210:
20:
87:
164:
An initial border in the southernmost section west of Lomé was agreed upon by
Britain and Germany on 14 July 1886. It was extended further to the north to the Volta-Daka confluence the following year. This section of the border was then delimited in more detail via an Anglo-German agreement of 1 July
152:
in 1867. The
British gradually extended their rule into the interior, against often determined resistance by the Ashanti Empire; the northern region of what is now Ghana was annexed to the Gold Coast colony in 1901. The 1880s saw an intense competition for territory in Africa by the European powers,
184:
mandates along a mandate lines agreed upon on 10 July 1919. The new boundary between the mandates (i.e. the modern Ghana–Togo border) was then confirmed between
Britain and France on 21 October 1929 following demarcation work conducted 1927–29.
165:
1890. The border was extended further northwards via mutual agreement on 14 November 1899. The full boundary was then delimited in late 1901, and then demarcated on the ground 1901–02; this final boundary was approved on 25 June 1904.
63:. After a brief section on the Mo the border then continues to the south, using various overland segments and some small rivers, before eventually terminating at the Atlantic coast just west of Togo's capital
201:. French Togoland declared complete independence on 27 April 1960, whereupon the frontier with Ghana became one between two sovereign states. The two states undertook some re-demarcation work in the 1970s.
196:
the following year. France had also initiated a process of decolonisation at this time, culminating in the granting of broad internal autonomy to each
African colony in 1958 within the framework of the
161:
began taking an interest in acquiring colonies, signing treaties with chiefs along the coast of modern Togo in July 1884. The colony of German
Togoland was then gradually extended inland.
47:
The border starts in the north at the tripoint with
Burkina Faso; it then veers eastwards, almost re-touching the Burkinabe border and thereby creating a piece of Togolese territory
449:
Watson, Derek J. (2005). "Under the rocks: reconsidering the origin of the
Kintampo Tradition and the development of food production in the Savanna-Forest/Forest of West Africa".
657:
494:
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also took an interest in the region, and during the 19th century became the predominant regional power, taking over all the rival trading posts and declaring the
55:
river. The border follows this river for a while, before veering south-eastwards, utilising overland lines and some small rivers, eventually reaching the
51:
by only 0.14 km (140 m) from the main body of the country. The border then turns southwards, proceeding overland before reaching the
59:. The border then follows the Oti southwards, then veers eastwards along one of its branches, before turning south overland down to the
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98:(2500 –1400 BCE) have been discovered in Togo. Europeans made contact with the coast of Ghana (then referred to as the
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643:
560:
859:
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727:
451:
788:
752:
90:
Map of the former German
Togoland - the purple area was given to Britain in 1919 and later merged with Ghana
818:
757:
522:
The Dutch in the
Atlantic Economy, 1580–1880: Trade, Slavery, and Emancipation (Variorum Collected Studies)
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720:
192:, British Togoland was incorporated into the Gold Coast colony in 1956, which gained independence as
854:
781:
524:. Variorum Collected Studies (Book 614) (1st ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. p. 17.
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327:
The main border crossing is at Aflao-Lomé; other crossings include Ho-Kpalimé and
Leklebi-Kame.
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813:
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102:) from the 15th century, and it became the centre of a various trading networks, notably in
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8:
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all had trading posts in the region. In the 18th and 19th centuries Togo served as the
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is 1,098 km (682 miles) in length and runs from the tripoint with
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438:. Institute for International Affairs, Hurst and Co. pp. 250–79.
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Ghana National Reconciliation Commission: "The Historical Context"
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International Boundary Study No. 126 – Ghana-Togo Boundary
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African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopedia
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Encyclopedia of Conflicts since World War II, Volume 1
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78:in Togo, lie close to each other near the border.
634:Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999)
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682:(1st ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 183.
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70:The highest points of both countries,
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575:McLaughlin & Owusu-Ansah (1994),
545:Ciment, James; Kenneth, Hill (2012).
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354:The Journal of Modern African Studies
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636:Elections in Africa: A data handbook
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350:The Uncertain Frontier: Ghana-Togo
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176:by the Allies and then split into
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452:Journal of African Archaeology
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1:
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213:The border crossing at Aflao
23:Map of the Ghana-Togo border
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205:Settlements near the border
138:until the establishment of
10:
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704:Bradt Travel Guide - Ghana
380:CIA World Factbook – Ghana
81:
809:
748:
520:Emmer, Pieter C. (2018).
348:Austin, Dennis (1963). "
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153:a process known as the '
497:. TonyX. Archived from
465:10.3213/1612-1651-10035
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702:Phillip Briggs (2019)
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860:International borders
678:The History of France
674:Haine, Scott (2000).
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89:
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337:Ghana–Togo relations
172:German Togoland was
35:in the north to the
16:International border
664:Government of Ghana
155:Scramble for Africa
660:2011-07-21 at the
617:, 6 September 1972
495:"History of Ghana"
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150:Gold Coast colony
29:Ghana–Togo border
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142:in the 1880s.
132:Ashanti Empire
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49:almost cut off
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39:in the south.
37:Atlantic Ocean
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819:Burkina Faso
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753:Burkina Faso
706:, pgs. 60-61
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619:, retrieved
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503:. Retrieved
499:the original
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384:, retrieved
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130:between the
106:and slaves;
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72:Mount Afadja
69:
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33:Burkina Faso
28:
26:
758:Ivory Coast
459:(1): 3–55.
128:buffer zone
124:Netherlands
53:White Volta
43:Description
839:Categories
621:21 January
386:21 January
365:References
278:Kpankpande
233:Bunkpurugu
228:Nakpanduri
224:Wurinyanga
190:plebiscite
100:Gold Coast
76:Mount Agou
553:Routledge
481:162257959
287:Biakopabe
174:conquered
57:Oti River
658:Archived
473:43135356
434:(1979).
331:See also
274:Bantierk
246:Breniasi
237:Wawjawga
122:and the
120:Portugal
61:Mo River
638:, p432
312:Agoueve
309:Kpadafe
305:Kpalimé
294:Dimouri
290:Bidjabe
240:Kilingg
178:British
168:In the
159:Germany
146:Britain
136:Dahomey
116:Denmark
108:Germany
82:History
686:
642:
559:
528:
505:20 May
479:
471:
283:Passao
249:Agbome
243:Nkanta
182:French
112:Sweden
824:Ghana
814:Benin
615:(PDF)
477:S2CID
469:JSTOR
301:Bloma
298:Kakpa
258:Aflao
218:Ghana
194:Ghana
763:Togo
684:ISBN
640:ISBN
623:2020
557:ISBN
526:ISBN
507:2012
388:2020
316:Lomé
271:Tami
265:Togo
253:Denu
180:and
134:and
104:gold
65:Lomé
27:The
461:doi
352:".
188:By
157:'.
841::
583:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
