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103:, which gave Robert Fowler's panel of experts a mandate to investigate how the sanctions were being circumvented. According to the Fowler Report, UNITA used a number of channels to sell or barter diamonds for cash or weapons. In one of the schemes that was identified, Joe de Deker, a former stockholder in
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estimates
Angolans made between three and four billion dollars through the diamond trade between 1992 and 1998. The UN also estimates that out of that sum, UNITA made at least $ 3.72 billion, or 93% of all diamond sales, despite international sanctions.
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The UN had no powers to enforce compliance with the sanctions, so the report instead set out to name and shame the countries, companies and individuals involved, and thereby led directly to the passing of
63:, headed the commission that compiled the report, which raised widespread international concern by highlighting the strong link between the illicit diamond trade and third world conflicts.
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in 1998, which sought to bring an end to the conflict by imposing sanctions against the UNITA movement, specifically targeting its ability to finance the war through the sale of
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to supply military equipment to UNITA from 1993 to 1997. De Deker's brother, Ronnie, was an arms dealer who allegedly travelled with him from
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Despite the sanctions imposed against UNITA, the organisation was able to continue financing the conflict; the UN therefore passed
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Kimberly
Process Authority Chairman Is Determined by Member voting (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/56).
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for sending fuel to UNITA and maintaining a stronger alliance with UNITA than all other
African leaders. The
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Angola: Arms Trade and
Violations of the Laws of War Since the 1992 Elections: Sumário Em Portugués
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governments refueled UNITA airplanes and sent fuel to Angola. The governments of
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allowed UNITA to maintain offices in their respective countries.
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Breaking the
Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy
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Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the
Diamond Empire
337:. 15–18. UNISA Centre for Latin American Studies. 1999: 29.
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did not enforce the UN-travel ban on UNITA officials while
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and shipped arms to UNITA militants. The report condemned
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as a base of operations. He gave money to relatives of
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224:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295
101:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1237
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240:United Nations Security Council Resolution 864
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280:Diamonds and Conflict: Problems and Solutions
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31:report detailing how various companies,
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513:Conflict Diamonds: Sanctions and War
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27:, released on March 14, 2000, is a
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283:. Nova Publishers. pp. 5–6.
51:as well as UN-imposed sanctions.
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413:. Human Rights Watch. p. 3.
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107:, worked with the government of
95:Sanctions-breaking diamond trade
71:Following the resumption of the
854:2000 in international relations
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264:Historical Dictionary of Angola
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39:governments, including that of
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16:Not to be confused with
277:Arthur V. Levy (2003).
849:United Nations reports
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478:Paul Collier (2003).
460:. Global Policy Forum
458:"Sanctions in Angola"
409:Arms Project (1994).
376:. Global Policy Forum
59:'s ambassador to the
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428:The New South Africa
424:Arnold, Guy (2000).
398:. pp. 223–224.
306:"Conflict Diamonds"
160:Burkinabé President
144:Gnassingbé Eyadéma
141:Togolese President
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432:. pp.
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828:Categories
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589:Mozambique
574:Cape Verde
486:World Bank
464:2010-03-21
380:2010-03-20
320:2010-03-22
246:References
209:, and the
797:of Angola
685:Indonesia
634:Argentina
786:Missions
741:Portugal
627:Americas
609:Zimbabwe
234:See also
199:Portugal
171:Gabonese
146:allowed
105:De Beers
37:European
726:Germany
705:Vietnam
659:Uruguay
599:Nigeria
594:Namibia
203:Germany
191:Belgium
187:Morocco
167:Rwandan
150:to use
125:Belgium
121:Antwerp
79:passed
33:African
765:Former
751:Serbia
746:Russia
736:Norway
721:France
714:Europe
700:Turkey
690:Israel
649:Mexico
639:Brazil
567:Africa
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217:Impact
195:France
179:Zambia
57:Canada
41:Angola
869:UNITA
756:Spain
731:Italy
695:Japan
680:India
675:China
584:Kenya
148:UNITA
109:Zaire
45:UNITA
668:Asia
644:Cuba
490:ISBN
438:ISBN
356:help
285:ISBN
189:and
169:and
152:Togo
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