History of the English monarchy

3188: 1959: 658: 1713:... except by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land." Clause 40 is more laconic: "To no one will we sell, to no one will we deny or delay right or justice." These clauses addressed the whole spirit of John's reign and by extension the spirit of kingship itself. For the eleven years in which John had resided in England, his barons had tasted a form of tyranny. John had used his powers in an arbitrary, partisan, and exploitative fashion and had used the processes of law deliberately to weaken and menace his noble lords. He had broken the spirit of kingship as presented by Henry II back in 1153, when he traveled the country offering unity and legal process to all. 1700: 1762: 2052: 2232: 2365: 1463: 3286: 2469: 2127:) promised not only to uphold the laws of Edward the Confessor as was traditional but also "the laws and rightful customs which the community of the realm shall have chosen". Edward thus abandoned any claim to absolute power and recognised the need to rule in cooperation with Parliament. The new king inherited problems from his father: the Crown was in debt and the war in Scotland was going badly. He compounded these problems by alienating the nobility. The main cause of conflict was the influence wielded by royal favourites. 3025: 19: 951: 1362: 2787: 1039: 2956: 2181: 1097: 853: 166: 2882: 2282: 1565: 3320:, which identified the root cause of the monarchy's weakness in needing Parliament's consent for taxation. This situation had made a few English nobles wealthy and powerful. At the same time, the king was relatively poor and unable to enforce royal authority. Fortescue recommended that the king acquire land and become the wealthiest man in the country. In this way, he would be rich enough to rule without parliamentary taxation. 1770: 942:(i.e. royal hunting preserves). The forest provided kings with food, timber, and money. People paid the king for rights to graze cattle or cut down trees. A system of forest law developed to protect the royal forests. Forest law was unpopular because it was arbitrary and infringed on the property rights of other landholders. A landholder's right to hunt deer or farm his land was limited if it fell within the royal forest. 2653: 339: 3088: 543: 1085:), was hastily elected king by the barons at Winchester on August 3 and crowned king at Westminster Abbey on August 5, just three days after his brother's death. At the coronation, Henry not only promised to rule well; he renounced the unpopular policies of his brother and promised to restore the laws of Edward the Confessor. This oath was written down and distributed throughout England as the 768:, to England. According to Norman sources, the king nominated William as his heir. However, Edward's favouritism towards the French was unpopular with the English people. With popular support, Godwin returned to England in 1052. Edward had to restore the Godwinsons to their former lands. This time, Edward's French supporters were outlawed. 1831:). In January 1225, Magna Carta was re-issued at a Great Council in return for approval of a tax to fund military campaigns in France. This established a new constitutional precedent in which "military expeditions would be financed at the expense of detailed concessions of political liberties". In 1236, Henry began calling such meetings 1247: 2575:. The fourteen-year-old king's brave and decisive leadership in ending the revolt demonstrated he was ready to assume actual power. But the revolt also left a deep impression on Richard, "convincing him that disobedience, no matter how justified, constituted a threat to order and stability within his realm and must not be tolerated." 2157:... and the whole kingdom had been not a little injured". Specifically, Edward was accused of being guided by evil counselors, impoverishing the Crown, violating Magna Carta, and losing Scotland. The magnates elected twenty-one ordainers to reform the government. The completed reforms were presented to Edward as the 786:, had the strongest claim to the throne. Nevertheless, Harold Godwinson, earl of Wessex and leader of the powerful Godwin family, claimed Edward promised him the throne. Popular with the people and the Witan, Harold was quickly crowned at Westminster Abbey on 6 January, the same day and place Edward was buried. 2531: 2755:, archbishop of Canterbury, asked if the Lords and Commons accepted this each lord agreed and the Commons shouted their agreement. Thirty-nine articles of deposition were read out in which Richard was charged with breaking his coronation oath and violating "the rightful laws and customs of the realm". After 3161:

continued to assert his claim. In March 1461, the nineteen-year-old Edward entered London, and a hastily convened Yorkist-dominated council declared him king. He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 4 March. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland with their son. In 1465, Henry was captured and imprisoned

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When overthrowing Richard, Henry had promised to reduce taxation, and Parliament held him to that promise, refusing to raise taxes even as the king went into debt fighting defensive wars. Financially, Henry benefited from inheriting the vast Lancastrian estates of his father. He decided to administer

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After the royal favourites had been removed, the Lords Appellant were content. In 1389, Richard resumed royal authority and reconciled with John of Gaunt, who used his influence on Richard's behalf. For a time, Richard ruled well. The King led a successful expedition to Ireland in 1394 and negotiated

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and going to war without consulting Parliament. Government revenue was to be paid to the exchequer rather than to the royal household, and Parliament was to meet at least once a year. Parliament was to create committees to investigate royal abuses and to appoint royal ministers and officials (such as

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Henry traveled less than past kings. As a consequence, he spent large amounts of money on royal palaces. His most expensive projects were the rebuilding of Westminster Palace and Abbey, costing £55,000 (equal to £52,395,588 today). He spent a further £9,000 (equal to £8,573,824 today) on the Tower of

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Whereas many of the clauses in the charter were formal terms pertaining to specific policies pursued by John—whether with regard to raising armies, levying taxes, impeding merchants, or arguing with the Church—the most famous clauses aimed at a deeper elaboration of the rights of subjects to set out

675:) was the only surviving son of Æthelred and Emma. In 1041, Harthacnut recalled his half-brother from exile in Normandy. When he died without heirs, the forty-year-old Edward was the natural successor. He had spent most of his life in Normandy and was "probably more French than English" culturally. 3323:

In 1476, the Duke of Clarence was executed for treason, and his vast estates were confiscated by the King. This allowed Edward to implement Fortescue's advice, and royal revenues increased. For five years, Edward ruled without needing to summon Parliament. He also improved royal finances by placing

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refused to act until Pole was removed as chancellor. Richard refused at first but gave in after being threatened with deposition. A council was set up to audit royal finances and exercise royal authority. At 19 years old, the King was once again reduced to a figurehead. Defiant, Richard left London

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of Scotland, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "Union of the Crowns". James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604.

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Despite his government's sophistication, Edward had much less land and wealth than Earl Godwin and his sons. In 1066, the Godwinson estates were worth £7,000, while the king's estates were worth £5,000. To counter the power of the Godwinsons, Edward created a French party loyal to him. He made his

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Henry V was a popular king who restored royal authority and lowered crime. Despite high taxes, England prospered under Henry V. He kept his personal expenses low and managed royal finances well. But Henry's frequent absences from England did create difficulties. While in France, Henry insisted on

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unsuccessfully tried to free Richard and restore him to the throne. Henry realized he would have no security as long as Richard lived, so he ordered his death, most likely by starvation. Henry's reign was forever tarnished by the deposition and murder of an anointed king, and he constantly had to

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and around 16 other young household companions. Mortimer was arrested, tried before Parliament, and executed for treason. The young King, now in full control of his kingdom, realised that he could not afford to alienate the English nobility. He cultivated "an aristocratic culture, which bound the

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Edward was willing to do whatever was necessary to persuade members of Parliament to dig their hands deep into their constituents' pockets. It meant doing deals, greasing palms, slapping backs. Edward's victories were reported in detail; Parliament was consulted on war diplomacy and ratified the

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parliaments, colloquies, and councils decide nothing these days. For the nobles of the realm, terrified by threats and the penalties inflicted on others, let the king's will have free play. Thus today will conquers reason. For whatever pleases the king, though lacking in reason, has the force of

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dealing with petitions from Parliament personally despite the long distances and delays involved. By 1420, the House of Commons was complaining, and funds for further wars in France were more difficult to secure. On 31 August 1422, the king fell ill and died while on another campaign in France.

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Edward's favouritsm toward the Despensers continued to destabilize the kingdom. The Despensers had become the gatekeepers to the king, and their enemies "were liable to be deprived of land or possessions or else thrown into prison". The Welsh Marches were particularly destabilized by Hugh the

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Bedford died in 1435, and the regency government ended in 1437. Henry was pious, generous, and forgiving but also indecisive. He was the opposite of his warrior father and the first monarch since the Conquest never to command an army. While he enjoyed the trappings of kingship (holding many

1870:. He was given financial control of the royal household for life, was keeper of the forests and ports, and was, in addition, the sheriff of twenty-one counties. Rivaux used his immense power to enact important administrative reforms. Nevertheless, the accumulation of power by foreigners led 1897:. In 1255, the king informed Parliament that as part of the Sicilian campaign he owed the pope the huge sum of £100,000 (equal to £157,233,010 today) and that if he defaulted England would be placed under an interdict. By 1257, there was a growing consensus that Henry was unfit to rule. 2450:

of 1360, Edward renounced his claims to the French throne and was awarded outright sovereignty over Calais, Ponthieu, and Aquitaine. Edward also negotiated a peace with Scotland that included the release of David II in return for recognising the English king's overlordship of Scotland.

2258:. Meanwhile, the King and the Dispensers fled to Wales. On October 26, Isabella and Mortimer proclaimed that in the King's absence power temporarily resided with the fourteen-year-old Prince Edward. Having been abandoned by most of his household, the King was captured on 16 November. 2007:

The government of the realm has come to the king on the death of King Henry his father, by hereditary succession and by the will of the magnates of the realm and by their fealty done to the king, wherefore the magnates have caused the king's peace to be proclaimed in the king's

1991:), nicknamed Longshanks for his height, was in Italy when he learned that his father had died. Previous monarchs were only legally recognised as king after coronation, but Edward's reign officially began on 20 November, the same day his father was buried at Westminster Abbey. 3419:, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister 1648:, officiate marriages, or bury the dead. John responded by confiscating church property. In 1209, the pope excommunicated John, but he remained unrepentant. It was not until 1213 that John reconciled with the pope, going so far as to convert the Kingdom of England into a 2302:) was crowned king, but it was Isabella and Mortimer who truly held power. Under their three-year rule, the monarchy was weakened abroad and at home. They made a disadvantageous treaty with France and failed to press Edward's claim to the French throne when his uncle, 1310:

Henry's legal reforms had a profound impact on English government for generations. In earlier times, English law was largely based on custom. Henry's reign saw the first official legislation since the Conquest in the form of Henry's various assizes and the growth of

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survey, a detailed investigation into what rights and land the Crown had lost since Henry III's reign. It was also intended to root out corruption by royal officials, and while few people were prosecuted for wrongdoing, it sent a message that Edward was a reformer.

2759:, bishop of St. Asaph, announced Richard's deposition, Bolingbroke gave a speech claiming the Crown. The archbishops of Canterbury and York each took one of Bolingbroke's arms and seated him on the empty throne to shouts of acclimation from the Lords and Commons. 1604:

and his other Continental possessions. The remainder of his reign was shaped by attempts to rehabilitate his military reputation and fund wars of reconquest. Traditionally, the king was expected to fund his government out of his own income derived from the royal

2555:(the most likely candidate for regent) was unpopular. Instead, Richard theoretically ruled in his own right with the advice of a 12-member advisory council. In reality, the government was dominated by the king's uncles, especially Gaunt, and courtiers, such as 3016:

service were added to emphasise Henry's claim to the French throne. In April 1430, the young king traveled to France for his second coronation. Traditionally, French monarchs were crowned at Reims Cathedral. For security reasons, Henry received coronation at

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and became the leader of the opposition against Somerset. These two men were potential heirs of the childless king. Like Henry, Somerset descended from Edward III's third surviving son, John of Gaunt. York's mother descended from Gaunt's older brother,

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For the next two years, Richard ruled as a tyrant, using extortion to gain forced loans from his subjects. The twice-married king was childless and the succession was uncertain. The man with the strongest claim was John of Gaunt, whose son and heir was

3131:, and she attempted to rule for her incapacitated husband. However, Parliament made York lord protector in March 1454. Despite the King's recovery at Christmas 1454, York refused to give up power. In May 1455, the Yorkists fought royal forces at the 2464:... The length of Edward's wars also normalized taxation. Direct taxation, on income and property, continued to be voted only for war. But indirect taxation on trade became permanent, enhancing royal power and extending the scope of royal government. 1298:

Henry's first task was restoring royal authority in a kingdom fractured by years of civil war. In some parts of the country, nobles were virtually independent of the Crown. In 1155, Henry expelled foreign mercenaries and ordered the demolition of

2902:). He escaped the troubles of his father's reign by making conciliatory gestures toward his father's enemies. He also removed the taint of usurpation by honoring the deceased Richard II and giving him a royal re-burial at Westminster Abbey. 2762:

Richard II was not the first English monarch to be deposed; that distinction belongs to Edward II. Edward abdicated in favor of his son and heir. In Richard's case, the line of succession was deliberately broken by Parliament. Historian

2310:, which forfeited England's claim to overlordship of Scotland. At home, Mortimer used his new power to enrich himself even as the Crown faced bankruptcy and the nation experienced a rise in crime and violence. In 1330, Mortimer had 1182:. In 1126, Henry I made a controversial decision to name his daughter Empress Matilda (his only surviving legitimate child) his heir and forced the nobility to swear oaths of allegiance to her. In 1128, the widowed Matilda married 3075:

Suffolk in February 1450. It charged him with impoverishing the Crown and plotting the King's death. To protect his favourite, the King banished Suffolk, who was subsequently murdered while boarding a ship. Popular outrage over

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In May 1399, Richard embarked on a second invasion of Ireland, taking most of his followers with him. Bolingbroke returned to England in July with a small force of men but quickly gained the support of powerful nobles, such as

2048:, which included knights and burgesses to represent the counties and towns. These "middle earners" were the most important group of taxpayers, and Edward was eager to gain their financial support for an invasion of Scotland. 3261:

Since 1465, Henry VI lived in the Tower of London as a prisoner. In October 1470, Warwick released Henry and restored him to the throne. However, Henry was, in truth, Warwick's puppet. Warwick's daughter married Henry's son,

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Suffolk had supported the unpopular peace policy and marriage. To improve his popularity, he reversed course and resumed hostilities with France. By September 1449, the English had lost all of Normandy. Parliament reacted by

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summarised the impact of Henry I's reforms as "transform medieval government from an itinerant and often poorly organised household into a highly sophisticated administrative kingship based on permanent, static departments."

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were levied almost annually, much more often than under earlier kings. In addition, John showed partiality and favouritsm when dispensing justice. This and his paranoia caused his relationship with the barons to break down.

3376:, a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, 2909:

with France. The war appealed to English national pride, and Parliament readily granted a double subsidy to finance the campaign, which began in August 1415. In this first campaign, Henry won a legendary victory at the

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a 28-year truce with France in 1396. In July 1397, Richard was finally ready to move against his enemies. The three Lords Appellant were arrested. When Parliament met at Westminster, the presence of 300 of Richard's

3146:. Therefore, all three Lancastrian kings had reigned unlawfully. However, the House of Lords declined to sanction Henry's deposition. Instead, it decided that Henry would remain king but recognise York as his heir 2200:. The king alienated moderate barons by dispensing royal patronage without parliamentary approval as required by the Ordinances and allowing the Despensers to act with impunity. In 1318, negotiations led to the 2454:

Edward worked with Parliament to build consensus and support for his wars and, in the process, furthered Parliament's development as an essential institution of government. According to historian David Starkey,

1721:" against the king if he violated the charter. The king had no intention of adhering to the document and appealed to Pope Innocent who annulled the agreement and excommunicated the rebel barons. This began the 1691:

on 15 June. This document defined and limited the king's powers over his subjects. It would be reconfirmed throughout the 13th century and gain the status of "inalienable custom and fundamental law". Historian

1536:, and the two plotted to take Richard's lands on the Continent. After a four-year absence, Richard returned to England in March 1194, but he soon left again to wage war against Philip II, who had overrun the 843:

Edgar was never crowned, and English resistance soon collapsed. Edgar and the English leadership submitted to William, and the Norman conqueror was crowned king on Christmas Day 1066 at Westminster Abbey.

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Another cause for complaint was the situation in France. The English retained only Calais and a small part of Gascony while French ships harassed English traders in the Channel. Richard personally led an

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would usurp power while he was on Crusade, Richard made his brother swear to leave England for three years. John broke his oath and was in England by April 1191 leading opposition against Longchamp. From

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attached) were developed to deal with common legal problems. Any freeman could purchase a writ from the chancery and receive royal justice without the king's personal intervention. For example, a writ of

632:, backed Harold. In a compromise, Harold became king of Mercia and Northumbria, while Harthacnut became king of Wessex. Harold died in 1040, and Harthacnut ruled a reunited England until he died in 1042. 3490:

for their lands in England just as English kings gave homage to French kings for their continental possessions. However, the Treaty of Falaise required King William to give homage for Scotland as well.

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Edward's new heir was his nine-year-old grandson Richard of Bordeaux. There were concerns that Richard's uncles might usurp power. To strengthen the boy's position, he was recognised in Parliament as

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of France. Unlike her husband, Margaret took an active interest in government affairs. The English always disliked politically active queens and suspected Margaret of advancing French interests.

3103:, returned from France. Somerset served as governor of Normandy, and many blamed him for its loss. Nevertheless, he quickly became Henry's new favourite and chief minister. Around the same time, 2610:

that achieved nothing. Meanwhile, he spent lavishly on palace renovations and court entertainments. One historian described Richard's government as "a high-tax, high-spend, cliquey affair."

3236:, the widow of a Lancastrian knight. Elizabeth's five brothers and five sisters were all married into the nobility, and her brothers received powerful offices. Warwick and Edward's brother 3213:. After the Yorkist victory, Warwick became the King's chief minister. However, the two men did not always agree on policy. Warwick favored an alliance with France and was negotiating with 2807:) two weeks after Richard II's deposition. His dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster, a reference to his father's title Duke of Lancaster. As part of the coronation, Henry created 2431:

in 1348. Between 1350 and 1377, Edward spent £50,000 (equal to £49,984,568 today) transforming Windsor from an ordinary castle into a "palatial castle of quite extraordinary splendour".

2273:. This marked the first time in English history that a monarch was formally deposed from the throne. The former king died on 21 September, probably murdered on the orders of his wife. 1006:. Pope Alexander II supported the Norman invasion because he wanted William to oversee church reform and to remove unfit bishops. William forbade ecclesiastical cases (those involving 1377:. The most contentious issue was "criminous clerks" accused of theft, rape or murder. Church courts could not impose the death penalty or bodily mutilation, and their punishments ( 1211:), laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of civil war known as 2269:, the Articles of Accusation were drawn up accusing the King of violating his coronation oath and following the advice of evil councilors. On 20 January, Edward II was forced to 502:

After Swein died in 1014, the English invited Æthelred to return from exile if he agreed to address complaints against his earlier rule, including high taxes, extortion, and the

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transferred royal power to a council of fifteen barons. A parliament would meet three times a year and appoint all royal officers (from justiciar and chancellor to sheriffs and

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From his father's reign, Edward learned the importance of building national consensus for his policies through Parliament, which he usually summoned twice a year at Easter and

1477:), nicknamed the Lionheart, succeeded to the throne. As king, he spent a total of six months in England. In 1190, the king left England with a large army and fleet to join the 3243:

After failed rebellions in 1470, Warwick and Clarence fled to France, where they made peace with Margaret of Anjou. With French support, Warwick and Henry VI's half-brother,

2977:) was the youngest to inherit the Crown. His grandfather, Charles VI of France, died on 21 October 1422. Under the terms of the Treaty of Troyes, the infant Henry became the 2736:

and most powerful man in northern England. Richard returned to England, but his army and supporters rapidly melted away. By 2 September, Richard was a prisoner in the Tower.

565:) became king of all England and quickly married Æthelred's widow, Emma of Normandy. Cnut united England with the kingdoms of Denmark and Norway in what historians call the 2177:, the king's cousin, led a group of magnates that captured and executed Gaveston. This act nearly plunged England into civil war but negotiations restored an uneasy peace. 3415:

as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married

1835:. By the 1240s, these early Parliaments had not only assumed power to grant taxes but were also venues where nobles could complain about government policy or corruption. 3297:

Edward vanquished the Lancastrian threat, and the House of York was thriving. Edward and Elizabeth had many children: five daughters and two sons. The eldest son was

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was established to manage royal finances. Royal justice became more accessible with the appointment of local justices in each shire and itinerant justices traveling

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in August 1311. Like Magna Carta and the Provisions of Oxford, the Ordinances of 1311 were an attempt to limit the powers of the monarch. It banned the practice of

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In 1227, Henry was eighteen years old, and the regency officially ended. Yet, throughout his personal rule the king displayed a tendency to be dominated by foreign

2857:, Richard's father-in-law, refused to recognise Henry. The French revived their claims to Aquitaine, attacked Calais, and aided the Welsh Revolt. But in 1407, the 3269:

Meanwhile, Edward IV regrouped the Yorkist forces in Burgundy. He returned to England in March 1471 and reconciled with his brother Clarence. Warwick died at the

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and ecclesiastical courts. Henry's legal reforms also transformed the king's personal role in the judicial process into an impersonal legal bureaucracy. The 1176

3407:, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister 3346:

and brother Richard III. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by

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In July 1453, the French conquered Gascony, ending 300 years of English rule and the Hundred Years War. Henry had lost all of his French inheritance except for

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divided France, and the English were keen to take advantage of French disunity. English policy vacillated toward the opposing sides as King Henry supported the

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under the Lancastrians, to rebuild royal authority. Historian David Starkey calls Fortescue "England's first constitutional analyst". He set down his ideas in

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in which the king agreed to abide by the Ordinances of 1311. A permanent royal council was created with eight bishops, four earls, and four barons as members.

2873:. As the king's health declined, Monmouth assumed a greater role in government, and there were suggestions that the king should abdicate in favor of his son. 2933:, was disinherited by the treaty; however, he continued to assert his right to the French throne and remained in control of over half of France south of the 889:. For the next centuries, the English monarchy would be deeply involved with French politics, and English kings usually spent most of their time in France. 1128:

in charge of travel (the court remained itinerant during this period). The household also included several hundred mounted household troops. The office of

976:. Once finished, the White Tower "was the most imposing emblem of monarchy that the country had ever seen, dwarfing all other buildings for miles around." 3142:

At the parliament of October 1460, York submitted his claim to the throne, which rested on the argument that Richard II's rightful heir was York's uncle,

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for "great council"). These councils were generally dominated by the king, and it is unclear if these were truly deliberative bodies. The local shire and

2423:, which would remain an English possession for the next two centuries. After a successful campaign in France, Edward returned to England and founded the 1215:(1138–1153). While Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, he was ultimately forced to compromise for the sake of peace. Both sides agreed to the 2925:

recognised Henry as heir and regent of the incapacitated King Charles VI of France. The new peace was sealed by Henry's marriage to the French princess

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to England as his envoy to resolve the situation. In October, a group of barons and bishops led by the Archbishop deposed Longchamp. John was appointed

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Since William the Conqueror's separation of secular and ecclesiastical jurisdiction, church courts claimed exclusive authority to try clergy, including

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To fund his campaigns, John imposed a "thirteenth" (8 per cent) tax on revenues and movable goods that would become the model for taxation through the

2551:) was ten years old when he became king. Despite the king's youth, no regency was set up to govern during his minority since his uncle John of Gaunt, 2511:, were removed. Having little choice, the King acquiesced and the accused ministers were arrested and brought to trial before Parliament in the first 1717:

Unlike earlier charters of liberties, Magna Carta included an enforcement mechanism in the form of a council of 25 barons who were permitted to wage "

1164:, the niece of Edgar the Ætheling. This marriage was widely seen as uniting the House of Normandy with the House of Wessex and produced two children, 2216:. Edward defeated the baronial opposition in 1322 and overturned the Ordinances. For the next few years, Edward ruled as a tyrant. The author of the 1022:. But William also tightened royal control over the church. Bishops were banned from traveling to Rome, and royal permission was needed to enact new 90: 2483:

successfully drove the Black Prince out of Aquitaine. Prince Edward returned to England in 1371 bankrupt and in declining health possibly caused by

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the limits of central government. Clause 39 reads: "No free man shall be taken or imprisoned or disseised or outlawed or exiled or in any way ruined

406:) first used the title "king of the English" and is considered the founder of the English monarchy. He died childless, and his younger half-brother 3012:

in a clear violation of the Treaty of Troyes. In response, the eight-year-old Henry was quickly crowned at Westminster on 5 November. Parts of the

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The king claimed ownership of all land in England. The lands of the old Anglo-Saxon nobility were confiscated and distributed to a French-speaking

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Through effective management of Parliament, Edward was able to fund his military campaigns in Wales and Scotland. He successfully and permanently

1800:) in a rushed coronation. This established the precedent that the eldest son became king regardless of age. Henry was the first child king since 1765:

Since the Conquest, monarchs have been crowned at Westminster Abbey. Construction of the present church began in 1245 on the orders of Henry III.

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rituals), Henry depended on others to run the government. Initially, this responsibility fell to his uncle Gloucester and great-uncle Cardinal

1729:. By June 1216, Louis had taken control of half of England, including London. While he had not been crowned, he was proclaimed King Louis I at 1668: 1176:(a Norman-French variant of Ætheling). But in 1120, England was thrown into a succession crisis when William Adelin died in the sinking of the 793:, a direct descendant of Alfred the Great. William claimed he was Edward's designated heir and prepared to invade England with the blessing of 2285:

The wall of Nottingham Castle above with some cave entrances below. Tunnels beneath the castle were used by Edward III's men in the 1330 coup.

1996: 1628:. The king also raised money by charging high court fees and—in the opinion of his barons—abusing his right to feudal incidents and reliefs. 1365:

The Great Seal of Henry II. On one side, the king is seated as lawgiver and judge. On the reverse, he is mounted and armed as a warrior-king.

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In 1386, Pole requested additional funds to defend England against a potential French invasion, but under the leadership of Richard's uncle

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In March 1337, Edward created six new earldoms in order to gain military support for a war against France. His eldest son, the six-year-old

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to be their leader. The rebels numbered about 40 barons together with their sons and vassals. The other barons—around a hundred—worked with

1071:, the king's main residence, was built. It was one of the largest secular buildings in Europe, and a monument to the Anglo-Norman monarchy. 1874:

to open rebellion. The bishops as a group threatened Henry with excommunication, which finally made him strip the Poitevin party of power.

1920:, the English Crown gave up all claims to Normandy and Anjou in return for keeping the Duchy of Aquitaine as a vassal of the French king. 789:

William of Normandy disputed Harold's succession. William was the great-nephew of Emma of Normandy, wife of two English kings. He married

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In 1310, Parliament complained that "the state of the king and the kingdom had much deteriorated since the death of the elder King Edward

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and given the titles of prince of Wales, duke of Cornwall, and earl of Chester. Having secured the succession, Edward III died in 1377.

1552:(French for "God and my Right"), which was later adopted as the royal motto. In 1199, Richard died from wounds received while besieging 3606:

His full title was "Protector and Defender of the kingdom of England and the English church and principal councillor of the lord king".

2989:, was made regent in England. Gloucester, however, was a poor statesman and distrusted by his peers. Instead of sole regent, he became 994:

The church was critical to William's conquest of England. In 1066, it owned between 25 and 33 per cent of all land, and appointment to

2914:. The triumphant king returned home to a jubilant nation eager to support further wars of conquest. Parliament gave the king lifetime 1663:. The military and financial losses of 1214 severely weakened the king, and the barons demanded that he govern according to Henry I's 3450: 2641:(or indicted) Pole, de Vere, and other close associates of the King with treason. The Lords Appellant defeated Richard's army at the 143: 3586: 3520: 1913: 1878: 872: 3574: 2905:

As a result of his unifying gestures, Henry V's reign was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the

2729: 2614: 2579: 2265:

as there was no legal process to remove a crowned and anointed king who in theory was the source of all public authority. At the

1052:

The death of William I in 1087 illustrates the absence of any firm rules of succession. William gave Normandy to his oldest son,

1950:

Henry III died in 1272, having been king for fifty-six years. His turbulent reign was the third longest of any English monarch.

3570: 3566: 3516: 3469:

In the 21st century, all land in England and Wales continues to be legally owned by the Crown. Individuals can only possess an

3128: 2717: 2630: 2326: 2134:

for the barons, who blamed unpopular policies on them rather than directly oppose the king. When Parliament met in April 1308,

1867: 1113: 919:(Latin for "king's court"). During crown-wearings held three times a year, the king met with all his bishops and barons in the 911:

The Normans preserved the basic system of English government. The Witan's role of consultation and advice was continued by the

6852: 6751: 3536: 3100: 3059:

While never surrendering his claim to be King of France, Henry attempted to make peace with Charles VII. In 1445, he married

2626: 2334:

in which Edward himself would take part. Edward was the first king since the Conquest to speak English, and during his reign

2311: 2095: 1871: 3399:

Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the

3388:

produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the

1827:

gained acceptance. To build support for the new king, his government re-issued Magna Carta in 1216 and 1217 (along with the

3578: 3532: 2921:

In 1419, he conquered Normandy—the first time an English king ruled Normandy since King John lost it in 1204. In 1420, the

2906: 2170: 1023: 965: 347: 964:

It took nearly five years of fighting before the Norman Conquest of England was secure. Across England, the Normans built

3582: 3302: 3117: 3053: 2978: 2607: 2564: 2389: 2358: 2307: 2246:

and their son, Prince Edward, traveled to France on a diplomatic mission. While there, the Queen formed an alliance with

1756: 832:, archbishop of York, nominated Edgar Ætheling to be king, and this was supported by the leaders of London and the earls 232: 3308:

Years of civil war had weakened the monarchy. Royal land had been given away to nobles to buy support. Edward turned to

2918:

on wine imports and other tax grants. When he was ready to return to France, Parliament granted another double subsidy.

6822: 6714: 6556: 3594: 3528: 3143: 2103: 1958: 1338: 2625:

Richard returned to London in November 1387 and was approached by three nobles: his uncle Thomas, duke of Gloucester;

6940: 6801: 6775: 6693: 6663: 6639: 6612: 6532: 6502: 3072: 2996: 2858: 2811:, a tradition that was repeated at all later coronations. He was also the first English monarch to be crowned on the 2512: 2247: 1936: 1843: 1824: 1805: 1027: 248: 189: 160: 109:

to approve taxation and to enact statutes. Gradually, Parliament's authority expanded at the expense of royal power.

3154:. While Henry seemed to accept this, Margaret refused to agree to her son's disinheritance and continued fighting. 3400: 3210: 3013: 2720:

led to the former's banishment from England for 10 years. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, Richard confiscated the

2595: 1656: 1236: 3127:. This event probably precipitated his mental breakdown in August. In October, Margaret gave birth to a son named 1140:

when the king was in Normandy and was mainly concerned with royal finance and justice. Under the first justiciar,

2744: 2587: 2416: 2368:

Edward III added the French fleur-de-lis to the Royal Arms of England to symbolise his claim to the French throne

1812:

until his death in 1219. Marshal led royal forces to victory against the rebel barons and French invaders at the

1200:

Despite the oaths sworn to her, Matilda was unpopular both for being a woman and because of her marriage ties to

1133: 1007: 613: 483:

began raiding England in the 990s, and Æthelred resorted to buying them off with ever more expensive payments of

2602:, the first duke not of royal blood. This favouritism alienated other aristocrats, including the King's uncles. 2495:, tried to fill; nevertheless, there were many complaints of corruption and mismanagement in government. In the 2012:

Edward returned to England in August 1274 determined to restore royal authority. His first act was ordering the

1866:. At the time, the wardrobe was a department that was at the centre of financial and political decisions in the 6916: 6886: 6586: 3273:. On the same day, Margaret of Anjou and her son landed in England. However, the Yorkists defeated them at the 2708::22, "There shall be one king over them all". The Lords Appellant were then tried and found guilty of treason. 2135: 1738: 1553: 657: 454:. Eadwig's death prevented civil war, and Edgar the Peaceful became the undisputed king of all England in 959. 3441:

Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by King

1068: 6908: 6524: 2174: 2067:, built impressive castles to enforce English domination, and brought the country under English law with the 2064: 1389:, which required criminous clerks who had been defrocked to be handed over to royal courts for punishment as 969: 754: 3590: 3032: 2986: 2250:, a marcher lord who had fought against Edward in the Despenser War. At the head of a mercenary army, they 1529: 829: 725:

was becoming the political and commercial capital of England. Edward furthered this transition by building

635:

Some members of the House of Wessex saw Cnut's death as a chance to regain power. Æthelred's youngest son,

244: 2671:, was painted for Richard II and illustrates his high view of kingship. The king is shown kneeling before 1331:

allowing itinerant royal judges to reach the whole kingdom. In 1178, the king ordered five members of his

757:, visited England and initiated a quarrel with Godwin. Ultimately, Edward had the entire Godwinson family 6512: 2500: 2041: 2025: 1885:. By the 1250s, there was widespread resentment against the Lusignans. There was also opposition to the " 1645: 2251: 2197: 2029: 1730: 1405:. Appeals to Rome were allowed, and secular courts were given jurisdiction over clerics accused of non- 1386: 1169: 1117: 687: 6548:

Crown & Sceptre: A New History of the British Monarchy, from William the Conqueror to Elizabeth II

1927:. In 1265, Montfort called a Parliament to consolidate support for the rebellion. For the first time, 1532:

for over a year and was not released until England paid an enormous ransom. In 1193, John defected to

236: 6960: 3132: 3108: 2515:

proceedings. While the Good Parliament was still in session, the Black Prince died at the age of 45.

2388:

confiscated the Duchy of Aquitaine and the County of Ponthieu from the English king. In 1340, Edward

2173:. By January 1312, Edward had publicly repudiated the ordinances, and Gaveston was back in England. 2083: 1882: 1817: 984: 932: 806: 765: 417:) succeeded him. After Edmund's murder, his two young sons were passed over in favor of their uncle, 113: 3427:

and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.

1699: 1116:

was formalised. It was divided into the chapel in charge of royal documents (which evolved into the

621: 516:

called "the first constitutional settlement in English history". Æthelred died in 1016, and his son

22:

Elizabeth I was the last English monarch before the Union of the Crowns between England and Scotland

3351: 3237: 3113: 3081: 2193: 2087: 2037: 1901: 1813: 1734: 1441: 1413: 1232: 1195: 746: 31: 968:

for defence as well as intimidation of the locals. In London, William ordered construction of the

6596: 2756: 2748: 2642: 2435: 1850:

became the king's chief minister. While holding no great office himself, the bishop showered his

1641: 1402: 1346: 1015: 886: 710: 691: 629: 392:

remained in Viking hands at his death. Edward's sons completed the reconquest of these holdouts.

174: 82: 2102:

was chosen Scotland's new king, but Edward's brutal treatment of his northern vassal led to the

1801: 469: 3367: 3309: 3256: 3092: 2733: 2342: 2330:

king and nobles together." In particular, royal-noble bonds were strengthened through frequent

2147: 2051: 1917: 1774: 1204:, Normandy's traditional enemy. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew, Stephen of Blois ( 1011: 991:

was defeated by the king, but the monarchy continued to resist forces of feudal fragmentation.

698: 440: 285:

he chose to advise him. The witan also elected new kings from among male royal family members (

3120:. York's maternal ancestry arguably gave him a better claim to the throne than Henry himself. 782:

The childless Edward the Confessor died on 5 January 1066. His fifteen-year-old great-nephew,

384:), continued to recover and consolidate control over the other Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Only the 5818: 3263: 3104: 3005: 2930: 2751:, archbishop of York, stated that Richard, who was not present, had agreed to abdicate. When 2676: 2598:

and placed above all earls and below only the royal dukes in rank. In 1386, de Vere was made

2539: 2408: 2401: 2331: 2290: 2262: 2231: 2076: 1971: 1924: 1863: 1832: 1828: 1573: 1509: 1401:

culminated in his murder in 1170. In 1172, Henry reached a settlement with the church in the

1324: 1216: 1057: 959: 901: 837: 726: 640: 569:. Because Cnut was not in England for much of his reign, he divided England into four parts ( 508: 106: 98: 6741: 6682: 6628: 3474: 2895:

Abdication became unnecessary when Henry IV died in 1413, and Monmouth became King Henry V (

2767:

writes that this "created a dangerous precedent and made the crown fundamentally unstable."

2582:

to advise the King. Pole proved himself a loyal servant and was made chancellor in 1383 and

2447: 1970:

at Westminster Abbey. In 1996, the stone was returned to Scotland where it is kept with the

1761: 750: 537: 293:

was not the definitive rule governing succession, so strong candidates replaced weak ones.

6490: 3347: 3274: 3028: 3018: 2982: 2854: 2836: 2684: 2646: 2618: 2354: 2303: 2218: 2115: 2091: 2033: 1905: 1750: 1726: 1722: 1497:, in whom was consolidated both secular and ecclesiastical power as justiciar, chancellor, 1494: 1482: 1457: 1268: 1121: 714: 652: 127: 94: 63: 3277:. Edward of Westminster died at Tewkesbury, and Henry VI was put to death on 21 May 1471. 2261:

By this point, it was clear that Edward II could not remain king, but this precipitated a

528:. Afterward, the two divided England, with Edmund ruling Wessex and Cnut taking the rest. 138:

were ruled by a single sovereign while remaining separate nations. For the history of the

8: 3436: 3385: 3233: 2950: 2926: 2911: 2808: 2795: 2572: 2560: 2480: 2479:

There were a number of setbacks in the last years of Edward's reign. The new French king

2424: 2393: 2385: 2373: 2185: 2146:

as an institution to which the people owed allegiance. This distinction was known as the

2139: 2068: 1979: 1928: 1737:

gave him homage. In the midst of this collapse of royal authority, John died abruptly at

1667:. On 5 May 1215, a group of barons renounced their fealty to John calling themselves the 1533: 1518: 1316: 1255: 1161: 988: 790: 582: 574: 135: 131: 86: 71: 39: 1923:

When the king tried to overturn the Provisions of Oxford, Montfort led a rebellion, the

1900:

In 1258, the king was forced to submit to a radical reform programme promulgated at the

1493:) as well as selling offices, titles, and land. In his absence, England was governed by 1042:

Westminster Hall during US President Barack Obama's address to Parliament on 25 May 2011

6901: 6875: 6790: 6761: 6737: 6726: 6653: 6600: 6517: 4930: 3549: 3512: 3504: 3416: 3313: 2890: 2870: 2844: 2776: 2721: 2439: 2266: 2243: 2158: 1693: 1664: 1660: 1421: 1398: 1292: 1141: 1086: 1047: 821: 813: 722: 525: 503: 263: 252: 217: 43: 6877:

The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540

3324:

Crown lands in the hands of salaried officials rather than renting them to courtiers.

2412: 2353:

on the Scottish throne with himself as overlord. With French help, the Scots loyal to

1939:

was an important milestone in the evolution of Parliament. Montfort was killed at the

1540:

and parts of Normandy. By 1198, Richard had reconquered most of his territory. At the

6936: 6912: 6896: 6882: 6848: 6818: 6797: 6771: 6747: 6710: 6689: 6659: 6635: 6608: 6582: 6552: 6528: 6498: 3562: 3408: 3389: 3373: 3339: 3136: 3077: 3060: 2866: 2713: 2688: 2672: 2552: 2443: 2322: 2142:, which for the first time explicitly distinguished between the king as a person and 2056: 1940: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1683:

to effect compromise between the two sides. Over a month of negotiations resulted in

1672: 1637: 1547: 1514: 1437: 1328: 1300: 1220: 1183: 861: 794: 730: 458: 59: 47: 2364: 2318: 1636:

After quarreling with the king over the election of a new Archbishop of Canterbury,

783: 683: 3508: 3500: 3270: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3024: 2922: 2862: 2697: 2680: 2568: 2377: 2045: 1967: 1847: 1790: 1718: 1541: 1433: 1425: 1304: 1284: 1149: 922: 882: 802: 777: 742: 679: 636: 609: 566: 488: 374: 355: 139: 6728:

The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485

1462: 1361: 950: 18: 6930: 6858: 6828: 6812: 6765: 6704: 6673: 6562: 6546: 4936: 3487: 3372:

King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying

3009: 2819: 2701: 2638: 2634: 2599: 2583: 2496: 2468: 2346: 2255: 2201: 2072: 2024:. Edward effected his reform program through a series of parliamentary statutes: 1932: 1855: 1782: 1680: 1676: 1351: 1201: 1165: 1053: 973: 878: 817: 798: 738: 702: 625: 601:". The sheriff was the king's direct representative in the shire. He oversaw the 598: 517: 496: 492: 385: 366: 333: 301: 224: 213: 118: 55: 3285: 1089:, which was reissued by all future 12th-century kings and was incorporated into 721:. The treasury had developed into a permanent institution by this time as well. 105:. To gain the consent of the political community, English kings began summoning 6840: 6677: 6649: 6623: 4941: 4937:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 3470: 3412: 3363: 3124: 3064: 3049: 2990: 2812: 2786: 2752: 2747:, it technically was not a parliament because it met without royal authority). 2740: 2657: 2591: 2508: 2472: 2428: 2420: 2350: 2335: 2236: 2000: 1992: 1963: 1320: 1280: 1246: 1173: 1038: 578: 570: 6767:

The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and the Rise of the Tudors

3380:, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the 812:

Meanwhile, William landed in England on 28 September. He fought Harold at the

223:

In theory, all governing authority resided with the king. He alone could make

6954: 6926: 6476:

Royal Arms, Styles, and Titles of Great Britain: Westminster, 20 October 1604

3424: 3290: 3171: 3149: 2828: 2519: 2504: 2492: 2213: 2013: 1858:

with a large number of offices. He was placed in charge of the treasury, the

1778: 1614: 1610: 1556:. Before his death, the king made peace with John, naming him his successor. 1498: 1490: 1478: 1417: 1394: 1101: 893: 513: 480: 373:

and was the first to style himself "king of the Anglo-Saxons". Alfred's son,

290: 67: 51: 35: 34:

from the 9th century to 1707. The English monarchy traces its origins to the

6862: 6832: 6566: 3217:

for Edward's marriage to a French princess. Edward pursued an alliance with

2955: 1096: 954:

The White Tower, built by William the Conqueror, is a symbol of royal power.

6870: 6634:(revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 113–138. 6542: 3244: 3036: 2848: 2832: 2824: 2764: 2556: 2488: 2397: 2295:

Five days after his father's abdication, the fourteen-year-old Edward III (

2209: 2131: 2099: 1789:

After John's death, loyal barons and bishops took his nine-year-old son to

1725:, during which the rebels offered the crown to Philip II's son, the future 1687:(Latin for "Great Charter"), which was formally agreed to by both sides at 1625: 1564: 1502: 1374: 1153: 1125: 1019: 939: 825: 317: 193: 101:

agreed to limit his own powers over his subjects according to the terms of

2094:

recognised Edward's feudal overlordship and invited him to adjudicate the

852: 816:

on 14 October. It was a disaster for the English. Harold and his brothers

805:, the exiled brother of Harold Godwinson. Harold defeated Hardrada at the 616:. When Cnut died in 1035, rival sons contended for the throne: Emma's son 396: 170: 6688:(revised and updated ed.). Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 17–39. 6574: 6434: 3643: 3420: 3393: 3333: 3045: 2915: 2843:

these lands separately from the crown lands. The practice of holding the

1684: 1212: 1090: 914: 682:, to return to England. Edward died before reaching England, but his son 602: 389: 209: 123: 102: 5355: 3056:, whose abuses of power and heavy spending inspired intense opposition. 2881: 2530: 2407:

In 1346, Edward invaded France in pursuit of his claim, setting off the

2392:

on the grounds that he was the last male descendant of his grandfather,

1609:, profits of royal justice, and profits from the feudal system (such as 312:

and heard petitions. The king's income came from revenue from the royal

286: 6785: 5586: 5514: 5043: 3377: 2705: 2184:

Edward II's wife Queen Isabella (third from the left) with her father,

2180: 2162: 2021: 1859: 1659:

was fought to restore the Angevin Empire, but John was defeated at the

1649: 1618: 1429: 1382: 1303:. He also dealt quickly and effectively with rebellious lords, such as 1178: 1108:. Row 1: William I and William II. Row 2: Henry I and Stephen of Blois. 1075: 617: 305: 297: 240: 2281: 2192:

After Gaveston's death, the most influential men around the king were

2079:. The title continues to be granted to the heirs of British monarchs. 1935:

from the important towns were summoned along with barons and bishops.

1877:

Henry then transferred his favouritism to his Lusignan half-brothers,

1337:

to remain at Westminster and hear legal cases full time, creating the

1018:) from being heard in secular courts; jurisdiction was handed over to 589:

to rule each region. The creation of large earldoms covering multiple

231:, or make foreign policy. In reality, kings needed the support of the 165: 3404: 3182: 3158: 2743:

and House of Commons met in Westminster Hall (later referred to as a

2487:. The infirmity of both the elderly King and Prince Edward created a 2484: 2143: 2003:

were appointed regents. A proclamation issued on 23 November stated:

1851: 1839: 1688: 1621:). In reality, this was rarely possible, especially in time of war. 1436:

was forced to acknowledge the English king as feudal overlord in the

1358:

to determine whether someone had been unjustly dispossessed of land.

1145: 1129: 1003: 995: 706: 428:). He never married and raised his nephews as his heirs. The eldest, 309: 278: 203: 197: 5235: 2071:. In 1301, the king's eldest son, Edward of Caernarfon, was created 1283:, which controlled almost half of France including Normandy, Anjou, 896:

aristocracy according to the principles of feudalism. The king gave

4956: 3826: 3442: 3343: 3298: 3214: 2645:, and the King had no choice but to submit to their wishes. At the 2503:

refused to finance the war with France until corrupt ministers and

2270: 1916:, the king's brother-in-law and former friend. By the terms of the 1312: 1288: 484: 407: 321: 4726: 4372: 4264: 4045: 3561:

Besides the earl of Lancaster, other members of the plot included

2235:

The execution of Hugh Despenser the Younger, from a manuscript of

1769: 1412:

Henry also extended his authority outside of England. In 1157, he

200:. At certain times, one king was strong enough to claim the title 6796:. Governance of England. Vol. 1. Stanford University Press. 3889: 3715: 2839:, but King Henry continued to face challenges to his legitimacy. 2652: 2044:. In 1297, he reissued Magna Carta. In 1295, Edward summoned the 1909: 1629: 1606: 1486: 1445: 1378: 1137: 594: 451: 313: 4882: 4450: 3816: 3814: 3751: 3087: 2341:

In 1333, Edward invaded Scotland winning a major victory at the

2169:

The Ordinances also required the exile of the king's favourite,

239:

to rule. A monarch's rule was not legitimate unless he received

201: 6743:

The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England

6398: 5969: 5967: 4240: 4021: 3997: 1809: 1522: 1406: 980: 979:

At times, there was tension between the monarch and his Norman

905: 833: 758: 661: 429: 418: 370: 351: 274: 4973: 4971: 4750: 4606: 3342:, nevertheless, continued during the reign of Edward IV's son 3247:, invaded England in September 1470. Edward fled to Burgundy. 338: 5991: 3811: 3727: 2934: 2700:

made it clear that no dissent would be tolerated. Chancellor

2475:, royal residence and headquarters of the Order of the Garter 2381: 1537: 1489:. Richard funded this campaign through taxation (such as the 1466:

The lands inherited by Richard I in France (in shades of red)

1390: 999: 928: 590: 542: 491:

deprived the Danes of a place to shelter before crossing the

282: 270: 75: 6932:

Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy

6141: 5964: 5019: 4858: 4348: 3973: 3949: 3679: 3631: 3084:. Henry fled London and left Margaret to restore the peace. 2338:

began to replace French as the language of the aristocracy.

1947:

London. Westminster Abbey alone nearly bankrupted the king.

1591:(Latin for "King of England") rather than the older form of 6350: 6316: 6314: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6260: 6250: 6248: 6223: 6221: 6095: 6093: 6066: 6042: 6020: 6018: 5906: 5904: 5877: 5649: 5418: 5103: 5031: 4968: 4336: 4084: 3381: 3232:

The King angered Warwick when he announced his marriage to

3221:, England's traditional ally and trading partner. In 1468, 2586:

in 1385. The King's most important favourite, however, was

2317:

On 19 October 1330, the seventeen-year-old Edward staged a

1370: 1355: 1342: 897: 718: 586: 555: 521: 228: 178: 6458: 6446: 6422: 6410: 6386: 6194: 6172: 6170: 6168: 5940: 5916: 5865: 5574: 5562: 5408: 5406: 5271: 4678: 4312: 4252: 4216: 4144: 4108: 4009: 3548:

Louis VIII's claim to the English throne came by his wife

2622:

for a "gyration" (tour) of the country to gather an army.

1525:, but real power was exercised by Coutances as justiciar. 5799: 5765: 5763: 5736: 5726: 5724: 5709: 5627: 5625: 5598: 5430: 5391: 5367: 5307: 5295: 4894: 4834: 4798: 4428: 4426: 4413: 4411: 4120: 3318:

The Difference between an Absolute and a Limited Monarchy

3116:, and his father descended from Gaunt's younger brother, 2963:

Only nine months old when his father died, Henry VI (1st

2649:

of 1388, Richard's favourites were convicted of treason.

938:

The Norman kings designated nearly a third of England as

251:-like qualities and divine protection. The coronation of 6374: 6311: 6284: 6245: 6218: 6182: 6090: 6054: 6015: 5928: 5901: 5526: 5478: 5466: 5319: 5091: 5079: 4654: 4582: 4558: 4522: 4324: 3937: 3925: 3901: 3838: 3787: 3655: 3449:

For the history of the British monarchy after 1603, see

2254:. Important noblemen defected to the Queen's cause, and 1528:

While returning from Crusade, Richard was imprisoned by

1470:

Upon Henry's death, his eldest surviving son Richard I (

1186:, and the couple had three sons in the years 1133–1136. 1074:

On 2 August 1100, Rufus was killed while hunting in the

983:, who were used to French models of government in which 745:. He overturned the election of a Godwin relative to be 6622:

Cheetham, Anthony (1998). "The House of Lancaster". In

6362: 6338: 6326: 6233: 6165: 6129: 5787: 5748: 5685: 5673: 5610: 5502: 5454: 5403: 5379: 5331: 5127: 5067: 4995: 4906: 4822: 4762: 4300: 4276: 4228: 4180: 4096: 4062: 4060: 3209:) owed the throne mainly to the support of his cousin, 2835:

joined the revolt in 1403. Hotspur was defeated at the

2314:, the King's uncle, arrested and executed for treason. 6605:

The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy

6272: 6206: 6153: 6117: 6105: 6078: 6030: 5889: 5853: 5841: 5760: 5721: 5622: 5550: 4570: 4510: 4423: 4408: 4396: 4360: 4288: 4204: 4168: 4156: 3913: 3691: 2434:

The King's eldest son Edward, known to history as the

2130:

The king's reliance on favourites proved a convenient

2106:. In 1307, Edward died on his way to invade Scotland. 1327:

divided the kingdom into six judicial circuits called

192:

in the 5th and 6th centuries. In the 7th century, the

6519:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075–1225

5829: 5775: 5697: 5661: 5637: 5538: 5490: 5442: 5343: 5283: 5259: 5247: 5223: 5211: 5199: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5115: 5055: 5007: 4983: 4846: 4774: 4714: 4546: 4438: 4192: 4072: 3985: 3961: 3865: 3855: 3853: 3799: 3775: 3411:

to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating

701:

had become sophisticated. Edward appointed the first

212:

for "over-king"). In the 9th and 10th centuries, the

6003: 5979: 5952: 4738: 4702: 4690: 4630: 4594: 4534: 4132: 4057: 3392:(the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry 2306:, died without a male heir. They also agreed to the 2208:

Younger's accumulation of land. In 1321, a group of

499:, king of Denmark, from conquering England in 1013. 324:(land tax) was also an essential source of revenue. 4870: 4810: 4786: 4498: 4486: 4462: 3877: 3763: 3739: 2704:, bishop of Exeter, preached the opening sermon on 342:

England in 878 during the reign of Alfred the Great

6900: 6874: 6789: 6725: 6681: 6627: 6516: 4666: 4642: 4618: 4474: 4384: 4033: 3850: 3703: 3619: 1393:. It also forbade appeals to the pope. Archbishop 66:dynasties expanded their authority throughout the 3667: 3191:The marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville 2411:which would last until 1453. The English won the 1644:. For the next six years, priests refused to say 1067:), was given England. Between 1098 and 1099, the 6952: 4925: 4923: 4921: 3293:, a favorite royal residence in the 15th century 2724:and extended Bolingbroke's banishment for life. 2594:. In 1385, de Vere was given the novel title of 2357:continued to resist English interference in the 439:), succeeded his uncle, but the younger brother 46:by the 10th century. Anglo-Saxon England had an 6845:The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327 6792:The Governance of Anglo-Saxon England, 500–1087 6595: 6440: 6404: 4756: 4732: 4378: 4270: 3820: 3757: 3733: 3685: 3649: 3637: 1319:established the supremacy of royal courts over 1250:The Angevin Empire during the reign of Henry II 628:(in England). Godwin supported Harthacnut, but 188:The origins of the English monarchy lie in the 6655:The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England 3350:, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the 3240:, resented the Woodville family's influence. 3044:crown-wearing ceremonies and participating in 1785:on the left and Westminster Hall on the right. 1444:confirmed Henry as feudal overlord of most of 1267:) became the first king of a new dynasty, the 764:Around this time, Edward invited his relative 531: 479:), had him murdered and then became king. The 320:), judicial fines, and taxation of trade. The 196:consolidated into seven kingdoms known as the 4918: 2823:fight off plots and rebellions. In 1400, the 2716:. In 1397, a dispute between Bolingbroke and 2396:. To symbolise his claim, the King added the 2212:invaded the Despenser estates, beginning the 2090:in 1290 left the Scottish throne vacant. The 6869: 6684:The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England 6630:The Lives of the Kings and Queens of England 6495:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 5025: 4888: 4864: 3552:, Henry II's granddaughter and John's niece. 3403:. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young 3135:, traditionally considered the start of the 1889:", Henry's unrealistic plans to conquer the 1545: 664:of Edward the Confessor at Westminster Abbey 3280: 2959:France in 1435 during the Hundred Years War 2770: 2138:, and a delegation of nobles presented the 1943:in 1265, and royal authority was restored. 1592: 1586: 1568:Philip II and John making peace with a kiss 1332: 1226: 920: 912: 753:instead. In 1051, Edward's brother-in-law, 605:and collected taxes and royal estate dues. 524:invaded England and defeated Edmund at the 450:) was soon declared king of Mercia and the 269:The king governed in consultation with the 216:united the separate kingdoms into a single 149: 6672: 4342: 2815:, which Edward I had taken from Scotland. 1733:, and many English nobles along with King 1385:) were lenient. In 1164, Henry issued the 690:were able to return. Margaret would marry 354:, which survived due to the leadership of 6895: 6839: 5484: 5085: 4933:inflation figures are based on data from 3697: 3565:, Archbishop of Canterbury; the earls of 3451:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3250: 2993:and governed alongside a regency council 1823:During Henry's reign, the principle that 154: 144:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 130:, known as James I in England. Under the 6732:(4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black. 6723: 6702: 6621: 6579:A History of Parliament: The Middle Ages 6511: 6380: 6320: 6293: 6254: 6227: 6188: 6147: 6099: 6060: 6024: 5973: 5934: 5910: 4330: 4198: 4186: 4162: 4126: 4102: 4027: 3919: 3895: 3721: 3661: 3284: 3186: 3086: 3023: 2981:. In his will, Henry V made his brother 2954: 2880: 2785: 2651: 2529: 2467: 2363: 2280: 2230: 2179: 2050: 1957: 1768: 1760: 1698: 1578:At Westminster Abbey in May 1199, John ( 1563: 1461: 1451: 1360: 1245: 1219:by which Stephen adopted Matilda's son, 1100:England's four Norman kings depicted in 1095: 1037: 949: 945: 873:Government in Norman and Angevin England 851: 656: 639:, returned to England but was captured, 546:The North Sea Empire of Cnut the Great, 541: 512:records this agreement, which historian 350:all the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms except for 337: 164: 81:The monarchy's gradual evolution into a 17: 6925: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6332: 6305: 6266: 6239: 6176: 6135: 6072: 6048: 5883: 5793: 5754: 5691: 5679: 5655: 5616: 5508: 5460: 5424: 5412: 5385: 5337: 5133: 5109: 5073: 5037: 5001: 4977: 4912: 4828: 4684: 4576: 4516: 4456: 4432: 4318: 4294: 4258: 4222: 4210: 4174: 4150: 4114: 4051: 4015: 4003: 3991: 3967: 3943: 3931: 3907: 3871: 3844: 3832: 3805: 3793: 3165: 2578:After the revolt, Parliament appointed 797:. Before William reached England, King 646: 457:Edgar was succeeded by his eldest son, 6953: 6648: 6541: 6489: 6464: 6452: 6428: 6416: 6392: 6278: 6212: 6200: 6159: 6123: 6111: 6084: 6036: 5946: 5922: 5895: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5823: 5769: 5730: 5631: 5580: 5568: 5556: 5532: 5496: 5472: 5448: 5325: 5289: 5277: 5157: 5145: 5097: 5061: 5013: 4989: 4780: 4768: 4600: 4306: 4282: 4234: 4138: 4066: 3979: 3955: 3883: 3769: 3745: 3709: 3486:In the past, Scottish kings had given 3430: 2985:, regent of France. His other brother 2384:created in England. In May 1337, King 2349:. The victory allowed Edward to place 847: 6881:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6760: 6736: 6658:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6009: 5997: 5985: 5958: 5835: 5805: 5781: 5742: 5715: 5703: 5667: 5643: 5604: 5592: 5544: 5520: 5436: 5397: 5373: 5361: 5349: 5313: 5301: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5121: 5049: 4962: 4934: 4900: 4852: 4840: 4804: 4744: 4708: 4696: 4660: 4636: 4612: 4588: 4564: 4540: 4528: 4504: 4492: 4468: 4417: 4402: 4366: 4354: 3357: 3091:Margaret of Anjou as depicted in the 3052:. Later, the King replaced them with 2800:Bolingbroke was crowned as Henry IV ( 2790:Henry Bolingbroke claiming the throne 2166:the chancellor and county sheriffs). 1271:. He was also the first king crowned 6810: 6784: 6573: 4876: 4816: 4792: 4720: 4672: 4648: 4624: 4552: 4480: 4444: 4390: 4246: 4090: 4078: 4039: 3859: 3781: 3673: 3625: 3384:, and the fact that his marriage to 2907:last phase of the Hundred Years' War 2739:On 30 September, an assembly of the 1345:(standardised royal orders with the 935:courts continued to exist as well. 866: 678:As king, Edward invited his nephew, 643:, and died of his injuries in 1037. 227:, mint coins, levy taxes, raise the 6746:(revised ed.). Penguin Books. 6607:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3054:William de la Pole, Duke of Suffolk 2359:Second War of Scottish Independence 1966:from Scotland and placed it in the 1912:). The new government's leader was 1757:Government in late medieval England 1597:(Latin for "King of the English"). 1508:Concerned that his younger brother 1397:opposed the Constitutions, and the 771: 116:granted English monarchs the title 13: 5364:, pp. 354, 356 & 358–360. 2979:dual monarch of England and France 2104:First War of Scottish Independence 1842:. After the fall of the justiciar 612:was the strongest earl and Cnut's 327: 14: 6972: 5595:, pp. 457–458 & 460–461. 5523:, pp. 432–433 & 436–439. 5052:, pp. 252–253 & 266–267. 3157:After York died in 1460, his son 3101:Edmund Beaufort, duke of Somerset 2851:was continued by later monarchs. 2442:in 1356 in which the French king 1806:William Marshal, Earl of Pembroke 1136:—developed out of the need for a 190:Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain 161:Government in Anglo-Saxon England 6814:Constitutional History of the UK 6470: 5811: 3600: 3555: 3401:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 3211:Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick 2683:and two royal saints of England 1793:where he was crowned Henry III ( 1652:with John as the pope's vassal. 1260:On December 19, 1154, Henry II ( 1078:. His younger brother, Henry I ( 1069:Great Hall at Westminster Palace 1002:were important sources of royal 881:, the kings of England were, as 6482: 3542: 3493: 3480: 3463: 3204: 3197: 3021:in Paris on 16 December 1431. 2972: 2965: 2897: 2802: 2679:. Standing behind the king are 2546: 2308:Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton 2297: 2122: 1986: 1795: 1669:Army of God and the Holy Church 1580: 1472: 1416:and received the submission of 1262: 1206: 1124:in charge of finances, and the 1080: 1062: 820:, the earl of East Anglia, and 670: 560: 474: 463: 445: 434: 423: 412: 401: 379: 360: 262:) served as a model for future 257: 28:history of the English monarchy 6903:Plantagenet England, 1225–1360 5244:, pp. 324, 326 & 330. 3327: 3301:, and his younger brother was 3008:was crowned King of France at 2136:Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln 2120:At his coronation, Edward II ( 2086:in 1286 and his granddaughter 2042:Statute of Westminster of 1285 2026:Statute of Westminster of 1275 1937:Simon de Montfort's Parliament 1152:of multiple shires. Historian 42:, which consolidated into the 1: 6909:New Oxford History of England 6525:New Oxford History of England 4965:, pp. 220–222 & 378. 3613: 2997:Regency government, 1422–1437 2859:Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War 2661: 2525: 2491:that the King's younger son, 2276: 2030:Statute of Gloucester of 1278 1825:kings were subject to the law 1657:Anglo-French War of 1213–1214 547: 308:to another as they collected 300:, the king traveled with his 169:Frontispiece portraying King 6935:. HarperCollins Publishers. 3835:, pp. 71, 74 & 114. 3537:William Marshall the Younger 3499:Other rebel barons included 3176: 2987:Humphrey, duke of Gloucester 2608:invasion of Scotland in 1385 2109: 1773:Westminster Palace, showing 1744: 1544:, Richard adopted the motto 1237:Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry 904:who in return owed the king 856:England and Normandy in 1087 495:. Still, it did not prevent 7: 6847:. Oxford University Press. 6817:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 6724:Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961). 6709:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 6441:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 6405:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 5822:, vol. 3, p. 419 quoted in 4757:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 4733:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 4379:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 4271:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 4249:, pp. 37, 38 & 66. 4054:, pp. 96–98 & 114. 3821:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 3758:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 3734:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 3686:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 3652:, pp. 6–9 & 13–14. 3650:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 3638:Cannon & Griffiths 1988 3147: 3107:, returned from serving as 2994: 2944: 2781: 2567:. In 1381, resentment over 2096:Scottish succession dispute 1962:In 1296, Edward I took the 1953: 1530:Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI 1241: 985:royal power was much weaker 713:and oversaw the writing of 593:necessitated the office of 532:Cnut the Great and his sons 50:, but this was replaced by 10: 6977: 6703:Huscroft, Richard (2016). 6676:(1998). "The Normans". In 3724:, pp. 25 & 29–30. 3434: 3361: 3331: 3289:Edward IV's great hall at 3254: 3180: 3169: 2948: 2888: 2876: 2793: 2774: 2537: 2460:peace treaties with France 2288: 2198:Hugh Despenser the Younger 2113: 1977: 1754: 1748: 1571: 1517:, Richard sent Archbishop 1455: 1387:Constitutions of Clarendon 1253: 1230: 1193: 1189: 1170:Holy Roman Emperor Henry V 1112:During Henry's reign, the 1045: 1033: 987:than in England. The 1075 972:, the central keep of the 957: 870: 859: 775: 650: 535: 487:. Æthelred's marriage to 331: 243:by the church. Coronation 158: 6706:Ruling England, 1042–1217 6443:, pp. 194, 265, 309. 4615:, pp. 131 & 133. 4459:, pp. 183 & 189. 3898:, pp. 130 & 133. 3033:King's College, Cambridge 2633:, earl of Warwick. These 2390:claimed the French throne 2084:Alexander III of Scotland 2075:and given control of the 885:, nominal vassals to the 807:Battle of Stamford Bridge 766:William, duke of Normandy 755:Count Eustace of Boulogne 520:became king. Swein's son 348:Viking invaders conquered 296:While the capital was at 122:. In 1603, the childless 114:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 6873:; Wallis, Keith (1968). 5026:Powell & Wallis 1968 4889:Powell & Wallis 1968 4865:Powell & Wallis 1968 4006:, pp. 96 & 103. 3456: 3352:Battle of Bosworth Field 3281:Restoration of Edward IV 3238:George, Duke of Clarence 3162:in the Tower of London. 3114:Lionel, duke of Clarence 3031:. Henry VI founded both 2865:, while his eldest son, 2771:Lancastrians (1399–1461) 2186:Philip IV of France 2175:Earl Thomas of Lancaster 2038:Statute of Acton Burnell 1735:Alexander II of Scotland 1233:Angevin kings of England 1227:Plantagenets (1154–1399) 1196:Stephen, King of England 1132:—effectively the king's 1056:, while his second son, 747:Archbishop of Canterbury 585:). He appointed trusted 554:After Ironside's death, 468:). His younger brother, 150:Anglo-Saxons (800s–1066) 89:is a major theme in the 32:English kings and queens 6000:, pp. 25 & 27. 4935:Clark, Gregory (2017). 4357:, pp. 33 & 45. 4093:, pp. 38 & 66. 4030:, pp. 11 & 13. 2643:Battle of Radcot Bridge 2637:(as they became known) 2629:, earl of Arundel; and 2252:invaded England in 1326 2242:In 1324, Edward's wife 2222:wrote of this period, 2055:St. Thomas's Tower and 1777:in the centre with the 1642:papal interdict in 1208 1559: 1403:Compromise of Avranches 1223:, as his son and heir. 908:and military service. 801:of Norway invaded with 761:and forced into exile. 692:Malcolm III of Scotland 630:Leofric, earl of Mercia 202: 74:in 1177 and conquering 6841:Maddicott, John Robert 3982:, pp. 6 & 10. 3958:, pp. 5 & 10. 3525:Geoffrey de Mandeville 3423:. England returned to 3368:Elizabethan government 3294: 3257:Readeption of Henry VI 3251:Readeption of Henry VI 3192: 3096: 3093:Talbot Shrewsbury Book 3040: 2960: 2886: 2791: 2734:earl of Northumberland 2692: 2535: 2476: 2466: 2369: 2345:due to the use of the 2343:Battle of Halidon Hill 2286: 2239: 2229: 2189: 2148:doctrine of capacities 2060: 2010: 1999:, a marcher lord; and 1995:, archbishop of York; 1975: 1786: 1766: 1715: 1704: 1593: 1587: 1569: 1546: 1467: 1366: 1333: 1251: 1109: 1043: 955: 921: 913: 857: 809:on 25 September 1066. 699:Anglo-Saxon government 668:Edward the Confessor ( 665: 620:(then in Denmark) and 551: 343: 185: 183:Life of Saint Cuthbert 155:Anglo-Saxon government 91:historical development 23: 6581:. London: Constable. 5819:Rotuli Parliamentorum 3362:Further information: 3288: 3264:Edward of Westminster 3190: 3170:Further information: 3109:lieutenant of Ireland 3105:Richard, duke of York 3090: 3082:Jack Cade's Rebellion 3027: 2983:John, duke of Bedford 2958: 2929:. Charles's son, the 2884: 2818:In January 1400, the 2789: 2775:Further information: 2745:convention parliament 2655: 2540:Richard II of England 2533: 2471: 2457: 2446:was captured. In the 2402:royal arms of England 2367: 2291:Edward III of England 2284: 2263:constitutional crisis 2256:London rose in revolt 2234: 2224: 2183: 2092:Guardians of Scotland 2077:Principality of Wales 2054: 2005: 1972:Scottish Crown Jewels 1961: 1829:Charter of the Forest 1772: 1764: 1755:Further information: 1706: 1702: 1679:and the papal legate 1640:placed England under 1574:John, King of England 1567: 1465: 1452:Richard the Lionheart 1364: 1339:Court of King's Bench 1325:Assize of Northampton 1249: 1231:Further information: 1217:Treaty of Wallingford 1099: 1041: 960:William the Conqueror 953: 946:William the Conqueror 860:Further information: 855: 660: 545: 536:Further information: 509:Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 341: 332:Further information: 168: 30:covers the reigns of 21: 6497:. London: Robinson. 3275:Battle of Tewkesbury 3166:Yorkists (1461–1485) 3118:Edmund, duke of York 3029:Kings College Chapel 3019:Notre-Dame Cathedral 2855:Charles VI of France 2837:Battle of Shrewsbury 2685:Edward the Confessor 2647:Merciless Parliament 2619:Wonderful Parliament 2219:Vita Edwardi Secundi 2116:Edward II of England 1929:knights of the shire 1918:1295 Treaty of Paris 1906:Provisions of Oxford 1893:for his second son, 1802:Æthelred the Unready 1751:Henry III of England 1727:Louis VIII of France 1495:William de Longchamp 1458:Richard I of England 1432:. The Scottish king 1279:. Henry founded the 1269:House of Plantagenet 653:Edward the Confessor 647:Edward the Confessor 470:Æthelred the Unready 128:James VI of Scotland 95:British constitution 6911:. Clarendon Press. 6527:. Clarendon Press. 6467:, pp. 190–211. 6455:, pp. 636–647. 6431:, pp. 179–189. 6419:, pp. 168–176. 6395:, pp. 133–165. 6359:, pp. 268–270. 6308:, pp. 264–265. 6269:, pp. 263–264. 6203:, pp. 137–138. 6150:, pp. 131–132. 6075:, pp. 250–251. 6051:, pp. 249–250. 5886:, pp. 244–245. 5874:, pp. 114–115. 5808:, pp. 494–495. 5583:, pp. 102–103. 5571:, pp. 100–102. 5427:, pp. 228–229. 5400:, pp. 369–370. 5376:, pp. 363–365. 5316:, pp. 350–351. 5304:, pp. 345–349. 5280:, pp. 595–597. 5112:, pp. 217–220. 5040:, pp. 214–215. 4980:, pp. 211–212. 4903:, pp. 214–217. 4891:, pp. 155–157. 4843:, pp. 195–196. 4807:, pp. 189–192. 4735:, pp. 125–127. 4687:, pp. 199–200. 4663:, pp. 159–161. 4591:, pp. 124–125. 4567:, pp. 118–120. 4531:, pp. 102–103. 4381:, pp. 112–113. 4321:, pp. 150–152. 4273:, pp. 111–112. 4261:, pp. 142–143. 4225:, pp. 127–132. 4153:, pp. 113–115. 4117:, pp. 128–129. 4018:, pp. 103–104. 3437:Union of the Crowns 3431:Union of the Crowns 3386:Catherine of Aragon 3234:Elizabeth Woodville 3133:Battle of St Albans 2951:Henry VI of England 2927:Catherine of Valois 2912:Battle of Agincourt 2809:Knights of the Bath 2796:Henry IV of England 2615:Thomas of Woodstock 2425:Order of the Garter 2394:Philip IV of France 2386:Philip VI of France 2374:Edward of Woodstock 2312:Edmund of Woodstock 2140:Declaration of 1308 2034:Statute of Mortmain 1980:Edward I of England 1775:St Stephen's Chapel 1731:St Paul's Cathedral 1534:Philip II of France 1519:Walter de Coutances 1317:Assize of Clarendon 1277:King of the English 1256:Henry II of England 1162:Matilda of Scotland 989:Revolt of the Earls 848:Normans (1066–1154) 791:Matilda of Flanders 365:). Alfred absorbed 264:British coronations 247:a king, giving him 136:Kingdom of Scotland 132:Union of the Crowns 87:ceremonial monarchy 72:Lordship of Ireland 40:Anglo-Saxon England 6897:Prestwich, Michael 6811:Lyon, Ann (2016). 6551:. Grove Atlantic. 5976:, p. 126–127. 5949:, p. 122–123. 5925:, p. 121–122. 5745:, p. 485–486. 5718:, p. 476–479. 5658:, p. 238–239. 5607:, p. 456–460. 5439:, p. 372–373. 4931:Retail Price Index 3550:Blanche of Castile 3513:Roger de Montbegon 3505:William de Mowbray 3358:Tudors (1485–1603) 3314:Lord Chief Justice 3295: 3193: 3097: 3041: 2961: 2891:Henry V of England 2887: 2871:Burgundian faction 2847:separate from the 2845:Duchy of Lancaster 2792: 2777:House of Lancaster 2722:Duchy of Lancaster 2693: 2677:St. George's Cross 2580:Michael de la Pole 2536: 2477: 2448:Treaty of Brétigny 2440:Battle of Poitiers 2409:Hundred Years' War 2370: 2287: 2267:Parliament of 1327 2240: 2190: 2088:Margaret of Norway 2061: 1976: 1925:Second Barons' War 1814:Battles of Lincoln 1787: 1767: 1705: 1677:Archbishop Langton 1665:Coronation Charter 1661:Battle of Bouvines 1570: 1468: 1399:Becket controversy 1367: 1354:commanded a local 1293:Duchy of Aquitaine 1252: 1142:Roger of Salisbury 1110: 1087:Coronation Charter 1048:Henry I of England 1044: 956: 858: 814:Battle of Hastings 751:Robert of Jumièges 727:Westminster Palace 697:By this time, the 666: 552: 538:House of Knýtlinga 526:Battle of Assandun 344: 316:(now known as the 253:Edgar the Peaceful 218:Kingdom of England 186: 134:, England and the 44:Kingdom of England 24: 6854:978-0-199-58550-2 6770:. Penguin Books. 6753:978-1-101-60628-5 5475:, pp. 92–94. 5328:, pp. 88–90. 5100:, pp. 76–77. 4771:, pp. 62–63. 4723:, pp. 62–63. 4555:, pp. 54–55. 4447:, pp. 31–38. 4420:, pp. 88–89. 4405:, pp. 87–88. 4369:, pp. 49–50. 4345:, pp. 36–39. 4309:, pp. 28–29. 4285:, pp. 27–28. 4237:, pp. 22–24. 4129:, pp. 91–92. 4081:, pp. 30–32. 3946:, pp. 83–85. 3934:, pp. 81–82. 3910:, pp. 86–87. 3847:, pp. 74–75. 3796:, pp. 66–69. 3784:, pp. 90–91. 3760:, pp. 13–14. 3664:, pp. 19–20. 3595:Roger de Clifford 3589:; and the barons 3563:Robert Winchelsey 3390:Church of England 3374:Elizabeth of York 3340:Wars of the Roses 3137:Wars of the Roses 3078:maladministration 3061:Margaret of Anjou 3014:French coronation 3004:On 29 July 1429, 2867:Henry of Monmouth 2714:Henry Bolingbroke 2689:Edmund the Martyr 2673:Madonna and Child 2553:duke of Lancaster 2419:took the town of 2325:with the help of 2323:Nottingham Castle 2059:built by Edward I 1941:Battle of Evesham 1914:Simon de Montfort 1902:Oxford Parliament 1895:Edmund Crouchback 1891:Kingdom of Sicily 1887:Sicilian business 1723:First Barons' War 1673:Robert Fitzwalter 1638:Pope Innocent III 1548:Dieu et mon droit 1442:Treaty of Windsor 1438:Treaty of Falaise 1221:Henry FitzEmpress 1184:Geoffrey of Anjou 1150:judicial circuits 1106:Historia Anglorum 883:dukes of Normandy 867:Norman government 862:House of Normandy 795:Pope Alexander II 731:Westminster Abbey 506:of free men. The 459:Edward the Martyr 273:, the council of 126:was succeeded by 48:elective monarchy 6968: 6961:English monarchy 6946: 6922: 6906: 6892: 6880: 6871:Powell, J. Enoch 6866: 6836: 6807: 6795: 6781: 6757: 6733: 6731: 6720: 6699: 6687: 6674:Gillingham, John 6669: 6645: 6633: 6618: 6601:Griffiths, Ralph 6592: 6570: 6538: 6522: 6513:Bartlett, Robert 6508: 6477: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6456: 6450: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6225: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6088: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5899: 5893: 5887: 5881: 5875: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5851: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5590: 5584: 5578: 5572: 5566: 5560: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5535:, p. 97–98. 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4927: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4760: 4754: 4748: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4688: 4682: 4676: 4670: 4664: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4502: 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4421: 4415: 4406: 4400: 4394: 4388: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4364: 4358: 4352: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4333:, pp. 9–10. 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4178: 4172: 4166: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3809: 3803: 3797: 3791: 3785: 3779: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3521:Gilbert de Clare 3517:Richard de Clare 3509:Richard de Percy 3501:Eustace de Vesci 3497: 3491: 3484: 3478: 3475:interest in land 3467: 3271:Battle of Barnet 3227:Charles the Bold 3223:Margaret of York 3208: 3207: 1471–1483 3206: 3201: 3200: 1461–1470 3199: 3153: 3099:In August 1450, 3000: 2976: 2975: 1470–1471 2974: 2969: 2968: 1422–1461 2967: 2923:Treaty of Troyes 2901: 2900: 1413–1422 2899: 2869:, supported the 2863:Armagnac faction 2831:of the powerful 2806: 2805: 1399–1413 2804: 2698:Cheshire archers 2681:John the Baptist 2670: 2666: 2663: 2631:Thomas Beauchamp 2627:Richard Fitzalan 2573:Peasants' Revolt 2561:Guichard d'Angle 2550: 2549: 1377–1399 2548: 2501:House of Commons 2463: 2378:Duke of Cornwall 2301: 2300: 1327–1377 2299: 2156: 2126: 2125: 1307–1327 2124: 2069:Statute of Wales 2046:Model Parliament 1990: 1989: 1272–1307 1988: 1968:Coronation Chair 1883:Aymer de Valence 1848:Peter des Roches 1846:in 1230, Bishop 1799: 1798: 1216–1272 1797: 1791:Gloucester Abbey 1719:lawful rebellion 1712: 1596: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1199–1216 1582: 1551: 1542:Battle of Gisors 1476: 1475: 1189–1199 1474: 1434:William the Lion 1426:Rhys ap Gruffydd 1336: 1305:Hugh de Mortimer 1266: 1265: 1154–1189 1264: 1210: 1209: 1135–1154 1208: 1084: 1083: 1100–1135 1082: 1066: 1065: 1087–1100 1064: 926: 923:magnum concilium 918: 803:Tostig Godwinson 778:Harold Godwinson 772:Harold Godwinson 743:earl of Hereford 680:Edward the Exile 674: 673: 1042–1066 672: 637:Alfred Aetheling 610:Godwin of Wessex 567:North Sea Empire 564: 563: 1016–1035 562: 549: 489:Emma of Normandy 478: 476: 467: 465: 449: 447: 438: 436: 427: 425: 416: 414: 405: 403: 383: 381: 375:Edward the Elder 364: 362: 356:Alfred the Great 261: 259: 207: 142:after 1603, see 140:British monarchy 6976: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6965: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6943: 6919: 6889: 6855: 6825: 6804: 6778: 6754: 6717: 6696: 6678:Fraser, Antonia 6666: 6650:Fraser, Antonia 6642: 6624:Fraser, Antonia 6615: 6589: 6559: 6535: 6505: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6459: 6451: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6219: 6211: 6207: 6199: 6195: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6166: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6110: 6106: 6098: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5890: 5882: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5826:, p. 109). 5816: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5567: 5563: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5404: 5396: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5044: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4988: 4984: 4976: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4947: 4945: 4928: 4919: 4911: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4683: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4575: 4571: 4563: 4559: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4535: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4491: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4431: 4424: 4416: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4343:Gillingham 1998 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4293: 4289: 4281: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4233: 4229: 4221: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4149: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3966: 3962: 3954: 3950: 3942: 3938: 3930: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3812: 3804: 3800: 3792: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3684: 3680: 3672: 3668: 3660: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3628:, pp. 1–2. 3624: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3560: 3556: 3547: 3543: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3439: 3433: 3417:Philip of Spain 3370: 3360: 3336: 3330: 3283: 3259: 3253: 3229:of Burgundy. 3203: 3196: 3195:Edward IV (1st 3185: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3144:Edmund Mortimer 3139:(1455–1487). 3063:, the niece of 3010:Reims Cathedral 2971: 2964: 2953: 2947: 2896: 2893: 2879: 2820:Epiphany Rising 2801: 2798: 2784: 2779: 2773: 2702:Edmund Stafford 2668: 2664: 2635:Lords Appellant 2600:duke of Ireland 2584:earl of Suffolk 2545: 2542: 2528: 2497:Good Parliament 2461: 2413:Battle of Crécy 2347:English longbow 2327:William Montagu 2296: 2293: 2279: 2202:Treaty of Leake 2154: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2073:Prince of Wales 2065:conquered Wales 1985: 1982: 1956: 1872:Richard Marshal 1868:royal household 1856:Peter de Rivaux 1844:Hubert de Burgh 1794: 1783:Painted Chamber 1759: 1753: 1747: 1741:on 19 October. 1710: 1681:Guala Bicchieri 1579: 1576: 1562: 1471: 1460: 1454: 1373:and clerics in 1352:novel disseisin 1315:. In 1166, the 1301:illegal castles 1273:King of England 1261: 1258: 1244: 1239: 1229: 1205: 1198: 1192: 1114:royal household 1104:' 13th century 1079: 1061: 1054:Robert Curthose 1050: 1036: 974:Tower of London 962: 948: 887:kings of France 879:Norman Conquest 875: 869: 864: 850: 828:, were killed. 799:Harald Hardrada 780: 774: 739:Ralph of Mantes 709:, who kept the 669: 655: 649: 626:Harold Harefoot 559: 540: 534: 518:Edmund Ironside 497:Swein Forkbeard 477: 978–1016 473: 462: 444: 433: 422: 411: 400: 386:Kingdom of York 378: 359: 336: 334:House of Wessex 330: 328:House of Wessex 302:itinerant court 256: 225:Anglo-Saxon law 214:kings of Wessex 163: 157: 152: 119:King of Ireland 70:, creating the 56:Norman Conquest 12: 11: 5: 6974: 6964: 6963: 6948: 6947: 6941: 6927:Starkey, David 6923: 6917: 6893: 6887: 6867: 6853: 6837: 6824:978-1317203988 6823: 6808: 6802: 6782: 6776: 6758: 6752: 6734: 6721: 6716:978-1138786554 6715: 6700: 6694: 6670: 6664: 6652:, ed. (1975). 6646: 6640: 6619: 6613: 6593: 6587: 6571: 6558:978-0802159113 6557: 6539: 6533: 6509: 6503: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6433: 6421: 6409: 6407:, p. 295. 6397: 6385: 6383:, p. 142. 6373: 6371:, p. 270. 6361: 6349: 6347:, p. 267. 6337: 6335:, p. 265. 6325: 6323:, p. 138. 6310: 6298: 6296:, p. 146. 6283: 6281:, p. 143. 6271: 6259: 6257:, p. 145. 6244: 6242:, p. 255. 6232: 6230:, p. 135. 6217: 6215:, p. 140. 6205: 6193: 6191:, p. 132. 6181: 6179:, p. 252. 6164: 6162:, p. 135. 6152: 6140: 6138:, p. 251. 6128: 6126:, p. 134. 6116: 6114:, p. 133. 6104: 6102:, p. 131. 6089: 6087:, p. 131. 6077: 6065: 6063:, p. 130. 6053: 6041: 6039:, p. 129. 6029: 6027:, p. 128. 6014: 6002: 5990: 5978: 5963: 5951: 5939: 5937:, p. 123. 5927: 5915: 5913:, p. 122. 5900: 5898:, p. 114. 5888: 5876: 5864: 5862:, p. 113. 5852: 5850:, p. 109. 5840: 5838:, p. 496. 5828: 5810: 5798: 5796:, p. 244. 5786: 5784:, p. 490. 5774: 5772:, p. 108. 5759: 5757:, p. 241. 5747: 5735: 5733:, p. 107. 5720: 5708: 5706:, p. 476. 5696: 5694:, p. 240. 5684: 5682:, p. 239. 5672: 5670:, p. 465. 5660: 5648: 5646:, p. 462. 5636: 5634:, p. 104. 5621: 5619:, p. 238. 5609: 5597: 5585: 5573: 5561: 5559:, p. 100. 5549: 5547:, p. 446. 5537: 5525: 5513: 5511:, p. 230. 5501: 5489: 5485:Prestwich 2005 5477: 5465: 5463:, p. 229. 5453: 5441: 5429: 5417: 5415:, p. 232. 5402: 5390: 5388:, p. 227. 5378: 5366: 5354: 5352:, p. 363. 5342: 5340:, p. 225. 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5282: 5270: 5268:, p. 333. 5258: 5256:, p. 332. 5246: 5234: 5232:, p. 321. 5222: 5220:, p. 315. 5210: 5208:, p. 314. 5198: 5196:, p. 313. 5186: 5184:, p. 310. 5174: 5172:, p. 307. 5162: 5150: 5138: 5136:, p. 221. 5126: 5124:, p. 306. 5114: 5102: 5090: 5086:Prestwich 2005 5078: 5076:, p. 219. 5066: 5054: 5042: 5030: 5028:, p. 201. 5018: 5006: 5004:, p. 204. 4994: 4982: 4967: 4955: 4942:MeasuringWorth 4917: 4915:, p. 206. 4905: 4893: 4881: 4869: 4867:, p. 154. 4857: 4855:, p. 213. 4845: 4833: 4831:, p. 203. 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4759:, p. 132. 4749: 4747:, p. 185. 4737: 4725: 4713: 4711:, p. 182. 4701: 4699:, p. 177. 4689: 4677: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4639:, p. 158. 4629: 4617: 4605: 4593: 4581: 4579:, p. 197. 4569: 4557: 4545: 4543:, p. 112. 4533: 4521: 4519:, p. 198. 4509: 4497: 4485: 4473: 4461: 4449: 4437: 4435:, p. 179. 4422: 4407: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4297:, p. 133. 4287: 4275: 4263: 4251: 4239: 4227: 4215: 4213:, p. 126. 4203: 4191: 4189:, p. 108. 4179: 4177:, p. 183. 4167: 4155: 4143: 4131: 4119: 4107: 4105:, p. 109. 4095: 4083: 4071: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4020: 4008: 3996: 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3900: 3888: 3876: 3864: 3849: 3837: 3825: 3810: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3702: 3698:Maddicott 2010 3690: 3678: 3666: 3654: 3642: 3630: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3599: 3554: 3541: 3533:Henry de Bohun 3529:Robert de Vere 3492: 3479: 3471:estate in land 3461: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3435:Main article: 3432: 3429: 3413:Lady Jane Grey 3364:House of Tudor 3359: 3356: 3332:Main article: 3329: 3326: 3310:John Fortescue 3303:Prince Richard 3282: 3279: 3255:Main article: 3252: 3249: 3181:Main article: 3178: 3175: 3167: 3164: 3050:Henry Beaufort 2991:lord protector 2949:Main article: 2946: 2943: 2889:Main article: 2878: 2875: 2813:Stone of Scone 2794:Main article: 2783: 2780: 2772: 2769: 2753:Thomas Arundel 2749:Richard Scrope 2741:House of Lords 2718:Thomas Mowbray 2658:Wilton Diptych 2592:earl of Oxford 2588:Robert de Vere 2565:Aubrey de Vere 2538:Main article: 2527: 2524: 2509:royal mistress 2473:Windsor Castle 2429:Windsor Castle 2351:Edward Balliol 2336:Middle English 2289:Main article: 2278: 2275: 2248:Roger Mortimer 2237:Jean Froissart 2194:Hugh Despenser 2171:Piers Gaveston 2114:Main article: 2111: 2108: 2057:Traitors' Gate 2001:Robert Burnell 1997:Roger Mortimer 1993:Walter Giffard 1978:Main article: 1964:Stone of Scone 1955: 1952: 1864:royal wardrobe 1749:Main article: 1746: 1743: 1600:In 1204, John 1585:) was crowned 1572:Main article: 1561: 1558: 1554:Châlus-Chabrol 1456:Main article: 1453: 1450: 1281:Angevin Empire 1254:Main article: 1243: 1240: 1228: 1225: 1194:Main article: 1191: 1188: 1174:William Adelin 1160:Henry married 1134:chief minister 1126:master-marshal 1046:Main article: 1035: 1032: 958:Main article: 947: 944: 871:Main article: 868: 865: 849: 846: 784:Edgar Ætheling 776:Main article: 773: 770: 749:and appointed 684:Edgar Ætheling 651:Main article: 648: 645: 614:chief minister 533: 530: 466: 975–978 448: 959–975 437: 955–959 426: 946–955 415: 939–946 404: 924–939 382: 899–924 363: 871–899 329: 326: 260: 959–975 233:English church 159:Main article: 156: 153: 151: 148: 83:constitutional 36:petty kingdoms 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6973: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6944: 6942:9780007307715 6938: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6816: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6803:9780804712170 6799: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6777:9780698170322 6773: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6749: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6707: 6701: 6697: 6695:9781841880273 6691: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6665:0-297-76911-1 6661: 6657: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6641:9781841880273 6637: 6632: 6631: 6625: 6620: 6616: 6614:0-19-822786-8 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6543:Borman, Tracy 6540: 6536: 6534:9780199251018 6530: 6526: 6521: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6504:1-84119-096-9 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6449: 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6381:Cheetham 1998 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6321:Cheetham 1998 6317: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6294:Cheetham 1998 6290: 6288: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6255:Cheetham 1998 6251: 6249: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6228:Cheetham 1998 6224: 6222: 6214: 6209: 6202: 6197: 6190: 6189:Cheetham 1998 6185: 6178: 6173: 6171: 6169: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6148:Cheetham 1998 6144: 6137: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6113: 6108: 6101: 6100:Cheetham 1998 6096: 6094: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6061:Cheetham 1998 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6025:Cheetham 1998 6021: 6019: 6012:, p. 33. 6011: 6006: 5999: 5994: 5988:, p. 23. 5987: 5982: 5975: 5974:Cheetham 1998 5970: 5968: 5961:, p. 20. 5960: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5936: 5935:Cheetham 1998 5931: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5911:Cheetham 1998 5907: 5905: 5897: 5892: 5885: 5880: 5873: 5868: 5861: 5856: 5849: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5802: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5756: 5751: 5744: 5739: 5732: 5727: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5688: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5594: 5589: 5582: 5577: 5570: 5565: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5499:, p. 96. 5498: 5493: 5487:, p. 47. 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5451:, p. 92. 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5292:, p. 87. 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5219: 5214: 5207: 5202: 5195: 5190: 5183: 5178: 5171: 5166: 5160:, p. 84. 5159: 5154: 5148:, p. 83. 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5088:, p. 46. 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5064:, p. 77. 5063: 5058: 5051: 5046: 5039: 5034: 5027: 5022: 5016:, p. 79. 5015: 5010: 5003: 4998: 4992:, p. 70. 4991: 4986: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4964: 4959: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4914: 4909: 4902: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4879:, p. 75. 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4825: 4819:, p. 66. 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4795:, p. 65. 4794: 4789: 4783:, p. 66. 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4758: 4753: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4675:, p. 58. 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4651:, p. 32. 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4627:, p. 10. 4626: 4621: 4614: 4609: 4603:, p. 56. 4602: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4578: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4549: 4542: 4537: 4530: 4525: 4518: 4513: 4507:, p. 85. 4506: 4501: 4495:, p. 84. 4494: 4489: 4483:, p. 48. 4482: 4477: 4471:, p. 52. 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4414: 4412: 4404: 4399: 4393:, p. 45. 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4331:Bartlett 2000 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4260: 4255: 4248: 4243: 4236: 4231: 4224: 4219: 4212: 4207: 4200: 4199:Bartlett 2000 4195: 4188: 4187:Huscroft 2016 4183: 4176: 4171: 4165:, p. 47. 4164: 4163:Huscroft 2016 4159: 4152: 4147: 4141:, p. 12. 4140: 4135: 4128: 4127:Huscroft 2016 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4103:Huscroft 2016 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4069:, p. 16. 4068: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4048: 4042:, p. 30. 4041: 4036: 4029: 4028:Bartlett 2000 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3994:, p. 95. 3993: 3988: 3981: 3976: 3970:, p. 94. 3969: 3964: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3928: 3922:, p. 23. 3921: 3920:Huscroft 2016 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3896:Jolliffe 1961 3892: 3885: 3880: 3874:, p. 79. 3873: 3868: 3862:, p. 91. 3861: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3834: 3829: 3823:, p. 17. 3822: 3817: 3815: 3808:, p. 70. 3807: 3802: 3795: 3790: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3736:, p. 13. 3735: 3730: 3723: 3722:Huscroft 2016 3718: 3711: 3706: 3700:, p. 28. 3699: 3694: 3688:, p. 30. 3687: 3682: 3676:, p. 19. 3675: 3670: 3663: 3662:Huscroft 2016 3658: 3651: 3646: 3640:, p. 43. 3639: 3634: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3603: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3425:Protestantism 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3335: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3299:Prince Edward 3292: 3291:Eltham Palace 3287: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3189: 3184: 3173: 3172:House of York 3163: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3150:Act of Accord 3145: 3140: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3129:Prince Edward 3126: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2938: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2892: 2883: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2829:Henry Hotspur 2826: 2821: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2797: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2521: 2520:heir apparent 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505:Alice Perrers 2502: 2499:of 1376, the 2498: 2494: 2493:John of Gaunt 2490: 2486: 2482: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2417:after a siege 2414: 2410: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2366: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2292: 2283: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2214:Despenser War 2211: 2210:marcher lords 2205: 2203: 2199: 2196:and his son, 2195: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2160: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2082:The death of 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2040:of 1283, and 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2014:Hundred Rolls 2009: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1981: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1779:White Chamber 1776: 1771: 1763: 1758: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1739:Newark Castle 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1701: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1602:lost Normandy 1598: 1595: 1589: 1575: 1566: 1557: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1499:Bishop of Ely 1496: 1492: 1491:Saladin tithe 1488: 1484: 1481:to reconquer 1480: 1479:Third Crusade 1464: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414:invaded Wales 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1395:Thomas Becket 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1257: 1248: 1238: 1234: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1203: 1197: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1172:in 1114) and 1171: 1168:(who married 1167: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1102:Matthew Paris 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1059: 1055: 1049: 1040: 1031: 1029: 1028:excommunicate 1025: 1021: 1020:church courts 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 986: 982: 977: 975: 971: 967: 961: 952: 943: 941: 940:royal forests 936: 934: 930: 925: 924: 917: 916: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 874: 863: 854: 845: 841: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 779: 769: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 686:and daughter 685: 681: 676: 663: 659: 654: 644: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 557: 544: 539: 529: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:David Starkey 511: 510: 505: 500: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 471: 460: 455: 453: 442: 431: 420: 409: 398: 395:Edward's son 393: 391: 387: 376: 372: 368: 357: 353: 349: 340: 335: 325: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 294: 292: 291:Primogeniture 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 219: 215: 211: 206: 205: 199: 195: 191: 184: 180: 176: 172: 167: 162: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 120: 115: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 68:British Isles 65: 61: 58:in 1066. The 57: 53: 52:primogeniture 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 29: 20: 16: 6931: 6902: 6876: 6844: 6813: 6791: 6766: 6742: 6727: 6705: 6683: 6654: 6629: 6604: 6597:Cannon, John 6578: 6575:Butt, Ronald 6547: 6518: 6494: 6491:Ashley, Mike 6483:Bibliography 6472: 6460: 6448: 6436: 6424: 6412: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6369:Starkey 2010 6364: 6357:Starkey 2010 6352: 6345:Starkey 2010 6340: 6333:Starkey 2010 6328: 6306:Starkey 2010 6301: 6274: 6267:Starkey 2010 6262: 6240:Starkey 2010 6235: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6177:Starkey 2010 6155: 6143: 6136:Starkey 2010 6131: 6119: 6107: 6080: 6073:Starkey 2010 6068: 6056: 6049:Starkey 2010 6044: 6032: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5954: 5942: 5930: 5918: 5891: 5884:Starkey 2010 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5824:Borman (2021 5817: 5813: 5801: 5794:Starkey 2010 5789: 5777: 5755:Starkey 2010 5750: 5738: 5711: 5699: 5692:Starkey 2010 5687: 5680:Starkey 2010 5675: 5663: 5656:Starkey 2010 5651: 5639: 5617:Starkey 2010 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5552: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5509:Starkey 2010 5504: 5492: 5480: 5468: 5461:Starkey 2010 5456: 5444: 5432: 5425:Starkey 2010 5420: 5413:Starkey 2010 5393: 5386:Starkey 2010 5381: 5369: 5357: 5345: 5338:Starkey 2010 5333: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5134:Starkey 2010 5129: 5117: 5110:Starkey 2010 5105: 5093: 5081: 5074:Starkey 2010 5069: 5057: 5045: 5038:Starkey 2010 5033: 5021: 5009: 5002:Starkey 2010 4997: 4985: 4978:Starkey 2010 4958: 4946:. Retrieved 4940: 4913:Starkey 2010 4908: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4860: 4848: 4836: 4829:Starkey 2010 4824: 4812: 4800: 4788: 4776: 4764: 4752: 4740: 4728: 4716: 4704: 4692: 4685:Starkey 2010 4680: 4668: 4656: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4577:Starkey 2010 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4524: 4517:Starkey 2010 4512: 4500: 4488: 4476: 4464: 4457:Starkey 2010 4452: 4440: 4433:Starkey 2010 4398: 4386: 4374: 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4319:Starkey 2010 4314: 4302: 4295:Starkey 2010 4290: 4278: 4266: 4259:Starkey 2010 4254: 4242: 4230: 4223:Starkey 2010 4218: 4211:Starkey 2010 4206: 4201:, p. 8. 4194: 4182: 4175:Starkey 2010 4170: 4158: 4151:Starkey 2010 4146: 4134: 4122: 4115:Starkey 2010 4110: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4052:Starkey 2010 4047: 4035: 4023: 4016:Starkey 2010 4011: 4004:Starkey 2010 3999: 3992:Starkey 2010 3987: 3975: 3968:Starkey 2010 3963: 3951: 3944:Starkey 2010 3939: 3932:Starkey 2010 3927: 3915: 3908:Starkey 2010 3903: 3891: 3886:, p. 9. 3879: 3872:Starkey 2010 3867: 3845:Starkey 2010 3840: 3833:Starkey 2010 3828: 3806:Starkey 2010 3801: 3794:Starkey 2010 3789: 3777: 3772:, p. 3. 3765: 3753: 3748:, p. 2. 3741: 3729: 3717: 3712:, p. 4. 3705: 3693: 3681: 3669: 3657: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3602: 3557: 3544: 3495: 3482: 3465: 3448: 3440: 3398: 3371: 3337: 3322: 3317: 3307: 3296: 3268: 3260: 3245:Jasper Tudor 3242: 3231: 3194: 3156: 3141: 3122: 3098: 3069: 3058: 3042: 3037:Eton College 3003: 2962: 2939: 2920: 2904: 2894: 2885:King Henry V 2853: 2849:crown estate 2841: 2833:Percy family 2825:Welsh Revolt 2817: 2799: 2765:Tracy Borman 2761: 2738: 2726: 2710: 2694: 2624: 2612: 2604: 2577: 2557:Simon Burley 2544:Richard II ( 2543: 2517: 2489:power vacuum 2478: 2458: 2453: 2436:Black Prince 2433: 2406: 2398:fleur-de-lis 2380:, the first 2371: 2340: 2316: 2294: 2260: 2241: 2225: 2217: 2206: 2191: 2168: 2152: 2129: 2119: 2100:John Balliol 2081: 2062: 2019: 2011: 2006: 1983: 1949: 1945: 1922: 1899: 1876: 1837: 1822: 1808:, served as 1788: 1716: 1707: 1696:notes that: 1654: 1635: 1626:Tudor period 1623: 1599: 1594:Rex Anglorum 1577: 1527: 1507: 1503:papal legate 1469: 1411: 1375:minor orders 1368: 1309: 1297: 1276: 1275:rather than 1272: 1259: 1199: 1177: 1159: 1154:Tracy Borman 1111: 1105: 1073: 1060:or "Rufus" ( 1051: 993: 978: 963: 937: 910: 894:Anglo-Norman 891: 876: 842: 826:earl of Kent 811: 788: 781: 763: 735: 696: 677: 667: 634: 607: 553: 507: 501: 456: 394: 369:and western 345: 318:Crown Estate 295: 268: 222: 194:Anglo-Saxons 187: 182: 117: 111: 80: 27: 25: 15: 6786:Loyn, H. R. 6465:Fraser 1975 6453:Ashley 1998 6429:Fraser 1975 6417:Fraser 1975 6393:Fraser 1975 6279:Borman 2021 6213:Borman 2021 6201:Borman 2021 6160:Borman 2021 6124:Borman 2021 6112:Borman 2021 6085:Borman 2021 6037:Borman 2021 5947:Borman 2021 5923:Borman 2021 5896:Borman 2021 5872:Borman 2021 5860:Borman 2021 5848:Borman 2021 5770:Borman 2021 5731:Borman 2021 5632:Borman 2021 5581:Borman 2021 5569:Borman 2021 5557:Borman 2021 5533:Borman 2021 5497:Borman 2021 5473:Borman 2021 5449:Borman 2021 5326:Borman 2021 5290:Borman 2021 5278:Ashley 1998 5158:Borman 2021 5146:Borman 2021 5098:Borman 2021 5062:Borman 2021 5014:Borman 2021 4990:Borman 2021 4781:Borman 2021 4769:Borman 2021 4601:Borman 2021 4307:Borman 2021 4283:Borman 2021 4235:Borman 2021 4139:Borman 2021 4067:Borman 2021 3980:Borman 2021 3956:Borman 2021 3884:Borman 2021 3770:Borman 2021 3746:Borman 2021 3710:Borman 2021 3591:Henry Percy 3421:Elizabeth I 3394:Anne Boleyn 3348:Henry Tudor 3334:Richard III 3328:Richard III 3312:, a former 3095:, 1444–1445 3065:Queen Marie 3046:royal touch 3006:Charles VII 2827:began, and 2757:John Trevor 2730:Henry Percy 2675:to receive 2669: 1399 2665: 1395 2571:led to the 2513:impeachment 2376:, was made 2332:tournaments 2098:. In 1292, 1703:Magna Carta 1685:Magna Carta 1588:Rex Angliae 1440:. The 1175 1334:curia regis 1213:the Anarchy 1091:Magna Carta 970:White Tower 915:curia regis 711:king's seal 603:shire court 583:Northumbria 575:East Anglia 504:enslavement 390:Northumbria 346:After 865, 245:consecrated 210:Old English 175:St Cuthbert 173:presenting 124:Elizabeth I 107:Parliaments 103:Magna Carta 97:. 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