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911:
124:
27:
396:
632:
983:
1337:
110:
1147:, under his new title of Earl of Glamorgan, on the King's behalf, which promised further concessions to Irish Catholics in the future. Being a very wealthy English Catholic royalist, Glamorgan was sent to Ireland in late June 1645 with secret orders from Charles to agree to the Confederates' demands in return for an Irish Catholic army that would fight for the King in England. The plan would be anathema to most English Protestants at the time. A copy of Glamorgan's secret orders was publicised by the
379:
679:, which would be overseen by a national council for the whole island. It vowed to punish misdeeds by Confederate soldiers and to excommunicate any Catholic who fought against the Confederation. The synod sent agents to France, Spain and Italy to gain support, gather funds and weapons, and recruit Irishmen serving in foreign armies. Lord Mountgarret was appointed president of the Confederate Supreme Council, and a General Assembly was fixed for October that year.
950:
Catholicism and in June 1645 added the stipulation that the
Catholic clergy should retain all properties taken from the Church of Ireland since 1641. In reality, these were almost impossible to achieve, since they were asking Charles to make concessions he had refused to make to Parliament, while the vast majority of his advisors opposed them on the grounds that doing so would fatally undermine the Royalist cause in England and Scotland.
1281:
1073:
1320:
independent, Catholic
Ireland, with the English and Scottish settlers expelled permanently. Many of the militants were most concerned with recovering ancestral lands their families had lost in the plantations. After inconclusive skirmishing with the Confederates, Owen Roe O'Neill retreated to Ulster and did not rejoin his former comrades until
1127:. At Kilkenny Rinuccini was received with great honours, asserting that the object of his mission was to sustain the King, but above all to help the Catholic people of Ireland in securing the free and public exercise of the Catholic religion, and the restoration of the churches and church property, but not any former monastic property.
1213:
in June 1646 that the
Confederates were in a position to re-conquer all of Ireland. Furthermore, those who opposed the peace were backed, both spiritually and financially, by Rinuccini, who threatened to excommunicate the "peace party". The Supreme Council were arrested and the General Assembly voted
1158:
The nuncio considered himself the virtual head of the
Confederate Catholic party in Ireland. In 1646 the Supreme Council of the Confederates had come to an agreement with Ormonde, signed on 28 March 1646. Under its terms Catholics would be allowed to serve in public office and to found schools; there
949:
Confederate political demands included Irish self-government, secure tenure of their lands, amnesty for any acts committed during the
Rebellion, an equal share in government positions and that these concessions be ratified by a post-war Parliament. In terms of religion, they insisted on toleration of
890:
The
Supreme Council also made its own seal, described as follows: "'Twas circular, and in its centre was a large cross, the base of which rested on a flaming heart, while its apex was overlapped by the wings of a dove. On the left of the cross was the harp , and on the right the crown." The motto on
1271:
However, Charles granted these terms only out of desperation and later repudiated them. Under the terms of the agreement, the
Confederation was to dissolve itself, place its troops under royalist commanders and accept English royalist troops. Inchiquin also defected from the Parliament and rejoined
1259:
These setbacks made most
Confederates much more eager to come to reach an agreement with the royalists and negotiations were re-opened. The Supreme Council received generous terms from Charles I and Ormonde, including toleration of the Catholic religion, a commitment to repealing Poyning's Law (and
1204:
Many believed the
Supreme Council were unreliable since many of them were related to Ormonde or otherwise bound to him. Besides, it was pointed out that the English Civil War had already been decided in the English Parliament's favour and that sending Irish troops to the royalists would be a futile
961:
Irish. While many historians dispute the extent of the differences between the two groups, there are significant variations in terms of political, religious and economic objectives. In general, the Old
English wanted to regain the power and influence they had lost under the Tudors and although they
1292:
refused to join the new royalist alliance and fought a brief internal civil war with the royalists and Confederates in the summer of 1648. So alienated was O'Neill by what he considered to be a betrayal of Catholic war aims that he tried to make a separate peace with the English Parliament and was
1398:
and the ensuing Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) caused massive loss of life and ended with the confiscation of almost all Irish Catholic-owned land in the 1650s, though some was re-granted in the 1660s. The end of the period cemented the English colonisation of Ireland in the so-called
1319:
The real significance of the split was between those landed gentry who were prepared to compromise with the royalists as long as their lands and civil rights were guaranteed, and those, such as Owen Roe O'Neill, who wanted to completely overturn the English presence in Ireland. They wanted an
674:
and vowed to obey all orders and decrees made by the "Supreme Council of the Confederate Catholics". The rebels henceforth became known as Confederates. The synod re-affirmed that the rebellion was a "just war". It called for the creation of a council (made up of clergy and nobility) for each
574:, both to control the popular uprising and to organise an Irish Catholic war effort against the remaining English and Scottish armies in Ireland. It was hoped that by doing this, the Irish Catholics could hold off an English or Scottish re-conquest of the country.
1312:. It is suggested that a particular reason for this was that Gaelic Irish had lost much land and power since the English conquest of Ireland and hence had become radical in their demands. However, there were members of both ethnicities on each side. For example,
1704:: "One of the earliest documents signed with this great seal was an order to raise thirty thousand pounds sterling in Leinster, and at the same time, in the same province, thirty-one thousand seven hundred men who were to be drilled and disciplined ..."
1123:. He took with him a large quantity of arms and military supplies and a very large sum of money. These supplies meant that Rinuccini had a big influence on the Confederates' internal politics and he was backed by the more militant Confederates such as
473:. Its institutions included a legislative body known as the General Assembly, an executive or Supreme Council, and a military. It minted coins, levied taxes and set up a printing press. Confederate ambassadors were appointed and recognised in
1393:
established by the Normans in 1297, but it was not based on a democratic vote. Given their large notional power base, the Confederates ultimately failed to manage and reorganise Ireland so as to defend the interests of Irish Catholics. The
714:
The Assembly elected an executive known as the Supreme Council. The first Supreme Council was elected on or about 14 November. It consisted of 24 members, 12 of whom were to abide always in Kilkenny or wherever else they deemed fitting.
1197:– or the majority of the General Assembly. Nor was the papal nuncio Rinuccini party to the treaty, which left untouched the objects of his mission; he had induced nine of the Irish bishops to sign a protest against any arrangement with
1182:, in Ulster and Munster. Moreover, regarding the religious articles of the treaty, all churches taken over by Catholics in the war would have to be returned to Protestant hands and the public practice of Catholicism was not guaranteed.
974:, since this was the only way to retrieve their ancestral lands; however, they were far less united in their demands than the Old English and it has been argued they formed a pressure group, rather than a distinct political philosophy.
711:. The Assembly resolved that each county should have a council, overseen by a provincial council made up of two representatives from each county council. The Assembly agreed orders "to be observed as the model of their government".
1159:
were also verbal promises of future concessions on religious toleration. There was an amnesty for acts committed in the Rebellion of 1641 and a guarantee against further seizure of Irish Catholic rebels' land by acts of
1151:, and to preserve his support in Protestant England the King had to deny his link and even proclaimed Glamorgan as a traitor. To deter the use of Confederate Irish soldiers in England the Long Parliament passed the
1316:, the Gaelic Irish instigator of the Rebellion of 1641, sided with the moderates, whereas the predominantly Old English south Wexford area rejected the peace. The Catholic clergy were also split over the issue.
941:
loyal to the king, which made reaching an agreement with him a matter of primary importance. As a result, the Confederacy never claimed to be an independent government and since only Charles could legally call
886:
was named head general, as they thought he would sooner or later join the Confederates. The Supreme Council issued an order to raise £30,000 and a levy of 31,700 men in Leinster who were to be trained at once.
1377:, those Confederates who had promoted alliance with the Royalists found themselves in favour and on average recovered about a third of their lands. However, those who remained in Ireland throughout the
1471:: "He convened a provincial synod at Kells early in February 1642 in which the bishops declared the war undertaken by the Irish people for their king, religion, and country to be just and lawful."
1640:: "From these there lay a further request to the supreme council of twenty-four persons who were to be elected by the general assembly of which twelve were to be constantly resident in Kilkenny."
1369:
in 1650. It ended in total defeat for the Irish Catholics and royalists. The pre-war Irish Catholic land-owning class was all but destroyed in this period, as were the institutions of the
1293:
for a short time effectively an ally of the English parliamentary armies in Ireland. This was disastrous for the wider aims of the Confederacy, as it coincided with the outbreak of the
870:
The Supreme Council would have power over all military generals, military officers and civil magistrates. Its first act was to name the generals who were to command Confederate forces:
539:. This prompted them to make an agreement with the Royalists, leading to internal divisions which hampered their ability to resist a Parliamentarian invasion. In August 1649, a large
516:. Charles authorised secret negotiations which in September 1643 resulted in a Confederate–Royalist ceasefire and led to further talks, most of which proved unsuccessful. In 1644, a
1083:
The Confederates received modest subsidies from the monarchies of France and Spain, who wanted to recruit troops in Ireland but their main continental support came from the Papacy.
773:
1582:: "On the 24th of October therefore twenty-five peers,—eleven spiritual, fourteen temporal,—and two hundred and twenty-six commoners had met within the walls of Kilkenny ..."
1537:
1521:
1305:
with the Royalists; but he could not get the Irish Catholic Bishops to agree on the matter. On 23 February 1649, he embarked at Galway, in his own frigate, to return to Rome.
601:. These men would commit their own armed forces to the Confederation and persuaded other rebels to join it. The declared aims of the Confederates were similar to those of Sir
1720:: "But as no act or instrument emanating from the supreme council could be genuine and of force, unless sealed with their own seal, they caused one to be made ..." etc.
1045:
mentioned the financial terms of the Cessation, whereby the Confederates undertook to pay Ormonde £30,000 in stages up to May 1644, half in cash and half in live cattle.
2195:
902:
A National Treasury, a mint for making coins, and a press for printing proclamations were set up in Kilkenny. This first General Assembly sat until 9 January 1643.
520:
landed in Scotland to help Royalists there. The Confederates continued to fight the Parliamentarians in Ireland, and decisively defeated the Covenanter army in the
1448:
1547:
1531:
1502:: "... the synod met at Kilkenny on the 10th May 1642. The Archbishops of Armagh, Cashel and Tuam, with 6 other bishops and the proxys of five more ..."
812:
800:
2200:
2144:
1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.
2017:
1986:
1324:'s invasion of 1649. This infighting fatally hampered the preparations of the Confederate-royalist alliance to repel the invasion of parliamentarian
1302:
1373:
Church. Most of the senior members of the Confederation spent the Cromwellian period in exile in France, with the English Royalist Court. After the
830:
1252:. Then, less than three months later, the Confederates' Munster army met a similar fate at the hands of Inchiquin's parliamentarian forces at the
1260:
therefore to Irish self-government), recognition of lands taken by Irish Catholics during the war, and a commitment to a partial reversal of the
856:
1826:: "... the thirty thousand pounds which by the articles of the cessation was to be paid, half in money and the rest in beeves and ammunition."
1550:: "Lord Mountgarret was appointed President of the Council, and the October following was fixed for a general assembly for the whole kingdom."
933:, which provided funds to suppress the 1641 Rebellion by confiscating "rebel" lands. In order to keep their estates, in the context of the
2072:
1167:
1672:: "It was also enacted that the council should be vested with power over all generals, military officer, and civil magistrates ..."
1144:
1061:
1015:
953:
The Confederate position was further weakened by divisions between the Old English, mostly descendants of those who arrived during the
1612:
883:
785:
590:
744:
621:
1057:
1739:
1723:
1691:
2010:
1707:
1268:– in particular the killings of British Protestant settlers in 1641 – combined with no disbanding of the Confederate armies.
864:
778:
2225:
1152:
790:
1643:
1294:
2210:
594:
1445:
1189:. However, the terms agreed were not acceptable to either the Catholic clergy, the Irish military commanders – notably
1003:
755:
1474:
1458:
1103:, who had moved to Paris in 1644. Innocent received the Confederation's envoy in February 1645 and resolved to send a
2156:
1970:
1755:
1675:
1659:
1627:
1198:
1194:
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In return for the concessions that were made Irish troops would be sent to England to fight for the royalists in the
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875:
795:
70:
48:
1569:
1553:
1505:
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41:
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2003:
1752:: "Along with the mint the supreme council caused printing presses to be set up in Waterford and Kilkenny ..."
1264:. In addition, there was to be an Act of Oblivion, or amnesty for all acts committed during the 1641 rebellion and
1030:
had also landed an army in Ulster in 1642, which remained hostile to the Confederates and to the king – as did the
954:
123:
1813:
2215:
1354:
667:
548:
317:
2230:
1417:
1308:
It is often argued that this split within the Confederate ranks represented a split between Gaelic Irish and
1598:(eds), "Irish Historical Documents 1172–1922". Barnes & Noble London and New York (1943; reprinted 1968)
1228:
After the Confederates rejected the peace deal, Ormonde handed Dublin over to a parliamentarian army under
551:. By May 1652 it had defeated the Confederate–Royalist alliance, although Confederate soldiers continued a
517:
946:, their General Assembly never claimed to be one, although this did not prevent it enacting legislation.
1108:
1077:
738:
1653:
1381:
generally had their land confiscated, with prisoners of war executed or transported to penal colonies.
1313:
1245:
934:
528:
470:
1135:
469:
in the belief they could reach a lasting settlement in return for helping defeat his opponents in the
2205:
1844:
1768:: "The Assembly broke up on the 9th of January , and fixed their next meeting for the following May."
670:
and called on all Catholics in Ireland to take the oath. Those who took the oath swore allegiance to
606:
109:
1840:
1484:
1468:
1174:
must first be approved by the English Privy Council, no reversal of the Protestant majority in the
635:
404:
35:
1765:
1749:
1733:
1717:
1701:
1685:
1669:
1637:
1579:
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1515:
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The first Confederate General Assembly was held in Kilkenny on 24 October 1642, where it set up a
2026:
1866:
1229:
571:
439:
372:
294:
219:
1534:: "Agents from the synod crossed over into France, Spain and Italy, to solicit support ..."
1823:
1400:
1395:
1265:
1253:
1175:
1088:
1026:, objected to the ceasefire and declared his allegiance to Parliament in England. The Scottish
971:
879:
688:
564:
462:
431:
281:
226:
52:
1010:. This ended hostilities ceased between the Confederates and Ormonde's royalist army based in
2095:
1390:
1378:
1309:
1171:
943:
926:
749:
700:
536:
257:
129:
1688:: "Their first act was to name the generals who were to command under their authority." etc.
910:
1353:
invaded Ireland in 1649 to crush the new alliance of Irish Confederates and royalists. The
1261:
1223:
922:
914:
835:
676:
671:
659:
655:
466:
245:
1608:
8:
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2035:
1923:
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586:
211:
2130:
2066:
1910:
1902:
1412:
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was the bloodiest warfare that had ever occurred in the country and was accompanied by
1344:
691:. The Assembly was a parliament in all but name. Present at the first Assembly were 14
663:
613:
458:
454:
359:
1875:
1860:
1966:
1914:
1366:
1210:
1186:
1049:
917:; the Confederates pledged him allegiance, but the two sides struggled to agree terms
851:
807:
708:
631:
602:
582:
552:
521:
474:
395:
1288:
However, many of the Irish Catholics continued to reject a deal with the royalists.
1232:. The Confederates now tried to eliminate the remaining parliamentarian outposts in
2124:
2078:
2039:
1894:
1336:
1297:
in England. The Papal Nuncio, Rinuccini, endeavoured to uphold Owen Roe O'Neill by
1120:
1096:
1064:– their only intervention on the Royalist side in the civil wars in Great Britain.
825:
666:, eleven bishops or their representatives, and other dignitaries. They drafted the
585:. They put forth their proposals for a government to Irish Catholic nobles such as
271:
194:
982:
1452:
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204:
115:
1736:: "Under same seal an order was issued to establish a mint in Kilkenny ..."
2101:
2054:
1595:
1370:
1325:
1240:, but in 1647 suffered a series of military disasters. First, Thomas Preston's
1201:
or the king that would not guarantee the maintenance of the Catholic religion.
963:
767:
692:
598:
540:
532:
478:
190:
164:
150:
1898:
1389:
Confederate Ireland's style of parliament was similar to the landed oligarchy
1143:
The Supreme Council put great hope in a secret treaty they had concluded with
2189:
2171:
2158:
1591:
1566:: "The assembly, therefore, had all the appearances of a parliament ..."
1422:
442:, the Confederates controlled up to two-thirds of Ireland from their base in
435:
216:
703:, along with 226 commoners. The Confederate's constitution was written by a
612:
On 17 March 1642, these nobles signed the "Catholic Remonstrance" issued at
605:, the leader of the early stages of the rebellion in Ulster, who issued the
1856:
1249:
1179:
1104:
1042:
482:
412:
1995:
1885:
Lowe, Lowe (1964). "Charles I and the Confederation of Kilkenny, 1643–9".
1237:
1116:
1031:
1027:
1023:
624:, a majority of the Catholic bishops proclaimed that the rebellion was a
513:
497:
400:
1906:
616:
that was addressed to King Charles I. On 22 March, at a synod in nearby
1038:
1019:
962:
were sincere Catholics, did not support establishing the church as the
867:, representing the Crown, was the final member of the Supreme Council.
651:
501:
1963:
Confederate Ireland 1642–1649 A constitutional and political analysis
1280:
1160:
995:
493:
461:
and greater Irish self-governance; many also wanted to roll back the
570:
The Irish Catholic Confederation was formed in the aftermath of the
1358:
1241:
1091:
to liaise with and help the Confederates' Supreme Council in 1643.
1053:
938:
647:
505:
489:
443:
180:
577:
The initiative for the Confederation came from a Catholic bishop,
1518:: "... declare that war, openly Catholic, to be lawful and just;"
457:. They wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination within the
446:; hence it is sometimes called the "Confederation of Kilkenny".
1362:
1233:
1095:
strongly supported Confederate Ireland, over the objections of
1011:
704:
509:
1170:, which meant that any legislation due to be presented to the
1851:, vol. 11, New York: The Encyclopedia Press, p. 294
958:
643:
450:
1991:
British Civil Wars, Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1638–1660
1072:
1007:
1217:
718:
The members of the first Supreme Council were as follows:
527:
In 1647, the Confederates suffered a string of defeats at
1928:(New revised and enlarged ed.), Dublin: James Duffy
882:
the Munster forces and John Burke the Connacht forces.
1803:
1801:
1244:
army was destroyed by Jones's parliamentarians at the
1130:
1275:
1048:
In 1644 the Confederates sent around 1,500 men under
1776:
1774:
986:
Battle flags of the Confederates included the words
1798:
1786:
2196:States and territories disestablished in the 1650s
994:In September 1643, the Confederates negotiated a "
430:self-government between 1642 and 1652, during the
16:Period of Irish Catholic self-government (1642–49)
1771:
682:
642:On 10 May 1642, Ireland's Catholic clergy held a
2187:
897:For God, King and Fatherland, Ireland is United
1284:Engraving copy of portrait of Owen Roe O'Neill
1205:sacrifice. On the other hand, many felt after
2125:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
2011:
1178:and no reversal of the main plantations, or
488:At various times, Confederate armies fought
485:, who supplied them with money and weapons.
2073:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2025:
1034:of the Scottish settlers living in Ulster.
638:, where members of the Assembly heard mass.
171:"Irishmen united for God, king and country"
156:
142:
90:
2201:States and territories established in 1642
2018:
2004:
1953:Ohlmeyer, Jane & Kenyon, John (eds.),
1145:Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester
893:Pro Deo, Rege, et Patria, Hiberni Unanimes
563:For a military history of the period, see
1343:, who conquered Ireland on behalf of the
1067:
465:. Most Confederates professed loyalty to
399:Replica of a Confederation flag found in
158:Éireannaigh aontaithe le Dia, rí agus tír
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1957:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
1943:, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
1335:
1279:
1134:
1071:
1006:, which was signed at Jigginstown, near
981:
921:The last piece of legislation agreed by
909:
884:Ulick Burke, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde
630:
438:, clergy and military leaders after the
394:
34:This article includes a list of general
1609:"Text of the Orders of 24 October 1642"
1218:Military defeat and a new Ormonde peace
1022:who commanded the Royalist garrison of
1016:Murrough O'Brien, 1st Earl of Inchiquin
449:The Confederates included Catholics of
144:Hiberni unanimes pro Deo Rege et Patria
2188:
1921:
1873:
1865:, vol. 3 (new ed.), Oxford:
1838:
1761:
1745:
1729:
1713:
1697:
1681:
1665:
1649:
1633:
1575:
1559:
1543:
1527:
1511:
1495:
1480:
1464:
1331:
1209:Ulster army defeated the Scots at the
1058:James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose
1999:
1922:Meehan, Rev. Charles Patrick (1882),
1855:
1839:Austin, Sister M. Stanislaus (1913),
1819:
1615:from the original on 14 December 2016
1441:
1439:
1437:
1301:all who in May 1648 took part in the
1056:to support the royalists there under
977:
865:James Tuchet, 3rd Earl of Castlehaven
1987:The Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny
1950:, Cork University Press, Cork, 2001.
1948:Confederate Catholics at War 1641–49
1884:
1807:
1792:
1780:
1446:The Confederate Assembly of Kilkenny
1153:Ordinance of no quarter to the Irish
1060:against the Covenanters, sparking a
20:
745:Hugh O'Reilly, Archbishop of Armagh
622:Hugh O'Reilly, Archbishop of Armagh
13:
1933:
1434:
1276:Civil War within the Confederation
1166:However, there was no reversal of
1119:with the Confederacy's secretary,
874:was to command the Ulster forces,
779:Daniel O'Brien, 1st Viscount Clare
756:Maurice Roche, 8th Viscount Fermoy
434:. Formed by Catholic aristocrats,
92:Comhdháil Chaitliceach na hÉireann
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2247:
1980:
1000:James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde
796:John de Burgh, Bishop of Clonfert
1941:Making Ireland British 1580–1650
1862:The Life of James Duke of Ormond
955:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland
508:, parts of eastern and northern
415:; an explicitly Catholic symbol.
377:
352:
122:
108:
25:
1601:
1585:
1384:
1355:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland
966:. Gaelic Irish leaders such as
937:the Confederates claimed to be
774:Miles Bourke, 2nd Viscount Mayo
668:Confederate Oath of Association
518:Confederate military expedition
1418:Early Modern Ireland 1536–1691
683:The first Confederate Assembly
1:
1925:The Confederation of Kilkenny
1877:A Compendium of Irish History
1874:Cusack, Mary Francis (1871),
1455:. British Civil Wars Project.
555:campaign for a further year.
1428:
558:
541:English Parliamentarian army
424:Irish Catholic Confederation
87:Irish Catholic Confederation
7:
2226:Former countries in Ireland
1406:
1109:Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
1078:Giovanni Battista Rinuccini
905:
403:, Kilkenny; it depicts the
10:
2252:
2211:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
1845:Herbermann, Charles George
1832:
1272:the royalists in Ireland.
1221:
935:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
562:
471:Wars of the Three Kingdoms
422:, also referred to as the
2140:
2111:
2088:
2047:
2033:
1961:Siochrú, Micheál (1998).
1899:10.1017/S002112140002006X
1880:, Boston: Patrick Donahoe
1131:The first "Ormonde Peace"
607:Proclamation of Dungannon
498:Ulster Protestant militia
331:
327:
314:
304:
291:
287:
277:
267:
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210:
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176:
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104:
99:
85:
1887:Irish Historical Studies
1367:fell after a short siege
990:'Long live King Charles'
957:in 1172, and the native
512:, and the region around
426:, was a period of Irish
2236:Provisional governments
2221:17th century in Ireland
2027:Irish states since 1171
1867:Oxford University Press
1451:28 October 2020 at the
1246:Battle of Dungan's Hill
741:, Archbishop of Dublin
440:Irish Rebellion of 1641
373:Commonwealth of England
295:Irish Rebellion of 1641
220:constitutional monarchy
55:more precise citations.
2216:Irish Confederate Wars
1401:Cromwellian Settlement
1396:Irish Confederate Wars
1347:
1285:
1254:battle of Knocknanauss
1176:Irish House of Commons
1140:
1089:Pierfrancesco Scarampi
1080:
1068:Papal Nuncio's arrival
1018:, a rare Gaelic Irish
991:
972:Plantations of Ireland
970:wanted to reverse the
918:
689:provisional government
639:
636:Cathedral of St Canice
565:Irish Confederate Wars
463:plantations of Ireland
416:
282:Irish Confederate Wars
157:
143:
91:
2231:Former confederations
1965:. Four Courts Press.
1849:Catholic Encyclopedia
1391:Parliament of Ireland
1339:
1283:
1222:Further information:
1172:Parliament of Ireland
1138:
1075:
985:
913:
878:the Leinster forces,
752:, Archbishop of Tuam
701:Parliament of Ireland
634:
581:, and a lawyer named
398:
187:Common languages
2096:Republic of Connacht
1262:Plantation of Ulster
1224:Second Ormonde Peace
1214:to reject the deal.
1115:, who embarked from
1105:nuncio extraordinary
786:Viscount Mountgarret
591:Viscount Mountgarret
467:Charles I of England
455:Anglo-Norman descent
318:Cromwellian conquest
2168: /
2119:Confederate Ireland
2061:Lordship of Ireland
2036:Republic of Ireland
1332:Cromwell's invasion
1139:The Duke of Ormonde
1113:archbishop of Fermo
1004:Governor of Ireland
813:Col. Brian MacMahon
763:Viscount Gormanston
650:. Present were the
587:Viscount Gormanston
504:; these controlled
420:Confederate Ireland
306:• Established
2131:Patriot Parliament
2067:Kingdom of Ireland
1946:Lenihan, Pádraig,
1413:History of Ireland
1348:
1345:English Parliament
1286:
1141:
1081:
1076:The Papal Nuncio,
992:
978:The 1643 Cessation
919:
801:Edmund FitzMaurice
750:Malachias O'Queely
640:
614:Trim, County Meath
459:Kingdom of Ireland
417:
405:Coronation of Mary
360:Kingdom of Ireland
2151:
2150:
2075: (1801–1922)
1939:Canny, Nicholas,
1211:battle of Benburb
1187:English Civil War
1155:in October 1644.
1050:Alasdair MacColla
988:Vivat Rex Carolus
862:
861:
817:Sir Lucas Dillon
808:Nicholas Plunkett
770:, Bishop of Down
609:in October 1641.
595:Viscount Muskerry
583:Nicholas Plunkett
553:guerrilla warfare
522:Battle of Benburb
432:Eleven Years' War
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
365:
364:
253:• 1649–1653
241:• 1641–1649
172:
81:
80:
73:
2243:
2206:1640s in Ireland
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2172:52.650°N 7.250°W
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2079:Irish Free State
2048:Governing states
2040:Northern Ireland
2038:(from 1937) and
2020:
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1841:"O'Reilly, Hugh"
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1295:second civil war
1290:Owen Roe O'Neill
1266:Confederate wars
1191:Owen Roe O'Neill
1125:Owen Roe O'Neill
1121:Richard Bellings
1097:Cardinal Mazarin
968:Owen Roe O'Neill
931:Adventurers' Act
872:Owen Roe O'Neill
848:Turlogh O'Neill
826:Richard Bellings
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1934:Further reading
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1341:Oliver Cromwell
1334:
1303:Inchiquin Truce
1299:excommunicating
1278:
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1149:Long Parliament
1133:
1101:Henrietta Maria
1099:and the Queen,
1093:Pope Innocent X
1085:Pope Urban VIII
1070:
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908:
840:Robert Lambert
836:Geoffrey Browne
791:Philip O'Reilly
697:Lords Spiritual
685:
579:Nicholas French
568:
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549:invaded Ireland
545:Oliver Cromwell
409:Queen of Heaven
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1962:
1954:
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1940:
1924:
1893:(53): 1–19.
1890:
1886:
1876:
1861:
1848:
1815:
1788:
1783:, p. 2.
1757:
1741:
1725:
1709:
1693:
1677:
1661:
1645:
1629:
1617:. Retrieved
1603:
1587:
1571:
1555:
1539:
1523:
1507:
1491:
1476:
1460:
1388:
1385:Significance
1349:
1318:
1307:
1287:
1270:
1258:
1250:County Meath
1227:
1203:
1184:
1180:colonisation
1165:
1157:
1142:
1107:to Ireland,
1082:
1047:
1043:Thomas Carte
1036:
993:
987:
952:
948:
920:
901:
896:
892:
889:
880:Garret Barry
869:
863:
857:George Comyn
717:
713:
686:
641:
611:
576:
569:
526:
487:
483:Papal States
448:
423:
419:
418:
413:Holy Trinity
342:Succeeded by
341:
336:
140:Motto:
139:
67:
58:
39:
18:
2175: /
2127:(1649–1660)
2121:(1642–1653)
2104:(1919–1922)
2081:(1922–1937)
2069:(1541–1800)
2063:(1171–1541)
2042:(from 1922)
1762:Meehan 1882
1750:48, line 30
1746:Meehan 1882
1734:47, line 30
1730:Meehan 1882
1714:Meehan 1882
1702:47, line 14
1698:Meehan 1882
1682:Meehan 1882
1666:Meehan 1882
1650:Cusack 1871
1634:Meehan 1882
1619:14 February
1576:Meehan 1882
1560:Meehan 1882
1548:25, line 27
1544:Meehan 1882
1532:25, line 11
1528:Meehan 1882
1512:Meehan 1882
1496:Meehan 1882
1481:Meehan 1882
1465:Austin 1913
1379:Interregnum
1375:Restoration
1365:. Kilkenny
1310:Old English
1117:La Rochelle
1032:Laggan Army
1028:Covenanters
1014:. However,
1002:, Royalist
652:Archbishops
620:chaired by
537:Knocknanuss
502:Covenanters
401:Rothe House
337:Preceded by
268:Legislature
53:introducing
2190:Categories
1822:, p.
1820:Carte 1851
1764:, p.
1748:, p.
1732:, p.
1718:47, line 4
1716:, p.
1700:, p.
1684:, p.
1668:, p.
1652:, p.
1636:, p.
1611:. Ucc.ie.
1578:, p.
1562:, p.
1546:, p.
1530:, p.
1514:, p.
1498:, p.
1483:, p.
1467:, p.
1041:historian
1020:Protestant
944:Parliament
927:Parliament
820:Dr Fennel
500:and Scots
258:Charles II
217:Confederal
212:Government
130:Great Seal
61:April 2009
36:references
1915:164190317
1808:Lowe 1964
1793:Lowe 1964
1781:Lowe 1964
1429:Citations
1207:O'Neill's
1161:attainder
1062:Civil War
996:cessation
939:Royalists
923:Charles I
915:Charles I
730:Connacht
724:Leinster
699:from the
672:Charles I
559:Formation
543:, led by
490:Royalists
246:Charles I
201:Religion
100:1642–1652
2112:See also
1907:30006355
1859:(1851),
1613:Archived
1449:Archived
1407:See also
1322:Cromwell
1242:Leinster
1054:Scotland
1039:Jacobite
906:Policies
733:Munster
677:province
648:Kilkenny
626:just war
597:and the
506:the Pale
481:and the
444:Kilkenny
428:Catholic
181:Kilkenny
2160:52°39′N
1847:(ed.),
1833:Sources
1199:Ormonde
998:" with
727:Ulster
695:and 11
411:by the
316:•
293:•
195:English
177:Capital
49:improve
2163:7°15′W
2133:(1689)
2098:(1798)
1969:
1913:
1905:
1363:famine
1359:plague
1234:Dublin
1012:Dublin
959:Gaelic
705:Galway
660:Cashel
656:Armagh
533:Cashel
510:Ulster
475:France
451:Gaelic
231:
161:
147:
38:, but
1911:S2CID
1903:JSTOR
1843:, in
1087:sent
644:synod
618:Kells
479:Spain
191:Irish
165:Irish
151:Latin
1967:ISBN
1621:2012
1594:and
1361:and
1238:Cork
1236:and
1193:and
1037:The
1024:Cork
1008:Naas
925:and
664:Tuam
662:and
535:and
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