5907:
5279:
5649:
4887:
5883:
5307:
503:
2881:
1993:
5287:
2951:
4159:
3568:
3041:
2354:
4111:
3520:
2992:
2069:
2522:
1646:
142:
2561:
1698:
194:
551:
4327:
3736:
3209:
2237:
2006:
2730:
1880:
376:
5696:
3326:
2855:
539:
4303:
3712:
3185:
2213:
10728:
4291:
3700:
3173:
2201:
4255:
3664:
3137:
2315:
2165:
2704:
1854:
350:
515:
4387:
4123:
3796:
3532:
3269:
3004:
2342:
2273:
4375:
4351:
3784:
3760:
3257:
3233:
2261:
2249:
2691:
1841:
337:
4195:
3604:
3077:
2117:
4243:
4135:
3652:
3544:
3125:
3016:
2378:
2081:
999:
575:
527:
4363:
4183:
4171:
4099:
3772:
3592:
3580:
3508:
3245:
3065:
3053:
2980:
2795:
2535:
2402:
2366:
2105:
2057:
1945:
1659:
491:
441:
155:
2782:
2756:
1932:
1906:
428:
402:
5322:
2600:
1737:
233:
4279:
4147:
3688:
3556:
3313:
3161:
3029:
2938:
2842:
2652:
2548:
2189:
2093:
1802:
1789:
1672:
597:
563:
298:
285:
168:
4231:
3640:
3113:
2769:
2587:
2574:
2509:
2153:
1919:
1724:
1711:
1633:
619:
415:
220:
207:
129:
10740:
10716:
4636:
2925:
2678:
1828:
1685:
324:
181:
3339:
2868:
2639:
1776:
272:
4315:
4219:
3724:
3628:
3197:
3101:
2225:
2141:
104:
2717:
1867:
363:
4411:
3820:
3293:
2414:
2026:
5641:
4339:
3748:
3221:
2626:
2390:
1763:
259:
4207:
3616:
3089:
2129:
2485:
2821:
1971:
467:
4267:
3676:
3149:
2743:
2177:
1893:
389:
2613:
1750:
246:
4399:
3808:
3281:
2285:
2665:
1815:
311:
2808:
1958:
454:
3374:
5716:
was established in early 2007. After the
Russian-Ukrainian Gas Crisis of 2009 the EU decided that the existing external measures regarding gas supply security should be supplemented by internal provisions for emergency prevention and response, such as enhancing gas storage and network capacity or the development of the technical prerequisites for reverse flow in transit pipelines.
5687:(PCA), which will be negotiated in 2007. The energy cooperation with other third energy producer and transit countries is facilitated with different tools, such as the PCAs, the existing and foreseen Memorandums of Understanding on Energy Cooperation (with Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Algeria), the Association Agreements with Mediterranean countries, the
5734:. The fund was criticized for blanket ban on low-carbon nuclear power but also introduction of a loophole for fossil gas. Having the largest workforce dedicated to the coal industry, Poland—followed by Germany and Romania—is the fund's largest receptor. Amounting to €17.5 billion, the fund was approved by the European Parliament in May 2021.
5898:
In a poll carried out for the
European Commission in October and November 2005, 47% of the citizens questioned in the 27 countries of the EU (including the 2 states that joined in 2007) were in favour of taking decisions on key energy policy issues at a European level. 37% favoured national decisions
5764:
The EU mandates the use of 3 million tons of hydrogen per year for the transport and maritime sectors. Challenges to achieving higher production levels include high costs and limited subsidies. In 2024, the
European Hydrogen Bank announced a second auction with a budget of €1.2 billion, which is less
5715:
For ensuring efficient follow-up and coherence in pursuing the initiatives and processes, for sharing information in case of an external energy crisis, and for assisting the EU's early response and reactions in case of energy security threats, the network of energy correspondents in the Member States
5389:
package was to assist up to €115 billion in energy investment through 2027, in addition to regular lending operation in the sector. The
European Investment Bank Group has invested about €134 billion in the energy sector of the European Union during the last ten years (2010-2020), in addition to extra
5260:
it is highly likely that the world will not be able to reach this particular target. The EU might then not only be forced to accept a less ambitious global target. Because the planned emissions reductions in the
European energy sector (95% by 2050) are derived directly from the 2 °C target since
5406:
levels reached over 58 percent, the highest for this period, supported by regulatory measures that mandate storage facilities to maintain at least 90 percent capacity by
November each year. These strategies are part of the EU's broader efforts to diversify energy sources and increase sustainability,
5264:
In 2014, negotiations about binding EU energy and climate targets until 2030 are set to start. European
Parliament voted in February 2014 in favour of binding 2030 targets on renewables, emissions and energy efficiency: a 40% cut in greenhouse gases, compared with 1990 levels; at least 30% of energy
5902:
A similar survey of 29,220 people in March and May 2006 indicated that the balance had changed in favour of national decisions in these areas (42% in favour), with 39% backing EU policy making and 12% preferring local decisions. There was significant national variation with this, with 55% in favour
5478:
acknowledged an EU proposal for an international initiative on energy efficiency tabled in March 2007, and agreed to explore, together with the
International Energy Agency, the most effective means to promote energy efficiency internationally. A year later, on 8 June 2008, the G8 countries, China,
4729:
of 2007 legally includes solidarity in matters of energy supply and changes to the energy policy within the EU. Prior to the Treaty of Lisbon, EU energy legislation has been based on the EU authority in the area of the common market and environment. However, in practice many policy competencies in
5350:
production. Although there is significant variation in national targets, the average is that 22% of electricity should be generated by renewables by 2010 (compared to 13,9% in 1997). The
European Commission has proposed in its Renewable Energy Roadmap21 a binding target of increasing the level of
5691:
Action Plans; Euromed energy cooperation; the Baku initiative; and the EU-Norway energy dialogue. For the cooperation with
African countries, a comprehensive Africa-Europe Energy partnership would be launched at the highest level, with the integration of Europe's Energy and Development Policies.
5801:
The Commission reviewed these measures in December 2016 and proposed to extend them for two years until March 2019. However, in January 2017, 18 out of 28 EU member states voted in favour of shortening the extension period. In February 2017, the commission announced its intention to extend its
5765:
than the initially proposed €3 billion. While there has been early interest, there is some hesitation regarding the signing of offtake contracts. Priority sectors for the use of green hydrogen include green steel production and ammonia. In contrast, sectors such as passenger road transport and
5377:
has managed the European Local Energy Assistance (ELENA) facility on behalf of the European Commission, which provides technical assistance to any private or public entity in order to help prepare energy-efficient and renewable energy investments in buildings or innovative urban transportation
5769:
are given lower priority. The cost of producing green hydrogen ranges from $ 6 to $ 15 per kilogram. A subsidy model similar to that of the United States, which offers $ 3 per kilogram, would require €3 billion annually to support the production of 1 million tons of green hydrogen. Strategic
5137:
The impact of inflation, particularly driven by surging energy prices, prompted around 35% of firms to spend between 25% and 50% more on energy in 2024, further encouraging investments aimed at reducing energy consumption. This aligns with the goals of the Green Deal, where energy efficiency
4941:
improved by 20%. In included mandatory targets for each member state, which differed by member state. While not all national government reached their targets, overall, the EU surpassed the three targets. Greenhouse gas emissions were 34% lower in 2020 than in 1990 for instance.
5014:
The strategy includes a minimum 10% electricity interconnection target for all member states by 2020, which the Commission hopes will put downward pressure onto energy prices, reduce the need to build new power plants, reduce the risk of black-outs or other forms of
5401:
As part of the REPowerEU Plan, the European Union has significantly decreased its reliance on Russian gas by reducing imports from 45 percent in 2021 to 15 percent in 2023, while also achieving a near 20 percent reduction in overall gas usage. By March 31, EU
5378:
projects. The EU Modernisation Fund, formed in 2018 as part of the new EU Emissions Trading System (ETS) Directive and with direct engagement from the EIB12, targets such investments as well as energy efficiency and a fair transition across 10 Member States.
8007:
1446:
5491:
requires member states to ensure that new buildings, as well as large existing buildings undergoing refurbishment, meet certain minimum energy requirements. It also requires that all buildings should undergo 'energy certification' prior to sale, and that
5957:
In September 2010, the German government adopted a set of ambitious goals to transform their national energy system and to reduce national greenhouse gas emissions by 80 to 95% by 2050 (relative to 1990). This transformation became known as the
5133:
to quickly reduce import dependency on Russia for oil and gas. While the policy proposal includes a substantial acceleration for renewable energy deployment, it also contains expansion of fossil fuel infrastructure from alternative suppliers.
9322:
5479:
India, South Korea and the European Community decided to establish the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation, at the Energy Ministerial meeting hosted by Japan in the frame of the 2008 G8 Presidency, in Aomori.
4753:
in Europe. Russia, Canada, Australia, Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear materials to the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total needs in 2009. In 2015, the EU imports 53% of the energy it consumes.
5547:
5842:
research program that run until 2013 only reserved a moderate amount of funding for energy research, although energy did emerge as one of the key issues of the European Union. A large part of FP7 energy funding was devoted to
4706:, binding for all EU Member States. The target involved increasing the share of renewable energy in its final energy use to 20%, reduce greenhouse gases by 20% and increase energy efficiency by 20%. After this target was met,
4765:
package was to assist up to €115 billion in energy investment through 2027, in addition to regular lending operation in the sector. In 2022, the EIB sponsored €17 billion in energy investments throughout the European Union.
7587:"Directive 2010/30/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the indication by labelling and standard product information of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products"
7565:"Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC"
10594:
5247:
Many underlying proposals are designed to limit global temperature changes to no more than 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, of which 0.8 °C has already taken place and another 0.5–0.7 °C is already
5170:, in the European Union, as well as increased competition in the energy markets, improved security of supply, and improved employment prospects. The commission's proposals have been approved at a meeting of the
5051:, 580 km of high-voltage cables laid fully underground. The power line will create an urgently needed link between the wind power generated in the north and the consumption centres in the south of Germany.
5928:
Citizens appear to opt for changing the energy structure, enhancing research and development and guaranteeing the stability of the energy field rather than saving energy as the way to meet energy challenges.
8098:
4922:. It included a target of doubling the share of renewable energy in the EU's energy mix from 6% to 12% by 2010. The increase for the electricity sector was even higher, with a goal of 22%. Two years later
4833:
in the EU context) on integrating the European market. One of the key ideas was that consumers would be able to buy electricity from outside of their own country. This plan encountered opposition from the
5535:/km by 2008, a 25% cut from the 1995 level. Because the target was unlikely to be met, the European Commission published new proposals in February 2007, requiring a mandatory limit of 130 grams of CO
6665:"ENERGY UNION PACKAGE COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL The Paris Protocol – A blueprint for tackling global climate change beyond 2020 - (SWD(2015) 17 final)"
6715:"ENERGY UNION PACKAGE COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL - Achieving the 10% electricity interconnection target Making Europe's electricity grid fit for 2020"
7935:
8016:
7168:"Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council: Renewable Energy Roadmap: Renewable Energies in the 21st century; building a sustainable future – COM(2006) 848 final"
5757:
has set a goal to produce 10 million tons of clean hydrogen annually within the EU by 2030. Additionally, the EU plans to import another 10 million tons per year from countries with cost-effective
4058:
5863:
863:
631:
5122:
package is a large set of proposed legislation detailing how the European Union plans to reach this target, including major proposal for energy sectors such as renewable energy and transport.
5962:. Subsequently, the government decided to the phase-out the nation's fleet of nuclear reactors, to be complete by 2022. As of 2014, the country is making steady progress on this transition.
9766:
5036:
EU Member States agreed 25 January 2018 on the commission's proposal to invest €873 million in clean energy infrastructure. The projects are financed by CEF (Connecting Europe Facility).
4991:
March 2015 that the EU is committed to building an Energy Union with a forward-looking climate policy on the basis of the commission's framework strategy, with five priority dimensions:
9771:
7767:
9481:
6220:
5937:
Energy issues touch everybody and it is therefore hard to distinguish clear groups with differing perceptions. Nevertheless, rough distinction between groups of citizens is sketched.
9186:
6227:
5343:
1108:
4878:
should not done by a single (monopolistic) company. Having energy generation separate would allow for competition in that sector, whereas network operation would remain regulated.
7135:
5044:, a 280 km long off-shore section and a French underground land section. This new link will increase the interconnection capacity between both countries from 2.8 GW to 5 GW.
5604:
subsidy. Air fuel tax 33 cents/litre equal to road traffic would give €9.5 billion. Applying a 15% VAT in all air traffics within and from Europe would be equal to €15 billion.
10760:
1054:
1011:
1003:
4958:
to coordinate the transformation of European energy supply. It was launched in February 2015, with the aim of providing secure, sustainable, competitive, affordable energy.
5558:
by 31 December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005. In February 2007 the European Commission proposed that, from 2011, suppliers will have to reduce
9776:
8585:
7118:
4523:
6052:
10189:
10141:
5465:
9454:
8162:
6021:
5443:
Rising energy costs led to a 5.6 percentage point increase in planned investments in energy efficiency, largely driven by SMEs, increasing from 52.3% to 57.9% in 2022.
10146:
9181:
7933:
7452:
1139:
507:
7362:
10151:
9659:
8694:
8110:
6016:
5596:
In 2018 Germany applied 19% VAT on domestic airline tickets. Many other member states had 0% VAT. Unlike air travel, VAT is applied to bus and rail, which creates
5206:
That the energy supply and generation activities of energy companies should be 'unbundled' from their distribution networks to further increase market competition.
4673:
1094:
7482:
4781:, but three decades later, integration of energy markets had yet to take place. The start of an internal market for gas and electricity took place in the 1990s.
10068:
10028:
6982:
5562:
per unit of energy by 1% a year from 2010 levels, to result in a cut of 10% by 2020 Stricter fuel standards to combat climate change and reduce air pollution.
5115:
1099:
8168:
6087:
5370:
by providing a stable regulatory framework. In addition, it recommends setting a minimum emission performance standard for all new-build power installations.
10179:
9493:
9341:
8491:
7934:
Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi); Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) (28 September 2010).
3362:
821:
7677:
10678:
10199:
10184:
10131:
9171:
5507:, aimed at promoting energy efficiency and encouraging energy-saving behaviour, the Boiler Efficiency Directive specifies minimum levels of efficiency for
10169:
7288:
5906:
10615:
9876:
9022:
8846:
8557:
8250:
8245:
8240:
5921:
EU citizens perceive great future promise in the use of renewable energies. Despite majority opposition, nuclear energy also has its place in the future
3886:
1210:
8128:
The Liberalisation of the Power Industry in the European Union and its Impact on Climate Change – A Legal Analysis of the Internal Market in Electricity
7083:
Moving Targets. Negotiations on the EU's Energy and Climate Policy Objectives for the Post-2020 Period and Implications for the German Energy Transition
6840:
10194:
10136:
6714:
6664:
6156:
Obrecht, Matevz; Denac, Matjaz (2013). "A sustainable energy policy for Slovenia : considering the potential of renewables and investment costs".
1308:
555:
9393:
9352:
9306:
7854:
6814:
5664:, the post-Kyoto regime and a framework agreement on energy efficiency; extension of the EC energy regulatory framework or principles to neighbours (
4730:
relation to energy remain at national member state level, and progress in policy at European level requires voluntary cooperation by members states.
2040:
1356:
10439:
7649:
5516:
5488:
4822:, which was intended to create a single market also for energy. However, three decades later, integration of energy markets had yet to take place.
1248:
1170:
1064:
8689:
8195:
7727:
7551:
7056:
4517:
1485:
990:
4981:
10293:
8116:
7775:
5656:
Beyond the bounds of the European Union, EU energy policy has included negotiating and developing wider international agreements, such as the
10444:
8751:
8255:
8103:
5243:
Energy partnership, to help Africa 'leap-frog' to low-carbon technologies and to help develop the continent as a sustainable energy supplier.
857:
543:
7944:
9135:
8604:
8443:
8438:
8433:
6279:
6135:
5855:
5359:
4666:
1303:
951:
17:
5910:
Half of European respondents to a survey on climate say they expect there will be a quota of energy allocated to each citizen in 20 years.
10248:
9654:
9270:
8667:
7797:
5487:
Buildings account for around 40% of EU energy requirements and have been the focus of several initiatives. From 4 January 2006, the 2002
4513:
3410:
1155:
1089:
1079:
609:
587:
481:
7142:
6253:
4842:. The less controversial parts of the directives—those on price transparency and transit right for grid operators—were adopted in 1990.
4806:
to lessen hostilities between France and Germany by making them economically intertwined. A second key moment was the formation in 1957
9464:
9176:
9150:
9049:
8547:
6595:
6560:
6452:
5079:(EU) climate neutral in 2050. The plan is to review each existing law on its climate merits, and also introduce new legislation on the
4535:
1218:
579:
531:
495:
7417:
7043:
5586:
Airlines can be charged for their greenhouse gas emissions on flights to and from Europe according to a court ruling in October 2011.
9786:
8746:
8640:
6729:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – More growth and jobs: EU invests €873 million in clean energy infrastructure"
5811:
5438:
3430:
1584:
1258:
1198:
936:
761:
623:
601:
567:
9582:
9577:
7431:"Council Directive 92/42/EEC of 21 May 1992 on efficiency requirements for new hot-water boilers fired with liquid or gaseous fuels"
1571:
9503:
9425:
8260:
8145:
8123:
Dupont, C., et al. (2024). Three decades of EU climate policy: Racing toward climate neutrality? WIREs Climate Change, 15(1), e863.
7094:
6042:
5424:
5295:
4498:
4007:
3425:
7187:
4870:, and another on the internal gas market two years later. The directive for the electricity market contained the requirement that
9675:
9530:
9444:
4659:
4468:
4163:
4051:
85:
7107:
5581:
5511:
fired with liquid or gaseous fuels. Originally, from June 2007, all homes (and other buildings) in the UK would have to undergo
10338:
9848:
9054:
8967:
8811:
8776:
8645:
8577:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8402:
8235:
7397:"Directive 2002/91/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2002 on the energy performance of buildings"
6057:
5613:
4773:, which was created in 1951 to lessen hostilities between France and Germany by making them economically intertwined. The 1957
4433:
4423:
1554:
1490:
1343:
1323:
1313:
1236:
1118:
1037:
7082:
4646:
10663:
10348:
9748:
9719:
9604:
9498:
9301:
8650:
8572:
8542:
8393:
7346:
7211:
6910:
6613:
6578:
6470:
5859:
5684:
5600:, increasing demand for air travel relative to other forms of transport. This increases aviation emissions and constitutes a
5278:
4835:
4558:
3951:
3926:
1542:
5212:
The development of a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan to develop technologies in areas including renewable energy,
10668:
10629:
9644:
9599:
9513:
9061:
8741:
8655:
8635:
8552:
8312:
6031:
5720:
4977:
4563:
4508:
4483:
4463:
4458:
4428:
4331:
3914:
3668:
3395:
3388:
1146:
975:
968:
926:
719:
519:
8156:
10449:
10393:
9756:
9714:
9159:
9032:
8928:
8230:
8188:
6109:
6037:
6001:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4478:
4443:
4438:
2019:
1594:
1529:
7534:
10640:
10635:
10398:
10298:
9624:
9364:
9359:
9096:
8613:
8567:
8537:
8478:
8370:
8277:
8222:
6678:
5395:
4622:
4553:
4473:
4448:
4083:
4078:
3367:
766:
656:
117:
6516:
6490:
5761:. However, some experts estimate that actual production in the EU might reach around 1 million tons per year by 2030.
5593:, except for domestic flights and on intra-EU flights on the basis of bilateral agreements. No such agreements exist.
4698:, and integrating the energy markets of member states. An increasingly important part of it is climate policy. A key
10673:
9976:
9761:
9649:
9376:
9327:
9076:
8990:
8962:
8724:
8420:
8317:
8093:
6006:
5914:
A comprehensive public opinion survey was performed in May and June 2006. The authors propose following conclusions:
5589:
Historically, EU aviation fuel was tax free and applied no VAT. Fuel taxation in the EU was banned in 2003 under the
4973:
4799:
4770:
4600:
4453:
3958:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
1564:
1549:
1253:
1193:
1180:
1049:
904:
889:
646:
7622:
5539:/km for new cars by 2012, with 'complementary measures' being proposed to achieve the target of 120 grams of CO
10273:
9906:
9369:
9125:
9066:
8985:
8872:
8816:
8660:
8348:
6874:
6011:
5531:, signed in 1998, to cut carbon dioxide emissions for new cars sold in Europe to an average of 140 grams of CO
5229:
4073:
3420:
2950:
2909:
2426:
2332:
1617:
1589:
1559:
1466:
1351:
1160:
1074:
1059:
8069:
7970:
5866:
and an inititaive for sustainable nuclear fission. The budget for the SET plan is estimated at €71.5 billion. The
5648:
10429:
10241:
9709:
9614:
9594:
9332:
8532:
8520:
8428:
8059:
7610:
7167:
5810:
The European Union is active in the areas of energy research, development and promotion, via initiatives such as
5794:
were selling their products in the EU up to 88% below market prices, backed by state subsidies. In response, the
5253:
4891:
4722:
policy package, which boosts both renewable deployment and fossil fuel infrastructure for alternative suppliers.
4307:
3963:
3881:
3572:
8496:
7586:
7564:
7430:
7396:
7313:
6995:
6189:"EU achieves 20-20-20 climate targets, 55 % emissions cut by 2030 reachable with more efforts and policies"
5282:
In 2020, renewables overtook fossil fuels as the European Union's main source of electricity for the first time.
4854:, which founded the European Union, included no chapter specific on energy. Such a chapter had been rejected by
9724:
9639:
9572:
9518:
9508:
9486:
9386:
9200:
9091:
9086:
9027:
8944:
8786:
8181:
7336:
7314:"Council Directive 2004/67/EC of 26 April 2004 concerning measures to safeguard security of natural gas supply"
6900:
5976:
5673:
5512:
5312:
4968:, introduced the idea of an energy union when he was Prime Minister of Poland. Eurocommissioner Vice President
4295:
1604:
1500:
1265:
1203:
775:
670:
94:
7483:"Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars"
6764:
10608:
9801:
9734:
9704:
9567:
9540:
9381:
9108:
9042:
8995:
8895:
8684:
8677:
8213:
6193:
5688:
5118:
was passed, which legislated that greenhouse gas emissions should be 55% lower in 2030 compared to 1990. The
5102:
as Executive Vice President of the European Commission for the European Green Deal. On 13 December 2019, the
4391:
4379:
4355:
4127:
3859:
3849:
3405:
1425:
983:
636:
7505:
7456:
6783:
5346:, which entered into force in October 2001, the member states are expected to meet "indicative" targets for
4906:
plus United Kingdom pledged an average of 20 percent renewable energy for 2020, and EU27 reached 22 percent.
10770:
10388:
10215:
10113:
9926:
9562:
9449:
9408:
9120:
8900:
8385:
7363:"Rapid – Press Releases – EUROPA – The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC)"
6026:
5429:
The 2004 Gas Security Directive has been intended to improve security of supply in the natural gas sector.
4871:
4367:
4259:
4247:
4223:
4199:
4187:
4175:
4139:
4115:
4103:
3990:
3909:
3904:
3740:
1412:
641:
9285:
7858:
6965:
6926:
6398:
5683:
The EU-Russia energy cooperation will be based on a new comprehensive framework agreement within the post-
5098:, stated that the European Green Deal would be Europe's "man on the moon moment". Von der Leyen appointed
10403:
10174:
9951:
9729:
9634:
9413:
9071:
8375:
8330:
8015:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi). November 2015. Archived from
7201:
5934:
Europeans appear to be fairly familiar with energy issues, although their knowledge seems somewhat vague.
5867:
5851:
objectives until beyond 2050. The European Commission tried to redress this shortfall with the SET plan.
5839:
5629:
5328:
5126:
4715:
4605:
4415:
4343:
4283:
4235:
4211:
4151:
3995:
3866:
2899:
2451:
2431:
825:
8053:
10706:
10234:
9841:
9439:
9275:
9037:
8841:
5887:
5601:
5416:
5189:
sources by 2020 (compared to 1990 levels), while pushing for an international agreement to succeed the
4830:
4403:
4319:
4271:
3936:
3871:
1599:
1318:
1290:
1283:
7735:
6629:
10765:
10683:
10622:
10308:
10038:
10033:
9694:
9316:
9130:
8833:
8781:
8590:
8501:
6746:
6527:
6501:
5798:
imposed tariffs on solar imported from China at an average rate of 47.6% beginning 6 June that year.
5590:
5577:
5571:
5454:
5257:
5225:
5155:
on 8 March 2006. As a result of the decision to develop a common energy policy, the first proposals,
3876:
1243:
1187:
899:
749:
10495:
7274:
7253:
5770:
recommendations suggest prioritizing the use of renewable electricity for displacing coal, powering
5196:
A cut of up to 95% in carbon emissions from primary energy sources by 2050, compared to 1990 levels.
10434:
10328:
10323:
10283:
9347:
8885:
8880:
8672:
8285:
7971:"Impact of the German nuclear phase-out on Europe's electricity generation — a comprehensive study"
7700:
7383:
5750:
5617:
5382:
5374:
5182:
4969:
4934:
4758:
3400:
1396:
1391:
921:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
6605:
6570:
6462:
10377:
10333:
9998:
9810:
9589:
9476:
8054:
European information campaign on the opening of the energy markets and on energy consumers' right
7921:
7909:
7897:
7057:
Impending Paradigm Shift. International Climate Negotiations and their Impact on EU Energy Policy
6541:
5952:
5931:
The possible future consequences of energy issues do not generate deep fears in Europeans' minds.
5677:
4886:
3946:
3716:
2904:
1032:
1027:
8141:
7635:
7453:"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] DCLG News Release – Department for Communities and Local Government"
5616:, introduced in 2005 under the 2003 Emission Trading Directive, sets member state-level caps on
5407:
aligning with investments in renewable energy and efficiency enhancements across member states.
10693:
10658:
10601:
10545:
10408:
10371:
9699:
9545:
9434:
9403:
9337:
9280:
8711:
8290:
6280:"EU Energy Policy under the Treaty of Lisbon Rules: Between a new policy and business as usual"
5871:
4899:
4819:
4778:
4617:
3985:
3921:
3704:
2965:
2025:
946:
843:
683:
502:
10744:
10413:
10278:
10098:
9834:
9815:
9420:
9240:
8806:
8362:
7469:
7261:
6373:
6062:
5981:
5882:
5700:
5657:
5394:
projects in various countries. These initiatives are currently assisting Europe in surviving
5367:
5221:
4640:
4002:
3968:
3800:
3788:
3764:
3536:
2446:
1336:
1123:
1103:
941:
6188:
10688:
10510:
10008:
9988:
9891:
9619:
9225:
9215:
9081:
9017:
8905:
8448:
8300:
8078:
7227:
6523:
6497:
5814:(ultra-low energy housing), and programs under the umbrella titles of SAVE (energy saving)
5791:
5704:
5095:
5030:
4930:
4923:
4911:
4851:
4703:
4594:
4034:
4014:
3844:
3776:
3656:
3632:
3608:
3596:
3584:
3548:
3524:
3512:
2476:
2461:
2456:
1438:
930:
8:
10303:
10003:
9781:
9609:
9550:
9469:
9260:
9245:
8756:
8736:
8630:
8111:
Meeting the European Union 2 °C climate target: global and regional emission implications
7472:, Official Journal of the European Communities, published 02-12-16. Retrieved 2008-06-02.
6067:
5787:
5754:
5403:
5291:
5217:
5213:
5160:
5111:
5084:
5072:
5068:
4955:
4938:
4867:
4826:
4711:
4547:
4254:
4024:
4019:
3824:
3752:
3692:
3663:
3644:
3620:
3560:
3357:
3141:
3136:
2943:
2471:
2466:
2314:
2169:
2164:
1807:
1133:
1069:
914:
737:
725:
677:
303:
7768:"EU to Shorten Extension on Anti-Dumping Duties of Chinese Solar Imports_EnergyTrend PV"
6728:
5148:
The possible principles of Energy Policy for Europe were elaborated at the commission's
5114:
voted to support the deal as well, with requests for higher ambition. A year later, the
10083:
10078:
10053:
9911:
9629:
9230:
9009:
8923:
8335:
7108:"The European Power Sector in 2020 / Up-to-Date Analysis on the Electricity Transition"
7025:
5848:
5306:
5249:
5167:
5027:
4863:
4695:
4612:
4543:
4029:
3837:
3812:
3728:
3680:
2484:
1534:
837:
689:
10480:
8088:
7943:. Berlin, Germany: Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). Archived from
6423:
6352:
5286:
2894:
10587:
10470:
10383:
10257:
10108:
10058:
10018:
9971:
9966:
9956:
9941:
9936:
9931:
9916:
9901:
9896:
9886:
9881:
9871:
8562:
7342:
7207:
7029:
6906:
6848:
6609:
6574:
6466:
5823:
5746:
5632:
were introduced to encourage consumers to purchase more energy-efficient appliances.
5597:
5366:
recommends binding renewable energy target to support in replacing fossil fuels with
4875:
3373:
1346:
731:
514:
10595:
Energy Autonomy: The Economic, Social & Technological Case for Renewable Energy
10103:
10093:
10073:
10063:
10048:
10043:
10023:
9993:
9961:
9946:
9921:
9857:
9557:
9235:
8719:
8082:
7982:
7814:
7069:
7017:
6601:
6566:
6458:
6165:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5795:
5771:
5758:
5731:
5665:
5559:
5497:
5391:
5347:
5171:
5103:
5099:
5080:
5023:
4965:
4839:
4726:
2382:
882:
755:
10530:
8486:
7937:
Energy concept for an environmentally sound, reliable and affordable energy supply
1174:
10732:
10520:
10515:
10505:
10485:
10088:
10013:
9983:
9265:
7070:
Updating the EU's Energy and Climate Policy. New Targets for the Post-2020 Period
5766:
5669:
5420:
5351:
renewable energy in the EU's overall mix from less than 7% today to 20% by 2020.
5332:
5016:
4933:, which sought to increase the share of renewables to 20% by 2020. Additionally,
4691:
3973:
3415:
2319:
1150:
550:
8009:
The Energy of the Future: Fourth "Energy Transition" Monitoring Report — Summary
7986:
7969:
Bruninx, Kenneth; Madzharov, Darin; Delarue, Erik; D'haeseleer, William (2013).
7338:
EIB Working Paper 2024/03 - Investment decisions in a high-inflation environment
6902:
EIB Working Paper 2024/03 - Investment decisions in a high-inflation environment
6254:"In-depth Q&A: How the EU plans to end its reliance on Russian fossil fuels"
2394:
10550:
10535:
10465:
9250:
8204:
7613:. Communication from the Commission to the European Council COM(2006) 590 final
5903:
of European level decision making in the Netherlands, but only 15% in Finland.
5742:
5680:
to global partners; the promotion of research and the use of renewable energy.
5661:
5528:
5504:
5471:
5190:
5186:
5076:
4919:
4915:
4903:
4895:
4859:
4815:
4774:
4750:
4710:
were set at a 55% reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 as part of the
4571:
4158:
3978:
3567:
3045:
3040:
2566:
2353:
2011:
1703:
1361:
955:
893:
743:
707:
701:
199:
7880:
6221:
Climate change law in Europe: What do new EU climate laws mean for the courts?
6219:
Higham, Catherine; Setzer, Joana; Narulla, Harj; Bradeen, Emily (March 2023).
6134:
Rayner, Tim; Szulecki, Kacper; Jordan, Andrew J.; Oberthür, Sebastian (2023).
5628:
A further area of energy policy has been in the area of consumer goods, where
10754:
10720:
10555:
9311:
7749:
6852:
6747:"CEF Energy – Innovation and Networks Executive Agency – European Commission"
6136:"Handbook on European Union Climate Change Policy and Politics (open access)"
5971:
4999:
4855:
4811:
4795:
4699:
4065:
3331:
2860:
2499:
2418:
2346:
1164:
713:
7623:
Effective Provisions for Emergency Prevention and Response in the Gas Sector
7506:"EU to compromise on auto emissions – Europe – International Herald Tribune"
6696:
5695:
5362:
up to 2013. In 2012, wind energy avoided €9.6 billion of fossil fuel costs.
5265:
to come from renewable sources; and a 40% improvement in energy efficiency.
10560:
10525:
10500:
10343:
8798:
7682:
7638:
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, CSS Analyses 159 (2014)
7530:
5844:
5355:
4803:
3853:
2406:
2370:
2358:
1505:
Authority for European Political Parties and European Political Foundations
695:
8173:
7625:. German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Comment 21/2009
6323:
6305:
5778:
and green steel production before using it for green hydrogen production.
5166:
It is claimed that they will lead to a 'post-industrial revolution', or a
5138:
improvements are seen as key to reducing both emissions and energy costs.
10570:
10565:
10540:
10490:
8729:
8622:
7470:
European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC)
5551:
5517:
European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (Directive 2002/91/EC)
5149:
5019:
4961:
4738:
4326:
3735:
3213:
3208:
2886:
2735:
2241:
2236:
1998:
1885:
381:
10727:
6944:
5354:
Europe spent €406 billion in 2011 and €545 billion in 2012 on importing
4858:
who wanted to retain autonomy on energy, specifically those with larger
10475:
9220:
8821:
8063:
6110:"Energy policy: general principles | Fact Sheets on the European Union"
5922:
5730:
Just Transition Fund (JTF) was created in 2020 to boost investments in
5708:
5119:
5088:
4707:
4302:
3711:
3189:
3184:
2709:
2217:
2212:
1859:
1366:
538:
355:
72:
8046:
7968:
7728:"EU wins court backing on anti-dumping duties on Chinese solar panels"
6646:
6451:
Talus, Kim (5 September 2013). "The Regulatory History of EU Energy".
6169:
5396:
the crisis brought on by the sudden interruption of Russian gas supply
5209:
Improving energy relations with the EU's neighbours, including Russia.
4718:, the EU's energy policy turned more towards energy security in their
9688:
8768:
8699:
7650:"MEPs ban nuclear from green transition fund, leave loophole for gas"
5918:
Energy issues are considered to be important but not at first glance.
5775:
5386:
5252:. 2 °C is usually seen as the upper temperature limit to avoid '
5130:
4984:
have been cited as strong reasons for the importance of this policy.
4762:
4734:
4719:
4290:
3699:
3177:
3172:
2696:
2300:
2205:
2200:
1846:
1042:
342:
10226:
8127:
7924:: Energy Technologies: Knowledge, Perception, Measures, January 2007
7827:
7008:
Randalls, Samuel (2010). "History of the 2 °C climate target".
10313:
10288:
9826:
9398:
9255:
9140:
7817:, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport
7386:, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport
7021:
6841:"European Green Deal to press ahead despite Polish targets opt-out"
5891:
5847:
research, a technology that will not be able to help meet European
5819:
5555:
4386:
4374:
4350:
4122:
3795:
3783:
3759:
3531:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3256:
3237:
3232:
3008:
3003:
2800:
2787:
2761:
2540:
2341:
2277:
2272:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2047:
1950:
1937:
1911:
1664:
651:
446:
433:
407:
160:
8122:
7678:"EU lawmakers give final approval to bloc's green transition fund"
5640:
5321:
5153:
A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy
10715:
9164:
8152:
6228:
Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment
6047:
5874:
do not feature at all in the six priority areas of the SET Plan.
5815:
5385:
took part in energy financing in Europe in 2022: a part of their
5344:
Directive on Electricity Production from Renewable Energy Sources
5200:
4807:
4761:
took part in energy financing in Europe in 2022: a part of their
4746:
4362:
4242:
4218:
4194:
4182:
4170:
4134:
4110:
4098:
3771:
3651:
3627:
3603:
3591:
3579:
3543:
3519:
3507:
3318:
3249:
3244:
3129:
3124:
3105:
3100:
3081:
3076:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3052:
3020:
3015:
2996:
2991:
2984:
2979:
2847:
2774:
2657:
2631:
2605:
2592:
2579:
2553:
2527:
2514:
2401:
2377:
2365:
2145:
2140:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2085:
2080:
2073:
2068:
2061:
2056:
1924:
1794:
1768:
1742:
1729:
1716:
1677:
1651:
1638:
1447:
Agencies, decentralised independent bodies and joint undertakings
998:
574:
526:
490:
420:
290:
264:
238:
225:
212:
173:
147:
134:
103:
7798:"EU softens proposal on extension of Chinese solar panel duties"
7289:"EU Gas Storage Nearly 60 Percent Full at End of Heating Season"
35:
European Union total primary energy consumption by fuel in 2017
10318:
8506:
5745:
is a significant component of the European Union's strategy to
5508:
5493:
5240:
5236:
5107:
4926:
was passed which increased the share of biofuels in transport.
4528:
4410:
4338:
4278:
4230:
4206:
4146:
3819:
3747:
3687:
3639:
3615:
3555:
3344:
3297:
3292:
3225:
3220:
3165:
3160:
3117:
3112:
3093:
3088:
3033:
3028:
2930:
2873:
2826:
2748:
2683:
2644:
2618:
2413:
2389:
2193:
2188:
2157:
2152:
2133:
2128:
2097:
2092:
1976:
1898:
1833:
1781:
1755:
1690:
618:
596:
562:
472:
394:
329:
277:
251:
186:
6782:
Tamma, Paola; Schaart, Eline; Gurzu, Anca (11 December 2019).
6542:"Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe"
5550:
requires that 5,75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and
5193:
aimed at achieving a 30% cut by all developed nations by 2020.
8074:
6815:"EU Commission unveils 'European Green Deal': The key points"
5652:
Who supplies Europe? The global concerns of EU energy imports
5515:
before they are sold or let, to meet the requirements of the
5261:
2007, the EU will have to revise its energy policy paradigm.
4972:
called the Energy Union the biggest energy project since the
4742:
4398:
4314:
4266:
3807:
3723:
3675:
3285:
3280:
3201:
3196:
3153:
3148:
2813:
2722:
2670:
2289:
2284:
2229:
2224:
2181:
2176:
1963:
1872:
1820:
459:
368:
316:
8117:
Perspectives for the European Union's External Energy Policy
6133:
4838:, as the policy sought to liberalise what was regarded as a
4524:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
10353:
9145:
7535:"Airlines can be charged for carbon pollution, court rules"
6399:"Crisis threaten long-term investment and green transition"
5827:
5466:
International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation
5363:
4881:
4741:, which then made it the world's leading importer of these
1314:
Economic and Financial Affairs configuration of the Council
27:
Legislation in the area of energetics in the European Union
8115:
German Institute for International and Security Affairs –
6218:
5818:(new and renewable energy sources), STEER (transport) and
5106:
decided to press ahead with the plan, with an opt-out for
5071:, approved in 2020, is a set of policy initiatives by the
9323:
European Judicial Network in civil and commercial matters
6683:
EurActiv – EU News & policy debates, across languages
6594:
Talus, Kim (5 September 2013). "Environment and Energy".
6559:
Talus, Kim (5 September 2013). "Environment and Energy".
6022:
European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)
5802:
anti-dumping measures for a reduced period of 18 months.
4894:: Share of energy consumption from renewable sources for
4769:
The history of energy markets in Europe started with the
4576:
8070:
Eurostat – Statistics Explained – all articles on energy
7915:
6017:
European countries by electricity consumption per person
5163:, following a consultation process, on 10 January 2007.
5475:
5358:. This is around three times more than the cost of the
8313:
International Authority for the Ruhr (1949–1951)
7095:
European parliament votes for stronger climate targets
5004:
Energy efficiency contributing to moderation of demand
10761:
Energy policies and initiatives of the European Union
10704:
8099:
Collective Energy Security: A New Approach for Europe
7611:
External energy relations – from principles to action
7100:
5582:
Aviation taxation and subsidies § European Union
10679:
Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents
8371:
European Monetary Cooperation Fund (1973–1994)
7701:"Green Hydrogen Execs Call for Pragmatism in Europe"
6945:"EU sticks out neck in global climate change battle"
10616:
The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of Nuclear Danger
8403:
European Financial Stability Mechanism (2010–
8318:
European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002)
7898:
Special Eurobarometer 247. Attitudes towards Energy
7855:"International Energy Agency – Energy Publications"
8394:European Financial Stability Facility (2010–
7554:Jasper Faber and Aoife O'Leary Delft November 2018
7059:, in: KAS International Reports, 9/2012, pp. 22–34
6983:New EU energy plan – more security, less pollution
5294:display format, proposed in a note annexed to the
7962:
7927:
7117:. Ember and Agora Energiewende. 25 January 2021.
6781:
6374:"Davos 'polycrisis' means investment opportunity"
10752:
10602:The Energy Imperative: 100 Percent Renewable Now
8157:EU puts climate change at heart of energy policy
8121:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews -- (open access)
6808:
6806:
6804:
6088:"Statistical Review of World Energy (June 2018)"
5620:for power plants and other large point sources.
5489:Directive on the energy performance of buildings
4929:These directives were replaced in 2009 with the
4802:, which was created in 1951 in the aftermath of
1309:Committee on Budgetary Control of the Parliament
9767:Largest cities by population within city limits
7010:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change
5644:Many EU members import oil and gas from Russia.
1486:European Institute of Innovation and Technology
588:Countries with suspended accession negotiations
8109:Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency –
7200:Bank, European Investment (14 December 2020).
6937:
6284:Politics and Institutions, EPIN Working Papers
5335:; similars are used for buildings and vehicles
4845:
10242:
9842:
8376:European Monetary Institute (1994–1998)
8331:European Economic Community (1958–1993)
8189:
7418:For an Energy-Efficient Millennium: SAVE 2000
7252:Bank, European Investment (2 February 2023).
7136:"Labelling provision in Directive 2003/54/EC"
6801:
6522:(Report). EPG Working Paper. Vol. 1505.
6496:(Report). EPG Working Paper. Vol. 1505.
5941:
4667:
8349:European Atomic Energy Community (est. 1958)
7335:Bank, European Investment (26 August 2024).
7203:The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025
6899:Bank, European Investment (26 August 2024).
6600:. Oxford University Press. p. 192–193.
6597:EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account
6562:EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account
6454:EU Energy Law and Policy: A Critical Account
6347:
6345:
6343:
6155:
5781:
5635:
4937:needed to drop by 20% compared to 1990, and
4902:countries compared to the targets for 2020.
10294:Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland
8203:
7606:
7604:
7188:Avoiding fossil fuel costs with wind energy
6679:"Will EU states play ball on Energy Union?"
6587:
6158:Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy
5805:
3411:Political groups of the European Parliament
1482:Decentralised independent bodies of the EU
10249:
10235:
9849:
9835:
9050:Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification
8196:
8182:
8163:Russia, Germany and European energy policy
7228:"ELENA – European Local ENergy Assistance"
6765:"Biscay Gulf Interconnector – 4C Offshore"
5094:The president of the European Commission,
4674:
4660:
10440:National Action Plan on Energy Efficiency
8169:Barroso calls for strong EU energy policy
8060:European Strategic Energy Technology Plan
8000:
7160:
6960:
6958:
6875:"Parliament supports European Green Deal"
6651:European Commission – European Commission
6606:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686391.003.0002
6571:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686391.003.0002
6552:
6463:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199686391.003.0002
6428:European Commission - European Commission
6357:European Commission – European Commission
6340:
6306:"Low-carbon economy' proposed for Europe"
6053:List of electricity interconnection level
5786:In 2013, a two-year investigation by the
5500:equipment should be regularly inspected.
5439:EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012/27/EU
5040:€578 million for the construction of the
5010:Research, innovation and competitiveness.
4733:In 2007, the EU was importing 82% of its
1585:Publications Office of the European Union
9504:European Structural and Investment Funds
9426:European System of Financial Supervision
8291:Western European Union (1954–2011)
7910:Special Eurobarometer 258. Energy Issues
7601:
7503:
7007:
6751:Innovation and Networks Executive Agency
6717:. European Commission. 25 February 2015.
6667:. European Commission. 25 February 2015.
6565:. Oxford University Press. p. 192.
6278:Braun, Jan Frederik (24 February 2012).
6043:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
5905:
5881:
5694:
5647:
5639:
5296:Internal Market in Electricity Directive
5285:
5277:
5058:project to provide natural gas to Cyprus
5042:Biscay Gulf France-Spain interconnection
4885:
4882:Renewable energy and the 20/20/20 target
4008:European System of Financial Supervision
1304:Internal Audit Service of the Commission
7672:
7670:
7636:The EU's Policy to Secure Gas Supplies.
7044:The End of Climate Policy as We Knew it
6996:What Comes After the Two-Degree Target?
6872:
6457:. Oxford University Press. p. 15.
6251:
6183:
6181:
6179:
5725:
5543:/km that had originally been expected.
5256:'. Due to only minor efforts in global
5199:A minimum target of 10% for the use of
5075:with the overarching aim of making the
4914:was passed, in the context of the 1997
4514:United Kingdom–European Union relations
2439:Non Euro countries relationship to Euro
14:
10753:
10339:Nuclear reprocessing plant Wackersdorf
8968:European Economic and Social Committee
8777:Court of Justice of the European Union
8301:European Communities (1967–2009)
7849:
7847:
7845:
7529:
6985:, press release by European Commission
6966:"EUR-Lex – 52007DC0001 – EN – EUR-Lex"
6955:
6927:"EUR-Lex – 52006DC0105 – EN – EUR-Lex"
6873:Benakis, Theodoros (15 January 2020).
6838:
6517:EU Energy Policy and the Third Package
6514:
6491:EU Energy Policy and the Third Package
6488:
6107:
6058:Renewable energy in the European Union
5614:European Union Emission Trading Scheme
5062:
4890:2020 and 2021 fulfillment of the 2009
4749:used in European nuclear reactors was
4536:United States–European Union relations
1555:European Economic and Social Committee
10445:National Renewable Energy Action Plan
10349:Vattenfall Europe Nuclear Energy GmbH
10256:
10230:
9830:
9605:Stabilisation and Association Process
9302:Area of freedom, security and justice
8177:
7750:"EU imposes China solar panel duties"
7695:
7693:
7647:
7124:from the original on 25 January 2021.
7081:Oliver Geden/Severin Fischer (2014),
7068:Severin Fischer/Oliver Geden (2013),
6839:Rankin, Jennifer (13 December 2019).
6812:
6593:
6558:
6484:
6482:
6450:
6446:
6444:
6368:
6366:
6277:
5899:and 8% that they be tackled locally.
5685:Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
4995:Energy security, solidarity and trust
4559:European Union and the United Nations
4091:Foreign relations of EU member states
10669:History of the anti-nuclear movement
10630:World Nuclear Industry Status Report
9856:
9600:European Union Association Agreement
8336:European Community (1993–2009)
7725:
7667:
7334:
7251:
7199:
6898:
6813:Simon, Frédéric (11 December 2019).
6639:
6312:. Associated Press. 10 January 2007.
6247:
6245:
6214:
6212:
6176:
6032:European Pollutant Emission Register
5864:European electricity grid initiative
5854:The SET plan initiatives included a
5721:Russia in the European energy sector
5432:
5143:
4987:The European Council concluded on 19
4564:European Union Association Agreement
4499:Switzerland–European Union relations
3396:Elections to the European Parliament
10394:List of photovoltaic power stations
8929:European Data Protection Supervisor
8231:Ideas of European unity before 1948
7842:
7072:, FES International Policy Analysis
6784:"Europe's Green Deal plan unveiled"
6038:Global strategic petroleum reserves
6002:EU Energy Efficiency Directive 2012
5858:, the Solar Europe Initiative, the
5737:
5268:
4829:proposed a set of policies (called
4688:energy policy of the European Union
4469:Kazakhstan–European Union relations
2020:Nuclear power in the European Union
1595:European Personnel Selection Office
1530:European Data Protection Supervisor
1491:European Public Prosecutor's Office
24:
10399:Renewable energy commercialization
10299:EnBW Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG
9625:EU Strategy for the South Caucasus
9365:Common Security and Defence Policy
9360:Common Foreign and Security Policy
7726:Chee, Foo Yun (28 February 2017).
7690:
7193:
6479:
6441:
6363:
6324:"ESA-AnnualReport2009-100908.indd"
5527:EU policies include the voluntary
5448:
4623:Convention on the Future of Europe
4554:Microstates and the European Union
4434:Australia–European Union relations
4424:Argentina–European Union relations
3372:
3368:Microstates and the European Union
2949:
2917:Non-Schengen area EU member states
2483:
2024:
657:Withdrawal from the European Union
25:
10782:
10674:List of power stations in Germany
10664:The Greens–European Free Alliance
9394:Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)
8991:European Union Military Committee
8963:European Committee of the Regions
8038:
7504:Bilefsky, Dan (6 February 2007).
6242:
6209:
6108:Ciucci, Matteo (September 2022).
6007:European Climate Change Programme
5877:
5826:, the EU is participating in the
5749:to sustainable energy and reduce
5623:
5417:electricity market liberalisation
5410:
5273:
5222:fourth generation nuclear reactor
4974:European Coal and Steel Community
4800:European Coal and Steel Community
4771:European Coal and Steel Community
4601:European Coal and Steel Community
1565:European Union Military Committee
1550:European Committee of the Regions
1453:Decentralised agencies of the EU
1181:Member of the European Parliament
852:Abandoned treaties and agreements
10738:
10726:
10714:
10274:Anti-nuclear movement in Germany
9370:Permanent Structured Cooperation
8986:Political and Security Committee
8873:European Atomic Energy Community
8161:14 Dec 2006, opendemocracy.net:
8089:BBC Q&A: EU energy proposals
8085:at the local and regional level.
7420:, Directorate-General for Energy
6012:European Commissioner for Energy
5822:(developing countries). Through
5513:Energy Performance Certification
5320:
5305:
5230:carbon capture and sequestration
4912:first Renewable Energy Directive
4892:Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
4634:
4509:Ukraine–European Union relations
4484:Moldova–European Union relations
4464:Iceland–European Union relations
4459:Georgia–European Union relations
4429:Armenia–European Union relations
4409:
4397:
4385:
4373:
4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4265:
4253:
4241:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4193:
4181:
4169:
4157:
4145:
4133:
4121:
4109:
4097:
3818:
3806:
3794:
3782:
3770:
3758:
3746:
3734:
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3662:
3650:
3638:
3626:
3614:
3602:
3590:
3578:
3566:
3554:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3506:
3337:
3324:
3311:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3159:
3147:
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3063:
3051:
3039:
3027:
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2936:
2923:
2910:Visa policy of the Schengen Area
2879:
2866:
2853:
2840:
2819:
2806:
2793:
2780:
2767:
2754:
2741:
2728:
2715:
2702:
2689:
2676:
2663:
2650:
2637:
2624:
2611:
2598:
2585:
2572:
2559:
2546:
2533:
2520:
2507:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2313:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2115:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2004:
1991:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1748:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1696:
1683:
1670:
1657:
1644:
1631:
1590:European External Action Service
1560:Political and Security Committee
1467:European Supervisory Authorities
997:
844:European Economic Area Agreement
617:
595:
573:
561:
549:
537:
525:
513:
501:
489:
465:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
374:
361:
348:
335:
322:
309:
296:
283:
270:
257:
244:
231:
218:
205:
192:
179:
166:
153:
140:
127:
102:
9772:National parties by affiliation
9615:Euronest Parliamentary Assembly
9595:Economic Partnership Agreements
8286:Western Union (1948–1954)
8134:
7903:
7891:
7873:
7820:
7808:
7790:
7760:
7742:
7719:
7648:Simon, Frédéric (7 July 2020).
7641:
7628:
7616:
7579:
7557:
7552:Taxing aviation fuels in the EU
7545:
7523:
7497:
7475:
7463:
7445:
7423:
7411:
7389:
7377:
7355:
7328:
7306:
7281:
7245:
7220:
7181:
7128:
7088:
7075:
7062:
7049:
7036:
7001:
6988:
6976:
6919:
6892:
6866:
6832:
6775:
6757:
6739:
6721:
6707:
6689:
6671:
6657:
6622:
6534:
6508:
6416:
6391:
6316:
5546:In the area of fuels, the 2001
4945:
4504:Turkey–European Union relations
4494:Russia–European Union relations
4489:Norway–European Union relations
4479:Mexico–European Union relations
4444:Canada–European Union relations
4439:Brazil–European Union relations
3964:Passports of the European Union
2954:Schengen Area from January 2023
9777:Presidents of the institutions
9573:European Higher Education Area
9151:International status and usage
8945:Agencies of the European Union
8678:European political foundations
7384:Energy Efficiency in Buildings
7085:, SWP Research Paper 2014/RP03
7046:, SWP Research Paper 2012/RP01
6298:
6271:
6149:
6127:
6101:
6080:
5977:Directorate-General for Energy
5342:Under the requirements of the
5313:Home energy performance rating
4982:annexation of Crimea by Russia
4862:. A directive for an internal
4474:Japan–European Union relations
4449:China–European Union relations
1605:European Administrative School
1501:European Data Protection Board
1386:European Investment Bank Group
95:Politics of the European Union
13:
1:
10609:The Fourth Revolution: Energy
9568:European Common Aviation Area
9023:Charter of Fundamental Rights
8996:European Union Military Staff
8896:European University Institute
8685:Council of the European Union
6194:European Environmental Agency
6073:
5888:nuclear waste disposal centre
5792:Chinese solar panel exporters
5689:European Neighbourhood Policy
5047:€70 million to construct the
5022:, improve the reliability of
4954:Strategy is a project of the
4789:
4454:European Union–NATO relations
3500:Elections in EU member states
3431:Referendums related to the EU
1426:European University Institute
1420:European University Institute
647:Germany–Netherlands relations
10450:Renewable Energy Sources Act
10389:Energy transition in Germany
9563:European Political Community
9409:European Banking Supervision
8901:European Stability Mechanism
8167:20 Nov 2006, eupolitix.com:
8104:Berlin Forum on Fossil Fuels
7341:. European Investment Bank.
7206:. European Investment Bank.
6905:. European Investment Bank.
6252:Goodman, Joe (20 May 2022).
6027:European Ecodesign Directive
5676:energy cooperation) and the
5522:
5482:
4998:A fully integrated European
3991:European Banking Supervision
2029:Euratom since 1 January 2021
1476:Executive agencies of the EU
1413:European Stability Mechanism
1407:European Stability Mechanism
18:European Union energy policy
7:
10404:Renewable energy in Germany
9635:Union for the Mediterranean
9414:Single Resolution Mechanism
9353:Vehicle registration plates
9307:Migration and asylum policy
9286:Potential superpower status
7987:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.05.026
7830:. Fusionforenergy.europa.eu
7634:Oliver Geden/Jonas Graetz:
5965:
5860:Bioenergy Europe Initiative
5840:Seventh Framework Programme
5833:
5703:, which connects the giant
5607:
5157:Energy for a Changing World
5127:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4846:Start of an internal market
4798:in Europe started with the
4716:Russian invasion of Ukraine
4606:European Economic Community
3996:Single Resolution Mechanism
3363:EEA National Identity cards
2900:Schengen Information System
2432:Enlargement of the eurozone
2041:Economic and Monetary Union
1497:Corporate bodies of the EU
1115:Council preparatory bodies
864:UK membership renegotiation
10:
10787:
10641:Films about nuclear issues
10636:Books about nuclear issues
9578:EU/ESA Framework Agreement
9276:Differentiated integration
8842:European Court of Auditors
8673:European political parties
8146:Energy security and Europe
6630:"Energy Union and Climate"
5950:
5946:
5942:Example European countries
5886:Anti-nuclear protest near
5718:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5463:
5452:
5436:
5110:. On 15 January 2020, the
4866:was passed in 1996 by the
4784:
1579:Inter-institutional bodies
1324:Public Prosecutor's Office
1291:European Court of Auditors
1284:European Court of Auditors
1237:Court of Justice of the EU
10684:Nuclear-Free Future Award
10649:
10579:
10458:
10422:
10362:
10309:Free Republic of Wendland
10264:
10208:
10160:
10122:
9864:
9795:
9747:
9695:House of European History
9683:
9674:
9529:
9317:European Judicial Network
9294:
9208:
9199:
9187:Health expense per person
9116:
9107:
9008:
8976:
8953:
8937:
8914:
8861:
8834:Supreme audit institution
8832:
8797:
8767:
8710:
8621:
8612:
8603:
8528:
8519:
8477:
8419:
8384:
8361:
8344:
8326:
8308:
8299:
8276:
8269:
8221:
8212:
7922:Special Eurobarometer 262
7857:. Iea.org. Archived from
6528:UK Energy Research Centre
6502:UK Energy Research Centre
5782:Solar anti-dumping levies
5636:External energy relations
5591:Energy Taxation Directive
5578:Energy Taxation Directive
5572:EU aviation fuel taxation
5455:Energy Taxation Directive
5258:Climate change mitigation
5226:coal pollution mitigation
5181:A cut of at least 20% in
5007:Decarbonising the economy
4641:European Union portal
1244:European Court of Justice
671:Treaties and Declarations
637:Belgium–Germany relations
10430:Climate Action Plan 2050
10329:Nuclear power in Germany
10324:List of nuclear reactors
10284:Anti-WAAhnsinns Festival
8886:European Investment Fund
8881:European Investment Bank
7365:. Europa.eu. 8 June 2008
6403:European Investment Bank
6378:European Investment Bank
5872:demand-side technologies
5870:raised its concern that
5856:European Wind Initiative
5806:Research and development
5618:greenhouse gas emissions
5554:) should be replaced by
5459:
5383:European Investment Bank
5375:European Investment Bank
5254:dangerous global warming
5183:greenhouse gas emissions
4980:for its energy, and the
4935:greenhouse gas emissions
4759:European Investment Bank
1524:Other independent bodies
969:Legislative institutions
942:College of Commissioners
922:Von der Leyen Commission
642:France–Germany relations
84:This article is part of
10435:Energy Saving Ordinance
10334:Nuclear power phase-out
9590:European Peace Facility
8817:System of Central Banks
8140:8 Sep 2008 New Europe (
8094:2006 Energy Green Paper
7881:"What is the SET-Plan?"
6701:www.consilium.europa.eu
6515:Dutton, Joseph (2015).
6489:Dutton, Joseph (2015).
5953:Energiewende in Germany
5678:emission trading scheme
5373:For over a decade, the
5177:Key proposals include:
5174:on 8 and 9 March 2007.
4978:EU's reliance on Russia
4825:In the late 1980s, the
4702:adopted in 2009 is the
2905:Visa Information System
2333:Other currencies in use
1124:Council Working Parties
53: Natural gas (24%)
10694:Nuclear weapons debate
10659:Environmental movement
10546:Inge Schmitz-Feuerhake
10496:Siegwart Horst Günther
10409:Solar power in Germany
9907:Bosnia and Herzegovina
9700:2012 Nobel Peace Prize
9546:European Economic Area
9404:European banking union
9281:Privileged partnership
9136:Government procurement
7269:Cite journal requires
7254:"Energy Overview 2023"
5911:
5895:
5712:
5653:
5645:
5298:
5283:
5159:were published by the
5026:supply, and encourage
4907:
4820:free movement of goods
4779:free movement of goods
4618:Western European Union
3986:European banking union
3922:European Single Market
3491:2024 (latest election)
3378:
3377:European Economic Area
2966:European Economic Area
2955:
2489:
2030:
1456:Single market agencies
877:Executive institutions
817:Treaties of succession
508:Bosnia and Herzegovina
10414:Wind power in Germany
10372:100% renewable energy
10279:Anti-nuclear protests
9645:Free trade agreements
9487:Health Insurance Card
9421:Capital Markets Union
9271:Democratic legitimacy
9241:Optimum currency area
9062:Legislative procedure
8807:European Central Bank
7459:on 19 September 2012.
7097:The Guardian 5.2.2014
7055:Oliver Geden (2012),
7042:Oliver Geden (2012),
6994:Oliver Geden (2010),
6647:"European Commission"
6063:Special economic zone
5982:Energy Charter Treaty
5909:
5885:
5759:renewable electricity
5701:Southern Gas Corridor
5698:
5658:Energy Charter Treaty
5651:
5643:
5576:Further information:
5368:wind energy in Europe
5289:
5281:
5054:€101 million for the
4889:
4003:Capital Markets Union
3915:Free Trade Agreements
3376:
2953:
2487:
2028:
1337:European Central Bank
1298:Other auditory bodies
1278:Auditory institutions
1231:Judicial institutions
976:Legislative procedure
858:European Constitution
782:Treaties of accession
10689:Nuclear power debate
9757:Books on the subject
9620:EU Gateway Programme
9583:EU/ESA Space Council
9541:Neighbourhood Policy
9499:Regional development
9465:Environmental policy
9455:Educational policies
9382:Neighbourhood Policy
9226:Intergovernmentalism
9216:European integration
9131:Community preference
9082:Enhanced cooperation
9067:Citizens' Initiative
8906:Unified Patent Court
8757:Directorates-General
8548:Environmental issues
8022:on 20 September 2016
7738:on 28 February 2017.
6524:University of Exeter
6498:University of Exeter
5726:Just Transition Fund
5705:Shah Deniz gas field
5598:economic distortions
5503:As part of the EU's
5218:low-energy buildings
5116:European Climate Law
5096:Ursula von der Leyen
4852:Treaty of Maastricht
4836:Council of Ministers
4814:. A year later, the
4810:, to collaborate on
4708:new targets for 2030
4595:European Communities
4035:Enhanced cooperation
3406:European foundations
3023:(provisional member)
1572:EU/ESA Space Council
1439:Unified Patent Court
1433:Unified Patent Court
1219:National parliaments
1109:Directorates-general
10771:European Green Deal
10304:E.ON Kernkraft GmbH
10123:States with limited
9782:Terrorist incidents
9610:Eastern Partnership
9551:EEA Joint Committee
9470:European Green Deal
9440:Agricultural policy
9246:Supranational union
8737:European Commission
8695:General Secretariat
8631:European Parliament
8586:Special territories
8386:Financial stability
7828:"Fusion for Energy"
7802:businessinsider.com
7778:on 6 September 2017
7705:Energy Intelligence
7589:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7567:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7433:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7399:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7316:. Eur-lex.europa.eu
7148:on 20 February 2014
6685:. 25 February 2015.
6114:European Parliament
6068:Transport in Europe
5894:in northern Germany
5788:European Commission
5755:European Commission
5472:Heiligendamm Summit
5404:natural gas storage
5292:Fuel mix disclosure
5214:energy conservation
5161:European Commission
5112:European Parliament
5085:building renovation
5073:European Commission
5069:European Green Deal
5063:European Green Deal
4964:, President of the
4956:European Commission
4868:European Parliament
4827:European Commission
4727:EU Treaty of Lisbon
4712:European Green Deal
4704:20/20/20 objectives
4074:Ext. Action Service
4059:High Representative
4025:European Federation
3899:Policies and issues
3358:EEA Joint Committee
2488:Eurozone since 2015
1510:Joint undertakings
1134:European Parliament
915:European Commission
738:Treaty of Amsterdam
726:Single European Act
678:Schuman Declaration
632:Special territories
610:Applicant countries
482:Candidate countries
59: Nuclear (11%)
9630:Northern Dimension
9377:Enlargement Policy
9319:(criminal matters)
9231:Multi-speed Europe
8924:European Ombudsman
8580:(first-level NUTS)
8563:Larger urban zones
8083:renewable energies
7885:setis.ec.europa.eu
7772:pv.energytrend.com
7533:(6 October 2011).
7510:The New York Times
6769:www.4coffshore.com
6548:. 26 October 2022.
5912:
5896:
5849:climate and energy
5713:
5654:
5646:
5548:Biofuels Directive
5474:in June 2007, the
5425:Directive 2019/944
5421:security of supply
5299:
5284:
5168:low-carbon economy
5129:, the EU launched
4908:
4864:electricity market
4613:European Community
4544:Common Travel Area
4030:Multi-speed Europe
3887:Fundamental Rights
3438:European elections
3379:
2956:
2490:
2031:
1535:European Ombudsman
1012:July–December 2024
838:Schengen Agreement
750:Berlin Declaration
720:Solemn Declaration
690:Europe Declaration
10702:
10701:
10588:The Atom Besieged
10471:Hildegard Breiner
10384:Energy transition
10258:Energy in Germany
10224:
10223:
9858:Energy in Europe
9824:
9823:
9743:
9742:
9730:Telephone numbers
9670:
9669:
9445:Cultural policies
9195:
9194:
9182:Unemployment rate
9004:
9003:
8864:international-law
8857:
8856:
8847:Secretary-General
8599:
8598:
8558:Geographic centre
8515:
8514:
8415:
8414:
8357:
8356:
8079:energy efficiency
7950:on 6 October 2016
7348:978-92-861-5802-5
7213:978-92-861-4908-5
7115:ember-climate.org
6998:, SWP Comments 19
6970:eur-lex.europa.eu
6931:eur-lex.europa.eu
6912:978-92-861-5802-5
6879:European Interest
6615:978-0-19-968639-1
6580:978-0-19-968639-1
6546:www.eea.europa.eu
6472:978-0-19-968639-1
6197:. 9 February 2023
6170:10.1063/1.4811283
5824:Fusion for Energy
5772:electric vehicles
5732:low-carbon energy
5433:Energy efficiency
5144:Earlier proposals
4939:energy efficiency
4876:energy generation
4872:network operation
4745:. Only 3% of the
4684:
4683:
4052:Foreign relations
1985:Associated states
1600:Anti-Fraud Office
1319:Anti-Fraud Office
1254:Advocates General
1100:Secretary-General
984:Council of the EU
952:Secretary-General
732:Maastricht Treaty
16:(Redirected from
10778:
10766:Energy economics
10743:
10742:
10741:
10731:
10730:
10719:
10718:
10710:
10251:
10244:
10237:
10228:
10227:
10161:Dependencies and
9865:Sovereign states
9851:
9844:
9837:
9828:
9827:
9804:
9681:
9680:
9558:Energy Community
9477:Fisheries policy
9236:Neofunctionalism
9206:
9205:
9114:
9113:
9056:Official Journal
9043:Citizens' Rights
8782:Court of Justice
8720:European Council
8668:Political groups
8619:
8618:
8610:
8609:
8581:
8526:
8525:
8306:
8305:
8274:
8273:
8219:
8218:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8175:
8174:
8050:
8049:
8047:Official website
8032:
8031:
8029:
8027:
8021:
8014:
8004:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7966:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7955:
7949:
7942:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7913:
7907:
7901:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7877:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7866:
7861:on 29 April 2009
7851:
7840:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7824:
7818:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7774:. Archived from
7764:
7758:
7757:
7746:
7740:
7739:
7734:. Archived from
7723:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7697:
7688:
7687:
7674:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7654:www.euractiv.com
7645:
7639:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7599:
7598:
7596:
7594:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7561:
7555:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7527:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7501:
7495:
7494:
7492:
7490:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7455:. Archived from
7449:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7374:
7372:
7370:
7359:
7353:
7352:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7310:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7299:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7272:
7267:
7265:
7257:
7249:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7238:
7224:
7218:
7217:
7197:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7174:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7141:. Archived from
7140:
7132:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7112:
7104:
7098:
7092:
7086:
7079:
7073:
7066:
7060:
7053:
7047:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7005:
6999:
6992:
6986:
6980:
6974:
6973:
6962:
6953:
6952:
6941:
6935:
6934:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6896:
6890:
6889:
6887:
6885:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6825:
6819:www.euractiv.com
6810:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6794:
6779:
6773:
6772:
6761:
6755:
6754:
6753:. 26 March 2015.
6743:
6737:
6736:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6711:
6705:
6704:
6693:
6687:
6686:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6626:
6620:
6619:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6521:
6512:
6506:
6505:
6495:
6486:
6477:
6476:
6448:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6384:
6370:
6361:
6360:
6349:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6328:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6291:
6275:
6269:
6268:
6266:
6264:
6249:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6235:
6225:
6216:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6185:
6174:
6173:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6142:
6131:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6092:
6084:
5997:Energy in Europe
5992:Energy diplomacy
5987:Energy Community
5796:European Council
5774:, and operating
5751:carbon emissions
5738:Hydrogen economy
5666:Energy Community
5560:carbon emissions
5498:air conditioning
5415:The EU promotes
5392:renewable energy
5348:renewable energy
5324:
5309:
5269:Current policies
5172:European Council
5104:European Council
5100:Frans Timmermans
5081:circular economy
5024:renewable energy
4990:
4966:European Council
4931:20-20-20 targets
4840:natural monopoly
4818:established the
4777:established the
4676:
4669:
4662:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4414:
4413:
4402:
4401:
4390:
4389:
4378:
4377:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4353:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4329:
4318:
4317:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4282:
4281:
4270:
4269:
4258:
4257:
4246:
4245:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4185:
4174:
4173:
4162:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4125:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4101:
4020:Supranationalism
3927:Area of FS&J
3823:
3822:
3811:
3810:
3799:
3798:
3787:
3786:
3775:
3774:
3763:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3739:
3738:
3727:
3726:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3690:
3679:
3678:
3667:
3666:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3630:
3619:
3618:
3607:
3606:
3595:
3594:
3583:
3582:
3571:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3534:
3523:
3522:
3511:
3510:
3401:European parties
3342:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3296:
3295:
3284:
3283:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3259:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3212:
3211:
3200:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3176:
3175:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3068:
3067:
3056:
3055:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3019:
3018:
3007:
3006:
2995:
2994:
2983:
2982:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2797:
2796:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2417:
2416:
2405:
2404:
2393:
2392:
2383:Hungarian forint
2381:
2380:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2318:
2317:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2228:
2227:
2216:
2215:
2204:
2203:
2192:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2168:
2167:
2156:
2155:
2144:
2143:
2132:
2131:
2120:
2119:
2108:
2107:
2096:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2072:
2071:
2060:
2059:
2048:Eurozone members
2009:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1479:Euratom agencies
1104:Thérèse Blanchet
1002:
1001:
905:List of meetings
883:European Council
756:Treaty of Lisbon
622:
621:
600:
599:
578:
577:
566:
565:
554:
553:
542:
541:
530:
529:
518:
517:
506:
505:
494:
493:
470:
469:
468:
457:
456:
455:
444:
443:
442:
431:
430:
429:
418:
417:
416:
405:
404:
403:
392:
391:
390:
379:
378:
377:
366:
365:
364:
353:
352:
351:
340:
339:
338:
327:
326:
325:
314:
313:
312:
301:
300:
299:
288:
287:
286:
275:
274:
273:
262:
261:
260:
249:
248:
247:
236:
235:
234:
223:
222:
221:
210:
209:
208:
197:
196:
195:
184:
183:
182:
171:
170:
169:
158:
157:
156:
145:
144:
143:
132:
131:
130:
106:
81:
80:
70:
65: Hydro (4%)
64:
58:
52:
47: Coal (14%)
46:
40:
21:
10786:
10785:
10781:
10780:
10779:
10777:
10776:
10775:
10751:
10750:
10749:
10739:
10737:
10725:
10713:
10705:
10703:
10698:
10651:
10645:
10575:
10521:Rainer Moormann
10516:Irene Meichsner
10511:André Larivière
10506:Claudia Kemfert
10486:Hans-Josef Fell
10481:Hans-Peter Dürr
10454:
10418:
10364:
10358:
10266:
10260:
10255:
10225:
10220:
10204:
10162:
10156:
10142:Northern Cyprus
10124:
10118:
10039:North Macedonia
9860:
9855:
9825:
9820:
9807:
9800:
9791:
9739:
9720:Public holidays
9666:
9640:Global Strategy
9532:
9525:
9494:Labour mobility
9387:Global Strategy
9348:Driving licence
9290:
9266:Pro-Europeanism
9191:
9103:
9028:Competition law
9000:
8978:
8972:
8955:
8949:
8933:
8916:
8910:
8865:
8863:
8853:
8828:
8793:
8763:
8747:Vice-Presidents
8706:
8641:Vice-Presidents
8595:
8579:
8573:Protected areas
8543:External border
8511:
8473:
8411:
8380:
8353:
8340:
8322:
8295:
8265:
8256:1993–2004
8251:1973–1993
8246:1958–1972
8241:1948–1957
8208:
8202:
8137:
8045:
8044:
8041:
8036:
8035:
8025:
8023:
8019:
8012:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7991:
7989:
7967:
7963:
7953:
7951:
7947:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7920:
7916:
7912:, November 2006
7908:
7904:
7896:
7892:
7879:
7878:
7874:
7864:
7862:
7853:
7852:
7843:
7833:
7831:
7826:
7825:
7821:
7813:
7809:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7748:
7747:
7743:
7724:
7720:
7710:
7708:
7699:
7698:
7691:
7676:
7675:
7668:
7658:
7656:
7646:
7642:
7633:
7629:
7621:
7617:
7609:
7602:
7592:
7590:
7585:
7584:
7580:
7570:
7568:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7528:
7524:
7514:
7512:
7502:
7498:
7488:
7486:
7481:
7480:
7476:
7468:
7464:
7451:
7450:
7446:
7436:
7434:
7429:
7428:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7402:
7400:
7395:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7368:
7366:
7361:
7360:
7356:
7349:
7333:
7329:
7319:
7317:
7312:
7311:
7307:
7297:
7295:
7293:www.rigzone.com
7287:
7286:
7282:
7270:
7268:
7259:
7258:
7250:
7246:
7236:
7234:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7214:
7198:
7194:
7190:EWEA March 2014
7186:
7182:
7172:
7170:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7151:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7134:
7133:
7129:
7121:
7110:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7093:
7089:
7080:
7076:
7067:
7063:
7054:
7050:
7041:
7037:
7006:
7002:
6993:
6989:
6981:
6977:
6964:
6963:
6956:
6951:. 9 March 2007.
6943:
6942:
6938:
6925:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6881:
6871:
6867:
6857:
6855:
6837:
6833:
6823:
6821:
6811:
6802:
6792:
6790:
6780:
6776:
6763:
6762:
6758:
6745:
6744:
6740:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6713:
6712:
6708:
6695:
6694:
6690:
6677:
6676:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6658:
6645:
6644:
6640:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6557:
6553:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6530:. pp. 2–3.
6519:
6513:
6509:
6504:. pp. 3–5.
6493:
6487:
6480:
6473:
6449:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6422:
6421:
6417:
6407:
6405:
6397:
6396:
6392:
6382:
6380:
6372:
6371:
6364:
6351:
6350:
6341:
6331:
6329:
6326:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6287:
6276:
6272:
6262:
6260:
6250:
6243:
6233:
6231:
6223:
6217:
6210:
6200:
6198:
6187:
6186:
6177:
6154:
6150:
6140:
6138:
6132:
6128:
6118:
6116:
6106:
6102:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6081:
6076:
5968:
5955:
5949:
5944:
5880:
5836:
5808:
5790:concluded that
5784:
5740:
5728:
5723:
5670:Baku Initiative
5638:
5626:
5610:
5584:
5574:
5568:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5525:
5485:
5468:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:Energy taxation
5441:
5435:
5413:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5336:
5333:washing machine
5329:EU energy label
5325:
5317:
5316:
5310:
5276:
5271:
5146:
5065:
5017:electrical grid
4988:
4948:
4884:
4860:energy reserves
4848:
4794:The history of
4792:
4787:
4737:and 57% of its
4692:energy security
4680:
4651:
4647:Other countries
4635:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4590:
4582:
4581:
4568:
4540:
4420:
4408:
4396:
4384:
4372:
4360:
4348:
4336:
4324:
4312:
4300:
4288:
4276:
4264:
4252:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4192:
4180:
4168:
4156:
4144:
4132:
4120:
4108:
4096:
4093:
4088:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4044:
4043:
3974:Pro-Europeanism
3900:
3892:
3891:
3840:
3830:
3829:
3817:
3805:
3793:
3781:
3769:
3757:
3745:
3733:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3685:
3673:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3505:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3440:
3435:
3416:Spitzenkandidat
3391:
3381:
3380:
3354:
3349:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3323:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3230:
3218:
3206:
3194:
3182:
3170:
3158:
3146:
3134:
3122:
3110:
3098:
3086:
3074:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3013:
3001:
2989:
2977:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2957:
2937:
2935:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2914:
2895:Prüm Convention
2891:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2865:
2854:
2852:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2820:
2818:
2807:
2805:
2794:
2792:
2781:
2779:
2768:
2766:
2755:
2753:
2742:
2740:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2701:
2690:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2664:
2662:
2651:
2649:
2638:
2636:
2625:
2623:
2612:
2610:
2599:
2597:
2586:
2584:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2545:
2534:
2532:
2521:
2519:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2441:
2436:
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2363:
2351:
2339:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2320:Paschal Donohoe
2312:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2051:
2043:
2033:
2032:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1955:
1944:
1942:
1931:
1929:
1918:
1916:
1905:
1903:
1892:
1890:
1879:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1838:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1799:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1708:
1697:
1695:
1684:
1682:
1671:
1669:
1658:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1624:Euratom members
1620:
1610:
1609:
1581:
1576:
1546:
1543:Advisory bodies
1539:
1526:
1521:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1397:Investment Fund
1392:Investment Bank
1388:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1215:
1199:Vice Presidents
1143:
1137:
1130:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1008:
996:
994:
987:
980:
971:
961:
960:
937:Vice Presidents
918:
911:
886:
878:
870:
869:
854:
849:
834:
829:
828:
819:
814:
813:
784:
779:
778:
773:
684:Treaty of Paris
673:
663:
662:
661:
628:
616:
613:
606:
594:
591:
584:
572:
560:
556:North Macedonia
548:
536:
524:
512:
500:
488:
485:
478:
477:
466:
464:
453:
451:
440:
438:
427:
425:
414:
412:
401:
399:
388:
386:
375:
373:
362:
360:
349:
347:
336:
334:
323:
321:
310:
308:
297:
295:
284:
282:
271:
269:
258:
256:
245:
243:
232:
230:
219:
217:
206:
204:
193:
191:
180:
178:
167:
165:
154:
152:
141:
139:
128:
126:
121:
97:
79:
78:
77:
76:
68:
66:
62:
60:
56:
54:
50:
48:
44:
42:
41: Oil (38%)
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10784:
10774:
10773:
10768:
10763:
10748:
10747:
10745:European Union
10735:
10723:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10681:
10676:
10671:
10666:
10661:
10655:
10653:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10643:
10638:
10633:
10626:
10623:What Will Work
10619:
10612:
10605:
10598:
10591:
10583:
10581:
10577:
10576:
10574:
10573:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10551:Michael Sladek
10548:
10543:
10538:
10536:Hermann Scheer
10533:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10488:
10483:
10478:
10473:
10468:
10466:Hermann Behmel
10462:
10460:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10447:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10426:
10424:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10374:
10368:
10366:
10360:
10359:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10311:
10306:
10301:
10296:
10291:
10286:
10281:
10276:
10270:
10268:
10262:
10261:
10254:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10231:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10216:European Union
10212:
10210:
10209:Other entities
10206:
10205:
10203:
10202:
10197:
10192:
10187:
10182:
10177:
10172:
10166:
10164:
10163:other entities
10158:
10157:
10155:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10139:
10134:
10128:
10126:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10116:
10114:United Kingdom
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9979:
9974:
9969:
9964:
9959:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9929:
9927:Czech Republic
9924:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9868:
9866:
9862:
9861:
9854:
9853:
9846:
9839:
9831:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9818:
9813:
9806:
9805:
9797:
9796:
9793:
9792:
9790:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9769:
9764:
9759:
9753:
9751:
9745:
9744:
9741:
9740:
9738:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9722:
9717:
9712:
9707:
9705:Laissez-passer
9702:
9697:
9692:
9684:
9678:
9672:
9671:
9668:
9667:
9665:
9664:
9663:
9662:
9657:
9655:Current agenda
9647:
9642:
9637:
9632:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9607:
9602:
9597:
9592:
9587:
9586:
9585:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9554:
9553:
9543:
9537:
9535:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9516:
9514:Sport policies
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9490:
9489:
9479:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9429:
9428:
9418:
9417:
9416:
9411:
9401:
9391:
9390:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9373:
9372:
9357:
9356:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9314:
9309:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9261:Federalisation
9258:
9253:
9251:Euroscepticism
9248:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9212:
9210:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9192:
9190:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9168:
9167:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9154:
9153:
9138:
9133:
9128:
9123:
9117:
9111:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9100:
9099:
9094:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9052:
9047:
9046:
9045:
9035:
9030:
9025:
9020:
9014:
9012:
9006:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8959:
8957:
8951:
8950:
8948:
8947:
8941:
8939:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8920:
8918:
8912:
8911:
8909:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8892:
8891:
8888:
8883:
8875:
8869:
8867:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8850:
8849:
8838:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8825:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8803:
8801:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8790:
8789:
8784:
8773:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8761:
8760:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8734:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8716:
8714:
8708:
8707:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8682:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8664:
8663:
8661:Constituencies
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8627:
8625:
8616:
8607:
8601:
8600:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8575:
8570:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8553:Extreme points
8550:
8545:
8540:
8535:
8529:
8523:
8517:
8516:
8513:
8512:
8510:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8483:
8481:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8425:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8400:
8390:
8388:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8365:
8359:
8358:
8355:
8354:
8352:
8351:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8327:
8324:
8323:
8321:
8320:
8315:
8309:
8303:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8278:Defence policy
8271:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8227:
8225:
8216:
8210:
8209:
8207: articles
8205:European Union
8201:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8149:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8107:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8072:
8067:
8057:
8051:
8040:
8039:External links
8037:
8034:
8033:
7999:
7961:
7926:
7914:
7902:
7900:, January 2006
7890:
7872:
7841:
7819:
7807:
7789:
7759:
7756:. 4 June 2013.
7741:
7718:
7707:. 12 June 2024
7689:
7686:. 19 May 2021.
7666:
7640:
7627:
7615:
7600:
7578:
7556:
7544:
7522:
7496:
7474:
7462:
7444:
7422:
7410:
7388:
7376:
7354:
7347:
7327:
7305:
7280:
7271:|journal=
7244:
7219:
7212:
7192:
7180:
7159:
7127:
7099:
7087:
7074:
7061:
7048:
7035:
7022:10.1002/wcc.62
7016:(4): 598–605.
7000:
6987:
6975:
6954:
6936:
6918:
6911:
6891:
6865:
6831:
6800:
6774:
6756:
6738:
6720:
6706:
6688:
6670:
6656:
6638:
6621:
6614:
6586:
6579:
6551:
6533:
6507:
6478:
6471:
6440:
6424:"Press corner"
6415:
6390:
6362:
6353:"Press corner"
6339:
6315:
6297:
6270:
6241:
6208:
6175:
6148:
6126:
6100:
6078:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5967:
5964:
5951:Main article:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5919:
5879:
5878:Public opinion
5876:
5835:
5832:
5807:
5804:
5783:
5780:
5743:Green hydrogen
5739:
5736:
5727:
5724:
5662:Kyoto Protocol
5637:
5634:
5625:
5624:Consumer goods
5622:
5609:
5606:
5570:Main article:
5567:
5564:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5529:ACEA agreement
5524:
5521:
5505:SAVE Programme
5484:
5481:
5464:Main article:
5461:
5458:
5453:Main article:
5450:
5447:
5437:Main article:
5434:
5431:
5412:
5411:Energy markets
5409:
5326:
5319:
5318:
5311:
5304:
5303:
5302:
5301:
5300:
5290:A recommended
5275:
5274:Energy sources
5272:
5270:
5267:
5245:
5244:
5235:Developing an
5233:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5197:
5194:
5191:Kyoto Protocol
5187:primary energy
5145:
5142:
5087:, farming and
5077:European Union
5064:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4996:
4970:Maroš Šefčovič
4947:
4944:
4920:climate change
4916:Kyoto Protocol
4883:
4880:
4847:
4844:
4816:Treaty of Rome
4812:nuclear energy
4796:energy markets
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4775:Treaty of Rome
4696:sustainability
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4671:
4664:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4643:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4591:
4589:Defunct bodies
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4526:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4418:
4406:
4394:
4382:
4370:
4358:
4346:
4334:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4226:
4214:
4202:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4164:Czech Republic
4154:
4142:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4084:Defence Policy
4081:
4079:Foreign Policy
4076:
4069:
4068:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4022:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3979:Euroscepticism
3976:
3971:
3966:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3931:
3930:
3929:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3882:Recommendation
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3841:
3836:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3815:
3803:
3791:
3779:
3767:
3755:
3743:
3731:
3719:
3707:
3695:
3683:
3671:
3659:
3647:
3635:
3623:
3611:
3599:
3587:
3575:
3573:Czech Republic
3563:
3551:
3539:
3527:
3515:
3498:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3421:Constituencies
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3334:
3321:
3305:Non-EU members
3303:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3192:
3180:
3168:
3156:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3060:
3048:
3046:Czech Republic
3036:
3024:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2948:
2947:
2933:
2915:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2834:Non-EU members
2832:
2830:
2829:
2816:
2803:
2790:
2777:
2764:
2751:
2738:
2725:
2712:
2699:
2686:
2673:
2660:
2647:
2634:
2621:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2567:Czech Republic
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2014:
2012:United Kingdom
2001:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1966:
1953:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1901:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1849:
1836:
1823:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1704:Czech Republic
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1552:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:of the Euratom
1514:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:Euro banknotes
1359:
1354:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1168:
1156:Largest groups
1153:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1020:Configurations
1018:
1009:
995:
988:
981:
979:
978:
972:
967:
966:
963:
962:
959:
958:
949:
944:
939:
934:
924:
912:
910:
909:
908:
907:
902:
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
861:
850:
848:
847:
841:
832:Other treaties
830:
820:
815:
785:
780:
774:
772:
771:
770:
769:
764:
753:
747:
744:Treaty of Nice
741:
735:
729:
723:
717:
711:
708:Euratom Treaty
705:
702:Treaty of Rome
699:
693:
687:
681:
674:
669:
668:
665:
664:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
627:
626:
607:
605:
604:
585:
583:
582:
570:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
479:
476:
475:
462:
449:
436:
423:
410:
397:
384:
371:
358:
345:
332:
319:
306:
293:
280:
267:
254:
241:
228:
215:
202:
200:Czech Republic
189:
176:
163:
150:
137:
123:
122:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
99:
98:
93:
90:
89:
67:
61:
55:
49:
43:
37:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10783:
10772:
10769:
10767:
10764:
10762:
10759:
10758:
10756:
10746:
10736:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10722:
10717:
10712:
10711:
10708:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10680:
10677:
10675:
10672:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10656:
10654:
10648:
10642:
10639:
10637:
10634:
10632:
10631:
10627:
10625:
10624:
10620:
10618:
10617:
10613:
10611:
10610:
10606:
10604:
10603:
10599:
10597:
10596:
10592:
10590:
10589:
10585:
10584:
10582:
10578:
10572:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10556:Ursula Sladek
10554:
10552:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10531:Rüdiger Sagel
10529:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10497:
10494:
10492:
10489:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10477:
10474:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10461:
10457:
10451:
10448:
10446:
10443:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:Public policy
10421:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10379:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10361:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10320:
10317:
10315:
10312:
10310:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10295:
10292:
10290:
10287:
10285:
10282:
10280:
10277:
10275:
10272:
10271:
10269:
10263:
10259:
10252:
10247:
10245:
10240:
10238:
10233:
10232:
10229:
10217:
10214:
10213:
10211:
10207:
10201:
10198:
10196:
10193:
10191:
10188:
10186:
10183:
10181:
10178:
10176:
10175:Faroe Islands
10173:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10165:
10159:
10153:
10150:
10148:
10147:South Ossetia
10145:
10143:
10140:
10138:
10135:
10133:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10121:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9999:Liechtenstein
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9975:
9973:
9970:
9968:
9965:
9963:
9960:
9958:
9955:
9953:
9950:
9948:
9945:
9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9923:
9920:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9867:
9863:
9859:
9852:
9847:
9845:
9840:
9838:
9833:
9832:
9829:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9799:
9798:
9794:
9788:
9785:
9783:
9780:
9778:
9775:
9773:
9770:
9768:
9765:
9763:
9760:
9758:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9750:
9746:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9721:
9718:
9716:
9715:Media freedom
9713:
9711:
9708:
9706:
9703:
9701:
9698:
9696:
9693:
9691:
9690:
9686:
9685:
9682:
9679:
9677:
9673:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9652:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9641:
9638:
9636:
9633:
9631:
9628:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9606:
9603:
9601:
9598:
9596:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9584:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9547:
9544:
9542:
9539:
9538:
9536:
9534:
9528:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9488:
9485:
9484:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9460:Energy policy
9458:
9456:
9453:
9451:
9450:Customs Union
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9435:Single market
9433:
9427:
9424:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9406:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9396:
9395:
9392:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9371:
9368:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9362:
9361:
9358:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9339:
9338:identity card
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9326:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9312:Schengen Area
9310:
9308:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9161:
9158:
9152:
9149:
9148:
9147:
9144:
9143:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9127:
9124:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9106:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9044:
9041:
9040:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9033:Copyright law
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9007:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8983:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8958:
8952:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8921:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8890:EIB Institute
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8870:
8868:
8860:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8809:
8808:
8805:
8804:
8802:
8800:
8796:
8788:
8787:General Court
8785:
8783:
8780:
8779:
8778:
8775:
8774:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8752:Commissioners
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8735:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8715:
8713:
8709:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8662:
8659:
8658:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8632:
8629:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8602:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:Member states
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8539:
8536:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8484:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8422:
8418:
8408:
8406:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8383:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8368:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8350:
8347:
8346:
8343:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8325:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8310:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8298:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8228:
8226:
8224:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8211:
8206:
8199:
8194:
8192:
8187:
8185:
8180:
8179:
8176:
8170:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8151:10 Jan 2007,
8150:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8120:
8118:
8114:
8112:
8108:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8065:
8061:
8058:
8055:
8052:
8048:
8043:
8042:
8018:
8011:
8010:
8003:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7976:
7975:Energy Policy
7972:
7965:
7946:
7939:
7938:
7930:
7923:
7918:
7911:
7906:
7899:
7894:
7886:
7882:
7876:
7860:
7856:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7829:
7823:
7816:
7811:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7763:
7755:
7751:
7745:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7722:
7706:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7685:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7671:
7655:
7651:
7644:
7637:
7631:
7624:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7605:
7588:
7582:
7566:
7560:
7553:
7548:
7540:
7536:
7532:
7531:Harvey, Fiona
7526:
7511:
7507:
7500:
7484:
7478:
7471:
7466:
7458:
7454:
7448:
7432:
7426:
7419:
7414:
7398:
7392:
7385:
7380:
7364:
7358:
7350:
7344:
7340:
7339:
7331:
7315:
7309:
7294:
7290:
7284:
7276:
7263:
7255:
7248:
7233:
7229:
7223:
7215:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7196:
7189:
7184:
7169:
7163:
7144:
7137:
7131:
7120:
7116:
7109:
7103:
7096:
7091:
7084:
7078:
7071:
7065:
7058:
7052:
7045:
7039:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7004:
6997:
6991:
6984:
6979:
6971:
6967:
6961:
6959:
6950:
6946:
6940:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6914:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6895:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6835:
6820:
6816:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6789:
6785:
6778:
6770:
6766:
6760:
6752:
6748:
6742:
6734:
6730:
6724:
6716:
6710:
6702:
6698:
6692:
6684:
6680:
6674:
6666:
6660:
6652:
6648:
6642:
6631:
6625:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6590:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6555:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6529:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6483:
6474:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6447:
6445:
6429:
6425:
6419:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6379:
6375:
6369:
6367:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6325:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6285:
6281:
6274:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6246:
6229:
6222:
6215:
6213:
6196:
6195:
6190:
6184:
6182:
6180:
6171:
6167:
6164:(3): 032301.
6163:
6159:
6152:
6137:
6130:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6096:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5972:CHP Directive
5970:
5969:
5963:
5961:
5954:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5915:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5893:
5889:
5884:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5852:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5803:
5799:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5762:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5735:
5733:
5722:
5717:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5693:
5690:
5686:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5650:
5642:
5633:
5631:
5630:energy labels
5621:
5619:
5615:
5605:
5603:
5599:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5544:
5530:
5520:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5501:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5480:
5477:
5473:
5467:
5456:
5446:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5408:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5384:
5379:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5360:Greek bailout
5357:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5334:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5308:
5297:
5293:
5288:
5280:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5141:
5140:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5057:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:energy market
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4910:In 2001, the
4905:
4901:
4897:
4893:
4888:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4856:member states
4853:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4832:
4828:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4728:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4700:energy policy
4697:
4693:
4689:
4677:
4672:
4670:
4665:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4632:
4631:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4586:
4585:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4066:Josep Borrell
4064:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:Customs Union
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:ECJ Case 6/64
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:Apportionment
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3385:
3384:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3346:
3335:
3333:
3332:Liechtenstein
3322:
3320:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2952:
2945:
2934:
2932:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2877:
2875:
2864:
2862:
2861:Liechtenstein
2851:
2849:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2828:
2817:
2815:
2804:
2802:
2791:
2789:
2778:
2776:
2765:
2763:
2752:
2750:
2739:
2737:
2726:
2724:
2713:
2711:
2700:
2698:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2659:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2633:
2622:
2620:
2609:
2607:
2596:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2570:
2568:
2557:
2555:
2544:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2518:
2516:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:Schengen Area
2496:
2495:
2486:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2419:Swedish krona
2415:
2410:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2347:Bulgarian lev
2343:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1967:
1965:
1954:
1952:
1941:
1939:
1928:
1926:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1822:
1811:
1809:
1798:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1757:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1718:
1707:
1705:
1694:
1692:
1681:
1679:
1668:
1666:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1640:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1462:AFSC agencies
1461:
1459:CFSP agencies
1458:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1401:EIB Institute
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1266:General Court
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:Iratxe García
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:Manfred Weber
1162:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1007:
1006:
1000:
993:
992:
986:
985:
977:
974:
973:
970:
965:
964:
957:
953:
950:
948:
947:Civil Service
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
932:
931:Von der Leyen
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
916:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
895:
891:
888:
887:
885:
884:
874:
873:
865:
862:
859:
856:
855:
853:
845:
842:
839:
836:
835:
833:
827:
823:
818:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
783:
777:
768:
765:
763:
760:
759:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:Merger Treaty
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
682:
679:
676:
675:
672:
667:
666:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
620:
615:
614:
612:
611:
603:
598:
593:
592:
590:
589:
581:
576:
571:
569:
564:
559:
557:
552:
547:
545:
540:
535:
533:
528:
523:
521:
516:
511:
509:
504:
499:
497:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
474:
463:
461:
450:
448:
437:
435:
424:
422:
411:
409:
398:
396:
385:
383:
372:
370:
359:
357:
346:
344:
333:
331:
320:
318:
307:
305:
294:
292:
281:
279:
268:
266:
255:
253:
242:
240:
229:
227:
216:
214:
203:
201:
190:
188:
177:
175:
164:
162:
151:
149:
138:
136:
125:
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10152:Transnistria
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9509:Space policy
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9177:Average wage
9172:Minimum wage
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8799:Central bank
8614:Institutions
8538:Demographics
8421:Enlargements
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8270:Predecessors
8135:In the media
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6258:Carbon Brief
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4951:
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4804:World War II
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4714:. After the
4687:
4685:
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4090:
4057:
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3860:Subsidiarity
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2395:Polish złoty
2371:Danish krone
2359:Czech koruna
2331:
2326:
2307:
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2294:
2046:
1984:
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1381:Other bodies
1297:
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608:
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10571:Armin Weiss
10566:Roland Vogt
10541:Jens Scheer
10491:Erich Fromm
10190:Isle of Man
10125:recognition
10099:Switzerland
10034:Netherlands
9787:Urban areas
9650:Enlargement
9328:Citizenship
9077:LGBT rights
8915:Independent
8730:Euro summit
8646:Secretariat
8623:Legislature
8479:Withdrawals
8075:ManagEnergy
7981:: 251–261.
7485:. Europa.eu
6858:29 December
6824:29 December
6793:29 December
6383:28 February
6230:. p. 3
5150:green paper
5031:integration
5020:instability
4962:Donald Tusk
4924:a directive
4690:focuses on
4332:Netherlands
4015:Integration
3959:Citizenship
3741:Netherlands
3214:Netherlands
2972:EEA members
2887:Switzerland
2736:Netherlands
2242:Netherlands
1999:Switzerland
1886:Netherlands
1190:(2019–2024)
1188:9th session
1095:Secretariat
866:(2015–2016)
382:Netherlands
10755:Categories
10476:Rolf Disch
10363:Renewable
10069:San Marino
10029:Montenegro
10009:Luxembourg
9989:Kazakhstan
9892:Azerbaijan
9762:Directives
9660:Statistics
9482:Healthcare
9221:Eurosphere
9126:Currencies
9097:Withdrawal
9072:Regulation
8877:EIB Group
8822:Eurosystem
8690:Presidency
8651:Committees
8591:Statistics
8261:Since 2004
8142:neurope.eu
8064:Low Carbon
7237:12 October
7173:27 January
6949:EUobserver
6884:20 January
6226:(Report).
6074:References
5923:energy mix
5776:heat pumps
5747:transition
5719:See also:
5709:Azerbaijan
5125:After the
5120:Fit for 55
5089:innovation
5049:SüdOstLink
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4790:Early days
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3867:Regulation
3717:Luxembourg
3190:Luxembourg
2710:Luxembourg
2218:Luxembourg
1860:Luxembourg
1471:SRM bodies
1367:Euro coins
1211:Conference
991:Presidency
767:Article 50
544:Montenegro
356:Luxembourg
73:renewables
10180:Gibraltar
10004:Lithuania
9710:Languages
9689:Douzelage
9533:relations
9333:passports
9256:Euromyths
9160:Transport
9038:Directive
8866:EU bodies
8812:President
8769:Judiciary
8742:President
8725:President
8712:Executive
8700:Eurogroup
8656:Elections
8636:President
8533:Geography
8521:Geography
8144:) :
7030:140660305
6853:0261-3077
6733:europa.eu
6290:21 August
5830:project.
5711:to Europe
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5523:Transport
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5185:from all
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4850:The 1992
4763:REPowerEU
4720:REPowerEU
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3933:Policies
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3389:Elections
3178:Lithuania
2946:(Opt-out)
2697:Lithuania
2308:President
2301:Eurogroup
2206:Lithuania
1847:Lithuania
1513:of the EU
1344:President
1147:President
1043:Eurogroup
956:Juhansone
927:President
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762:Article 7
343:Lithuania
10733:Politics
10650:Related
10314:Gorleben
10289:Brokdorf
10265:Nuclear
10200:Svalbard
10185:Guernsey
10132:Abkhazia
10084:Slovenia
10079:Slovakia
10054:Portugal
9912:Bulgaria
9811:Category
9725:Religion
9531:Foreign
9519:VAT Area
9399:Eurozone
9295:Policies
9209:Concepts
9201:Politics
9141:Eurozone
9092:opt-outs
9087:Treaties
8977:Military
8954:Advisory
8938:Agencies
8578:Regions
8236:Founders
8223:Timeline
7865:23 April
7834:23 April
7815:Projects
7754:BBC News
7593:23 April
7571:23 April
7515:23 April
7489:23 April
7437:23 April
7403:23 April
7369:23 April
7320:23 April
7298:15 April
7152:23 April
7119:Archived
6788:POLITICO
6332:23 April
6310:NBC News
5966:See also
5892:Gorleben
5834:SET Plan
5820:COOPENER
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5608:Industry
5556:biofuels
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5203:by 2020.
5201:biofuels
4918:against
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4380:Slovakia
4356:Portugal
4128:Bulgaria
3969:Identity
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3877:Decision
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3789:Slovakia
3765:Portugal
3537:Bulgaria
3274:Slovenia
3262:Slovakia
3238:Portugal
3009:Bulgaria
2801:Slovenia
2788:Slovakia
2762:Portugal
2541:Bulgaria
2447:Bulgaria
2278:Slovenia
2266:Slovakia
2254:Portugal
1951:Slovenia
1938:Slovakia
1912:Portugal
1665:Bulgaria
1204:Quaestor
1050:AGRIFISH
776:Opt-outs
447:Slovenia
434:Slovakia
408:Portugal
161:Bulgaria
86:a series
10707:Portals
10109:Ukraine
10059:Romania
10019:Moldova
9977:Ireland
9972:Iceland
9967:Hungary
9957:Germany
9952:Georgia
9942:Finland
9937:Estonia
9932:Denmark
9917:Croatia
9902:Belgium
9897:Belarus
9887:Austria
9882:Armenia
9877:Andorra
9872:Albania
9802:Outline
9735:Symbols
9676:Culture
9165:TRACECA
9109:Economy
8917:offices
8214:History
8153:Reuters
8066:Future.
7732:Reuters
7711:13 June
7232:EIB.org
6697:"Press"
6263:2 April
6234:2 April
6201:2 April
6141:20 July
6119:1 April
6048:INOGATE
5947:Germany
5816:ALTENER
5812:CEPHEUS
5566:Flights
5509:boilers
5494:boilers
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4808:Euratom
4785:History
4747:uranium
4548:Ireland
4518:History
4368:Romania
4260:Ireland
4248:Hungary
4224:Germany
4200:Finland
4188:Estonia
4176:Denmark
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4104:Austria
3850:Primacy
3777:Romania
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3633:Germany
3609:Finland
3597:Estonia
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3549:Croatia
3525:Belgium
3513:Austria
3319:Iceland
3250:Romania
3142:Ireland
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3070:Estonia
3058:Denmark
3021:Croatia
2997:Belgium
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2606:Finland
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2452:Czechia
2170:Ireland
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2110:Estonia
2086:Croatia
2074:Belgium
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148:Belgium
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10137:Kosovo
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840:(1985)
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7371:2011
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7322:2011
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6145:.
6123:.
6097:.
5925:.
5541:2
5537:2
5533:2
5239:-
4675:e
4668:t
4661:v
4550:)
4546:(
4516:(
3856:)
3852:(
1177:)
1173:(
1167:)
1163:(
1142:)
1138:(
1010:(
20:)
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