190:
241:
716:
374:
3222:
3158:
3182:
3210:
3170:
1223:
Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D,
19:
is the movement by people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location. It typically involves movements over long distances and from one country or region to another. The number of people involved in every
1120:
According to a study published this week in
Science, new discoveries over the last decade have shown that modern humans likely originated from several migrations from Africa that began as early as 120,000 years ago. Researchers have found fossils in southern and central China dating between 70,000
677:, where black people faced both poor economic opportunities and considerable political and social prejudice, to the industrial cities of the Northeast, Midwest and West, where relatively well-paid jobs were available. This phenomenon came to be known in the United States as its own
549:
has led to an accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern times. In the 16th century, perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered
American ports. In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas alone. The local populations or tribes, such as the
689:. With the demise of legalised segregation in the 1960s and greatly improved economic opportunities in the South in the subsequent decades, millions of blacks have returned to the South from other parts of the country since 1980 in what has been called the
593:. Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many areas.
1224:
Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J (2016). "Pleistocene
Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe".
723:
The First and Second World Wars, and wars, genocides, and crises sparked by them, had an enormous impact on migration. Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while
Christians moved the other way, during the collapse of the
625:
also rose. Both factors contributed to migration, as some countries favored their own ethnicity over outsiders and other countries appeared to be considerably more welcoming. For example, the
Russian Empire identified with
681:, although historians today consider the migration to have two distinct phases. The term "Great Migration", without a qualifier, is now most often used to refer the first phase, which ended roughly at the time of the
806:), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and some Belarusians were expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. Finally, many of the several hundred thousand Jews remaining in Eastern Europe after the Holocaust
157:
appeared to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago; some members of this species moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago (or, according to more recent studies, as early as 125,000 years ago into
162:, and even as early as 270,000 years ago). It is suggested that modern non-African populations descend mostly from a later migration out of Africa between 70,000 and 50,000 years ago, which spread across
645:
Transnational labor migration reached a peak of three million migrants per year in the early twentieth century. Italy, Norway, Ireland and the
Guangdong region of China were regions with especially high
948:
774:
led to one of the largest
European migrations, and the largest in the 20th century. It involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were
1744:
255:
Early humans migrated due to many factors, such as changing climate and landscape and inadequate food-supply for the levels of population. The evidence indicates that the ancestors of the
611:, open agricultural frontiers, and rising industrial centers attracted voluntary migrants. Moreover, migration was significantly made easier by improved transportation techniques.
1726:
Metcalf, Barbara; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2006), A Concise
History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories), Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxxiii, 372,
2213:
889:
estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and
Muslims were displaced during the partition. Scholars call it the largest mass migration in human history: Nigel Smith, in his book
840:. The partition displaced up to 17 million people in the former British Indian Empire, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million.
189:
642:, led to the migration of some colonizing parties from "home countries" to "the colonies", and eventually the migration of people from "colonies" to "home countries".
870:
identifies a rapid movement of labor from slower- to faster-growing parts of the economy. Migrants can often find themselves excluded by urban housing policies, and
275:
from the Indus Valley to the plain of the River Ganges in
Northern India is presumed to have taken place in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, contemporary with the
237:", which may be explained by a possible "substantial migration of Anglo-Saxon Y chromosomes into England (contributing 50–100% to the gene pool at that time)."
920:
538:
into Manchuria, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonizing the area with them (late 18th century) later on in the dynasty's rule.
1955:
225:, there was a substantial cultural transformation after the migration of relatively small elite populations. Historians see elite-migration parallels in the
638:
was also a problem. The United States was promoted as a better location, a "golden land" where Jews could live more openly. Another effect of imperialism,
178:
took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago. West-Eurasian back-migrations into Africa happened between 30,000 to 15,000 years ago, as well as pre-Neolithic and
2185:
366:
arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries CE. Subsequent migrations both from the Pacific and from Africa further consolidated this original mixture, and
1752:
499:
728:. I Four hundred thousand Jews had already moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century, and numerous Jews to America, as already mentioned. The
3027:
1816:
57:
involves expansion of sedentary populations into previously only sparsely settled territories or territories with no permanent settlements. In the
3055:
589:), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labor migration, refugee migrations, and
267:
suggests that seafaring peoples migrated from Taiwan, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the
985:
651:
885:
In the riots which preceded the partition in the Punjab region, between 200,000 and 500,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide.
1612:
756:
2903:
2158:
1928:
832:, large populations moved from India to Pakistan and vice versa, depending on their religious beliefs. The partition was created by the
2291:
2251:
686:
635:
2202:
3143:
2987:
2301:
954:
775:
710:
1137:
3045:
2296:
1778:
1287:"A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa"
1890:
3050:
2928:
2306:
783:
706:
682:
743:
communities across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East were formed from voluntary and involuntary migrants. After
2129:
1102:
175:
3007:
859:
In modern India, estimates based on industry sectors mainly employing migrants suggest that there are around 100 million
3116:
2021:
1011:
678:
650:
rates during these years. These large migration flows influenced the process of nation state formation in many ways.
2982:
234:
1166:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals"
658:
cultures and myths that reflect the importance of migration to the foundation of certain nations, like the American
240:
3174:
1391:
Tatjana Zerjal; Wells, R. Spencer; Yuldasheva, Nadira; Ruzibakiev, Ruslan; Tyler-Smith, Chris; et al. (2002).
863:
in India. Caste, social networks and historical precedents play a powerful role in shaping patterns of migration.
685:. The second phase, lasting roughly from the start of U.S. involvement in World War II to 1970, is now called the
233:
of Britain, while "the most hotly debated of all the British cultural transitions is the role of migration in the
3126:
3022:
874:
support initiatives are needed to give workers improved access to market information, certification of identity,
2143:
3247:
3121:
2422:
2093:
1748:
1731:
867:
795:
554:
in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, and the United States, were often numerically overwhelmed by incoming
3267:
2244:
856:
residents of Pakistan and Hindu residents of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) moved in the opposite direction.
599:
encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market. The
3262:
2992:
2869:
2755:
2205:
UN Alliance of Civilisations online community on good practices of integration of migrants across the world
1786:
942:
833:
1564:
662:. The transnational labor migration fell to a lower level from the 1930s to the 1960s and then rebounded.
3214:
3186:
3090:
2908:
2429:
2283:
2218:
1285:
Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019).
330:
of the first millennium CE from the North and East. A smaller migration (or sub-migration) involved the
3252:
3200:
2948:
2879:
2415:
2408:
2401:
230:
133:
1867:
1779:"The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes"
1553:
1512:
1499:
1480:
1033:
3131:
2923:
1513:"Genetic evidence suggests European migrants may have influenced the origins of India's caste system"
585:
When the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary
226:
2913:
3257:
3162:
2465:
2237:
2191:
3100:
3037:
2997:
2884:
2443:
908:
673:
population. From 1910 to 1970, approximately 7 million African Americans migrated from the rural
163:
66:
400:
and the forests of Central Africa. By about 1000 CE Bantu migration had reached modern-day
3095:
3070:
3065:
2958:
2874:
2436:
2221:. A case study on international and internal migration in a small European country (1945-2000).
1981:
965:
934:
767:
732:
caused some three million Russians, Poles, and Germans to migrate out of the new Soviet Union.
674:
268:
264:
129:
44:
1616:
3242:
2479:
1988:
1656:
people migrated from the Indian subcontinent to the UK during the Imperial era and afterwards
1594:
1170:
930:
837:
791:
596:
311:
296:
89:
31:, i.e. migration to world regions where there was previously no human habitation, during the
28:
24:
1667:
1549:
279:
phase in India (around 1700 to 1300 BCE). From 180 BCE a series of invasions from
138:
Studies show that the pre-modern migration of human populations begins with the movement of
3060:
2963:
2864:
2825:
2770:
2675:
2379:
2372:
1233:
1179:
1107:
715:
702:
614:
600:
359:
272:
256:
206:
202:
1458:
1441:
8:
3226:
2472:
1918:
1440:
Weale, Michael E.; Deborah A. Weiss; Rolf F. Jager; Neil Bradman; Mark G. Thomas (2002).
1393:"A Genetic Landscape Reshaped by Recent Events: Y-Chromosomal Insights into Central Asia"
748:
690:
284:
245:
93:
82:
40:
1538:
Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations – Bamshad et al. 11 (6): 994
1237:
1183:
3017:
2859:
2735:
1895:
1655:
1373:
1311:
1286:
1267:
1200:
1165:
1142:
912:
860:
829:
823:
666:
631:
604:
586:
559:
551:
542:
288:
276:
171:
101:
62:
2169:, Directors: David Eckenrode, John Sheedy, John Eckenrode. 2005. 90 min. (U.S./Mexico)
1417:
1392:
388:
and their speakers, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by
3181:
3136:
3002:
2943:
2933:
2704:
2668:
2522:
2316:
2112:
2089:
2017:
1727:
1463:
1422:
1377:
1365:
1357:
1316:
1271:
1259:
1205:
1082:
1063:
1020:
1007:
803:
763:
729:
627:
511:
424:
201:. Major population-movements notably include those postulated as associated with the
32:
2199:
Comprehensive interactive guide to modern migration issues, with maps and statistics
2016:, Madrid / Frankfurt, Iberoamericana / Vervuert, Ediciones de Iberoamericana, 2009.
1791:
3012:
2765:
2582:
2544:
2391:
1495:
1484:
1453:
1412:
1404:
1347:
1306:
1298:
1249:
1241:
1195:
1187:
1072:
799:
670:
468:
378:
327:
260:
214:
210:
113:
70:
1537:
1000:
Who We Are And How We Got Here – Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past
510:
in the 13th century to sanctify the manifest goddess. In the Ming occupation, the
373:
2819:
2792:
2690:
2648:
2260:
2072:
975:
970:
902:
531:
498:
Between the 11th and 18th centuries, numerous migrations took place in Asia. The
476:
452:
431:
between the 11th and 13th centuries. Their migration strongly contributed to the
397:
385:
367:
198:
167:
144:
78:
16:
1302:
514:
started expanding southward in the 11th century; this is known in Vietnamese as
2639:
2343:
2329:
2268:
1057:
Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. (8 December 2017).
1003:
980:
924:
916:
871:
733:
725:
507:
343:
322:. Classical-era Europe provides evidence of two major migration movements: the
307:
292:
235:
relatively sudden and drastic change from Romano-Britain to Anglo-Saxon Britain
2196:
1439:
1352:
1335:
1245:
3236:
2807:
2660:
2350:
2165:
1982:
Guns, germs and steel. A short history of everybody for the last 13'000 years
1976:
1964:
A Forgetful Nation: On Immigration and Cultural Identity in the United States
1932:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 427–437.
1923:
1361:
779:
744:
618:
464:
444:
396:-speaking people, whose descendants today occupy the arid regions around the
331:
300:
58:
1077:
1058:
2813:
2801:
2743:
2617:
2565:
2530:
2455:
2362:
1693:
1645:, by Irving Howe, and particularly the first sixty or so pages of that book
1481:
Language trees support the express-train sequence of Austronesian expansion
1467:
1426:
1369:
1320:
1263:
1209:
1086:
771:
608:
590:
527:
519:
515:
436:
405:
347:
280:
249:
140:
109:
1576:
949:
List of sovereign states and dependent territories by immigrant population
2697:
2624:
2596:
2589:
2537:
2031:, Frankfurt & New York: Campus Verlag & St. Martin's Press, 2000.
1133:
659:
639:
622:
546:
535:
448:
432:
351:
97:
74:
54:
39:, most migrations (except for the peopling of remote regions such as the
1191:
506:
during the Shan invasion in the 13th century. They settled in the lower
2682:
2603:
2224:
1774:
1745:"Support for migrant workers: the missing link in India's development?"
1390:
1254:
647:
479:
has time and again provided a ready migration-path – for (for example)
460:
409:
355:
222:
2749:
2654:
1841:
879:
719:
Swiss woman and her children leaving Civil war in Russia, around 1921
575:
523:
363:
354:
between the 6th and 11th centuries CE. Recent research suggests that
319:
271:. Scholars believe that this migration began around 6,000 years ago.
179:
49:
36:
20:
wave of immigration differs depending on the specific circumstances.
2000:
What are they doing here? A critical guide to asylum and immigration
197:
By 2000 years ago humans had established settlements in most of the
2610:
2575:
2552:
2273:
2208:
1817:"20th-century international relations (politics) : South Asia"
1408:
938:
845:
655:
401:
335:
117:
2229:
1717:
Pakistan:History, Culture, and Government by Nigel Smith, Page 112
1103:"Early humans migrated out of Africa much earlier than we thought"
2760:
2336:
2062:
Migration without Borders, Essays on the Free Movement of People
1971:
Empires and Walls: Globalization, Migration, and Colonial Control
807:
555:
503:
484:
472:
440:
420:
393:
389:
339:
148:
105:
1917:
3209:
1993:
Trails of Terror: Testimonies on the Current Immigration Debate
1631:
Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade
841:
811:
752:
563:
488:
315:
218:
2007:
Cultures in Contact. World Migrations in the Second Millennium
1558:
346:
spread from their homeland in modern Turkestan across most of
2835:
2726:
2716:
886:
875:
849:
787:
603:
diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-bound
492:
456:
428:
413:
323:
183:
153:
2014:
Migration and the Construction of National Identity in Spain
1613:""The Colombian Mosaic in Colonial America" by James Axtell"
61:, human migration has primarily taken the form of migration
2494:
2088:(A.K. Purohit, ed.), Yash Publishing House, Bikaner, 2010.
1138:"In Neanderthal DNA, Signs of a Mysterious Human Migration"
853:
776:
16.5 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards
630:, and confined Jews, who were not Eastern Orthodox, to the
480:
417:
159:
2188:
gives up-to-date statistics on net immigration by country.
1916:
Mayo-Smith, Richmond; Ingram, Thomas; Gadow, Hans (1911).
1384:
896:
1222:
740:
47:), were predominantly warlike, consisting of conquest or
1336:"African population history: an ancient DNA perspective"
736:
following the Second World War also caused migrations.
193:
Pre-Neolithic and Neolithic migration events in Africa.
2203:
Integration : Building Inclusive Societies (IBIS)
2179:
1442:"Y Chromosome Evidence for Anglo-Saxon Mass Migration"
921:
Migrant workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council region
451:
was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of
217:
have left significant traces. In some places, such as
3198:
1956:
Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets
1915:
747:(1938 to 1945), there was increased migration to the
1334:
Vicente, Mário; Schlebusch, Carina M (1 June 2020).
1284:
1059:"On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives"
1433:
2739:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
2036:Childhood and Migration. From Experience to Agency
1577:"Vietnam – The Le Dynasty and Southward Expansion"
1543:
848:(including East Pakistan, now Bangladesh), whilst
844:residents of the former British India migrated to
2029:Women and Migration. Anthropological Perspectives
1587:
1569:
1333:
1056:
3234:
1868:"The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies"
1865:
1605:
116:), all of which could result in the creation of
2060:PĂ©coud, Antoine and Paul de Guchteneire (Eds):
802:). Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (
607:migration from Europe and Asia to plantations.
2214:The importance of migrants in the modern world
2182:, The International Organisation for Migration
1489:
986:Timeline of maritime migration and exploration
455:– following in the footsteps of East Germanic
259:spread from the South Chinese mainland to the
2245:
2082:, New Internationalist, second edition, 2008.
1773:
1713:
1711:
1340:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
1163:
1121:and 120,000 years ago or 120 ka (kilo annum).
617:also rose in the 19th century, and, with it,
463:. The 13th century was the time of the great
2080:No-Nonsense Guide to International Migration
1882:
669:related to industrialization, including its
502:migrated from the eastern Himalaya hills to
2724:
1790:. p. 75 (5(1), 71–101). Archived from
1126:
1050:
893:, calls it "history's greatest migration."
757:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
696:
665:The United States experienced considerable
326:in the first millennium BCE, and the later
2252:
2238:
2197:Stalker's Guide to International Migration
1959:, New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
1708:
1623:
1531:
1474:
1164:Posth, Cosimo; et al. (4 July 2017).
1157:
1093:
891:Pakistan: History, Culture, and Government
2144:OECD International Migration Outlook 2007
2055:OECD International Migration Outlook 2007
1891:"A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story"
1457:
1416:
1351:
1310:
1278:
1253:
1199:
1076:
3144:Human evolutionary developmental biology
2159:The Short Life of José Antonio Gutierrez
955:Modern immigration to the United Kingdom
714:
372:
239:
188:
2124:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
2045:, New York and London: Routledge, 2005.
2002:, Birmingham (UK): Venture Press, 2007.
1888:
1510:
1504:
1043:
897:Contemporary history (1960s to present)
711:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
534:, which restricted the movement of the
310:began 250 years of expansion, settling
3235:
1397:The American Journal of Human Genetics
1132:
836:as a result of the dissolution of the
790:region and resettled in the so-called
263:around 8,000 years ago. Evidence from
77:) or uncontrolled and in violation of
53:on the part of expanding populations.
2929:Evolutionary models of human drug use
2233:
1496:The appearance of Indo-Aryan speakers
1459:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004160
997:
817:
707:World War II evacuation and expulsion
123:
3169:
2151:
2130:Review of Economics of the Household
1216:
580:
2259:
2225:Mass migration as a travel business
2219:Here and away. Living in two worlds
1692:
1661:
1100:
751:, which became the modern state of
13:
991:
14:
3279:
2173:
2057:, Paris: OECD Publications, 2007.
2051:, Paris: OECD Publications, 2004.
1866:Dr Crispin Bates (3 March 2011).
1696:. "Global migrations 1846-1940".
623:great European industrial empires
569:
518:(southward expansion). The early
182:back-migrations, followed by the
92:. Involuntary migration includes
3220:
3208:
3180:
3168:
3157:
3156:
1889:Diamond, Jared (20 April 2018).
1751:. September 2008. Archived from
1511:Trivedi, Bijal P (14 May 2001).
778:. The second largest group were
654:have been developed, as well as
1937:
1859:
1834:
1809:
1767:
1737:
1720:
1686:
1673:
1648:
1635:
1446:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1023:Migration and Migration History
766:from 1945 signed by victorious
2107:International Migration Review
2069:The Suffering of the Immigrant
2038:, Bielefeld: Transcript, 2005.
1998:Fell, Peter and Hayes, Debra.
1749:Overseas Development Institute
1565:Migrations-&-World History
1327:
1101:Kuo, Lily (10 December 2017).
868:Overseas Development Institute
784:millions of whom were expelled
151:about 1.75 million years ago.
88:Migration can be voluntary or
1:
2009:, Duke University Press, 2002
1942:
314:in several places, including
287:, including those led by the
283:followed in the northwestern
2192:Western Sahara and Migration
1787:Journal of Genocide Research
1342:. Genetics of Human Origin.
943:2015 European migrant crisis
834:Indian Independence Act 1947
749:British Mandate of Palestine
384:Before the expansion of the
7:
3187:Evolutionary biology Portal
2086:The Philosophy of Evolution
1519:. J. Craig Venter Institute
1303:10.1534/genetics.119.302368
959:
796:Allies decide Polish border
362:seafarers from present-day
244:Chronological dispersal of
10:
3284:
2043:Migration in World History
1681:Migration in World History
952:
946:
928:
906:
900:
821:
700:
634:and imposed restrictions.
573:
443:, until then dominated by
134:Pre-modern human migration
127:
96:(in various forms such as
3152:
3132:Evolutionary anthropology
3109:
3083:
3036:
2974:
2893:
2852:
2845:
2791:
2715:
2638:
2563:
2517:
2510:
2493:
2453:
2389:
2360:
2324:
2315:
2282:
2267:
2012:Kleiner-Liebau, Désirée.
1698:Journal of Global History
1353:10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.008
1246:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037
427:, migrated westwards via
342:) in the 9th century CE.
176:Migration to the Americas
2049:Migration for Employment
1028:Docupedia Zeitgeschichte
697:World wars and aftermath
652:Immigration restrictions
3038:Origin of modern humans
2119:International Migration
1929:Encyclopædia Britannica
1842:"Rupture in South Asia"
1821:Encyclopædia Britannica
1554:Encyclopædia Britannica
1500:Encyclopædia Britannica
1078:10.1126/science.aai9067
909:International migration
814:and the United States.
808:migrated outside Europe
786:westwards from eastern
558:and by those settlers'
306:From 728 BCE, the
207:Indo-European expansion
2147:(subscription service)
2064:(Berghahn Books, 2007)
1989:De La Torre, Miguel A.
1973:, Leiden: Brill, 2014.
966:Early human migrations
935:Emigration from Africa
798:in the article on the
720:
687:Second Great Migration
675:Southern United States
522:(1644-1912) separated
381:
358:was uninhabited until
269:Austronesian languages
265:historical linguistics
252:
194:
130:Early human migrations
3248:Demographic economics
3046:Recent African origin
2284:Last common ancestors
2209:migrations in history
2075:, Polity Press, 2004.
1969:Chaichian, Mohammad.
1171:Nature Communications
998:Reich, David (2018).
976:Immigration § History
953:Further information:
947:Further information:
931:Immigration to Europe
929:Further information:
907:Further information:
838:British Indian Empire
792:Recovered Territories
718:
701:Further information:
574:Further information:
376:
243:
209:. The Early Medieval
192:
73:, either controlled (
29:peopling of the world
25:early human migration
3268:Human overpopulation
3215:Evolutionary biology
3061:Behavioral modernity
3051:Multiregional origin
2831:archaic Homo sapiens
2826:Homo heidelbergensis
2771:Red Deer Cave people
1995:, Orbis Books, 2009.
1670:, accessed 12/7/2007
1643:World of our Fathers
1619:on 19 November 2009.
1599:darkwing.uoregon.edu
1044:Notes and references
1036:Bulgaria on the Move
703:Contemporary history
615:Romantic nationalism
601:Atlantic slave trade
350:into Europe and the
273:Indo-Aryan migration
257:Austronesian peoples
203:Neolithic Revolution
3263:Demographic history
2698:H. neanderthalensis
2618:H. e. tautavelensis
2034:Knörr, Jacqueline.
2027:Knörr, Jacqueline.
1755:on 12 November 2011
1517:Genome News Network
1238:2016CBio...26..827P
1192:10.1038/ncomms16046
1184:2017NatCo...816046P
755:as a result of the
691:New Great Migration
560:indentured laborers
459:and North Germanic
377:4th to 6th century
285:Indian subcontinent
246:Austronesian people
94:forced displacement
83:illegal immigration
2885:Self-domestication
2676:H. heidelbergensis
2625:H. e. yuanmouensis
2590:H. e. lantianensis
2317:Australopithecines
2186:CIA World Factbook
2067:Abdelmalek Sayad.
2041:Manning, Patrick.
1896:The New York Times
1550:Malagasy languages
1143:The New York Times
1071:(6368): eaai9067.
913:Internal migration
830:Partition of India
828:In 1947, upon the
824:Partition of India
818:Partition of India
762:Provisions of the
721:
667:internal migration
632:Pale of Settlement
543:Age of Exploration
416:, a collection of
382:
253:
195:
186:in Medieval times.
124:Pre-modern history
3253:Genetic genealogy
3196:
3195:
3137:Paleoanthropology
3079:
3078:
3056:Archaic admixture
2934:Stoned ape theory
2870:Endurance running
2787:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2634:
2633:
2597:H. e. nankinensis
2553:H. tsaichangensis
2489:
2488:
2152:Documentary films
2113:Migration Letters
1919:"Migration"
1683:(2005) p 132-162.
1679:Patrick Manning,
1581:countrystudies.us
1540:, Genome Research
1026:, version 2, in:
861:circular migrants
804:Operation Vistula
764:Potsdam Agreement
730:Russian Civil War
628:Eastern Orthodoxy
597:Industrialization
581:Industrialization
552:Aboriginal people
469:Turkic migrations
425:Arabian Peninsula
75:legal immigration
33:Upper Paleolithic
3275:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3184:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3159:
3096:Human prehistory
3071:Recent evolution
3066:Early migrations
3008:Thermoregulation
2909:Expensive tissue
2880:Sexual selection
2850:
2849:
2722:
2721:
2604:H. e. pekinensis
2515:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2423:A. bahrelghazali
2392:Australopithecus
2322:
2321:
2292:Chimpanzee–human
2280:
2279:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2231:
2230:
2078:Stalker, Peter.
1966:, Duke UP, 2005.
1953:Bauder, Harald.
1933:
1921:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1797:on 14 April 2015
1796:
1783:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1741:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:. Archived from
1609:
1603:
1602:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1573:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1452:(7): 1008–1021.
1437:
1431:
1430:
1420:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1314:
1297:(4): 1421–1428.
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1080:
1054:
1021:Barbara Luethi:
1017:
866:Research by the
800:Oder-Neisse line
683:Great Depression
671:African American
500:Vatsayan Priests
423:tribes from the
379:Migration Period
328:Migration Period
261:island of Taiwan
231:Norman conquests
215:Turkic expansion
211:Great Migrations
114:ethnic cleansing
79:immigration laws
71:sovereign states
3283:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3258:Human migration
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3207:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3148:
3105:
3091:Human evolution
3075:
3032:
2976:
2970:
2949:Cooperative eye
2894:Specific models
2889:
2841:
2820:Homo antecessor
2775:
2711:
2705:H. rhodesiensis
2669:H. floresiensis
2630:
2611:H. e. soloensis
2583:H. e. georgicus
2559:
2523:H. gautengensis
2498:
2496:
2485:
2449:
2385:
2356:
2311:
2302:Orangutan–human
2271:
2263:
2261:Human evolution
2258:
2176:
2154:
2073:Pierre Bourdieu
2005:Hoerder, Dirk.
1945:
1940:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1781:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1668:Great Migration
1666:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1520:
1509:
1505:
1494:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1438:
1434:
1389:
1385:
1332:
1328:
1283:
1279:
1226:Current Biology
1221:
1217:
1162:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1136:(4 July 2017).
1131:
1127:
1113:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1030:, 06. July 2018
1014:
994:
992:Further reading
971:Human migration
962:
957:
951:
945:
927:
905:
903:Human migration
899:
826:
820:
713:
699:
679:Great Migration
583:
578:
572:
532:Willow Palisade
530:with the Inner
477:Eurasian steppe
439:of the western
398:Kalahari Desert
386:Bantu languages
368:Malagasy people
199:Pacific Islands
174:by 40,000 BCE.
136:
128:Main articles:
126:
17:Human migration
12:
11:
5:
3281:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3217:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3166:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3101:Human timeline
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
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3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2924:Drunken monkey
2918:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2856:
2854:
2853:General models
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2746:
2741:
2732:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2701:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2657:
2652:
2644:
2642:
2640:Archaic humans
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2571:
2569:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2545:H. rudolfensis
2541:
2534:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2505:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2466:P. aethiopicus
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2397:
2395:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2347:
2344:Sahelanthropus
2340:
2333:
2330:Nakalipithecus
2325:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2277:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2174:External links
2172:
2171:
2170:
2162:
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2150:
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2133:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2098:
2097:
2083:
2076:
2065:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2022:978-8484894766
2010:
2003:
1996:
1986:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1924:Chisholm, Hugh
1910:
1909:
1881:
1858:
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1808:
1766:
1736:
1719:
1707:
1685:
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1660:
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1557:
1542:
1530:
1503:
1488:
1473:
1432:
1409:10.1086/342096
1403:(3): 466–482.
1383:
1326:
1277:
1232:(6): 827–833.
1215:
1156:
1125:
1092:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:P. Peykovska:
1031:
1018:
1013:978-1101870327
1012:
1004:Pantheon Books
993:
990:
989:
988:
983:
981:Refugee crisis
978:
973:
968:
961:
958:
925:Refugee crisis
917:Migrant worker
901:Main article:
898:
895:
822:Main article:
819:
816:
768:Western Allies
734:Decolonization
726:Ottoman Empire
698:
695:
605:contract labor
582:
579:
571:
570:Modern history
568:
508:Shivalik Hills
344:Turkic peoples
324:Celtic peoples
297:Indo-Parthians
293:Indo-Scythians
184:Arab expansion
125:
122:
23:Historically,
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3280:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
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3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:Life history
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2935:
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2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
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2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
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2881:
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2873:
2871:
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2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2808:Homo ergaster
2804:
2803:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2737:H. s. sapiens
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2717:Modern humans
2714:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2691:H. luzonensis
2688:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:H. antecessor
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:H. e. erectus
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2492:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2430:A. deyiremeda
2427:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2351:Kenyanthropus
2348:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2297:Gorilla–human
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2166:El Inmigrante
2163:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2071:, Preface by
2070:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1977:Jared Diamond
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1962:Behdad, Ali.
1961:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1775:Paul R. Brass
1770:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1714:
1712:
1704:(2): 155–189.
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:McKeown, Adam
1689:
1682:
1676:
1669:
1664:
1657:
1654:For example,
1651:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1518:
1514:
1507:
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746:
745:the Holocaust
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619:ethnocentrism
616:
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562:and imported
561:
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277:Late Harappan
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59:modern period
56:
52:
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38:
34:
30:
27:includes the
26:
21:
18:
3243:Anthropology
3227:Paleontology
3185:
3173:
3161:
3028:Gender roles
3023:Intelligence
2836:Homo sapiens
2834:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2814:Homo erectus
2812:
2806:
2802:Homo habilis
2800:
2761:Manot people
2750:H. s. idaltu
2748:
2744:Jebel Irhoud
2736:
2727:Homo sapiens
2725:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2647:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:Homo erectus
2564:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2511:Proto-humans
2500:
2497:proto-humans
2478:
2471:
2464:
2456:Paranthropus
2454:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2416:A. anamensis
2414:
2409:A. africanus
2407:
2402:A. afarensis
2400:
2390:
2378:
2371:
2363:Ardipithecus
2361:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2307:Gibbon–human
2164:
2157:
2142:
2137:Online Books
2136:
2135:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1980:
1970:
1963:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1938:Bibliography
1927:
1900:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1820:
1811:
1799:. Retrieved
1792:the original
1785:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1739:
1722:
1701:
1697:
1688:
1680:
1675:
1663:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1629:David Eltis
1625:
1617:the original
1607:
1598:
1589:
1580:
1571:
1560:
1545:
1533:
1521:. Retrieved
1516:
1506:
1491:
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1400:
1396:
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1339:
1329:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1229:
1225:
1218:
1175:
1169:
1159:
1147:. Retrieved
1141:
1134:Zimmer, Carl
1128:
1119:
1112:. Retrieved
1106:
1095:
1068:
1062:
1052:
1035:
1027:
1022:
999:
890:
884:
865:
858:
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772:Soviet Union
761:
738:
722:
664:
644:
613:
609:Overcrowding
595:
591:urbanization
584:
540:
528:China proper
520:Qing dynasty
497:
475:, where the
437:Islamisation
406:South Africa
383:
360:Austronesian
348:Central Asia
338:(modern-day
334:moving into
305:
281:Central Asia
254:
250:Indo-Pacific
196:
154:Homo sapiens
152:
141:Homo erectus
139:
137:
110:war refugees
87:
48:
35:. Since the
22:
15:
2959:Grandmother
2914:Shore-based
2875:Aquatic ape
2766:Tam Pa Ling
2661:H. ergaster
2480:P. robustus
1255:2440/114930
1114:10 December
660:melting pot
640:colonialism
587:slave trade
547:colonialism
536:Han Chinese
449:Ostsiedlung
433:Arabisation
414:Banu Ma'qil
352:Middle East
289:Indo-Greeks
248:across the
102:slave trade
98:deportation
90:involuntary
55:Colonialism
3237:Categories
2998:Skin color
2983:Bipedalism
2944:Killer ape
2756:Cro-Magnon
2655:Denisovans
2531:H. habilis
2495:Humans and
2380:A. ramidus
2373:A. kadabba
2094:8186882359
1943:Literature
1732:0521682258
1523:27 January
887:U.N.H.C.R.
648:emigration
512:Vietnamese
461:Varangians
410:Banu Hilal
356:Madagascar
223:Azerbaijan
213:including
3117:Theorists
3084:Timelines
2964:Patriarch
2940:Behavior
2865:Gathering
2793:Ancestors
2538:H. naledi
2473:P. boisei
2444:A. sediba
1874:16 August
1851:16 August
1826:16 August
1801:16 August
1378:219974966
1362:0959-437X
1272:140098861
1178:: 16046.
1099:Compare:
880:education
576:Modernity
524:Manchuria
370:emerged.
364:Indonesia
320:Marseille
205:and with
180:Neolithic
164:Australia
118:diasporas
69:existing
50:Landnahme
37:Neolithic
3163:Category
3018:Language
2988:Skeleton
2683:H. longi
2437:A. garhi
2274:Hominins
2269:Taxonomy
2101:Journals
1902:23 April
1777:(2003).
1759:21 March
1468:12082121
1427:12145751
1370:32563853
1346:: 8–15.
1321:31196864
1291:Genetics
1264:26853362
1210:28675384
1087:29217544
960:See also
939:Diaspora
846:Pakistan
770:and the
656:diaspora
636:Violence
556:settlers
516:nam tiáşżn
447:tribes.
402:Zimbabwe
336:Pannonia
312:colonies
3201:Portals
3175:Commons
3127:Fossils
2993:Muscles
2904:Cooking
2860:Hunting
2337:Orrorin
2180:iom.int
1985:, 1997.
1926:(ed.).
1847:. UNHCR
1595:"Qing1"
1312:6707464
1234:Bibcode
1201:5500885
1180:Bibcode
1064:Science
876:housing
872:migrant
504:Kashmir
485:Bulgars
473:Eurasia
471:across
453:Germans
441:Maghreb
421:Bedouin
394:Khoisan
390:Pygmies
340:Hungary
332:Magyars
301:Kushans
149:Eurasia
147:across
67:between
45:Pacific
43:or the
3110:Others
3013:Speech
2975:Topics
2920:Drugs
2846:Models
2092:
2020:
1730:
1485:Nature
1466:
1425:
1418:419996
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1368:
1360:
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1108:Quartz
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923:, and
842:Muslim
812:Israel
753:Israel
741:Jewish
709:, and
621:. The
564:slaves
489:Tatars
465:Mongol
445:Berber
408:. The
316:Sicily
308:Greeks
219:Turkey
172:Europe
106:flight
100:, the
63:within
41:Arctic
3122:Books
2900:Diet
1948:Books
1922:. In
1870:. BBC
1845:(PDF)
1795:(PDF)
1782:(PDF)
1374:S2CID
1268:S2CID
850:Hindu
794:(see
788:Kresy
780:Poles
526:from
493:Slavs
457:Goths
429:Egypt
227:Roman
3003:Hair
2823:) →
2501:Homo
2090:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1904:2018
1876:2014
1853:2014
1828:2014
1803:2014
1761:2015
1728:ISBN
1641:See
1525:2005
1464:PMID
1423:PMID
1366:PMID
1358:ISSN
1317:PMID
1260:PMID
1206:PMID
1151:2017
1116:2017
1083:PMID
1008:ISBN
878:and
854:Sikh
852:and
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541:The
491:and
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467:and
435:and
418:Arab
412:and
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392:and
318:and
299:and
229:and
221:and
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160:Asia
132:and
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1196:PMC
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1073:doi
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810:to
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3239::
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