamey was subsequently appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) I Corps following its raising in March 1940, while Mackay was appointed to succeed him in command of the 6th Division and Lavarack assumed command of the newly formed 7th Division. 2021: 2376:

defence spending in the interwar period. The result was that when war came in 1939, the Army's equipment was of World War I vintage, and Australian factories were only capable of producing small arms. Most equipment was obsolescent and had to be replaced, and new factories were required to produce the latest weapons, equipment and motor vehicles. Some 2,860 motor vehicles and motorcycles suitable for military use were purchased in 1939 for the Militia and another 784 for the 6th Division, but since a division's war establishment was around 3,000, this was only enough for training. In February 1940, the

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percent of the total force serving in front line areas. As a proportion of its population, the Australian Army was ultimately one of the largest Allied armies during World War II. Casualties included 11,323 killed in action, 1,794 who died of wounds, and 21,853 wounded. Another 5,558 were killed or died as prisoners of war (POWs), while non-battle casualties in operational areas were also significant and included 1,088 killed and 33,196 wounded or injured. In addition, the Army suffered a substantial number of casualties in non-operational areas: 1,795 soldiers killed and 121,800 wounded or injured.

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total of 1,516 on hand. Additionally, a total of 530 2 pounder and 6 pounder anti-tank guns were required, but the Army had 1,941, while 68 3.7 inch anti-aircraft guns were needed for combat and five for training, but there were 640 pieces available. Similar surpluses existed with small arms such as the Bren, of which 9,438 were required, but there were 21,139 in the system. The situation in relation to Bren gun carriers was even more marked with only 123 of the 3,767 vehicles actually being required, due to the decreased requirements for mobility vehicles in jungle warfare.

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release manpower for war-related industries which were important to supplying Britain and US forces in the Pacific. Australia's main role in the Allied war effort from this point forward was supplying the other Allied countries with food, materials and manufactured goods needed for the defeat of Japan. As a result of this policy, the size of the Army was reduced from late 1943 onwards, though an offensive force of six infantry divisions (three AIF and three Militia divisions) was maintained until the end of the war. In early 1944 all but two of the Army's divisions were withdrawn to the

28: 2549: 2283:. These officers had fought in World War I and reached the rank of major, but their promotion prospects were restricted and they remained majors for twenty years. Many left the Army to join the British or Indian armies, or the RAAF, or to return to civilian life. As a group, they had become embittered and resentful, and determined to prove that they could lead troops in battle. Many regular officers had attended training courses or been on exchange with the British Army, which was important in the early years of the war when there was close cooperation between the two armies. 592:, albeit with a number of modifications. Australia was divided into six military districts each of which largely equated to a State or Territory, and reported to the Department of the Chief of the General Staff. Meanwhile, the Military Board was responsible for the administration of the Army, with regular members consisting of the Deputy Adjutant-General, the Chief of Intelligence, the Chief of the General Staff, the Chief of Ordnance and a civilian Finance Member, in addition to a number of consultative members, under the overall control of the Minister of the Defence. The 2287: 1125:

6th and 7th Divisions, returned to Australia in early 1942 to counter the perceived Japanese threat to Australia. The Australian Government agreed to requests from Britain and the United States to temporarily retain the 9th Division in the Middle East in exchange for the deployment of additional US troops to Australia and Britain's support for a proposal to expand the RAAF to 73 squadrons. The Government did not intend that the 9th Division would play a major role in active fighting, and it was not sent any further reinforcements.

278: 982: 581: 2365: 8405: 2632: 2712: 888:. For most of the war, AANS nurses were the only Australian servicewomen permitted to serve overseas, and many volunteered for the AIF. These women served in all the major theatres in which the Army fought and a total of 71 were killed on active service. The majority of these died in early 1942 during the fighting in Malaya and Singapore where 41 nurses were killed. In March 1942, the Volunteer Aid Detachments (VADs) also became a branch of the Army Medical Service. Consisting of volunteers originally coordinated by the 364: 1383: 1113: 1677:

heavy losses, the Japanese troops were within 32 kilometres (20 mi) of Port Moresby. Yet supply problems made any further advance impossible, and the Japanese began to fear an Allied counter-landing at Buna. Following reverses at the hands of US forces on Guadalcanal the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters decided they could not support fronts on both New Guinea and Guadalcanal. Horii was subsequently ordered to withdraw his troops on the Kokoda Track until the issue at Guadalcanal was decided.

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the early war years was the shortage of equipment. However, there were also critical shortages of instructors. The decision to form the 1st Armoured Division created a requirement for large numbers of highly skilled personnel, but there were few officers and men with the required skills in the small pre-war Army and many of them were already serving in the AIF's divisional mechanised cavalry regiments. An Armoured Fighting Vehicles School was created at

2341:. From April 1942 MacArthur took over command of all US and Australian forces in the newly formed South West Pacific Area as Supreme Commander. Blamey had been appointed Commander-in-Chief AMF in March following his promotion to general, setting up Land Headquarters to subsume the role of the Military Board, which was suspended on 30 July. As Commander-in-Chief AMF he reported directly to MacArthur and was subsequently also given command of 1338:. He later justified his actions saying that he had gained an understanding of how to defeat the Japanese and needed to return to Australia to pass his knowledge on, but two post-war inquiries found that he was unjustified in leaving his command. The loss of almost a quarter of Australia's overseas soldiers and the failure of the Singapore strategy that had permitted it to accept the sending of the AIF to aid Britain, stunned the country. 2696:-free terrain, Blamey decided to establish a training and staging area on the Atherton Tableland in November 1942. Eventually, accommodation was provided there for 70,000 troops. As divisions returned from tours of duty in New Guinea in 1943 and 1944, they were sent to Atherton for anti-malaria treatment. The men then went on leave, after which they returned to Atherton where training was conducted before staging and departing again. 387:

was unable to obtain the up-to-date equipment needed to properly implement the new British doctrines and organisations due to a lack of resources as a result of limited defence expenditures. Nevertheless, the Militia provided a pool of experienced officers and soldiers who could be used to expand the Army in the event of war, and indeed during the course of the war about 200,000 Militia soldiers volunteered for overseas service.

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consequently most Australian military units that were deployed overseas in 1940 and 1941 were sent to the Mediterranean and Middle East where they formed an integral part of the Commonwealth forces in the area. The three AIF infantry divisions dispatched to the Middle East were subsequently heavily involved in the fighting that followed. In addition to the force which was sent to North Africa, two AIF brigades (the 18th and

1605:. After halting the Japanese the Allies moved onto the offensive in late 1942, with the pace of advance accelerating in 1943. From 1944 the Australian military was mainly relegated to subsidiary roles in holding or mopping-up operations, but continued to conduct large-scale operations until the end of the war with a larger proportion of its forces deployed in the final months of the conflict than at any other time. 242:, although further reductions were ordered in August 1944 and June 1945. The Australian Army generally had a long-standing policy of using British-designed equipment, but equipment from Australia, the United States and some other countries was introduced into service in the war's later years. Pre-war doctrine was focused on conventional warfare in a European environment and the Army did not have any doctrine for 9511: 1883:

be demobilised if it could not be used for offensive operations. This was politically embarrassing for the government, and helped motivate it to look for new areas where the military could be used. It also impacted upon the Army's morale; as the Allies advanced further towards Japan, the Army was increasingly relegated to "second string" roles, despite having fought "above its weight" for most of the war.

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other Allied units conducted a fighting withdrawal from their initial positions and were evacuated from southern Greece between 24 April and 1 May. Australian warships also formed part of the force which protected the evacuation and embarked hundreds of soldiers from Greek ports. The 6th Division suffered heavy casualties in this campaign, with 320 men killed and 2,030 captured.

360:. Wynter in particular argued that war was most likely to break out in the Pacific at a time when Britain was involved in a crisis in Europe and would be unable to send sufficient resources to Singapore. He contended that Singapore was vulnerable, especially to attack from the land and the air, and argued for a more balanced policy of building up the Army and RAAF rather than relying on the RAN. 1971:, which was the last large Japanese force remaining in the Australian portion of New Guinea. Supported by several RAAF squadrons and RAN warships, the division was reinforced by Militia and armoured units and began arriving at Aitape in October 1944. In late 1944 the Australians launched a two-pronged offensive to the east towards Wewak. The 17th Brigade advanced inland through the 1976:

bad weather. The Australians secured the coastal area by early May, and Wewak was captured on 10 May after a small force was landed east of the town. By the end of the war the Eighteenth Army had been forced into what it had designated its "last stand" area. The Aitape–Wewak campaign cost 442 Australian lives while about 9,000 Japanese died and another 269 were taken prisoner.

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greater pressure. The activation of the Militia for full-time duty after Japan's entry into the war in late 1941 compounded the situation. In response, the Army command structure was reorganised in early 1942. While Western Australia remained unchanged, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia were redesignated as Lines of Communications Areas, 7 MD became

2298:, a reservist who was too young to serve in World War I, was commissioned in 1923 and promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1935. Menzies ordered that all commands in the 6th Division be given to reservists rather than regular officers, who had become political adversaries through their outspoken opposition to the Singapore strategy. Appointments therefore went to reservists like 2399:. Small quantities of the Lee–Enfield No.4 Mk I/Mk I* rifle, made by the Long Branch Arsenal in Canada and Savage-Stevens Firearms in the US, were used in New Guinea although most of these rifles were provided to other branches of the Australian military and to the Volunteer Defence Corps in order to free up No.1 MkIII* rifles for frontline infantry units. American-made 301:

had been only 35,000 soldiers in the Militia, but by September 1939 this had been increased to 80,000, supported by a PMF of 2,800 full-time soldiers whose main responsibility was largely to administer and train the Militia. This expansion had little impact on improving the readiness of Australian forces upon the outbreak of the war, though, as the provisions of the

966:. Although the fortress was manned by a larger force, the Australian infantry quickly penetrated the Italian defensive lines with the support of British tanks and artillery. The majority of the defenders surrendered on 5 January and the Australians took 40,000 prisoners. The 6th Division followed up this success by assaulting the fortress of 2708:, in November 1942, and all reinforcements for combat units subsequently passed through the school before joining their unit. Canungra consisted of a reinforcement training centre, an Independent Company training centre, and a tactical school. With the establishment of Canungra the Independent Company training centre on Wilsons Promontory was closed. 1960:

southern portions of the island. The main focus was against the Japanese base at Buin in the south, and the offensives in the north and centre of the island were largely suspended from May 1945. While Australian operations on Bougainville continued until the end of the war, large Japanese forces remained at Buin and in the north of the island.

2176:(BCOF) in Japan. Volunteers for this force were recruited in late 1945, with most being assigned to three new infantry battalions: the 65th Battalion was formed from volunteers from the 7th Division, the 66th Battalion by men from the 6th Division and the 67th from 9th Division personnel. These and other units were grouped at Morotai as the 1314:

trained, some having as little as two weeks' training in Australia before being dispatched. Assigned larger-than-normal frontages to defend along beaches that were ill-suited for defence, the 22nd and 27th Brigades were spread thin on the ground with large gaps in their lines. The commander of the Singapore fortress, Lieutenant General

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at the time, and in subsequent years, as pointless or a waste of soldiers' lives, it did achieve a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the NEI, capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in deteriorating conditions.

1700:, and was short of artillery and supplies. Due to a lack of supporting weapons and MacArthur and Blamey's insistence on a rapid advance the Allied tactics during the battle were centred on infantry assaults on the Japanese fortifications. These resulted in heavy casualties and the area was not secured until 22 January 1943. 451:, would be formed for overseas service. Like its predecessor, the Second AIF was a volunteer force formed by establishing entirely new units. In many cases these units drew their recruits from the same geographical areas as First AIF units, and they were given the same numerical designations albeit with the prefix "2/". 2802:. As the war neared its end the Germans moved many prisoners towards the interior of the country to prevent them from being liberated by the advancing Allied armies. These movements were often made through forced marches in harsh weather and resulted in many deaths. As the war drew to a close, a unit designated the 1481:. At the time Darwin was an important base for Allied warships and a staging point for shipping supplies and reinforcements into the NEI. The Japanese attack was successful, and resulted in the deaths of 251 civilians and military personnel, most of whom were non-Australian Allied seamen, and heavy damage to 2798:

POWs were members of the 9th Division captured during the retreat from Cyrenaica in early 1941, the siege of Tobruk or the fighting near El Alamein in mid-1942. Like other western Allied POWs, the Australians were held in permanent camps in Italy and Germany and were generally treated in accordance with the

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of war. Non-battle casualties included 1,088 killed and 33,196 wounded/injured in operational areas, and another 1,795 killed and 121,800 wounded/injured in non-operational areas. The large number of non-battle casualties was significant, illustrating the toll that sickness and disease took upon the Army.

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In the course of the fighting the Australian Army sustained approximately 61,000 battle casualties, the bulk of them from the Second AIF. This included 11,323 killed in action, 1,794 died of wounds, and 21,853 wounded. 5,558 were killed or died in captivity, while another 20,920 survived as prisoners

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by the Axis during the war, the bulk of them members of the Australian Army. During the fighting in the Middle East and Greece, 7,116 Australian soldiers were taken prisoner by German and Italian forces. Of these men, 3,109 were captured at Crete and 2,065 on the mainland of Greece. Most of the other

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when it returned to Australia in December 1948, forming the basis of the post-war Regular Army. From that time the Australian Army contribution to the occupation of Japan was reduced to a single under-strength battalion. Australian forces remained until September 1951 when the BCOF ceased operations,

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overland to the area and the remainder of the 9th Division was gradually brought in to reinforce the 20th Brigade against the expected counter-attack. The Japanese mounted a strong attack in mid-October which was defeated by the 9th Division after heavy fighting. During the second half

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at Nadzab, just west of Lae. Once the airborne forces secured Nadzab Airfield, the 7th Division was flown in and began advancing to the east in a race with the 9th Division to capture Lae. This race was won by the 7th Division, which captured the town on 15 September. The Japanese

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Meanwhile, in 1942 the Australian military was reinforced by units recalled from the Middle East and an expansion of the Militia and RAAF. United States military units also arrived in Australia in great numbers before being deployed to New Guinea, and in April 1942 command of Australian and US forces

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and most of the survivors surrendered in the weeks after the battle. Few members of Lark Force survived the war, as at least 130 were murdered by the Japanese on 4 February and 1,057 Australian soldiers and civilian prisoners from Rabaul were killed when the ship carrying them to Japan, the

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in the south of Malaya. As a result, it did not see action until mid-January 1942 when Japanese spearheads first reached the state, having pushed back the British and Indian units defending the northern parts of the peninsula. By this time, the division's two brigades had been split up, with the

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This imbalance was slowly addressed after 1942 as the Army's size was reduced. Most of the units that were disbanded were Militia arms corps units, and by September 1943 the AIF outnumbered the Militia, having 265,000 members compared to just over 117,000. Further reductions came in October 1943 when

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At the start of the war, the majority of battalion commands went to older reservists, many of whom had commanded battalions or served in the First AIF. As the war went on, the average age of battalion commanders declined from 42.9 years old in 1940 to 35.6 in 1945. The prevalence of regular officers

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and the 20th Brigade advanced along the western coast of Borneo south from Brunei. Both brigades rapidly advanced against weak Japanese resistance and most of north-west Borneo was liberated by the end of the war. During the campaign the 9th Division was assisted by indigenous fighters who

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While the Australian Government offered I Corps for use in Leyte and Luzon, nothing came of several proposals to utilise it in the liberation of these islands. The Army's prolonged period of relative inactivity during 1944 led to public concern, and many Australians believed that the AIF should

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The Australian military's role in the South-West Pacific decreased during 1944 as US forces took over responsibility for the main Allied effort in the region. In the latter half of 1943 the Australian Government decided, with MacArthur's agreement, that the size of the military would be decreased to

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A 3,000-strong Army unit, as well as several Australian warships and aircraft from a number of RAAF squadrons participated in the unsuccessful defence of Java when the Japanese invaded the island in March 1942. An Army force made up of elements from the 7th Division also formed part of the

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After further fighting in which the Commonwealth forces were pushed into a narrow perimeter around the urban area of Singapore, Percival surrendered his forces on 15 February. Although some Australians were able to escape, following the capitulation 14,972 Australians were taken prisoner.

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as well as British artillery and armoured regiments, used fortifications, aggressive patrolling and artillery to contain and defeat repeated German armoured and infantry attacks. In September and October 1941, upon the request of the Australian Government, the 9th Division was relieved and

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in early 1943 and 1944, reducing the authorised strength of the division by about 4,000 men. Each infantry battalion shed around 100 personnel as various support elements such as the anti-aircraft and carrier platoons were removed and consolidated at divisional level. The amount of heavy weapons and

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as pre-war planning had conceptualised any such conflict as taking place in the main population centres of Australia's eastern seaboard, along with isolated attacks against strategic points in Western Australia. The Army followed the trends in the British Army as it modernised in the late 1930s, but

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government, conscription was abolished and in its place a new system was introduced whereby the Militia would be maintained on a part-time, voluntary basis only. The size of the Army remained small up until 1938 and 1939 when the Militia was rapidly expanded as the threat of war grew. In 1938, there

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immediately after the end of hostilities, although it had partially commenced as early as 1943. At the end of the war the strength of the Australian Army was 398,594 men, approximately half of which were serving overseas in the South West Pacific Area. The demobilisation plan was put into action on

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in England to provide accommodation and support for the POWs once they were released. By August 1945 all the former Australian POWs in Europe had embarked on ships bound for Australia. While Australian prisoners suffered a higher death rate in German and Italian captivity than their counterparts in

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were trained at various Officer Cadet Training Units around the country, and by the end of the war these units had produced 7,887 officers. Meanwhile, regular officers of the PMF continued to be trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon with a number of shortened courses of between six months

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were raised by October 1941 when training was discontinued. After the outbreak of the war with Japan, the school was reopened as the Guerrilla Warfare School, the training of the fourth company was completed. These independent companies were later redesignated as commando squadrons, of which twelve

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Another problem for the Militia was a lack of continuity in the training. When the war began, men were called up for only one month's additional training. This was then increased to three months' additional training. In 1940–41, officers and non-commissioned officers were intensively trained for 18

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in a European environment. This doctrine and the supporting training manuals were common to those of all Commonwealth countries. Following the outbreak of war the Army continued to focus on preparing its units to fight in Europe and North Africa. By far the single greatest difficulty in training in

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on 21 July but mopping up continued until the end of the war as isolated pockets of Japanese resistance remained. The capture of Balikpapan was the last large-scale land operation conducted by the Western Allies during World War II. Although the Borneo campaign was criticised in Australia

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while the remainder of the division moved along the coast. Although the Eighteenth Army had suffered heavy casualties from previous fighting and disease, it mounted a strong resistance and inflicted significant casualties. The 6th Division's advance was also hampered by supply difficulties and

1899:

area in New Guinea in order to free up the American units for operations in the Philippines. While the US units had largely conducted a static defence of their positions, their Australian replacements mounted offensive operations designed to destroy the remaining Japanese forces in these areas. The

1715:

Throughout the fighting in Papua, most of the Australian personnel captured by Japanese troops were murdered. In response, for the remainder of the war Australian soldiers generally did not attempt to capture Japanese personnel and aggressively sought to kill their Japanese opponents including some

1366:

While Australia's contribution to the pre-war plans to defend South East Asia from Japanese aggression was focused on the defence of Malaya and Singapore, small Australian forces were also deployed to defend several islands to the north of Australia. The role of these forces was to defend strategic

1341:

The fall of Singapore raised fears of a Japanese invasion of the Australian mainland and the Government became concerned about the Army's ability to respond. Although large, the forces in Australia contained many inexperienced units and lacked mobility. In response, most of the AIF was brought back

1313:

Following this the 8th Division was deployed to defend Singapore's north-west coast. Due to the casualties suffered in Johore most of the division's units were at half-strength, and the replacements that had been received—a draft of about 1,900 replacements was sent in late January—were barely

1264:

In December 1941 the Australian Army in the Pacific consisted of the 8th Division, most of which was stationed in Malaya, and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia, including the 1st Armoured Division. In keeping with the Singapore strategy, a high proportion of

845:

during the war. The pre-war coastal defences were greatly expanded from 1939, and many new batteries were built near major ports in Australia and New Guinea in response to the threat of Japanese attack. Australia had a limited capacity to produce anti-aircraft guns, and the bulk of equipment had to

663:

and the three southern states of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania were amalgamated into Southern Command. In the early years of the war this structure proved effective for operations overseas; however, as the threat of war with Japan grew the various commands and military districts came under

521:

in June. However, the establishment of these divisions was reduced to the new nine-battalion organisation as the size of an Australian division was reduced to approximately 17,000 men, and the three surplus battalions of the 6th Division became part of the 7th Division. Further changes included the

458:

was introduced to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF. From January 1940, all unmarried men turning 21 were required to report to be examined for potential service. While a substantial proportion of these men were granted exemptions on medical grounds or because they

2835:

was the most notorious of the prisoner of war experiences, as 13,000 Australians worked on it at various times during 1942 and 1943 alongside thousands of other Allied POWs and Asians conscripted by the Japanese; nearly 2,650 Australians died there. Thousands of Australian POWs were also

2016:

which were planned to take place later in 1945. The Australian Government did not agree to MacArthur's proposal to extend the offensive to include the liberation of Java in July 1945, however, and its decision not to release the 6th Division for this operation contributed to it not going

1169:

to decisively break through the Axis lines on the night of 1/2 November. The 9th Division suffered a high number of casualties during this battle and did not take part in the pursuit of the retreating Axis forces. During the battle the Australian Government requested that the division be

1040:

Australian troops arrived in Greece during March and manned defensive positions in the north of the country alongside British, New Zealand and Greek units. The outnumbered Allied force was not able to halt the Germans when they invaded on 6 April and was forced to retreat. The Australians and

849:

Traditionally the Australian Army had relied on its major allies to provide logistic support, primarily raising combat units rather than support arms during times of conflict. Consequently, these services were relatively underdeveloped, and they remained so during the first years of the war. While

804:

The demands of combat during World War II led to changes in the composition of Army units. The success of German mechanised units during the invasions of Poland and France convinced Australian defence planners that the Army required armoured units, and these began to be raised in 1941 when the 1st

262:

immediately after the end of hostilities in August 1945 and was finally completed on 15 February 1947. A total of 730,000 personnel enlisted in the Australian Army during the war, a figure which represented around 10 percent of the population. Nearly 400,000 men ultimately served overseas, with 40

249:

230:

divisions, and in August 1942 the Army had a strength of 476,000 men. This force was larger than Australia's population and economy could sustain, and its strength was reduced in the second half of the year. Militia units were able to serve outside of Australian territory in the South West Pacific

2687:

The Australian Army did not have any doctrine for jungle warfare prior to 1942. Some lessons were passed on by officers who escaped from Malaya and Singapore, however, and these were incorporated into a training memorandum in May that year. AIF units that returned from North Africa undertook some

1959:

air units. While the XIV Corps had maintained a defensive posture, the Australians conducted offensive operations aimed at destroying the Japanese force on Bougainville. As the Japanese were split into several enclaves the II Corps fought separate offensives in the northern, central and

1719:

The Papuan campaign led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army. During the campaign, the restriction banning Militia personnel from serving outside of Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and Militia. In late 1942 and early

390:

In 1942 the Army adopted the title Australian Military Forces (AMF) to encompass the various categories of service: AIF, Militia and Permanent Forces. Wartime exigencies required a rapid expansion of the Army and during the war 730,000 personnel enlisted in either the Militia or the AIF, a figure

2622:

By 1945, due to a shrinking number of operational units and stepped up production, equipment shortages were a thing of the past. Indeed, the Army had more equipment that it actually needed. For example, a total of 368 25 pounders were required for combat and 38 for training but there were a

2496:

also saw service, with the 2/10th Field Regiment employing them in support of the 9th Division during the siege of Tobruk. A collection of captured Italian guns, known as the "Bush Artillery", were also employed. These were rendered obsolete when the 25 pounder became available in quantity.

2109:

Prior to the end of the war on 15 August 1945, the Australian military was preparing to contribute forces to the invasion of Japan. Australia's participation in this operation would have involved elements of all three services fighting as part of Commonwealth forces. It was planned to form a new

1676:

On 26 August two AIF battalions from the 7th Division reinforced the remnants of Maroubra Force but the Japanese continued to advance along the Kokoda Track and by 16 September they reached the village of Ioribaiwa near Port Moresby. After several weeks of exhausting fighting and

1196:

region after 1940. Measures were taken to improve Australia's defences as war with Japan loomed in 1941, but these proved inadequate. The 8th Division was subsequently dispatched to Singapore in February 1941, while plans were made for a Militia battalion to be stationed between Port Moresby and

1165:. After a lengthy period of preparation, the Eighth Army launched its major offensive on 23 October. The 9th Division was involved in some of the heaviest fighting of the battle, and its advance in the coast area succeeded in drawing away enough German forces for the heavily reinforced 1036:

from a German invasion. The corps' commander, Lieutenant General Thomas Blamey, and Prime Minister Menzies both regarded the operation as risky, but agreed to Australian involvement after the British Government provided them with briefings which deliberately understated the chance of defeat. The

1672:

and AIF 18th—designated "Milne Force", supported by two RAAF fighter squadrons and US Army engineers, launched a counter-attack. Outnumbered, lacking supplies and suffering heavy casualties, the Japanese were forced to withdraw. The victory helped raise Allied morale across the Pacific Theatre,

2375:

The Australian Army generally had a long-standing policy of using British-designed equipment, but equipment from Australia, the United States and some other countries was introduced into service in the war's later years. Pre-war defence policies favoured the RAN, which received the majority of

1124:

In the second half of 1941 the Australian I Corps was concentrated in Syria and Lebanon where it undertook garrison duties while its strength was rebuilt ahead of further operations in the Middle East. Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific most elements of the corps, including the

934:

During the first years of World War II, Australia's military strategy was closely aligned with that of the United Kingdom's imperial defence policy. The Singapore strategy, which seemingly negated the need for large-scale land forces in the Pacific, was a key component of this policy and

1935:

in early 1945 and defeated the small Japanese garrisons in these areas. By April the Japanese had been confined to their fortified positions in the Gazelle Peninsula by the Australian force's aggressive patrolling. The 5th Division suffered 53 fatalities and 140 wounded during this

1716:

that had surrendered. Following the defeats in Papua and Guadalcanal the Japanese withdrew to a defensive perimeter in the Territory of New Guinea. Meanwhile, during the fighting in 1942–43 the Australian Army increasingly developed a tactical superiority over the Japanese in jungle warfare.

1144:

and the 9th Division was brought forward to reinforce this position. The lead elements of the division arrived at El Alamein on 6 July and it was assigned the most northerly section of the Commonwealth defensive line. From that position, the 9th Division subsequently played a

2845:

in 1945. Overall, only 14,000 of the Australian prisoners taken by the Japanese survived captivity. The majority of these deaths were caused by malnutrition and disease. The treatment of the POWs prompted many Australians to remain hostile towards Japan after the war. Australian authorities

2818:

More than 21,000 members of the AIF were captured by the Japanese during the first months of 1942. Most of these men were members of the 8th Division captured at Singapore, the NEI and Rabaul, but about 2,000 members of the I Corps party sent to Java in early 1942 were taken prisoner there.

2867:

force was to be raised to provide a trained, full-time force capable of being deployed either in Australia or overseas in a national emergency and the Australian Regular Army was subsequently established on 30 September 1947. The Militia, under the guise of the Citizen Military Forces, was

1461:

by the Japanese landing on 30 January and surrendered on 3 February 1942. Over 300 Australian prisoners were subsequently killed by Japanese troops in a series of mass executions during February. While the force at Koepang was defeated after the Japanese landed there on

2079:

The third and final stage of the campaign was the capture of Balikpapan on the central east coast of Borneo. This operation had been opposed by Blamey, who believed that it was unnecessary, but went ahead on the orders of MacArthur. After a 20-day preliminary air and naval bombardment the

1099:

which made good use of the mountainous terrain. After the Allied attack became bogged down reinforcements were brought in and the Australian I Corps headquarters took command of the operation on 18 June. These changes enabled the Allies to overwhelm the French forces and the

1848:

at Kaiapit and secured an airstrip which was used to fly in the division's 21st and 25th Brigades. Through aggressive patrolling the Australians forced the Japanese out of positions in extremely rugged terrain and in January 1944 the division began its attack on the key

2699:

In early 1943 the Army developed a jungle warfare doctrine by adapting the pre-war field service regulations to meet the conditions in the South-West Pacific. The Army's front-line combat formations were reorganised and trained in accordance with this doctrine during the year. A

2345:

in the theatre. Yet although Australian forces made up the bulk of the Allied forces in SWPA until 1944 in practice for political reasons MacArthur ensured that Blamey only commanded Australian forces, while he also limited the number of Australian staff officers posted to

506:, each attached at brigade-level, as well an anti-tank regiment attached at divisional level and a divisional cavalry regiment which was equipped with armoured vehicles. Corps troops included a machine-gun battalion, and various engineer, logistics and communication units. 2615:. Operational experience demonstrated the need for larger landing craft, so the ALCV III, an enlarged version of the ALCM II with four Ford V8 engines and twice the cargo capacity, was produced. The Army also ordered 15 ALCM IIIs, a type of similar capacity to an American 1557:

in February 1942, it was judged to be beyond the Japanese military's capabilities and no planning or other preparations were undertaken. Instead, in March 1942 the Japanese military adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing

8002: 7936: 7633: 6836: 542:, the final AIF division to be formed, was established in July 1941, built around a core of two armoured brigades each consisting of three tank-equipped armoured regiments, supported by motorised cavalry, armoured cars, engineers and artillery. Several units, such as 2840:

in generally harsh conditions. The POWs held in camps at Ambon and Borneo suffered the highest death rates; 77 percent of those at Ambon died and few of the 2,500 Australian and British prisoners in Borneo survived; almost all were killed by overwork and

809:

was formed to provide support to the infantry. These large armoured units were not suitable for jungle warfare, however, and most were disbanded during 1943 and 1944. Conditions in the South West Pacific also led the Army to convert its six combat divisions to

1926:

with the goals of protecting Allied bases and confining the large Japanese force on the island to the area around Rabaul. In late November the 5th Division established bases closer to the Japanese perimeter and began aggressive patrols supported by the

8326: 1310:, and Jemaluang, they were unable to do more than slow the Japanese advance and suffered heavy casualties in doing so. After being outmanoeuvred by the Japanese, the remaining Commonwealth units withdrew to Singapore on the night of 30–31 January. 954:, the successful Commonwealth offensive in North Africa which was conducted between December 1940 and February 1941. Although the 6th Division was not fully equipped, it had completed its training and on 14 December, it relieved the 336:", which centred on the establishment of a major naval base at Singapore and the use of naval forces to respond to any future Japanese aggression in the region. As a maritime strategy, it resulted in a defence budget that was focused on building up the 391:

which represented around 10 percent of Australia's population of just seven million, one of the highest percentages of any of the Allied armies during World War II. It subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the

1153:

was forced to surrender on 27 July when it was surrounded by German armour after capturing Ruin Ridge. Following this battle the division remained at the northern end of the El Alamein line and launched diversionary attacks during the

788:

and transport to be functional as a self-sufficient organisation. This situation was most acute in 1942; at that time there were 137,236 men serving arms corps such as infantry, cavalry and armour, while there were just 29,079 in ordnance.

1016:, however, was forced to remain until the siege was lifted in December as the convoy evacuating it was attacked. The defence of Tobruk cost the Australian units involved 3,009 casualties, including 832 killed and 941 taken prisoner. 1853:

position. The ridge was taken by the end of the month, with the RAAF playing a key supporting role. Following this success the Japanese withdrew from the Finisterre Range and Australian troops linked up with American patrols from

1265:

Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in Malaya during 1940 and 1941 as the threat from Japan increased. At the outbreak of war the Australian forces in Malaya consisted of two brigade groups from the 8th Division—the

1301:

was assigned the crucial coastal sector and the stronger Australian brigades were deployed in less threatened areas. While the Commonwealth forces in Johore achieved a number of local tactical victories, most notably around

313:. As a result, when Australia entered the war in 1939, a new all-volunteer force was required that could fight in Europe or elsewhere outside of Australia's immediate region. (Similarly, in World War I the all-volunteer 237:

was passed, but few did so. The Army was further reduced by 100,000 members from October 1943 to free up manpower for industry. At the end of 1943 the Army's strength was set at six infantry divisions and two armoured

403:(SWPA) fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945 primarily in conjunction with forces from the United States. Nearly 400,000 men served overseas, with 40 percent of the total force serving in front line areas. 210:

fighting the Japanese between late 1941 and 1945. Following the Japanese surrender Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces across the South West Pacific. Meanwhile, the Army contributed troops to the

8345: 1757:

in April 1943. This advance was mounted to divert attention from Lae, which was one of the main objectives of Operation Cartwheel, and proceeded slowly. In late June the 3rd Division was reinforced by the

1724:

and the necessary legislation was passed in January 1943. This made deploying the Militia easier, but ultimately only one brigade, the 11th, was dispatched outside of Australian territory, being deployed to

2684:

were eventually raised, including the 1st, which had been destroyed early in the war; as the war progressed they were used more in the flank protection and reconnaissance roles than for unconventional warfare.

2846:

investigated the abuses against Allied POWs in their country's zone of responsibility after the war, and guards who were believed to have mistreated prisoners were among those tried by Australian-administered

2180:

in October 1945. The brigade's departure for Japan was delayed until February 1946 by inter-Allied negotiations, but it eventually took over responsibility for enforcing the terms of the Japanese surrender in

1545:

respectively. However, Australia's population and industrial base were not sufficient to maintain these forces once the threat of invasion had passed, and the Army was progressively reduced in size from 1943.

2688:

training in jungle tactics before going into action, but the Militia units which initially faced the Japanese in New Guinea suffered from inadequate training, and this led to them suffering heavy casualties.

1002:

of this withdrawal, and on 6 April was ordered to defend the important port town of Tobruk for at least two months. Sustained by the Australian destroyers of the Mediterranean Fleet, during the ensuing

1402:

reinforced with coastal artillery and a poorly equipped RAAF bomber squadron. While Lark Force was regarded as inadequate by the Australian military, it was not possible to reinforce it before the Japanese

9262: 2255:, all of whom had joined the Army before World War I. These officers held senior commands throughout the war, but seldom active ones. Below them were a distinct group of regular officers, graduates of the 2691:

In order to be able to move troops to the front in New Guinea more rapidly, to acclimatise them during the process, and to allow more realistic training of large formations in jungle and mountainous but

470:

was in the process of re-equipping with new weapons, and a new organisation was required. This new equipment was not available in Australia, so it was decided to organise the first unit to be raised—the

1528:

Japan's rapid advance south had been unexpected, and the perceived threat of invasion led to a major expansion of the Australian military. By mid-1942 the Army had a strength of ten infantry divisions,

997:

In the last week of March 1941, a German-led force launched an offensive in Cyrenaica. The Allied forces in the area were rapidly forced to withdraw towards Egypt. The 9th Division formed the

8786: 1586:

occurred during 1942 and 1943, and while the main defence was provided by RAAF and Allied fighters, a number of Australian Army anti-aircraft batteries were also involved in dealing with this threat.

880:(AANS) was the only female branch of the Army. A reserve formation that had served overseas during World War I, the AANS was mobilised following the outbreak of war in 1939 and its Matron in Chief, 198:

was introduced in October 1939 to keep the Militia at strength as its members volunteered for the AIF. The Australian Army subsequently made an important contribution to the Allied campaigns in the

2757:

was subsequently formed in March 1943. It reached full strength by January 1944, but, although it was warned for action a number of times, including the possible rescue of prisoners of war held at

1064:, could not be evacuated, and were taken prisoner. As a result of its heavy casualties the 6th Division required substantial reinforcements and equipment before it was again ready for combat. 2114:

with British, Canadian and New Zealand units. The corps' organisation was to be identical to that of a US Army corps, and it would have participated in the invasion of the Japanese home island of

2660:

when Australia dispatched its reserve stock of rifles to Britain, in an effort to help replace equipment lost by the British Army, amidst concerns of an invasion of the United Kingdom after the

978:

on 4 February. Later that month, the 6th Division was withdrawn for deployment to Greece and was replaced by the untested 9th Division, which took up garrison duties in Cyrenaica.

2667:

Although the Army's focus was on conventional warfare, in late 1940 Lieutenant Colonel J.C. Mawhood, a British officer, arrived in Australia with a small specialist staff to conduct training in

1508:

in early April. The two Australian Army brigades stationed at Ceylon at the time of the raid were placed on alert to repel a potential invasion but did not see action as this did not eventuate.

1060:

on 20 May, but was gradually forced to retreat. After several key airfields were lost the Allies evacuated the island's garrison. Approximately 3,000 Australians, including the entire

2768:

By 1945 the Army possessed a comprehensive schools system, with 40 schools of various kinds. Between 1942 and 1945 96,000 training courses were conducted. Soldiers who were selected to become

2492:. Some units in the Middle East operated the 18/25 pounder, an 18 pounder that had been re-bored to take 25 pounder ammunition, until they received British 25 pounders. The old 2803: 1629:

on 29 June. After the Battle of the Coral Sea frustrated the Japanese plan to capture Port Moresby via an amphibious landing, they attempted to capture the town by landing Major General

1891:

In late 1944, the Australian Government committed twelve Australian Army brigades to replace six US Army divisions which were conducting defensive roles in Bougainville, New Britain and the

1170:

returned to Australia as it was not possible to provide enough reinforcements to sustain it, and this was agreed to by the British and US governments in late November. The 9th Division

924: 1988:

was the last major Allied campaign in the South West Pacific. In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July, the Australian I Corps, under Lieutenant General

1745:

After halting the Japanese advance, Allied forces went on the offensive across the SWPA from mid-1943. Australian forces played a key role throughout this offensive, which was designated

1688:, often forcibly, to carry supplies and evacuate wounded personnel, the Australians pursued the Japanese back along the Kokoda Track. In early November, they had been forced into a small 1879:. These troops had earlier seen action alongside Australian units throughout the New Guinea campaign, and they largely replaced the Australian Army battalions disbanded during the year. 793:

the Army's strength was further reduced by 100,000 men to free up manpower to work in industry. At the end of 1943 the Army's strength was set at six infantry divisions and two armoured

2423:

in the early years of the war, and within infantry battalions was utilised at the section level. Their manufacture in Australia started in 1941. To improve rates of fire, the American

258:

in early 1943 and 1944 with fewer heavy weapons and vehicles. This organisation proved only moderately successful, and the divisions were strengthened for their 1944–45 campaigns. The

1936:

campaign. After the war it was found that the Japanese force was 93,000 strong, which was much higher than the 38,000 which Allied intelligence had estimated remained on New Britain.

1037:

Allied force deployed to Greece was much smaller than the German force in the region and the defence of the country was compromised by inconsistencies between Greek and Allied plans.

2294:

Between the wars, the reservists enjoyed much better promotion prospects. While Alan Vasey, a major in the First AIF, was not promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel until 1937,

2459:

until being converted to the tropical warfare establishment in 1943, when the organic carrier platoons were consolidated into companies assigned at divisional level. A man-pack

2675:, Victoria, which was described as "an isolated area of high, rugged and heavily timbered mountains, precipitous valleys, swiftly running streams, and swamps." The 1st, 2nd and 392: 2411:

which was produced at Lithgow from 1929, which were utilised by specialised machine-gun battalions and, later, also medium machine-gun platoons within infantry battalions. The

2337:

Meanwhile, the return of the AIF divisions to Australia from the Middle East in 1942 coincided with the arrival of large numbers of American troops, including the US 32nd and

2407:

were also issued to some Australian infantry units attached to US Army formations in New Guinea. Direct fire support was provided by a mixture of machine guns, including the

246:

prior to 1943. In early 1943 the Army developed a jungle warfare doctrine by adapting the pre-war field service regulations to meet the conditions in the South West Pacific.

2560:

in 1940. Some 66 of them were delivered by the time manufacture ceased in July 1943, but none were used in action. Otherwise tanks were sourced from overseas. A quantity of

375:

During the 1930s the Australian Army's organisation, equipment and doctrine were similar to those of World War I. The Militia was organised into infantry and horse-mounted

2859: 259: 2160: 1334:

Bennett was among those that managed to get out, having left the island the night before the surrender via sampan after handing over command of his division to Brigadier

900:(AAMWS) in December 1942, and were employed in military hospitals in Australia and overseas until after the end of the war, before returning to civilian control in 1948. 382:

with fixed coastal fortifications positioned at strategic ports. While the Army recognised that there was a threat of war with Japan, little had been done to prepare for

1550: 745: 219: 2777:, but their commander later remarked that their training at Canungra had been so thorough that they "reacted with almost miraculous quickness to conditions of battle." 2371:

Short guns being towed behind jeeps at a parade held in 1944. The jeeps were sourced from the United States and the guns were an Australian variant of a British design.

1749:. In particular, Blamey oversaw a series of highly successful operations around the north-east tip of New Guinea which "was the high point of Australia's experience of 9535: 2738:, New South Wales, as a central establishment for the training staffs, beach parties and small boat crews. In July 1942, a Combined Training School was established at 293:. Throughout the inter-war years, a combination of complacency and economic austerity had resulted in limited defence spending. In 1929, following the election of the 371:

in April 1939. The unit was an early attempt by the Australian government to raise a regular infantry field force amidst concerns about Australia's readiness for war.

1358:

and 17th Brigades of the 6th Division disembarked at Ceylon and formed part of the island's garrison until they returned to Australia in August 1942.

2568:

tanks arrived in July 1942, and these proved to be the most suitable type for jungle warfare. A flame-thrower variant was produced and eventually saw action in the

2742:, Queensland, and nearby Toorbul Point for Army units. During 1943 and 1944, combined training with the RAAF and RAN was also carried out at Trinity Beach, near 838: 2723:

Over time, training programs included greater cooperation between the Army's combat arms and with the other services. A Combined Training Centre, also known as

2576:. Several hundred of these equipped the armoured divisions, but unlike the Stuarts and Matildas, they did not see action. An Australian scout car known as the 2229: 1875:

for training and rehabilitation. However, several new battalions of Australian-led Papuan and New Guinea troops were formed during 1944 and organised into the

1354:, attempted to divert the 6th and 7th Divisions while they were en route to Australia, but Curtin refused to authorise this movement. As a compromise the 940: 2133:

Australian Army units were deployed as occupation forces following the Japanese surrender. Under the terms of an agreement reached between Blamey and Admiral

2052:

lasted until 19 June and the airstrip was not opened until 28 June. As a result, the operation is generally considered to have not been worthwhile.

1826:

inland of Finschhafen from well dug in Japanese forces. Following its defeat, the 20th Division retreated along the coast with the 9th Division and

9182: 8616: 1289:

22nd having been deployed around Mersing and Endau on the east coast and the 27th in the west. The division's first engagement came on the west coast around

1104:

on 12 July. The loss of Beirut and a British breakthrough in Syria led the Vichy commander to seek an armistice and the campaign ended on 13 July.

199: 1326:

in the Australian sector, and the 8th Division was forced from its positions after just two days of heavy fighting. A subsequent landing took place at

9442: 1582:. While these battles ended the threat to Australia, the Australian government continued to warn that an invasion was possible until mid-1943. A series of 412: 352:(RAAF) just £2,400,000. The strategy met significant political opposition from sections of the regular Army, including several prominent officers such as 6734: 970:

on 21 January, securing it the next day and taking 25,000 Italians prisoner. After this, the Australians pushed west along the coast road to

254:, however, and most were disbanded during 1943 and 1944. Conditions in the South West Pacific also led the Army to convert its six combat divisions to 2157:

to not load Dutch ships which were carrying military supplies bound for the NEI. The last Australian occupation troops left the NEI in February 1946.

8929: 8781: 8466: 1720:

1943 Curtin overcame opposition within the Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the

920: 842: 9320: 8606: 2134: 1533:

and hundreds of other units. Thousands of Australians who were ineligible for service in the military responded to the threat of attack by joining

2603:. The initial version, known as the ALCV I was found to be too small, so the larger 12-metre ALCV II was developed. An Australian version of the 801:

may have been made available for British-led operations in South East Asia and the remaining division was to take part in the invasion of Japan.

805:

Armoured Division was formed. The two Militia cavalry divisions were first motorised and then converted into armoured divisions in 1942 and the

9407: 6542: 588:

The Army's command and administrative arrangements at the start of the war were based on a system of military districts that had existed since

179:. Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army was split into the small full-time Permanent Military Forces (PMF) and the larger part-time 943:

from June 1940 to January 1941 and formed part of the British mobile reserve which would have responded to any German landings. The

9247: 2154: 416: 289:

Prior to the outbreak of war the Australian Army consisted of the small full-time Permanent Military Forces (PMF) and the larger part-time

7424: 2347: 2216:

Gordon Bennett and Thomas Blamey, although Bennett had not held an appointment for seven years and Blamey for the last two. Then came the

911:

commanded the AWAS from September 1941 until 1947. In total some 35,000 women served in the Army, making up about 5 percent of the force.

5000: 2680: 1622: 1498: 2868:

re-established on 1 July 1948 to provide a part-time volunteer force which would be able to provide the basis for expansion in wartime.

2619:, with five Ford V8 engines. Only four were delivered before the end of the war, but they arrived in time to see service in New Guinea. 2342: 2153:

as quickly as possible. Relations between the Australian troops and Indonesians were generally good, due in part to the decision by the

1024: 8766: 7876: 4760: 2359: 1721: 897: 721: 233: 8817: 6012: 1836:

While the 9th Division secured the coastal region of the Huon Peninsula the 7th Division drove the Japanese from the inland

725:

was passed Militia units were able to serve outside Australian territory in the South West Pacific Area from January 1943, though the

9452: 9302: 9257: 9177: 8697: 8687: 8393: 2127: 1685: 1538: 1530: 1490: 1192:

Due to the emphasis placed on cooperation with Britain, relatively few Australian military units were stationed in Australia and the

447:

announced that 40,000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20,000-strong expeditionary force, designated the

190:

announced that 40,000 members of the Militia would be called up for training and a 20,000-strong expeditionary force, designated the

4511: 2194:

although by the time the majority of units had been committed to the fighting on the Korean peninsula following the outbreak of the

679:

The AIF's requirements for manpower and equipment constrained the Militia during the early years of the war. At the outbreak of the

9467: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9252: 9242: 9237: 8753: 748:

to Australia. During this year the Army's strength peaked at eleven infantry divisions—the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 9th,

6416: 1617:

to secure bases for the defence of the important base they were developing at Rabaul. In response, Australian guerrillas from the

1497:

on 12 March after the Dutch forces on the island began to capitulate. Following the conquest of the NEI, the Japanese Navy's

9462: 8095: 2823:, resulting in a high death rate. Australians were held in camps across the Asia-Pacific region and many endured long voyages in 2310:. Later other Militia officers rose to prominence as brigade and division commanders. The distinguished records of officers like 2150: 1759: 1319: 1297:

was able to outflank the Commonwealth positions due to Bennett misdeploying the forces under his command so that the weak Indian

5396: 1696:

in late November 1942. The Allied force consisted of the exhausted 7th Division and the inexperienced and ill-trained

9384: 9172: 9079: 8807: 8644: 8576: 8450: 8308:

Jungle Warriors: From Tobruk to Kokoda and Beyond, How the Australian Army Became the World's Most Deadly Jungle Fighting Force

3158:

Army Headquarters initially became General Headquarters; however, in May was redesignated Allied Land Force Headquarters (LHQ).

2377: 2338: 2212:

When the war began the Army was on the cusp of a generational change. At the time, the senior officers on the active list were

1919: 1818: 1778: 1697: 1478: 1072: 959: 479:

division of around 18,000 personnel, and initially comprised twelve 900-man infantry battalions each consisting of four rifle

9187: 9074: 8899: 8802: 8734: 8611: 8146: 8081: 7996: 7930: 7846: 7660: 7627: 7564: 7545: 7485: 7369: 7246: 7223: 7071:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 3. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. pp. 755–822. 7025: 6995: 6969: 6891: 6872: 6830: 6744: 6659: 5549: 2173: 1665: 322: 212: 7919:

Moremon, John (2004). "No 'Black Magic': Doctrine and Training for Jungle Warfare". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.).

2753:

The Australian Army began training paratroops in December 1942 as an offshoot of the training of Independent Companies. The

9437: 9146: 8528: 7988:

The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944. Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army's Military History Conference

7922:

The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944. Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army's Military History Conference

7619:

The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944. Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army's Military History Conference

6822:

The Foundations of Victory: The Pacific War 1943–1944. Proceedings of the 2003 Chief of Army's Military History Conference

2488:. Until the 25 pounder could become available in quantity, units in Australia and the Far East were equipped with the old 2076:

were waging a guerrilla war against Japanese forces with the support of Australian special forces such as Z Special Unit.

9432: 9422: 9412: 2837: 2754: 2676: 2501:

was developed for jungle warfare. The requirement for a portable field piece in mountainous jungle led to the use of the

2001: 1599: 1583: 1446: 1202: 854:

eventually operated a fleet of 1,900 watercraft and three air maintenance companies were formed to load supply aircraft.

712: 8371: 7805:. History of the Royal Australian Engineers. Vol. 2. Melbourne: Corps Committee of the Royal Australian Engineers. 2384:

to slow orders of motor vehicles to save the shipping space used for sending them to the Middle East for wheat cargoes.

9417: 9380: 9346: 9341: 8934: 8822: 8274: 7647: 2024:

Australian soldiers and local civilians on Labuan Island. The soldier on the left is armed with an Australian-designed

904: 872:

A group of AANS sisters who had previously served in the Middle East at Guildford, Western Australia in September 1942

9370: 9336: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9136: 9089: 9006: 9001: 8954: 8634: 8626: 8601: 8596: 8339: 8315: 8214: 8057: 8038: 8019: 7975: 7909: 7827: 7769: 7743: 7603: 7526: 7507: 7413: 7350: 7331: 7309: 7265: 7204: 7185: 7166: 7147: 7050: 6948: 6929: 6910: 6853: 6805: 6783: 6723: 6704: 6685: 1844:

began on 17 September when the 2/6th Independent Company was air-landed in the Markham Valley. The company

806: 765: 761: 649: 645: 633: 625: 617: 609: 601: 593: 539: 2185:. The three infantry battalions raised for occupation duties were designated the 1st, 2nd and 3rd battalions of the 1645:

began on 22 July when the Japanese began their advance, opposed by an ill-prepared Militia brigade designated "

9514: 9427: 9141: 9044: 8924: 8832: 8771: 8709: 8682: 8586: 8486: 7383:. War and Society. Vol. 11. Canberra: Department of History, Australian Defence Force Academy. pp. 1–21. 2256: 2207: 1668:

to capture the airbases that the Allies had established in the area, two brigades of Australian troops—the Militia

1117: 863: 708: 704: 448: 427: 191: 1318:, believed that the Japanese would land on the north-east coast of the island and deployed the near full-strength 455: 32:

Australian soldiers rest in the Finisterre Ranges of New Guinea while en route to the front line during March 1944

9457: 9374: 9121: 8963: 8894: 8812: 8761: 8714: 7839:

The Strength of a Nation. Six years of Australians Fighting for the Nation and Defending the Homeland During WWII

7431:. Weston Creek, Australian Capital Territory: Centre for Defence Leadership Studies, Australian Defence College. 2735: 2701: 2530: 2008:, also played important roles in the campaign. The goals of this campaign were to capture Borneo's oilfields and 877: 655:

Following the outbreak of World War II a regional command structure was subsequently adopted, with 2 MD becoming

475:—with some elements of the old organisation and some of the new. Consequently, the 6th Division was raised as an 314: 672:. In July 1942 the Military Board's functions were assumed by the commander of the military forces, General Sir 9472: 9167: 9069: 9064: 9039: 9029: 8886: 8252: 7652: 7297: 2146: 1876: 272: 8162:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 5 – Medical. Vol. 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2521:, which began coming off the assembly lines in Australia in July 1942. In turn it was replaced in 1944 by the 2387:

Throughout the war, Australian infantry units were largely equipped with British-designed but Australian-made

1425:(NEI) in the first weeks of the Pacific War. Reinforced battalions from the 8th Division's third brigade, the 575: 9151: 9107: 9059: 8949: 8744: 8386: 2093: 2048:. While it had been expected that it would take only a few weeks to secure Tarakan and re-open the airstrip, 1786:

forces at Salamaua and Lae suffered heavy losses during this campaign, but were able to escape to the north.

1554: 955: 893: 7862:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Vol. 5. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7284:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Vol. 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6959: 1947:

between October and December 1944. The corps consisted of the 3rd Division, 11th Brigade and

1516: 8996: 8776: 8739: 8677: 8591: 8230:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 8181:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 4. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7785:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 5. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7721:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 7. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7702:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7090:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2526: 2498: 2098: 1951:

on Bougainville and the 23rd Brigade which garrisoned neighbouring islands and was supported by RAAF,

1794: 1399: 1298: 1150: 1013: 944: 660: 9373:(1st Signal Regiment, 1st Combat Signal Regiment, 3rd Combat Signal Regiment, 7th Combat Signal Regiment, 7953:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Vol. 2. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6958:

Dennis, Peter (2010). "Australia and the Singapore Strategy". In Farrell, Brian P.; Hunter, Sandy (eds.).

2330:

would challenge the regular officers' contention that they had a special claim to senior command ability.

2040:

off the east coast of Borneo to secure the island's airstrip as a base to support the planned landings at

1664:

inflicted the first notable land defeat of the war upon the Japanese. After the Japanese landed a unit of

9447: 8672: 4890: 4557: 2731: 2636: 2081: 1952: 1912: 1618: 1281: 1162: 1061: 986: 831: 716: 656: 441: 326: 184: 2595:, the ALCV (Australian Landing Craft, Vehicle), was carried out by Army personnel working alongside the 9477: 9272: 9229: 9054: 8729: 8639: 8495: 8444: 2502: 2467: 2396: 1956: 1928: 1908: 1387: 1330:, but the division was unable to turn this back and subsequently withdrew to the centre of the island. 1166: 1146: 1096: 1076: 851: 522:

addition of a light anti-aircraft regiment at divisional level, and a reorganisation of the divisional

349: 282: 107: 1703: 9024: 8978: 8827: 8432: 7495: 2319: 2217: 2213: 2186: 1964: 1944: 1841: 1294: 823: 757: 753: 749: 195: 7061: 6546: 1673:

especially on the Kokoda Track where the Japanese had continued to make progress throughout August.

1032:

In early 1941 the 6th Division and I Corps headquarters took part in the ill-fated Allied

868: 9540: 9504: 9201: 8657: 8566: 8561: 8538: 8461: 8456: 8418: 8379: 2881: 2604: 2517:

soon showed that the 2 pounder could not deal with German tanks, and it was superseded by the

2177: 2068: 2049: 2033: 1968: 1810: 1750: 1681: 1614: 1426: 1355: 1323: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1201:, and another brigade would be dispersed piecemeal to Timor and Ambon. Meanwhile, in July 1941 the 1068: 1045: 1008: 936: 818: 726: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 665: 518: 514: 510: 472: 172: 1394:

At the start of the Pacific War the strategic port town of Rabaul in New Britain was defended by "

183:. Following the outbreak of war on the 3rd of September 1939, 11 days later, on 14 September 1939 9049: 9034: 9016: 8662: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 7985:

Palazzo, Albert (2004). "Organising for Jungle Warfare". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.).

7233:

Hancock, Eleanor (2012). "'They Also Served': Exaggerating Women's Role in Australia's Wars". In

6699:. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. VI. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 2827:. While most of the Australian POWs who died in Japanese captivity were the victim of deliberate 2591:

The Australian Army developed its own landing craft. Development of an Australian version of the

2585: 2556:

The need for tanks to equip armoured units led the War Cabinet to approve the manufacture of the

2514: 2424: 2190: 2138: 1827: 1806: 1669: 1575: 1422: 1408: 1155: 1101: 773: 589: 488: 480: 400: 310: 290: 207: 180: 7199:. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Vol. I. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 6815:

Coates, John (2004). "The War in New Guinea 1943–44: Operations and Tactics". In Dennis, Peter;

1161:

In October 1942, the 9th Division and the RAAF squadrons in the area took part in the

483:, a battalion headquarters, regimental aid post and a headquarters company with various support 9395: 8667: 7440: 2842: 2769: 2668: 2569: 2542: 2522: 2510: 2489: 2475: 2368: 2165: 2141:, Australia was responsible for providing occupation forces for all of Borneo, the NEI east of 2119: 2072: 1985: 1948: 1850: 1817:

on 22 September 1943 and secured the area. The Japanese responded by dispatching the

1474: 1315: 827: 769: 563: 297: 137: 92: 57: 8118: 7105:"Prelude to Invasion: Covert Operations Before the Re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944–45" 7006: 6766: 5008: 2497:

Eventually, 1,527 were manufactured in Australia. A special light weight version known as the

2443:

was the standard infantry anti-tank weapon at the start of the war, but was replaced with the

2063:

and on the coast of Brunei. While Brunei was quickly secured, the Japanese garrison on Labuan

1307: 9482: 6793: 2592: 2518: 2482: 2432: 2237: 2233: 1992:, attacked Japanese forces occupying the island. Allied naval and air forces, centred on the 1940: 1763: 1754: 1642: 1470: 1222: 1053: 781: 399:

during 1940 and 1941 as part of British Commonwealth forces, and later in the jungles of the

337: 127: 7884: 4768: 2652:, Victoria, in 1941, and in March 1943, the Armoured Corps Training Centre was moved there. 1773:

to capture Lae. On 4 September the 9th Division made an amphibious landing to the

1091:, the Australian force entered Lebanon on 8 June and advanced along the coast road and 8914: 8438: 7574: 6736:

Japanese Army Operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua Campaigns, 1942–43

6020: 2761:

in 1945, it did not see any fighting. After the war it participated in the reoccupation of

2705: 2644: 2493: 2471: 2440: 2182: 2005: 1972: 1923: 1823: 1542: 1372: 1367:

airfields which could be used to launch attacks on the Australian mainland. Detachments of

1280:

Following the Japanese invasion on 8 December 1941, the 8th Division and its attached

1218: 889: 777: 613: 555: 132: 1613:

Japanese forces first landed on the mainland of New Guinea on 8 March 1942 when they

466:

An early problem was whether to adopt the British or Australian organisation. In 1939 the

432: 8: 8719: 8401: 4519: 2820: 2506: 2428: 2408: 2303: 2025: 1931:. The division conducted amphibious landings at Open Bay and Wide Bay at the base of the 1903: 1746: 1730: 1693: 1661: 1649:". This force was successful in delaying the South Seas Force but was unable to halt it. 1633:'s South Seas Force at Buna on the north coast of Papua and advancing overland using the 1242: 1187: 1133: 580: 535: 379: 368: 122: 117: 7902:

A Bitter Fate: Australians in Malaya & Singapore, December 1941 – February 1942

7738:. Canberra: The Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Printing Service. 8848: 7758: 6754: 6424: 2799: 2747: 2672: 2657: 2616: 2596: 2534: 2456: 2264: 2123: 2111: 2105:

in Borneo as it took responsibility for the area from the Japanese on 17 September 1945

2056: 2020: 1872: 1638: 1521: 1171: 785: 641: 333: 318: 306: 7642: 6798:

Bravery Above Blunder: The 9th Australian Division at Finschhafen, Sattelberg, and Sio

2447:

in 1943. The heavier support weapons used by infantry battalions the war included the

1684:

and 25th Brigades. Supported logistically by native Papuans who were recruited by the

8724: 8335: 8311: 8294: 8270: 8248: 8231: 8210: 8204: 8182: 8163: 8142: 8110: 8077: 8067: 8053: 8034: 8015: 7992: 7971: 7954: 7926: 7905: 7863: 7842: 7823: 7806: 7786: 7765: 7739: 7722: 7703: 7674: 7666: 7656: 7623: 7599: 7582: 7560: 7541: 7522: 7503: 7481: 7464: 7432: 7409: 7392: 7365: 7346: 7327: 7305: 7285: 7261: 7242: 7219: 7200: 7181: 7162: 7143: 7116: 7091: 7072: 7046: 7029: 6991: 6965: 6944: 6925: 6906: 6887: 6868: 6849: 6826: 6801: 6779: 6740: 6719: 6700: 6681: 6655: 5404: 2847: 2577: 2565: 2280: 1932: 1911:

patrol along the Mosigetta River on Bougainville in March 1945 in the lead up to the

1855: 1845: 1782: 1680:

After this, the Australian forces were heavily reinforced by the 7th Division's

1602: 1501: 1351: 1137: 1084: 951: 629: 551: 527: 492: 8071: 2080:

7th Division landed near the town on 1 July. Balikpapan and its surrounds

1630: 1553:

to invade the Australian mainland. While an invasion was considered by the Japanese

1346:, appealed to the United States for assistance. As Japanese forces advanced through 9102: 8919: 8873: 8858: 7753: 7384: 6677: 2311: 2272: 2221: 2064: 2060: 2013: 1859: 1837: 1579: 1482: 1454: 1404: 1327: 1183: 1129: 1033: 990: 963: 669: 112: 97: 8287:

The Development of Australian Army Jungle Warfare Doctrine and Training, 1941–1945

8225: 8176: 8157: 7948: 7857: 7780: 7716: 7697: 7279: 7085: 7019: 5557: 530:

regiments consisting of 16 guns to three two-battery regiments of 24 guns. An AIF

305:

restricted the pre-war Army to service in Australia and its territories including

8853: 8704: 8409: 7798: 7234: 2794: 2581: 2564:

light tanks were received in September 1941, while the first shipment of British

2538: 2420: 2392: 2323: 1989: 1770: 1652: 1463: 1458: 1414: 1376: 1335: 1303: 1257: 1252: 1088: 1057: 1004: 884:, served on the staff of the Director-General of Medical Services, Major General 811: 715:(VDC), which was a part-time volunteer force of 100,000 men based on the British 621: 605: 500: 496: 363: 345: 255: 168: 102: 8073:

From the Ruins of Empire: The Japanese Surrender and the Battle for Postwar Asia

7326:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin with the assistance of the Australian War Memorial. 2876: 1407:

landed at Rabaul on 23 January 1942. The outnumbered Australian force

566:

units were also raised during the war to provide combat and logistical support.

9360: 8909: 7388: 7104: 2661: 2600: 2315: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2037: 1997: 1774: 1646: 1593:

A map depicting the limit of the Japanese advance in the Pacific in August 1942

1290: 1174:

in January 1943, ending the AIF's involvement in the war in North Africa.

1095:

valley. Although little resistance had been expected, the Vichy forces mounted

1056:. The 19th Brigade was initially successful in holding its positions when 559: 547: 543: 444: 383: 251: 243: 187: 8285: 7877:"Jungle, Japanese and the Australian Army: Learning the Lessons of New Guinea" 7557:

The Proud 6th: An Illustrated History of the 6th Australian Division 1939–1945

1445:

as "Gull Force" to defend these strategic locations from Japanese attack. The

1028:

2/2nd Battalion soldiers during the retreat from northern Greece in April 1941

9529: 8904: 8298: 8262: 8114: 8091: 7944: 7670: 7521:. Australians in the Pacific War. Canberra: Department of Veterans' Affairs. 7468: 7436: 7396: 7120: 6669: 2832: 2758: 2739: 2557: 2485: 2452: 2448: 2327: 2276: 1830: 1798: 1734: 1571: 1493:(ABDACOM) land forces on Java but saw little action before it surrendered at 1438: 1368: 885: 798: 732: 673: 357: 294: 156: 8206:

Crisis of Command: Australian Generalship and the Japanese Threat, 1941–1943

7810: 7707: 7678: 7343:

SAS: Phantoms of the Jungle. A History of the Australian Special Air Service

7302:

Australian Armour: A History of the Royal Australia Armoured Corps 1927–1972

7289: 6177: 2110:

10th Division from existing AIF personnel which would form part of the

1753:" during the war. After the successful defence of Wau the 3rd Division 499:, anti-aircraft and administration. Artillery support was provided by three 27: 8868: 8863: 8235: 8186: 8167: 7958: 7867: 7790: 7726: 7586: 7319: 7275: 7033: 6986:

Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Jean Bou (2008).

6816: 2864: 2828: 2724: 2631: 2580:

was produced as an interim measure until adequate supplies of the Canadian

2460: 2268: 1993: 1634: 1559: 1442: 1246: 1238: 1226: 1193: 1092: 1080: 908: 881: 737: 467: 396: 353: 277: 203: 176: 7076: 6672:(1996). "Australia's War: Asia and the Pacific". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). 683:

the main Army units in Australia were five Militia infantry divisions—the

8477: 7613: 7135: 7095: 2884:

at the dedication ceremony for the Tarakan War Cemetery in September 1945

2812: 2649: 2427:

was introduced but it was eventually replaced by the Australian-designed

2404: 2381: 2241: 2102: 1814: 1534: 1343: 1234: 1210: 680: 8328:

Australian Army Amphibious Operations in the South-West Pacific: 1942–45

8139:

Pacific Fury: How Australia and Her Allies Defeated the Japanese Scourge

7540:. Elite. Martin Windrow (consultant editor). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 7028:. Series 1 – Army. Vol. 6. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2711: 2548: 2122:. Planning for operations against Japan ceased in August 1945 when 1789: 1598:

in the South West Pacific was consolidated under an American commander,

1589: 7693: 7159:

Australian Brass: The Career of Lieutenant General Sir Horace Robertson

6776:

The Unnecessary War: Island Campaigns of the South-West Pacific 1944–45

3390: 2807: 2436: 2388: 2247:

The next most senior regular officers, all colonels, included men like

2195: 2045: 2009: 1922:

on New Britain during October and November 1944 and continued the

1689: 1434: 1395: 1141: 999: 597: 348:

and the munitions industry received only £10,000,000 and the fledgling

341: 7736:

The Six Years War. A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–1945 War

2815:, it was much lower than the rate suffered under Japanese internment. 2529:. The anti-aircraft artillery were equipped with the Swedish-designed 2290:

Blamey briefing journalists on operations around Lae in September 1943

2286: 7500:

At the Front Line. Experiences of Australian Soldiers in World War II

7045:. Loftus, New South Wales: Australian Military History Publications. 2824: 2785: 2762: 2561: 2478: 2416: 2400: 2364: 2225: 1708: 1621:

established observation posts around the Japanese beachheads and the

1322:

to defend this sector. Nevertheless, on 8 February the Japanese

1214: 971: 659:, 5 MD redesignated Western Command, while 1 MD in Queensland became 652:

was later activated in Port Moresby to command forces in New Guinea.

523: 460: 344:. Between 1923 and 1929, £20,000,000 was spent on the RAN, while the 7478:

Australia's War with France: The Campaign in Syria and Lebanon, 1941

7258:

Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army

2115: 1462:

20 February and also surrendered, Australian commandos waged a

744:

The Army was considerably expanded in early 1942 in response to the

440:

Australia entered World War II on 3 September 1939. On 14 September

222:

to Australia. During this year the Army's strength peaked at eleven

218:

The Army was considerably expanded in early 1942 in response to the

9097: 8363: 4600: 4588: 4576: 2774: 2671:. A school, known as No. 7 Infantry Training Centre, was opened at 2608: 2412: 2350:, and they remained underrepresented for the remainder of the war. 1766:. The town was eventually captured on 11 September 1943. 1626: 1466:

against the Japanese in Portuguese Timor until February 1943.

1386:

An oil storage tank explodes during the first Japanese air raid on

1149:, helping to halt the Axis advance. Casualties were heavy, and the 981: 975: 637: 503: 476: 223: 4420: 4372: 4261: 4141: 3246: 3244: 2639:

training in the Watsonville area of North Queensland in April 1944

2474:'s approval to spend £400,000 to construct a plant to manufacture 1805:

After the fall of Lae the 9th Division was given the task of

509:

Three further AIF infantry divisions were formed during 1940: the

332:

From the 1920s Australia's defence thinking was dominated by the "

6886:(1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 2693: 2612: 2584:

became available in 1944. The Australian Army also operated some

1726: 1494: 1206: 1197:

Thursday Island. An AIF battalion was also allocated to garrison

1112: 958:. Given the task of capturing Italian fortresses bypassed by the 794: 538:, was formed in March 1940 along with various support units. The 484: 421: 376: 239: 7803:

Making and Breaking: The Royal Australian Engineers 1902 to 1919

7616:(2004). "Introduction". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.). 7596:

Red Coats to Cams. A History of Australian Infantry 1788 to 2001

4153: 3611: 2055:

The next phase began on 10 June when the 9th Division

6617: 6615: 6346: 6178:"Australian rifles sent to Britain offsettng losses at Dunkirk" 6013:"Car, Armoured (Aust), LP4 4x4 All-Wheel Drive Conversion Kits" 4249: 3787: 3785: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3555: 3241: 2743: 2573: 2142: 2041: 1892: 1505: 1430: 1285: 1230: 1198: 967: 194:(Second AIF), would be formed for overseas service. Meanwhile, 7218:(Third ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 4810: 4783: 4177: 3994: 1213:

in order to protect the airfield, while sections were sent to

962:

during its advance, on 3 January, the division went into

7043:

Never Late: The 2/9th Australian Infantry Battalion 1939–1945

6523: 6511: 6499: 6475: 6463: 5992: 4870: 4800: 4798: 4636: 4237: 2599:. Prototypes were constructed by sappers and launched on the 2572:. The most numerous tank used by the Australian Army was the 1896: 1769:

In early September 1943 Australian-led forces mounted a

1660:

In late August and early September 1942 Australian forces at

1574:. Yet this plan was frustrated by the Japanese defeat in the 1567: 1347: 1067:

The 7th Division, reinforced by the 6th Division's

1049: 1007:

the 9th Division, reinforced by the 7th Division's

531: 7968:

The Australian Army. A History of its Organisation 1901–2001

7883:. Canberra: Australia-Japan Research Project. Archived from 7239:

Anzac's Dirty Dozen: 12 Myths of Australian Military History

6865:

Duntroon: The Royal Military College of Australia, 1911–1986

6612: 6047: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4660: 4033: 3946: 3782: 3567: 3552: 2149:

and sought to hand control of their occupation zones to the

1886: 1382: 8245:

The Second World War and its Australian Army Battle Honours

6576: 6387: 6385: 5184: 5182: 5083: 4846: 3982: 3970: 2607:, the ALCM, was also developed and manufactured by Ford in 2444: 2431:

and the British-designed but Australian-modified and -made

1563: 1450: 1136:

made a stand just over 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of

1044:

While most of the 6th Division returned to Egypt, the

903:

Shortages of manpower also led to the establishment of the

227: 67: 7180:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6964:. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions. pp. 20–31. 6059: 5968: 5932: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5857: 5845: 5758: 5365: 5341: 5317: 5293: 5269: 5257: 5245: 5119: 5047: 4969: 4921: 4795: 4612: 4492: 3934: 3898: 3886: 3838: 3809: 3722: 3380: 3378: 2533:

gun, which was manufactured in Australia, and the British

1457:

in violation of Portugal's neutrality. The force at Ambon

8014:. Coffs Harbour, New South Wales: Phillips Publications. 7425:"The Evolution of Australian Higher Command Arrangements" 7379:

Horner, David (May 1993). "Defending Australia in 1942".

6566: 6564: 6451: 6439: 6397: 6259: 6249: 6247: 6232: 6134: 6035: 5956: 5835: 5833: 5577: 5575: 5223: 5221: 4858: 4723: 4677: 4675: 4539: 4537: 4384: 4285: 4273: 4225: 4213: 4165: 4011: 4009: 3850: 3712: 3710: 3542: 3540: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3307: 2831:

and disease, hundreds were murdered by their guards. The

1350:

towards India in early 1942, the British Prime Minister,

8269:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. 7651:. Vol. 13. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 7559:. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. 6382: 5707: 5611: 5353: 5305: 5179: 5131: 5035: 5023: 4981: 4933: 4834: 4740: 4624: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3601: 3599: 3515: 3513: 3450: 3324: 3322: 2012:

to support the US-led invasion of Japan and British-led

1777:

and began advancing to the west. The following day, the

1342:

from the Middle East and the Australian Prime Minister,

8267:

Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War

6990:(Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 6487: 6196: 6146: 6088: 6086: 5905: 5881: 5794: 5770: 5746: 5494: 5482: 5470: 5448: 5446: 5206: 5194: 5143: 5071: 5059: 4480: 4432: 4408: 4396: 4297: 4057: 3474: 3375: 3363: 3231: 3229: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 2240:, the commander of the 3rd Division; and Major General 1418:, was sunk by a US submarine on 1 July 1942. 8033:. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 7004: 6800:. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 6718:. South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 6600: 6561: 6545:. National Archives of Australia. 2003. Archived from 6336: 6334: 6319: 6283: 6271: 6244: 6220: 6158: 6110: 6071: 5980: 5944: 5869: 5830: 5724: 5722: 5683: 5671: 5659: 5647: 5599: 5587: 5572: 5419: 5281: 5233: 5218: 5167: 5107: 5095: 4957: 4909: 4822: 4711: 4687: 4672: 4534: 4456: 4314: 4312: 4045: 4021: 4006: 3922: 3910: 3874: 3862: 3797: 3758: 3746: 3734: 3707: 3676: 3664: 3635: 3623: 3584: 3537: 3525: 3396: 3346: 3334: 3283: 3271: 2789:

Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand, in 1943

2643:

The Australian Army's pre-war doctrine was focused on

1963:

The 6th Division was assigned responsibility for

1692:

on the north coast of Papua. Australian and US forces

1537:

organisations such as the Volunteer Defence Corps and

569: 317:(First AIF) was raised and served with distinction at 206:

during 1940 and 1941, and later in the jungles of the

8617:

Australian Defence Force School of Special Operations

7324:

High Command. Australia and Allied Strategy 1939–1945

6627: 6208: 5818: 5695: 5155: 4699: 4360: 4348: 4336: 4324: 4189: 4129: 4105: 4093: 4069: 3821: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3647: 3596: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3462: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3319: 3261: 3259: 3171: 2032:

The campaign opened on 1 May 1945 when the

1361: 1284:

units was assigned responsibility for the defence of

1277:, along with four RAAF squadrons and eight warships. 436:

Soldiers from the 19th Brigade in Libya, January 1941

8141:. North Sydney, New South Wales: William Heinemann. 7598:. Sydney: Australian Military History Publications. 6778:. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Macmillan Australia. 6588: 6307: 6295: 6122: 6098: 6083: 5893: 5782: 5530: 5518: 5506: 5458: 5443: 5431: 5377: 4945: 4648: 4468: 3958: 3226: 3195: 1541:, which were modelled on the British Home Guard and 413:

Structure of the Australian Army during World War II

7408:. St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 6988:

The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History

6370: 6358: 6331: 5734: 5719: 5635: 5623: 4309: 3770: 3295: 2172:The Australian Army also contributed troops to the 1421:AIF troops were also dispatched from Darwin to the 1260:

between Singapore and Malaya in February 1942.

1019: 8658:1st Division (Deployable Joint Force Headquarters) 8310:. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 8209:. Canberra: Australian National University Press. 7757: 7622:. Canberra: Army History Unit. pp. xiv–xvii. 7161:. Oakleigh, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. 6961:A Great Betrayal?: The Fall of Singapore Revisited 5806: 4767:. Australia-Japan Research Project. Archived from 4444: 4201: 4117: 4081: 3688: 3256: 3214: 3183: 2750:in the South West Pacific as the Allies advanced. 2259:, which had opened in 1911. Their number included 1048:and two provisional infantry battalions landed at 9536:Military history of Australia during World War II 9263:20th Surveillance and Target Acquisition Regiment 8930:Battle and theatre honours of the Australian Army 7364:. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. 6652:Fallen Sentinel: Australian Tanks in World War II 921:Military history of Australia during World War II 9527: 8031:The Third Force: ANGAU's New Guinea War, 1942–46 7991:. Canberra: Army History Unit. pp. 86–101. 7480:. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. 7463:(45). Canberra: Australian War Memorial: 14–17. 6654:. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. 5329: 2715:Troops and landing craft crews training at HMAS 2391:and support weapons. The standard rifle was the 2168:inspects the Australian Guard of Honour at Kure. 1132:and advanced into north-west Egypt. In June the 8050:Bloody Ridge: The Battle That Saved Guadalcanal 7925:. Canberra: Army History Unit. pp. 76–85. 6900: 6881: 6862: 6825:. Canberra: Army History Unit. pp. 44–75. 6352: 4606: 4594: 4582: 4426: 4378: 4267: 4183: 4147: 393:Mediterranean, the Middle East and North Africa 200:Mediterranean, the Middle East and North Africa 8247:. Roseville, New South Wales: Kangaroo Press. 7406:The Gunners: A History of Australian Artillery 7255: 6543:"Fact sheet 61 – World War II war crimes" 4816: 4789: 2455:. Infantry battalions were also equipped with 2118:which was scheduled for March 1946 under 2067:. After the Brunei Bay region was secured the 947:also served in Britain between 1940 and 1943. 925:Australian Army battle honours of World War II 422:Origin of the Second Australian Imperial Force 8387: 8334:. Canberra: Australian Army Doctrine Centre. 7904:. Canberra: Department of Veterans' Affairs. 7820:All In! Australia During the Second World War 6985: 6517: 6505: 6481: 6469: 4876: 4642: 4159: 4039: 4000: 3988: 3976: 3952: 3791: 3617: 3578: 3561: 3250: 2836:sent to the Japanese home islands where they 1865: 1584:Japanese air raids against northern Australia 1479:attacked Darwin on 19 February 1942 1256:Australian anti-tank gunners overlooking the 7459:James, Karl (2009). "Soldiers to Citizens". 2435:. Infantry platoons were also equipped with 1762:, which staged an amphibious landing to the 1733:in the NEI during 1943 and 1944 as part of " 1379:to report on any Japanese operations there. 417:List of Australian divisions in World War II 6905:(2nd ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 2679:Independent Companies and a nucleus of the 1711:light tanks and infantry in action at Buna. 584:Australian military districts, October 1939 576:Australian Army Reserve § World War II 8394: 8380: 6697:Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics 2793:Nearly 29,000 Australians were taken 2360:Historical weaponry of the Australian Army 2155:Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia 722:Defence (Citizen Military Forces) Act 1943 234:Defence (Citizen Military Forces) Act 1943 8688:Directorate of Army Research and Analysis 8305: 8283: 7782:South-West Pacific Area – First Year 7764:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7752: 7502:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. 7256:Harries, Meirion; Harries, Susie (1991). 6529: 5556:. Australian War Memorial. Archived from 5550:"1st Battalion Royal Australian Regiment" 5542: 4891:"Kokoda, 1942: Australian counter-attack" 2537:. Medium artillery included the American 2189:in 1949, and the 34th Brigade became the 2128:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1887:Mopping up in New Guinea and the Solomons 1694:attacked the Japanese bridgehead in Papua 1686:Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit 1578:and was postponed indefinitely after the 1491:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command 8242: 8136: 8009: 7836: 7817: 7797: 7778: 7554: 7535: 7516: 7494: 6903:The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles 6884:The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles 6773: 6694: 6668: 6621: 6493: 6391: 6202: 6164: 6053: 5800: 5752: 5212: 5149: 5137: 5065: 4975: 4927: 4840: 4734: 4666: 4414: 4402: 4219: 3916: 3856: 3658: 3519: 3468: 3432: 3420: 3384: 3369: 3357: 3328: 3289: 3235: 3208: 3050:Operational areas: non-battle casualties 2875: 2784: 2710: 2630: 2626: 2552:Australian Cruiser Tank Mk. 1 "Sentinel" 2547: 2363: 2285: 2159: 2092: 2019: 1902: 1788: 1740: 1702: 1651: 1588: 1515: 1381: 1251: 1130:defeated the Commonwealth force in Libya 1111: 1083:forces in June and July 1941. With 1023: 980: 950:The Australian Army first saw action in 867: 817: 731: 711:—and the AIF 1st Armoured Division. The 579: 431: 362: 340:(RAN), in order to support the British 276: 8324: 8261: 8174: 8090: 8066: 7984: 7965: 7918: 7899: 7874: 7296: 7281:The Government and the People 1942–1945 7274: 7232: 7062:"Prisoners of the Germans and Italians" 7040: 6732: 6713: 6582: 6289: 6277: 6265: 6238: 6226: 6152: 6140: 6116: 6092: 6041: 5998: 5776: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5089: 5077: 4888: 4852: 4758: 4681: 4555: 4543: 4462: 4438: 4366: 4354: 4255: 4243: 4051: 4027: 4015: 3940: 3928: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3868: 3844: 3832: 3815: 3803: 3764: 3752: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3682: 3670: 3641: 3629: 3590: 3546: 3531: 3504: 3480: 3444: 3340: 2999:POWs escaped, recovered or repatriated 2151:Netherlands Indies Civil Administration 1562:in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, 1549:Despite Australian fears, the Japanese 1511: 1177: 898:Australian Army Medical Women's Service 760:—and three armoured divisions—the 1st, 729:was the only major formation to do so. 9528: 9178:4th/19th Prince of Wales's Light Horse 9173:1st/15th Royal New South Wales Lancers 9080:University of New South Wales Regiment 8451:Special Operations Commander Australia 8202: 8155: 8028: 7970:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 7943: 7855: 7822:. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Australia. 7593: 7581:. Melbourne: Grayflower Publications. 7422: 7403: 7378: 7359: 7340: 7318: 7241:. Sydney: NewSouth. pp. 138–164. 7109:Journal of the Australian War Memorial 7017: 6957: 6848:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. 6843: 6814: 6792: 6606: 6570: 6325: 6253: 6214: 6065: 5986: 5974: 5950: 5938: 5926: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5617: 5581: 5425: 5371: 5347: 5323: 5299: 5287: 5275: 5263: 5251: 5239: 5227: 5161: 5125: 5101: 5053: 5029: 4987: 4963: 4915: 4828: 4804: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4618: 4498: 4390: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4291: 4279: 4231: 4195: 4171: 4135: 3964: 3605: 3492: 3313: 3277: 2082:were secured after some heavy fighting 9075:Western Australia University Regiment 8900:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 8612:Special Operations Logistics Squadron 8467:Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army 8375: 8047: 7640: 7612: 7573: 7475: 7458: 7304:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7142:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 7134: 7059: 6739:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6733:Bullard, Steven (translator) (2007). 6649: 6633: 6594: 6457: 6445: 6403: 6010: 5962: 5914: 5899: 5887: 4864: 4450: 4207: 3456: 3301: 3220: 3177: 3110:Killed/died of injuries or accidents 2513:was also employed. Experience in the 2174:British Commonwealth Occupation Force 1813:landed near the strategic harbour of 213:British Commonwealth Occupation Force 9510: 9321:Special Operations Engineer Regiment 8607:Special Operations Engineer Regiment 8223: 8012:A Tribute to the Darwin Mobile Force 7733: 7714: 7692: 7213: 7194: 7175: 7156: 7083: 7007:"The Army War Effort and Supplement" 6943:. Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers. 6924:. Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers. 6376: 6364: 6340: 6313: 6301: 6128: 6104: 6077: 5839: 5824: 5812: 5788: 5764: 5740: 5728: 5713: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5605: 5593: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5464: 5452: 5437: 5383: 5359: 5311: 5188: 5173: 5113: 5041: 4951: 4939: 4746: 4654: 4630: 4474: 4303: 4123: 4111: 4099: 4087: 4075: 4063: 3776: 3701: 3408: 3265: 3189: 2896:Operational areas: battle casualties 2804:AIF Reception Group (United Kingdom) 1760:US 162nd Regimental Combat Team 1273:—under the command of Major General 1012:the bulk withdrawn from Tobruk. The 202:fighting the Germans, Italians, and 9443:Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 8940:Australian Army during World War II 8293:(PhD thesis). Victoria University. 8096:"What is the Battle for Australia?" 7538:The Australian Army in World War II 7102: 6938: 6919: 6017:Marmon-Herrington Military Vehicles 5335: 5200: 4486: 2780: 2220:, Major General John Lavarack; the 2002:Australian First Tactical Air Force 1918:The 5th Division replaced the 1524:position at Darwin in November 1942 1520:A 14th Heavy Anti-Aircraft Battery 857: 703:—two Militia cavalry divisions—the 570:Forces in Australia and the Pacific 395:fighting the Germans, Italians and 13: 9381:Australian Army Intelligence Corps 8935:Australian Army during World War I 8823:Australian Army Memorial, Canberra 8195: 7648:Australian Dictionary of Biography 4897:. Australia-Japan Research Project 4564:. Australia-Japan Research Project 1979: 1822:of November the 9th Division 1608: 1362:Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul 960:British 7th Armoured Division 896:, the VADs were redesignated the 14: 9552: 9371:Royal Australian Corps of Signals 8357: 7881:Remembering the War in New Guinea 7026:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 7013:. National Archives of Australia. 4895:Remembering the War in New Guinea 4765:Remembering the War in New Guinea 4562:Remembering the War in New Guinea 2853: 2395:, manufactured since 1912 at the 2088: 826:coastal artillery emplacement at 231:Area from January 1943 after the 9509: 9500: 9499: 9045:Royal Western Australia Regiment 8925:Second Australian Imperial Force 8710:Royal Military College, Duntroon 8476: 8403: 7859:The Role of Science and Industry 7641:Lodge, Anthony Brettell (1993). 6535: 6409: 6170: 6004: 5389: 4993: 4882: 4752: 4549: 4504: 3152: 2819:Throughout captivity these POWs 2730:, opened on 1 September 1942 at 2525:, which was manufactured at the 2257:Royal Military College, Duntroon 2208:List of Australian Army generals 2050:intensive fighting on the island 1939:The II Corps continued the 1846:defeated a larger Japanese force 1779:US 503rd Parachute Regiment 1755:began advancing towards Salamaua 1485:and the town's port facilities. 1052:where they formed a key part of 1020:Greece, Crete, Syria and Lebanon 864:Women in the Australian military 449:Second Australian Imperial Force 428:Second Australian Imperial Force 192:Second Australian Imperial Force 26: 8895:First Australian Imperial Force 7950:Air War Against Japan 1943–1945 7216:A Military History of Australia 7178:A Military History of Australia 7087:Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945 7005:Department of the Army (1942). 6901:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). 6882:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1998). 6863:Coulthard-Clark, Chris (1986). 5001:"'Bloody ridges': Wau-Salamaua" 2860:process of demobilisation began 2535:3.7 inch Anti-Aircraft gun 2057:conducted simultaneous assaults 929: 905:Australian Women's Army Service 878:Australian Army Nursing Service 406: 315:First Australian Imperial Force 260:process of demobilisation began 171:was the largest service in the 9168:12th/16th Hunter River Lancers 9070:Adelaide Universities Regiment 9065:Queensland University Regiment 9040:Royal South Australia Regiment 9030:Royal New South Wales Regiment 8818:Colours, standards and guidons 7760:A Concise History of Australia 7653:Australian National University 4761:"New Guinea north coast, 1942" 2466:Not until 17 January 1940 did 2147:Indonesian National Revolution 2036:landed on the small island of 1920:US 40th Infantry Division 1698:US 32nd Infantry Division 1656:Australian troops at Milne Bay 1623:2/5th Independent Company 1447:2/2nd Independent Company 273:History of the Australian Army 1: 9303:6th Engineer Support Regiment 9152:2nd/14th Light Horse Regiment 9108:Far North Queensland Regiment 9060:Melbourne University Regiment 8745:Army Logistic Training Centre 7841:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 7345:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 7060:Field, Albert Edward (1966). 6867:. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. 6642: 6184:. 17 February 1942. p. 2 4512:"The Coastwatchers 1941–1945" 2871: 2838:worked in factories and mines 2463:was also introduced in 1945. 2201: 1858:on 21 April and secured 1555:Imperial General Headquarters 1539:Volunteer Air Observers Corps 1390:on 19 February 1942 1167:2nd New Zealand Division 1128:In mid-1942, the Axis forces 1107: 668:and 8 MD was redesignated as 266: 9298:3rd Combat Engineer Regiment 9293:2nd Combat Engineer Regiment 9288:1st Combat Engineer Regiment 8997:Special Air Service Regiment 8740:Army Recruit Training Centre 8592:Special Air Service Regiment 8325:Wahlert, Glenn, ed. (1995). 7519:The Huon Peninsula 1943–1944 7067:. In Maughan, Barton (ed.). 6846:An Atlas of Australia's Wars 2527:Maribyrnong Ordnance Factory 2353: 2101:passing through the town of 1807:capturing the Huon Peninsula 1666:Special Naval Landing Forces 945:Australian Forestry Group UK 914: 491:including signals, mortars, 7: 8725:Enoggera/Gallipoli Barracks 3397:Department of the Army 1942 2913: 2908: 2903: 2901: 1953:Royal New Zealand Air Force 1619:New Guinea Volunteer Rifles 1499:main aircraft carrier force 1371:were also stationed in the 1163:Second Battle of El Alamein 1140:, at the railway siding of 1071:, formed a key part of the 1034:expedition to defend Greece 832:La Perouse, New South Wales 463:to become part of the AIF. 215:(BCOF) in Japan from 1946. 10: 9557: 9385:1st Intelligence Battalion 9055:Sydney University Regiment 8640:Oakey Army Aviation Centre 8306:Threlfall, Adrian (2014). 8284:Threlfall, Adrian (2008). 8076:. New York: Random House. 7837:McKernan, Michael (2006). 7818:McKernan, Michael (1983). 7579:South West Pacific 1941–45 7389:10.1179/072924793791198886 7260:. New York: Random House. 6674:Australia's War, 1939–1945 4817:Harries & Harries 1991 4790:Harries & Harries 1991 2963:Died of disease while POW 2949:DOW while prisoner of war 2503:3.7-inch mountain howitzer 2403:semi-automatic rifles and 2397:Lithgow Small Arms Factory 2357: 2218:Chief of the General Staff 2205: 1965:completing the destruction 1957:United States Marine Corps 1929:Allied Intelligence Bureau 1866:Advance to the Philippines 1477:- and land-based aircraft 1320:British 18th Division 1295:Japanese Twenty-Fifth Army 1181: 1147:First Battle of El Alamein 1120:at El Alamein in July 1942 1058:German paratroopers landed 918: 876:Prior to World War II the 861: 852:Royal Australian Engineers 837:The Army also raised many 573: 425: 410: 350:Royal Australian Air Force 270: 9495: 9394: 9359: 9329: 9311: 9280: 9271: 9228: 9200: 9188:10th Light Horse Regiment 9160: 9129: 9120: 9088: 9025:Royal Queensland Regiment 9015: 8987: 8979:Royal Australian Regiment 8971: 8962: 8948: 8885: 8864:Australian military slang 8841: 8795: 8752: 8696: 8625: 8575: 8537: 8494: 8485: 8474: 8425: 8416: 8366:– Australian War Memorial 8364:Second World War, 1939–45 8243:Maitland, Gordon (1999). 7779:McCarthy, Dudley (1959). 7021:The New Guinea Offensives 6714:Bomford, Janette (2001). 6421:Australia's War 1939–1945 5401:Australia's War 1939–1945 5005:Australia's War 1939–1945 4516:Australia's War 1939–1945 3133: 3102: 3048: 2894: 2843:a series of death marches 2825:grossly overcrowded ships 2635:Three infantrymen of the 2187:Royal Australian Regiment 1842:Finisterre Range campaign 1751:operational level command 1471:Japanese invasion of Java 1293:on 14 January, where the 1118:2/8th Field Regiment 1079:which was fought against 740:platoon at Sydney in 1943 534:headquarters, designated 150: 145: 85: 73: 63: 53: 45: 37: 25: 20: 9147:3rd/4th Cavalry Regiment 8529:17th Sustainment Brigade 8445:Commander Forces Command 8419:Australian Defence Force 8175:Wigmore, Lionel (1957). 8159:Middle East and Far East 8156:Walker, Alan S. (1962). 8137:Thompson, Peter (2008). 7966:Palazzo, Albert (2001). 7084:Gill, G. Hermon (1968). 7041:Dickens, Gordon (2005). 6774:Charlton, Peter (1983). 4258:, pp. 177, 197–198. 3140: 2605:Landing Craft Mechanized 2065:held out for over a week 1969:Japanese Eighteenth Army 1945:US Army's XIV Corps 1913:Battle of Slater's Knoll 1877:Pacific Islands Regiment 1783:unopposed parachute drop 1615:invaded Lae and Salamaua 1531:three armoured divisions 1172:left Egypt for Australia 1145:significant role in the 956:4th Indian Division 736:The 13/33rd Battalion's 666:Northern Territory Force 281:Soldiers of the Militia 9098:North-West Mobile Force 9050:Royal Tasmania Regiment 9035:Royal Victoria Regiment 8227:Greece, Crete and Syria 8103:Australian Army Journal 8048:Smith, Michael (2000). 8010:Phillips, Bill (2000). 7643:"Bennett, Henry Gordon" 7555:Johnston, Mark (2008). 7536:Johnston, Mark (2007). 7517:Johnston, Mark (2005). 7476:James, Richard (2017). 6695:Beaumont, Joan (2001). 3028:Total battle casualties 2755:1st Parachute Battalion 2515:Western Desert campaign 2425:Thompson submachine gun 2339:41st Infantry Divisions 2139:South East Asia Command 2034:26th Brigade Group 1986:Borneo campaign of 1945 1576:Battle of the Coral Sea 1502:raided the Indian Ocean 1441:" and to the island of 1423:Netherlands East Indies 1398:", which comprised the 1203:1st Independent Company 1156:Battle of Alam el Halfa 1046:19th Brigade Group 713:Volunteer Defence Corps 612:was primarily based on 550:, were also raised for 401:South West Pacific Area 208:South West Pacific Area 77:80,000 (September 1939) 9377:, 8th Signal Regiment) 9347:22nd Engineer Regiment 9342:11th Engineer Regiment 8808:Enlisted rank insignia 8462:Commander 2nd Division 8457:Commander 1st Division 8203:Horner, David (1978). 7900:Moremon, John (2002). 7875:Moremon, John (2000). 7856:Mellor, David (1958). 7423:Horner, David (2002). 7404:Horner, David (1995). 7360:Horner, David (1992). 7341:Horner, David (1989). 7214:Grey, Jeffrey (2008). 7195:Grey, Jeffrey (2001). 7176:Grey, Jeffrey (1999). 7157:Grey, Jeffrey (1992). 7103:Gin, Ooi Keat (2002). 7018:Dexter, David (1961). 5554:Korea, 1950–1953 units 4889:Moremon, John (2003). 4759:Moremon, John (2003). 4556:Moremon, John (2003). 4246:, pp. 73–87, 177. 3075:Killed/died of injury 2885: 2790: 2720: 2669:unconventional warfare 2640: 2582:Staghound armoured car 2553: 2511:75 mm Pack Howitzer M1 2494:4.5 inch howitzer 2372: 2306:, Leslie Morshead and 2291: 2169: 2166:Robert L. Eichelberger 2106: 2073:landed in North Borneo 2029: 1949:Fiji Infantry Regiment 1943:after it replaced the 1915: 1802: 1729:on the south coast of 1712: 1657: 1594: 1525: 1469:In the lead-up to the 1391: 1316:Arthur Ernest Percival 1261: 1121: 1087:from the RAAF and the 1077:Syria–Lebanon campaign 1029: 994: 873: 834: 741: 636:encompassed forces in 585: 513:in February 1940, the 437: 372: 286: 250:were not suitable for 79:476,000 (peak in 1942) 9337:5th Engineer Regiment 9220:6th Aviation Regiment 9215:5th Aviation Regiment 9210:1st Aviation Regiment 9137:1st Armoured Regiment 9007:2nd Commando Regiment 9002:1st Commando Regiment 8803:Officer rank insignia 8635:16th Aviation Brigade 8602:2nd Commando Regiment 8597:1st Commando Regiment 8029:Powell, Alan (2003). 7069:Tobruk and El Alamein 6844:Coates, John (2006). 6716:Soldiers of the Queen 6650:Beale, Peter (2011). 6001:, pp. 61–65, 73. 5767:, pp. 57, 70–71. 3104:Non-operational areas 2935:Died of wounds (DOW) 2879: 2806:was established near 2788: 2748:amphibious operations 2714: 2702:jungle warfare school 2634: 2627:Training and doctrine 2593:Landing Craft Assault 2551: 2499:Short 25 pounder 2433:Austen submachine gun 2367: 2289: 2238:Edmund Drake-Brockman 2234:Quartermaster General 2163: 2096: 2023: 1941:Bougainville campaign 1906: 1795:2/16th Battalion 1792: 1741:New Guinea offensives 1706: 1655: 1643:Kokoda Track campaign 1592: 1519: 1400:2/22nd Battalion 1385: 1255: 1249:to act as observers. 1151:2/28th Battalion 1115: 1054:the island's defences 1027: 1014:2/13th Battalion 984: 871: 843:coastal defence units 821: 807:3rd Army Tank Brigade 735: 709:2nd Cavalry Divisions 650:8th Military District 646:7th Military District 594:1st Military District 583: 540:1st Armoured Division 435: 366: 338:Royal Australian Navy 280: 9142:2nd Cavalry Regiment 8915:Desert Mounted Corps 8730:Army Aviation Centre 8587:Special Forces Group 8439:Deputy Chief of Army 8224:Long, Gavin (1953). 8052:. New York: Pocket. 7734:Long, Gavin (1973). 7715:Long, Gavin (1963). 7594:Kuring, Ian (2004). 7381:The Pacific War 1942 7140:Guns of the Regiment 6353:Coulthard-Clark 1986 4607:Coulthard-Clark 2001 4595:Coulthard-Clark 2001 4583:Coulthard-Clark 2001 4427:Coulthard-Clark 2001 4379:Coulthard-Clark 1998 4268:Coulthard-Clark 1998 4184:Coulthard-Clark 2001 4148:Coulthard-Clark 2001 3122:Wounds and injuries 3089:Wounds and injuries 2978:Total killed or died 2821:were treated harshly 2706:Canungra, Queensland 2645:conventional warfare 2453:Stokes 3-inch mortar 2441:Boys anti-tank rifle 2348:General Headquarters 2224:, Major General Sir 2183:Hiroshima Prefecture 2014:liberation of Malaya 2006:Thirteenth Air Force 1973:Torricelli Mountains 1924:New Britain campaign 1801:aircraft at Kaiapit. 1637:to cross the rugged 1625:successfully raided 1543:Royal Observer Corps 1512:Defence of Australia 1473:a force of 242 1409:was swiftly defeated 1373:Bismarck Archipelago 1178:Malaya and Singapore 1158:in early September. 1073:Allied ground forces 1062:2/7th Battalion 941:stationed in Britain 890:Australian Red Cross 768:—organised into the 226:divisions and three 9375:7th Signal Regiment 9183:3rd/9th Light Horse 8767:Historical weaponry 8720:Holsworthy Barracks 8715:Land Warfare Centre 8178:The Japanese Thrust 7718:The Final Campaigns 7362:General Vasey's War 7197:The Australian Army 6941:The Politics of War 6939:Day, David (2003). 6922:John Curtin. A Life 6920:Day, David (1999). 6624:, pp. 122–123. 6585:, pp. 615–616. 6549:on 11 December 2008 6532:, pp. 192–193. 6460:, pp. 821–822. 6448:, pp. 819–820. 6406:, pp. 755–756. 6068:, pp. 476–478. 6056:, pp. 300–307. 5977:, pp. 301–302. 5965:, pp. 214–217. 5941:, pp. 241–242. 5929:, pp. 240–241. 5866:, pp. 325–332. 5854:, pp. 322–323. 5716:, pp. 199–200. 5407:on 17 February 2011 5374:, pp. 414–418. 5362:, pp. 184–186. 5350:, pp. 288–292. 5326:, pp. 286–288. 5314:, pp. 447–453. 5302:, pp. 394–395. 5278:, pp. 278–280. 5266:, pp. 278–279. 5254:, pp. 273–275. 5203:, pp. 623–624. 5191:, pp. 184–185. 5128:, pp. 382–383. 5092:, pp. 177–178. 5056:, pp. 254–257. 5044:, pp. 331–343. 4942:, pp. 251–256. 4867:, pp. 162–193. 4855:, pp. 182–184. 4807:, pp. 233–236. 4749:, pp. 165–196. 4669:, pp. 122–124. 4633:, pp. 186–187. 4621:, pp. 224–227. 4609:, pp. 204–206. 4597:, pp. 207–208. 4585:, pp. 201–202. 4501:, pp. 202–204. 4489:, pp. 452–457. 4429:, pp. 202–204. 4393:, pp. 212–214. 4381:, pp. 197–201. 4306:, pp. 284–285. 4294:, pp. 172–176. 4282:, pp. 168–172. 4270:, pp. 221–222. 4234:, pp. 154–159. 4174:, pp. 144–146. 4162:, pp. 241–242. 4150:, pp. 183–186. 4066:, pp. 156–164. 3943:, pp. 159–161. 3907:, pp. 156–158. 3895:, pp. 155–156. 3847:, pp. 183–186. 3818:, pp. 178–183. 3731:, pp. 293–295. 3620:, pp. 558–559. 3459:, pp. 124–125. 3316:, pp. 106–107. 3253:, pp. 339–340. 2905:War against Germany 2746:in preparation for 2586:amphibious tractors 2507:New Guinea campaign 2409:Vickers machine gun 2251:, Henry Wynter and 1747:Operation Cartwheel 1188:Battle of Singapore 1134:British Eighth Army 894:Order of Saint John 644:was designated the 596:(1 MD) encompassed 369:Darwin Mobile Force 173:Australian military 8577:Special Operations 8109:(2, Winter 2007). 8068:Spector, Ronald H. 7887:on 27 January 2010 6765:has generic name ( 6518:Dennis et al. 2008 6506:Dennis et al. 2008 6482:Dennis et al. 2008 6470:Dennis et al. 2008 6011:Spoelstra, Hanno. 5011:on 16 January 2008 4877:Dennis et al. 2008 4643:Dennis et al. 2008 4522:on 18 January 2009 4160:Dennis et al. 2008 4040:Dennis et al. 2008 4001:Dennis et al. 2008 3989:Dennis et al. 2008 3977:Dennis et al. 2008 3953:Dennis et al. 2008 3792:Dennis et al. 2008 3618:Dennis et al. 2008 3579:Dennis et al. 2008 3562:Dennis et al. 2008 3251:Dennis et al. 2008 2886: 2833:Burma-Thai Railway 2800:Geneva Conventions 2791: 2721: 2673:Wilsons Promontory 2658:Dunkirk evacuation 2641: 2617:Landing Craft Tank 2597:Ford Motor Company 2554: 2457:Universal Carriers 2373: 2343:Allied Land Forces 2292: 2265:William Bridgeford 2170: 2112:Commonwealth Corps 2107: 2030: 1916: 1873:Atherton Tableland 1862:on 24 April. 1824:captured the hills 1819:20th Division 1803: 1722:South West Pacific 1713: 1658: 1639:Owen Stanley Range 1595: 1526: 1522:QF 3.7-inch AA gun 1464:guerrilla campaign 1392: 1262: 1245:, and Lorengau on 1122: 1100:7th Division 1030: 995: 985:Soldiers from the 874: 835: 742: 642:Northern Territory 586: 556:commando companies 438: 373: 334:Singapore strategy 287: 9523: 9522: 9491: 9490: 9355: 9354: 9248:8th/12th Regiment 9196: 9195: 9116: 9115: 8782:Armoured vehicles 8735:Campbell Barracks 8653: 8652: 8351:on 24 March 2016. 8148:978-1-74166-708-0 8083:978-0-375-50915-5 7998:978-0-646-43590-9 7932:978-0-646-43590-9 7848:978-1-74114-714-8 7754:Macintyre, Stuart 7662:978-0-522-84459-7 7629:978-0-646-43590-9 7566:978-0-521-51411-8 7547:978-1-84603-123-6 7487:978-1-925520-92-7 7371:978-0-522-84462-7 7248:978-1-74223-288-1 7225:978-0-521-69791-0 6997:978-0-19-551784-2 6971:978-981-4276-26-9 6893:978-1-86448-611-7 6874:978-0-86861-883-8 6832:978-0-646-43590-9 6746:978-0-9751904-8-7 6678:Allen & Unwin 6661:978-1-921941-02-3 6268:, pp. 79–80. 6241:, pp. 82–83. 6143:, pp. 40–47. 6080:, pp. 36–37. 6044:, pp. 71–73. 6023:on 1 January 2013 5917:, pp. 92–94. 5890:, pp. 72–73. 5842:, pp. 40–41. 5668:, pp. 47–48. 5656:, pp. 22–23. 5620:, pp. 32–35. 5608:, pp. 84–85. 5596:, pp. 43–44. 5560:on 6 October 2012 5176:, pp. 92–94. 5116:, pp. 82–83. 5032:, pp. 57–60. 4990:, pp. 15–16. 4978:, pp. 41–42. 4930:, pp. 38–40. 4771:on 31 August 2007 4222:, pp. 18–19. 4114:, pp. 60–62. 4102:, pp. 55–58. 4078:, pp. 41–43. 4003:, pp. 70–71. 3859:, pp. 12–13. 3411:, pp. 50–51. 3399:, pp. 14–16. 3280:, pp. 23–25. 3180:, pp. 34–55. 3138: 3137: 2921:Killed in action 2910:War against Japan 2848:war crimes trials 2543:5.5 inch gun 2393:SMLE No 1 Mk III* 2281:George Alan Vasey 2198:on 25 June 1950. 2135:Louis Mountbatten 2124:Japan surrendered 2120:Operation Coronet 2069:24th Brigade 1994:US 7th Fleet 1933:Gazelle Peninsula 1811:20th Brigade 1764:south of Salamaua 1603:Douglas MacArthur 1449:was also sent to 1352:Winston Churchill 1299:45th Brigade 1085:close air support 1069:17th Brigade 1009:18th Brigade 993:on 4 January 1941 952:Operation Compass 630:Western Australia 604:included most of 552:irregular warfare 454:In October 1939, 162: 161: 9548: 9513: 9512: 9503: 9502: 9468:Public Relations 9278: 9277: 9127: 9126: 9103:Pilbara Regiment 8969: 8968: 8960: 8959: 8920:Australian Corps 8627:Aviation Command 8492: 8491: 8480: 8408: 8407: 8406: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8373: 8372: 8352: 8350: 8344:. Archived from 8333: 8321: 8302: 8292: 8280: 8258: 8239: 8220: 8190: 8171: 8152: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8124:on 9 August 2008 8123: 8117:. Archived from 8100: 8087: 8063: 8044: 8025: 8006: 8005:on 9 March 2016. 8001:. Archived from 7981: 7962: 7940: 7939:on 9 March 2016. 7935:. Archived from 7915: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7871: 7852: 7833: 7814: 7799:McNicoll, Ronald 7794: 7775: 7763: 7749: 7730: 7711: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7637: 7636:on 9 March 2016. 7632:. Archived from 7609: 7590: 7570: 7551: 7532: 7513: 7491: 7472: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7445: 7439:. Archived from 7419: 7400: 7375: 7356: 7337: 7315: 7293: 7271: 7252: 7235:Stockings, Craig 7229: 7210: 7191: 7172: 7153: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7099: 7080: 7066: 7056: 7037: 7014: 7001: 6982: 6980: 6978: 6954: 6935: 6916: 6897: 6878: 6859: 6840: 6839:on 9 March 2016. 6835:. Archived from 6811: 6789: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6750: 6729: 6710: 6691: 6665: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592: 6586: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6554: 6539: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6491: 6485: 6479: 6473: 6467: 6461: 6455: 6449: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6432: 6423:. Archived from 6417:"Forced marches" 6413: 6407: 6401: 6395: 6389: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6299: 6293: 6287: 6281: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6251: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6218: 6212: 6206: 6200: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6189: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6150: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6090: 6081: 6075: 6069: 6063: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6019:. Archived from 6008: 6002: 5996: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5912: 5903: 5897: 5891: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5867: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5828: 5827:, pp. 9–14. 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5768: 5762: 5756: 5750: 5744: 5738: 5732: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5403:. Archived from 5393: 5387: 5381: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5147: 5141: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5105: 5099: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5007:. Archived from 4997: 4991: 4985: 4979: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4793: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4737:, pp. 9–10. 4732: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4518:. Archived from 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4307: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4193: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4085: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3705: 3699: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3565: 3559: 3550: 3544: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3517: 3508: 3502: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3254: 3248: 3239: 3233: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3156: 3013:Wounded (cases) 2892: 2891: 2813:World War I 2781:Prisoners of war 2541:and the British 2419:as the standard 2312:Heathcote Hammer 2273:Horace Robertson 2236:; Major General 2228:; Major General 2222:Adjutant General 2099:2/31st Battalion 1838:Finisterre Range 1828:4th Brigade 1775:east of the town 1731:Dutch West Papua 1580:Battle of Midway 1483:RAAF Base Darwin 1455:Portuguese Timor 1405:South Seas Force 1205:was deployed to 1184:Battle of Malaya 1097:a strong defence 989:advance through 964:action at Bardia 858:Women's services 812:jungle divisions 670:New Guinea Force 661:Northern Command 648:, while and the 526:from three four- 303:Defence Act 1903 256:jungle divisions 30: 18: 17: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9541:Australian Army 9526: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9487: 9453:Military Police 9399: 9397: 9390: 9362: 9351: 9325: 9313: 9307: 9267: 9224: 9192: 9156: 9112: 9084: 9011: 8989: 8983: 8953: 8944: 8881: 8837: 8791: 8748: 8705:Russell Offices 8692: 8678:Airborne Forces 8649: 8621: 8578: 8571: 8533: 8481: 8472: 8421: 8412: 8410:Australian Army 8404: 8402: 8400: 8360: 8355: 8348: 8342: 8331: 8318: 8290: 8277: 8255: 8217: 8198: 8196:Further reading 8193: 8149: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8098: 8084: 8060: 8041: 8022: 7999: 7978: 7933: 7912: 7890: 7888: 7849: 7830: 7772: 7746: 7683: 7681: 7663: 7630: 7606: 7567: 7548: 7529: 7510: 7488: 7449: 7447: 7446:on 16 July 2012 7443: 7416: 7372: 7353: 7334: 7312: 7298:Hopkins, Ronald 7268: 7249: 7226: 7207: 7188: 7169: 7150: 7125: 7123: 7064: 7053: 6998: 6976: 6974: 6972: 6951: 6932: 6913: 6894: 6875: 6856: 6833: 6808: 6786: 6762: 6761: 6752: 6751: 6747: 6726: 6707: 6688: 6662: 6645: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6601: 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5592: 5588: 5580: 5573: 5563: 5561: 5548: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5424: 5420: 5410: 5408: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5382: 5378: 5370: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5346: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5234: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5148: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5108: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5084: 5076: 5072: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5048: 5040: 5036: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4757: 4753: 4745: 4741: 4733: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4696:, pp. 4–5. 4692: 4688: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4535: 4525: 4523: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333:, pp. 2–3. 4329: 4325: 4317: 4310: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4278: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4134: 4130: 4122: 4118: 4110: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4054:, pp. 5–6. 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931:, pp. 159. 3927: 3923: 3915: 3911: 3903: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3715: 3708: 3700: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3568: 3560: 3553: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3499: 3491: 3487: 3483:, p. xiii. 3479: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3439: 3431: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3387:, pp. 5–6. 3383: 3376: 3372:, pp. 3–4. 3368: 3364: 3356: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3327: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3292:, pp. 7–8. 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3268:, pp. 8–9. 3264: 3257: 3249: 3242: 3234: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3153: 3143: 2880:Members of the 2874: 2856: 2783: 2637:2/6th Battalion 2629: 2570:Borneo campaign 2539:155 mm Long Tom 2523:17 pounder 2509:. The American 2490:18 pounder 2476:25 pounder 2421:automatic rifle 2362: 2356: 2324:Victor Windeyer 2320:David Whitehead 2210: 2204: 2091: 1990:Leslie Morshead 1982: 1980:Borneo campaign 1889: 1868: 1797:disembark from 1771:pincer movement 1743: 1611: 1609:Papuan campaign 1514: 1429:, were sent to 1415:Montevideo Maru 1377:Solomon Islands 1364: 1336:Cecil Callaghan 1258:Johore Causeway 1190: 1180: 1110: 1089:Royal Air Force 1022: 987:2/2nd Battalion 932: 927: 919:Main articles: 917: 866: 860: 746:Japanese threat 657:Eastern Command 622:South Australia 606:New South Wales 578: 572: 548:M Special Units 517:in May and the 430: 424: 419: 411:Main articles: 409: 346:Australian Army 275: 269: 220:Japanese threat 169:Australian Army 165: 152: 81:730,000 (total) 80: 78: 33: 21:Australian Army 12: 11: 5: 9554: 9544: 9543: 9538: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9517: 9507: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9404: 9402: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9378: 9367: 9365: 9357: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9326: 9324: 9323: 9317: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9284: 9282: 9275: 9269: 9268: 9266: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9234: 9232: 9226: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9206: 9204: 9198: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9133: 9131: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9094: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9021: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9010: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8981: 8975: 8973: 8966: 8957: 8946: 8945: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8910:II ANZAC Corps 8907: 8902: 8897: 8891: 8889: 8883: 8882: 8880: 8879: 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8845: 8843: 8839: 8838: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8828:Field marshals 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8758: 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8673:Special Forces 8670: 8665: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8650: 8648: 8647: 8645:Aviation Units 8642: 8637: 8631: 8629: 8623: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8583: 8581: 8573: 8572: 8570: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8500: 8498: 8496:Forces Command 8489: 8483: 8482: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8448: 8447:(COMD FORCOMD) 8442: 8436: 8429: 8427: 8423: 8422: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8399: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8376: 8368: 8367: 8359: 8358:External links 8356: 8354: 8353: 8340: 8322: 8316: 8303: 8281: 8276:978-0521763455 8275: 8263:Pratten, Garth 8259: 8253: 8240: 8221: 8215: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8172: 8153: 8147: 8134: 8092:Stanley, Peter 8088: 8082: 8064: 8058: 8045: 8039: 8026: 8020: 8007: 7997: 7982: 7976: 7963: 7945:Odgers, George 7941: 7931: 7916: 7910: 7897: 7872: 7853: 7847: 7834: 7828: 7815: 7795: 7776: 7770: 7750: 7744: 7731: 7712: 7690: 7661: 7638: 7628: 7610: 7604: 7591: 7575:Keogh, Eustace 7571: 7565: 7552: 7546: 7533: 7527: 7514: 7508: 7496:Johnston, Mark 7492: 7486: 7473: 7456: 7429:Command Papers 7420: 7414: 7401: 7376: 7370: 7357: 7351: 7338: 7332: 7316: 7310: 7294: 7272: 7266: 7253: 7247: 7230: 7224: 7211: 7205: 7192: 7186: 7173: 7167: 7154: 7148: 7132: 7100: 7081: 7057: 7051: 7038: 7015: 7002: 6996: 6983: 6970: 6955: 6949: 6936: 6930: 6917: 6911: 6898: 6892: 6879: 6873: 6860: 6854: 6841: 6831: 6812: 6806: 6790: 6784: 6771: 6745: 6730: 6724: 6711: 6705: 6692: 6686: 6670:Beaumont, Joan 6666: 6660: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6636:, p. xvi. 6626: 6611: 6609:, p. 220. 6599: 6587: 6575: 6573:, p. 217. 6560: 6534: 6530:Macintyre 1999 6522: 6520:, p. 434. 6510: 6508:, p. 433. 6498: 6486: 6484:, p. 431. 6474: 6472:, p. 429. 6462: 6450: 6438: 6408: 6396: 6394:, p. 345. 6381: 6369: 6357: 6355:, p. 152. 6345: 6330: 6328:, p. 266. 6318: 6316:, p. 277. 6306: 6304:, p. 171. 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6256:, p. 228. 6243: 6231: 6219: 6207: 6195: 6182:Canberra Times 6169: 6157: 6155:, p. 126. 6145: 6133: 6131:, p. 126. 6121: 6109: 6107:, p. 130. 6097: 6082: 6070: 6058: 6046: 6034: 6003: 5991: 5989:, p. 319. 5979: 5967: 5955: 5953:, p. 224. 5943: 5931: 5919: 5904: 5892: 5880: 5878:, p. 204. 5868: 5856: 5844: 5829: 5817: 5805: 5793: 5791:, p. 138. 5781: 5779:, p. 168. 5769: 5757: 5745: 5733: 5718: 5706: 5694: 5692:, p. 423. 5682: 5680:, p. 114. 5670: 5658: 5646: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5586: 5584:, p. 219. 5571: 5541: 5539:, p. 578. 5529: 5527:, p. 203. 5517: 5515:, p. 577. 5505: 5503:, p. 214. 5493: 5491:, p. 212. 5481: 5479:, p. 209. 5469: 5467:, p. 569. 5457: 5455:, p. 554. 5442: 5440:, p. 553. 5430: 5428:, p. 206. 5418: 5388: 5386:, p. 549. 5376: 5364: 5352: 5340: 5328: 5316: 5304: 5292: 5290:, p. 282. 5280: 5268: 5256: 5244: 5242:, p. 318. 5232: 5230:, p. 276. 5217: 5205: 5193: 5178: 5166: 5154: 5142: 5140:, p. 445. 5130: 5118: 5106: 5104:, p. 302. 5094: 5082: 5080:, p. 623. 5070: 5058: 5046: 5034: 5022: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4966:, p. 192. 4956: 4954:, p. 259. 4944: 4932: 4920: 4918:, p. 240. 4908: 4881: 4879:, p. 222. 4869: 4857: 4845: 4843:, p. 187. 4833: 4831:, p. 232. 4821: 4819:, p. 405. 4809: 4794: 4792:, p. 403. 4782: 4751: 4739: 4722: 4720:, p. 379. 4710: 4698: 4686: 4671: 4659: 4657:, p. 140. 4647: 4645:, p. 289. 4635: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4587: 4575: 4558:"Rabaul, 1942" 4548: 4533: 4503: 4491: 4479: 4477:, p. 171. 4467: 4455: 4443: 4441:, p. 512. 4431: 4419: 4417:, p. 238. 4407: 4405:, p. 236. 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4345:, p. 203. 4335: 4323: 4308: 4296: 4284: 4272: 4260: 4248: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4198:, p. 127. 4188: 4186:, p. 190. 4176: 4164: 4152: 4140: 4138:, p. 132. 4128: 4116: 4104: 4092: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4044: 4042:, p. 287. 4032: 4030:, p. 107. 4020: 4018:, p. 190. 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3955:, p. 605. 3945: 3933: 3921: 3909: 3897: 3885: 3883:, p. 185. 3873: 3871:, p. 184. 3861: 3849: 3837: 3820: 3808: 3806:, p. 178. 3796: 3794:, p. 559. 3781: 3779:, p. 587. 3769: 3767:, p. 177. 3757: 3755:, p. 175. 3745: 3743:, p. 152. 3733: 3721: 3719:, p. 174. 3706: 3687: 3685:, p. 153. 3675: 3673:, p. 150. 3663: 3646: 3644:, p. 148. 3634: 3632:, p. 147. 3622: 3610: 3608:, p. 138. 3595: 3593:, p. 146. 3583: 3581:, p. 362. 3566: 3564:, p. 359. 3551: 3549:, p. 162. 3536: 3534:, p. 145. 3524: 3509: 3497: 3495:, p. 116. 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3413: 3401: 3389: 3374: 3362: 3345: 3343:, p. 141. 3333: 3318: 3306: 3294: 3282: 3270: 3255: 3240: 3225: 3213: 3194: 3192:, p. 138. 3182: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3149: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3107: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2974: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2873: 2870: 2855: 2854:Demobilisation 2852: 2782: 2779: 2734:, adjacent to 2704:was opened at 2662:Fall of France 2628: 2625: 2601:Brisbane River 2519:6 pounder 2486:anti-tank guns 2483:2 pounder 2355: 2352: 2316:Ivan Dougherty 2308:Edmund Herring 2300:Stanley Savige 2296:Kenneth Eather 2261:Frank Berryman 2253:John Northcott 2249:Vernon Sturdee 2214:Major Generals 2203: 2200: 2137:, the head of 2126:following the 2090: 2089:Post-war years 2087: 2059:in north-west 1998:Thomas Kinkaid 1996:under Admiral 1981: 1978: 1909:61st Battalion 1888: 1885: 1867: 1864: 1793:Troops of the 1742: 1739: 1647:Maroubra Force 1631:Tomitarō Horii 1610: 1607: 1551:never intended 1513: 1510: 1363: 1360: 1275:Gordon Bennett 1179: 1176: 1109: 1106: 1102:entered Beirut 1021: 1018: 931: 928: 916: 913: 859: 856: 758:12th Divisions 640:. In 1939 the 574:Main article: 571: 568: 558:. Many corps, 445:Robert Menzies 442:Prime Minister 426:Main article: 423: 420: 408: 405: 384:jungle warfare 283:56th Battalion 271:Main article: 268: 265: 252:jungle warfare 244:jungle warfare 188:Robert Menzies 185:Prime Minister 163: 160: 159: 154: 148: 147: 143: 142: 141: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 87: 83: 82: 75: 71: 70: 65: 61: 60: 55: 51: 50: 47: 43: 42: 39: 35: 34: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9553: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9531: 9516: 9508: 9506: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9393: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9364: 9358: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9322: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9310: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9270: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9258:16th Regiment 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9018: 9014: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8992: 8986: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8905:I ANZAC Corps 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8876: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8846: 8844: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8698:Installations 8695: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8655: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8628: 8624: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8574: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8536: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8479: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8452: 8449: 8446: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8434: 8433:Chief of Army 8431: 8430: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8415: 8411: 8397: 8392: 8390: 8385: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8370: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8347: 8343: 8341:9780642226679 8337: 8330: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8317:9781742372204 8313: 8309: 8304: 8300: 8296: 8289: 8288: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8228: 8222: 8218: 8216:0-7081-1345-1 8212: 8208: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8160: 8154: 8150: 8144: 8140: 8135: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8097: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8074: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8059:0-7434-6321-8 8055: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8040:0-19-551639-7 8036: 8032: 8027: 8023: 8021:0-9578034-6-X 8017: 8013: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7983: 7979: 7977:0-19-551507-2 7973: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7934: 7928: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7911:1-877007-10-2 7907: 7903: 7898: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7873: 7869: 7865: 7861: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7840: 7835: 7831: 7829:0-17-005946-4 7825: 7821: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7777: 7773: 7771:0-521-62577-7 7767: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7745:0-642-99375-0 7741: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7695: 7691: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7605:1-876439-99-8 7601: 7597: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7562: 7558: 7553: 7549: 7543: 7539: 7534: 7530: 7528:1-920720-55-3 7524: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7509:0-521-56037-3 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7479: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7421: 7417: 7415:1-86373-917-3 7411: 7407: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7354: 7352:0-04-520006-8 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7333:0-86861-076-3 7329: 7325: 7321: 7320:Horner, David 7317: 7313: 7311:0-642-99407-2 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7276:Hasluck, Paul 7273: 7269: 7267:0-679-75303-6 7263: 7259: 7254: 7250: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7208: 7206:0-19-554114-6 7202: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7187:0-521-64483-6 7183: 7179: 7174: 7170: 7168:0-521-40157-7 7164: 7160: 7155: 7151: 7149:0-642-89688-7 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7088: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7054: 7052:1-876439-47-5 7048: 7044: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7027: 7023: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6973: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6956: 6952: 6950:0-7322-7881-3 6946: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6931:0-7322-6413-8 6927: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6912:1-86508-634-7 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6855:0-19-555914-2 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6817:Grey, Jeffrey 6813: 6809: 6807:0-19-550837-8 6803: 6799: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6785:0-333-35628-4 6781: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6756: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6737: 6731: 6727: 6725:0-19-551407-6 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6706:0-19-554118-9 6702: 6698: 6693: 6689: 6687:1-86448-039-4 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6648: 6647: 6635: 6630: 6623: 6622:Beaumont 2001 6618: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6597:, p. 16. 6596: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6572: 6567: 6565: 6548: 6544: 6538: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6496:, p. 48. 6495: 6490: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6442: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6412: 6405: 6400: 6393: 6392:Beaumont 2001 6388: 6386: 6379:, p. 98. 6378: 6373: 6367:, p. 77. 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6343:, p. 72. 6342: 6337: 6335: 6327: 6322: 6315: 6310: 6303: 6298: 6292:, p. 85. 6291: 6286: 6280:, p. 81. 6279: 6274: 6267: 6262: 6255: 6250: 6248: 6240: 6235: 6229:, p. 76. 6228: 6223: 6217:, p. 26. 6216: 6211: 6205:, p. 85. 6204: 6203:McCarthy 1959 6199: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6165:McCarthy 1959 6161: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6119:, p. 39. 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6087: 6079: 6074: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6054:McNicoll 1979 6050: 6043: 6038: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6000: 5995: 5988: 5983: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5911: 5909: 5902:, p. 82. 5901: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5872: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5803:, p. 25. 5802: 5801:McCarthy 1959 5797: 5790: 5785: 5778: 5773: 5766: 5761: 5755:, p. 13. 5754: 5753:McCarthy 1959 5749: 5743:, p. 74. 5742: 5737: 5731:, p. 81. 5730: 5725: 5723: 5715: 5710: 5704:, p. 28. 5703: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5655: 5650: 5644:, p. 45. 5643: 5638: 5632:, p. 50. 5631: 5626: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5602: 5595: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5521: 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5397:"'Surrender'" 5392: 5385: 5380: 5373: 5368: 5361: 5356: 5349: 5344: 5337: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5301: 5296: 5289: 5284: 5277: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5215:, p. 57. 5214: 5213:Charlton 1983 5209: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5170: 5164:, p. 46. 5163: 5158: 5152:, p. 46. 5151: 5150:Beaumont 1996 5146: 5139: 5138:McKernan 2006 5134: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5103: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5079: 5074: 5068:, p. 14. 5067: 5066:Johnston 2005 5062: 5055: 5050: 5043: 5038: 5031: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4989: 4984: 4977: 4976:Beaumont 1996 4972: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4928:Johnston 1996 4924: 4917: 4912: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4841:McCarthy 1959 4837: 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4799: 4791: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4743: 4736: 4735:Johnston 2007 4731: 4729: 4727: 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 10. 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4684:, p. 29. 4683: 4678: 4676: 4668: 4667:McKernan 1983 4663: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4546:, p. 14. 4545: 4540: 4538: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4465:, p. 71. 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4415:Thompson 2008 4411: 4404: 4403:Thompson 2008 4399: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4369:, p. 55. 4368: 4363: 4357:, p. 49. 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4305: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4281: 4276: 4269: 4264: 4257: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4233: 4228: 4221: 4220:Johnston 2007 4216: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4192: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4161: 4156: 4149: 4144: 4137: 4132: 4126:, p. 63. 4125: 4120: 4113: 4108: 4101: 4096: 4090:, p. 54. 4089: 4084: 4077: 4072: 4065: 4060: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4029: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3997: 3991:, p. 57. 3990: 3985: 3979:, p. 58. 3978: 3973: 3967:, p. 42. 3966: 3961: 3954: 3949: 3942: 3937: 3930: 3925: 3919:, p. 12. 3918: 3917:Johnston 2007 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3889: 3882: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3857:Johnston 2007 3853: 3846: 3841: 3835:, p. 94. 3834: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3812: 3805: 3800: 3793: 3788: 3786: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3704:, p. 81. 3703: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3659:Johnston 2007 3655: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3614: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3558: 3556: 3548: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3528: 3521: 3520:Johnston 2007 3516: 3514: 3507:, p. 88. 3506: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3469:Johnston 2007 3465: 3458: 3453: 3447:, p. 92. 3446: 3441: 3434: 3433:Johnston 2008 3429: 3422: 3421:Johnston 2008 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3385:Johnston 2007 3381: 3379: 3371: 3370:Johnston 2007 3366: 3360:, p. 10. 3359: 3358:Johnston 2007 3354: 3352: 3350: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3329:Johnston 2007 3325: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3304:, p. 34. 3303: 3298: 3291: 3290:Phillips 2000 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3252: 3247: 3245: 3237: 3236:Johnston 2007 3232: 3230: 3223:, p. 50. 3222: 3217: 3210: 3209:Johnston 2007 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3191: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3170: 3168: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3147: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2975: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2851: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2787: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740:Bribie Island 2737: 2736:Port Stephens 2733: 2729: 2728: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2659: 2653: 2651: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2624: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2611:and later at 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2558:Sentinel tank 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2468:Richard Casey 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:2-inch mortar 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2370: 2369:QF 25-pounder 2366: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2329: 2328:Selwyn Porter 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2277:Sydney Rowell 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2245: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:Owen Phillips 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2209: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1910: 1907:Men from the 1905: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1736: 1735:Merauke Force 1732: 1728: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1572:New Caledonia 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439:Sparrow Force 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1369:coastwatchers 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1339: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1272: 1271:27th Brigades 1268: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1119: 1114: 1105: 1103: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1026: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1001: 992: 988: 983: 979: 977: 974:and captured 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 901: 899: 895: 891: 887: 886:Rupert Downes 883: 879: 870: 865: 855: 853: 847: 844: 840: 839:anti-aircraft 833: 829: 825: 820: 816: 813: 808: 802: 800: 799:brigade group 796: 790: 787: 783: 779: 775: 774:Second Armies 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 739: 734: 730: 728: 724: 723: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 701:5th Divisions 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 677: 675: 674:Thomas Blamey 671: 667: 662: 658: 653: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 582: 577: 567: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 520: 516: 512: 507: 505: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 464: 462: 457: 452: 450: 446: 443: 434: 429: 418: 414: 404: 402: 398: 394: 388: 385: 381: 378: 370: 367:Men from the 365: 361: 359: 358:John Lavarack 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 327:Western Front 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 296: 292: 284: 279: 274: 264: 261: 257: 253: 247: 245: 241: 236: 235: 229: 225: 221: 216: 214: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 164:Military unit 158: 157:Thomas Blamey 155: 149: 144: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 108:Syria–Lebanon 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 90: 89:World War II 88: 84: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 59: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 29: 24: 19: 16: 9483:Staff Cadets 9253:9th Regiment 9243:4th Regiment 9238:1st Regiment 8939: 8874: 8869:Anzac spirit 8663:Army Reserve 8567:13th Brigade 8562:11th Brigade 8539:2nd Division 8369: 8346:the original 8327: 8307: 8286: 8266: 8244: 8226: 8205: 8177: 8158: 8138: 8126:. Retrieved 8119:the original 8106: 8102: 8072: 8049: 8030: 8011: 8003:the original 7987: 7967: 7949: 7937:the original 7921: 7901: 7889:. Retrieved 7885:the original 7880: 7858: 7838: 7819: 7802: 7781: 7759: 7735: 7717: 7698: 7682:. Retrieved 7646: 7634:the original 7618: 7614:Leahy, Peter 7595: 7578: 7556: 7537: 7518: 7499: 7477: 7460: 7448:. Retrieved 7441:the original 7428: 7405: 7380: 7361: 7342: 7323: 7301: 7280: 7257: 7238: 7215: 7196: 7177: 7158: 7139: 7136:Gower, Steve 7124:. Retrieved 7112: 7108: 7086: 7068: 7042: 7020: 7011:A5954, 299/2 7010: 6987: 6975:. Retrieved 6960: 6940: 6921: 6902: 6883: 6864: 6845: 6837:the original 6821: 6797: 6794:Coates, John 6775: 6763:|first= 6735: 6715: 6696: 6673: 6651: 6629: 6602: 6590: 6583:Hasluck 1970 6578: 6551:. Retrieved 6547:the original 6537: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6494:Beaumont1996 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6429:. Retrieved 6425:the original 6420: 6411: 6399: 6372: 6360: 6348: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6290:Moremon 2004 6285: 6278:Moremon 2004 6273: 6266:Moremon 2004 6261: 6239:Moremon 2004 6234: 6227:Moremon 2004 6222: 6210: 6198: 6188:29 September 6186:. Retrieved 6181: 6172: 6167:, p. 2. 6160: 6153:Hopkins 1993 6148: 6141:Hopkins 1993 6136: 6124: 6117:Hopkins 1993 6112: 6100: 6093:Moremon 2000 6073: 6061: 6049: 6042:Hopkins 1993 6037: 6025:. Retrieved 6021:the original 6016: 6006: 5999:Hopkins 1993 5994: 5982: 5970: 5958: 5946: 5934: 5922: 5895: 5883: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5820: 5815:, p. 7. 5808: 5796: 5784: 5777:Palazzo 2001 5772: 5760: 5748: 5736: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5589: 5562:. Retrieved 5558:the original 5553: 5544: 5532: 5520: 5508: 5501:Spector 2007 5496: 5489:Spector 2007 5484: 5477:Spector 2007 5472: 5460: 5433: 5421: 5409:. 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Sydney: 6643:References 6634:Leahy 2004 6595:James 2009 6458:Field 1966 6446:Field 1966 6404:Field 1966 5963:Gower 1981 5915:Gower 1981 5900:Gower 1981 5888:Gower 1981 4865:Smith 2000 4775:7 November 4568:19 October 4526:26 January 4451:Lodge 1993 4208:James 2017 3457:Beale 2011 3302:Keogh 1965 3221:Keogh 1965 3178:Keogh 1965 2872:Casualties 2808:Eastbourne 2732:Nelson Bay 2566:Matilda II 2479:field guns 2389:small arms 2380:urged the 2358:See also: 2206:See also: 2202:Leadership 2196:Korean War 2046:Balikpapan 2010:Brunei Bay 1831:in pursuit 1690:bridgehead 1435:West Timor 1412:transport 1396:Lark Force 1182:See also: 1142:El Alamein 1138:Alexandria 1108:El Alamein 1000:rear guard 862:See also: 828:Fort Banks 717:Home Guard 598:Queensland 590:Federation 461:battalions 342:Royal Navy 311:New Guinea 267:Background 153:commanders 146:Commanders 123:New Guinea 54:Allegiance 9463:Education 9433:Transport 9408:Chaplains 9273:Engineers 9230:Artillery 8955:Regiments 8877:newspaper 8796:Personnel 8787:Artillery 8487:Structure 8453:(SOCAUST) 8299:428961444 8115:1448-2843 7671:1833-7538 7469:1328-2727 7437:223740949 7397:0729-2473 7121:1327-0141 6755:cite book 6553:4 January 6377:Long 1963 6365:Long 1963 6341:Long 1963 6314:Gill 1968 6302:Gill 1968 6129:Grey 2001 6105:Grey 2001 6078:Long 1963 5840:Long 1952 5825:Long 1952 5813:Long 1952 5789:Grey 2001 5765:Long 1963 5741:Grey 1992 5729:Grey 1992 5714:Grey 2001 5666:Long 1952 5654:Long 1952 5642:Long 1952 5630:Long 1952 5606:Long 1952 5594:Long 1952 5537:Long 1963 5525:Grey 2008 5513:Long 1963 5465:Long 1963 5453:Long 1963 5438:Long 1963 5384:Long 1963 5360:Grey 1999 5312:Long 1973 5189:Grey 1999 5174:Long 1963 5114:Long 1963 5042:Long 1973 5015:1 January 4952:Long 1973 4940:Long 1973 4747:Grey 2008 4655:Grey 2001 4631:Long 1973 4475:Grey 1999 4304:Long 1973 4124:Long 1973 4112:Long 1973 4100:Long 1973 4088:Long 1973 4076:Long 1973 4064:Grey 2008 3777:Long 1963 3702:Long 1963 3409:Long 1952 3266:Long 1952 3190:Grey 2008 3166:Citations 3146:Footnotes 3059:Australia 2763:Singapore 2562:M3 Stuart 2417:Lewis Gun 2415:replaced 2401:M1 Garand 2354:Equipment 2226:Carl Jess 1662:Milne Bay 1535:auxiliary 1215:Namatanai 972:Cyrenaica 915:Campaigns 782:III Corps 776:, and I, 628:included 620:included 524:artillery 504:regiments 481:companies 380:divisions 321:, in the 319:Gallipoli 118:Singapore 49:Australia 41:1939–1945 9505:Category 9473:Catering 9438:Ordnance 9202:Aviation 8964:Infantry 8833:Generals 8813:Uniforms 8772:Aircraft 8762:Weaponry 8754:Materiel 8683:Brigades 8265:(2009). 8094:(2007). 8070:(2007). 7947:(1968). 7811:27630527 7801:(1979). 7756:(1999). 7708:18400892 7696:(1952). 7679:70677943 7577:(1965). 7498:(1996). 7322:(1982). 7300:(1993). 7290:33346943 7278:(1970). 7138:(1981). 6819:(eds.). 6796:(1999). 6431:22 March 5336:Gin 2002 5201:Day 2003 4487:Day 1999 3134:Source: 3129:121,800 3064:Overseas 2795:prisoner 2775:Torokina 2770:officers 2759:Sandakan 2609:Brisbane 2429:Owen Gun 2413:Bren Gun 2378:Treasury 2164:General 2026:Owen gun 1781:made an 1627:Salamaua 976:Benghazi 824:9.2-inch 795:brigades 786:ordnance 638:Tasmania 632:and the 614:Victoria 497:pioneers 493:carriers 489:sections 485:platoons 477:infantry 240:brigades 228:armoured 224:infantry 9515:Commons 9423:Nursing 9413:Medical 9400:support 9398:service 9363:support 9330:Reserve 9312:Special 9281:Regular 9161:Reserve 9130:Regular 9017:Reserve 8988:Special 8972:Regular 8887:History 8842:Culture 8579:Command 8469:(RSM-A) 8426:Command 8236:3134080 8187:3134219 8168:6162767 7959:1990609 7868:4092792 7791:3134247 7727:1297619 7587:7185705 7461:Wartime 7237:(ed.). 7034:2028994 4901:13 July 3098:33,196 3095:24,000 3022:21,853 3019:13,275 3008:20,920 3005:13,865 2930:11,323 2865:regular 2727:Assault 2717:Assault 2694:malaria 2613:Geelong 2505:in the 2472:Cabinet 2470:obtain 2038:Tarakan 2017:ahead. 1967:of the 1727:Merauke 1600:General 1495:Bandung 1475:carrier 1431:Koepang 1225:in the 1207:Kavieng 939:) were 564:service 560:support 536:I Corps 528:battery 377:cavalry 295:Scullin 291:Militia 285:in 1937 181:Militia 175:during 151:Notable 46:Country 9418:Dental 9396:Combat 9361:Combat 9314:Forces 9122:Armour 8990:Forces 8859:Digger 8338: 8314: 8297: 8273: 8251: 8234: 8213: 8185: 8166: 8145: 8113: 8080: 8056: 8037: 8018: 7995: 7974: 7957: 7929: 7908: 7866: 7845: 7826: 7809: 7789: 7768: 7742: 7725: 7706: 7677: 7669: 7659: 7626: 7602: 7585: 7563: 7544: 7525: 7506: 7484: 7467: 7450:4 June 7435: 7412: 7395: 7368: 7349: 7330: 7308: 7288: 7264: 7245: 7222: 7203: 7184: 7165: 7146: 7126:4 June 7119: 7094: 7077:954993 7075: 7049: 7032: 6994: 6968: 6947: 6928: 6909: 6890: 6871: 6852: 6829: 6804: 6782: 6743: 6722: 6703: 6684: 6658: 3117:1,795 3092:9,196 3084:1,088 3043:61,448 3038:42,276 3033:19,172 3016:8,578 3002:7,055 2993:18,675 2988:15,136 2972:5,455 2969:5,360 2944:1,794 2941:1,093 2927:8,635 2924:2,688 2744:Cairns 2574:M3 Lee 2439:. The 2232:, the 2143:Lombok 2116:Honshū 2061:Labuan 2042:Brunei 2000:, the 1893:Aitape 1860:Madang 1856:Saidor 1840:. The 1809:. The 1799:Dakota 1709:Stuart 1641:. 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Australian Army during World War II

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