1719:
899:
7208:
4668:
1073:
10282:
8266:
7219:
4677:
198:
10197:
10248:
7259:
824:
1008:
10265:
10231:
7239:
4693:
633:
1479:
51:
7249:
4701:
10214:
8276:
7229:
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1805:
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675:, cakes and pies. Fats can reach temperatures higher than the boiling point of water, and are often used to conduct high heat to other ingredients, such as in frying, deep frying or sautéing. Fats are used to add flavor to food (e.g., butter or bacon fat), prevent food from sticking to pans and create a desirable texture.
1590:
in 1981, diet was estimated to cause a large percentage of cancers. Studies suggest that around 32% of cancer deaths may be avoidable by changes to the diet. Some of these cancers may be caused by carcinogens in food generated during the cooking process, although it is often difficult to identify the
1602:
found that human subjects who ate beef rare or medium-rare had less than one third the risk of stomach cancer than those who ate beef medium-well or well-done. While avoiding meat or eating meat raw may be the only ways to avoid HCA's in meat fully, the
National Cancer Institute states that cooking
1738:
were one of the earliest forms of cooking outside the home, and bakeries in the past often offered the cooking of pots of food provided by their customers as an additional service. In the present day, factory food preparation has become common, with many "ready-to-eat" as well as "ready-to-cook"
1068:
There are many methods of cooking, most of which have been known since antiquity. These include baking, roasting, frying, grilling, barbecuing, smoking, boiling, steaming and braising. A more recent innovation is microwaving. Various methods use differing levels of heat and moisture and vary in
1518:, the vitamin elutes into the cooking water and becomes degraded through oxidation. Peeling vegetables can also substantially reduce the vitamin C content, especially in the case of potatoes where most vitamin C is in the skin. However, research has shown that in the specific case of
1459:
and surfaces, especially when handling different meats, and keeping raw food separate from cooked food to avoid cross-contamination, are good practices in food preparation. Foods prepared on plastic cutting boards may be less likely to harbor bacteria than wooden ones. Washing and
2181:
An international team led by the
University of Toronto and Hebrew University has identified the earliest known evidence of the use of fire by human ancestors. Microscopic traces of wood ash, alongside animal bones and stone tools, were found in a layer dated to one million years
1718:
1672:(chemist, author.) It is different for the application of scientific knowledge to cooking, that is "molecular cooking" (for the technique) or "molecular cuisine" (for a culinary style), for which chefs such as Raymond Blanc, Philippe and Christian Conticini,
1251:
works by boiling water continuously, causing it to vaporise into steam; the steam then carries heat to the nearby food, thus cooking the food. By many it is considered a healthy form of cooking, holding nutrients within the vegetable or meat being
440:
brought mass-production, mass-marketing, and standardization of food. Factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a wide variety of foods, and processed cereals quickly became a defining feature of the
American breakfast. In the 1920s,
1786:
as having been "home-cooked", regardless of their actual origin. This trend began in the 1920s and is attributed to people in urban areas of the U.S. wanting homestyle food even though their schedules and smaller kitchens made cooking harder.
3662:
964:. The micronutrients, minerals, and vitamins in fruit and vegetables may be destroyed or eluted by cooking. Vitamin C is especially prone to oxidation during cooking and may be completely destroyed by protracted cooking. The
1611:
are found in some food, and may be produced by some cooking processes from proteins or from nitrites used as food preservatives; cured meat such as bacon has been found to be carcinogenic, with links to colon cancer.
3411:
Bongoni, R; Verkerk, R; Steenbekkers, B; Dekker, M; Stieger (2014). "Evaluation of
Different Cooking Conditions on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) to Improve the Nutritional Value and Consumer Acceptance".
1734:, and can be enjoyed by all members of the family, although in many cultures women bear primary responsibility. Cooking is also often carried out outside of personal quarters, for example at restaurants, or schools.
1359:
that would otherwise occur if raw food is consumed. When heat is used in the preparation of food, it can kill or inactivate harmful organisms, such as bacteria and viruses, as well as various parasites such as
2225:
1771:. The ingredients are also directly sourced, so there is control over authenticity, taste, and nutritional value. The superior nutritional quality of home-cooking could therefore play a role in preventing
3659:
1687:
Chemical processes central to cooking include hydrolysis (in particular beta elimination of pectins, during the thermal treatment of plant tissues), pyrolysis, and glycation reactions wrongly named
1623:. This discovery in 2002 led to international health concerns. Subsequent research has however found that it is not likely that the acrylamides in burnt or well-cooked food cause cancer in humans;
1955:
3859:
Soliah, Lu Ann
Laurice; Walter, Janelle Marshall; Jones, Sheila Ann (1 March 2012). "Benefits and Barriers to Healthful Eating What Are the Consequences of Decreased Food Preparation Ability?".
1299:
as fuel. These cooking practices use fuels and technologies that produce high levels of household air pollution, causing 3.8 million premature deaths annually. Of these deaths, 27% are from
1747:. The nutritional value of including more commercially prepared foods has been found to be inferior to home-made foods. Home-cooked meals tend to be healthier with fewer calories, and less
2194:
2133:
Wrangham, R. and
Conklin-Brittain, N., 2003. Cooking as a biological trait. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 136(1), pp. 35â46
1775:. Cohort studies following the elderly over 10 years show that adults who cook their own meals have significantly lower mortality, even when controlling for confounding variables.
816:
in egg whites. The formation of a relatively rigid but flexible matrix from egg white provides an important component in baking cakes, and also underpins many desserts based on
1514:
argue that cooking food increases the risk of some of the detrimental effects on food or health. They point out that during cooking of vegetables and fruit containing
988:
are increased with cooking by being freed from the food microstructure. Blanching or steaming vegetables is a way of minimizing vitamin and mineral loss in cooking.
2233:
2105:
3772:
2280:
Zohar, Irit; Alperson-Afil, Nira; Goren-Inbar, Naama; PrĂ©vost, Marion; TĂŒtken, Thomas; Sisma-Ventura, Guy; Hershkovitz, Israel; Najorka, Jens (December 2022).
2884:
846:
Cooking often involves water, and water-based liquids. These can be added in order to immerse the substances being cooked (this is typically done with water,
3261:
2593:
146:. Archeological evidence of cooking fires from at least 300,000 years ago exists, but some estimate that humans started cooking up to 2 million years ago.
9673:
1963:
920:; and what the body cannot manufacture itself must come from external sources. Vitamins come from several sources including fresh fruit and vegetables (
3466:
3236:
2642:
3972:
1440:
Cooking increases the digestibility of many foods which are inedible or poisonous when raw. For example, raw cereal grains are hard to digest, while
850:
or wine). Alternatively, the foods themselves can release water. A favorite method of adding flavor to dishes is to save the liquid for use in other
8312:
260:, are found across Europe and the Middle East. The oldest evidence (via heated fish teeth from a deep cave) of controlled use of fire to cook food
246:
regularly cooked food. However, unequivocal evidence in the archaeological record for the controlled use of fire begins at 400,000 BCE, long after
3646:
2442:
10070:
9811:
9407:
854:. Liquids are so important to cooking that the name of the cooking method used is often based on how the liquid is combined with the food, as in
2910:
2616:
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3163:
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10026:
9535:
4092:
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9858:
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3287:
1267:
is the process of flavoring, cooking, or preserving food by exposing it to smoke from burning or smoldering material, most often wood.
4984:
1619:
Baking, grilling or broiling food, especially starchy foods, until a toasted crust is formed generates significant concentrations of
792:) also includes proteins, although generally in smaller amounts. Mushrooms have high protein content. Any of these may be sources of
3483:
Doll, R.; Peto, R. (1981). "The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today".
232:
6184:
2803:"A review on nutritional advantages of edible mushrooms and its industrialization development situation in protein meat analogues"
5185:
4954:
3350:
1544:
1547:
has studied retention data for 16 vitamins, 8 minerals, and alcohol for approximately 290 foods across various cooking methods.
7295:
3999:
3320:
469:
come from plants, while meat, eggs, and dairy products come from animals. Mushrooms and the yeast used in baking are kinds of
7002:
4979:
3982:
3691:
3582:
2959:"Traditional food-processing and preparation practices to enhance the bioavailability of micronutrients in plant-based diets"
2894:
2668:
2520:
2152:
2113:
1455:" temperature range from 40 to 140 °F (4 to 60 °C), food therefore should not be stored in this temperature range.
1308:
602:
is used to thicken liquids to make stews or sauces. In Asian cooking, a similar effect is obtained from a mixture of rice or
2571:
8305:
7252:
4704:
812:
and is more friable and less flexible. In some cases, proteins can form more rigid structures, such as the coagulation of
10185:
6620:
4735:
3804:"Impact of cooking and home food preparation interventions among adults: outcomes and implications for future programs"
1451:
Food safety depends on the safe preparation, handling, and storage of food. Food spoilage bacteria proliferate in the "
1341:
To prevent those injuries there are protections such as cooking clothing, anti-slip shoes, fire extinguisher and more.
514:. They also contain water and minerals. Cooking involves a manipulation of the chemical properties of these molecules.
3780:
3145:
3098:
3047:
9436:
8342:
8229:
6722:
1914:
1055:
3294:. Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, the University of Arizona. 1998. Archived from
1037:
370:, had a profound effect on Old World cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic from the Old World, such as
9643:
9530:
7012:
4812:
4800:
4085:
2397:
1540:
might exert beneficial effects in vivo, there is no high-quality evidence for its efficacy against human diseases.
169:
in different regions offered cooks many new ingredients. New inventions and technologies, such as the invention of
2687:
Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (12 July 2022).
10055:
9446:
8484:
8298:
4578:
3265:
804:(unfolded) and change texture. In many cases, this causes the structure of the material to become softer or more
671:, the pan or griddle is often coated with fat or oil. Fats are also used as an ingredient in baked goods such as
227:
2255:
8156:
5071:
1607:
meat before cooking may reduce HCAs by 90% by reducing the time needed for the meat to be cooked at high heat.
1033:
3376:
Jin, Y.; Wang, M.; Rosen, R. T.; Ho, C. T. (1999). "Thermal
Degradation of Sulforaphane in Aqueous Solution".
261:
9668:
9198:
8458:
6897:
6882:
5448:
425:
In the 17th and 18th centuries, food was a classic marker of identity in Europe. In the 19th-century "Age of
8526:
3455:
1464:
cutting boards, especially after use with raw meat, poultry, or seafood, reduces the risk of contamination.
1319:. Women and young children are disproportionately affected, since they spend the most time near the hearth.
9663:
9203:
8676:
6902:
6788:
5334:
3073:"Polluting cooking methods, used by billions of people around the world, remain a threat to women's health"
2507:, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 289, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 371â388,
1834:
1536:, and is mostly destroyed when the vegetable is boiled. Although there has been some basic research on how
1414:
1370:. Food poisoning and other illness from uncooked or poorly prepared food may be caused by bacteria such as
17:
8352:
3000:"Effect of different cooking methods on the content of vitamins and true retention in selected vegetables"
1331:
Unseen slippery surfaces (such as from oil stains, water droplets, or items that have fallen on the floor)
8629:
8241:
7529:
7096:
6932:
6917:
6854:
6752:
6383:
4634:
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3601:
1909:
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290:
influenced the history of cooking. The movement of foods across the
Atlantic from the New World, such as
31:
10159:
9931:
9732:
7288:
6997:
6907:
6546:
6516:
5304:
4619:
4568:
4111:
2750:
2449:
1899:
1884:
1069:
cooking time. The method chosen greatly affects the result. Some major hot cooking techniques include:
997:
9737:
9552:
6912:
6872:
6598:
6556:
6551:
6526:
6072:
4969:
4859:
3873:
3605:
2914:
1641:
The scientific study of cooking has become known as molecular gastronomy. This is a subdiscipline of
1599:
1452:
594:
of starch with fat or water can, when gently heated, provide thickening to the dish being cooked. In
10271:
7688:
3913:
2411:
10317:
9926:
9018:
8563:
7641:
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6603:
6536:
6531:
6511:
5443:
4854:
4849:
4773:
4688:
2395:
Nunn, Nathan; Qian, Nancy (2010). "The
Columbian Exchange: A History of Disease, Food, and Ideas".
1894:
1859:
1371:
1029:
1018:
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9085:
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3170:
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2169:
1782:, and some commercially produced foods and restaurant meals are presented through advertising or
1437:
and regrow after the food has cooled. This makes it unsafe to reheat cooked food more than once.
1406:. Bacteria, viruses and parasites may be introduced through salad, meat that is uncooked or done
1304:
1282:
1022:
2367:
898:
30:
This article is about the preparation of food specifically via heat. For a general outline, see
10131:
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4879:
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2542:
2406:
1382:
730:. The human body can produce the fat it requires from other food ingredients, except for a few
2736:
606:
and water. These techniques rely on the properties of starches to create simpler mucilaginous
10254:
9870:
9806:
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Chen, Rosalind Chia-Yu; Lee, Meei-Shyuan; Chang, Yu-Hung; Wahlqvist, Mark L. (1 July 2012).
2844:"Diversity of Mushrooms and Their Metabolites of Nutraceutical and Therapeutic Significance"
1594:
Several studies published since 1990 indicate that cooking meat at high temperature creates
1334:
Cuts; about a third of the US's estimated annual 400,000 knife injuries are kitchen-related.
10136:
10087:
10082:
10065:
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2058:
2009:
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Home cooking has traditionally been a process carried out informally in a home or around a
1699:
1636:
1258:â The food is put into a pouch and then baked, allowing its own moisture to steam the food.
1188:
793:
763:
731:
450:
8639:
1702:, and (perhaps most significantly) the difference in temperature between the two objects.
8:
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9791:
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8207:
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2886:
The Future of Post-Human
Culinary Art: Towards a New Theory of Ingredients and Techniques
1844:
1703:
1448:, which is inactivated by cooking for at least ten minutes at 100 °C (212 °F).
1445:
1136:
871:
7238:
4692:
4496:
3802:
Reicks, Marla; Trofholz, Amanda C.; Stang, Jamie S.; Laska, Melissa N. (1 August 2014).
2299:
2062:
2013:
218:
suggests that early hominids may have adopted cooking 1 million to 2 million years ago.
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121:
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As of 2021, over 2.6 billion people cook using open fires or inefficient stoves using
784:, contains substantial amounts of protein. Almost all vegetable matter (in particular
131:. Cooking is done both by people in their own dwellings and by professional cooks and
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10109:
10099:
10048:
9705:
9623:
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suggested that evolution of bipedalism and a large cranial capacity meant that early
182:
128:
3898:
3441:
3328:
2283:"Evidence for the cooking of fish 780,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel"
1740:
275:
Recently, the earliest hearths have been reported to be at least 790,000 years old.
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2017:
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that determines how long it will take for the food to reach a certain temperature.
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595:
237:
9606:
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3707:
2739:. United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health. 2009.
2500:
2474:
1603:
meat below 212 °F (100 °C) creates "negligible amounts" of HCA's. Also,
1522:
a greater proportion is absorbed from cooked vegetables than from raw vegetables.
252:. Archaeological evidence from 300,000 years ago, in the form of ancient hearths,
104:. Cooking techniques and ingredients vary widely, from grilling food over an open
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9965:
9727:
9655:
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6012:
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4758:
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4343:
4137:
4000:"Just Like Home: "Home Cooking" and the Domestication of the American Restaurant"
3666:
2819:
2802:
2512:
1681:
1598:(HCA's), which are thought to increase cancer risk in humans. Researchers at the
1429:
1417:
effect of cooking depends on temperature, cooking time, and technique used. Some
1224:
1216:
1212:
1148:
965:
949:
568:
223:
120:, reflecting local conditions. Cooking is an aspect of all human societies and a
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6742:
4696:
1648:
Important contributions have been made by scientists, chefs and authors such as
1645:
concerning the physical and chemical transformations that occur during cooking.
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5277:
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4598:
4517:
4471:
4405:
3819:
2931:
2307:
1924:
1849:
1739:
foods being prepared and cooked in factories and home cooks using a mixture of
1653:
1559:
1232:
726:
functions, in most living beings, including energy storage, waterproofing, and
664:
572:
564:
556:
265:
109:
3933:
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734:
that must be included in the diet. Dietary fats are also the carriers of some
575:
starts, with the sugar undergoing thermal decomposition with the formation of
10301:
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6147:
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6052:
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5428:
5309:
5272:
5262:
5126:
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4989:
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4431:
4040:
3942:
3890:
3882:
3827:
3496:
3204:
2869:
2828:
2714:
2659:
Thomas A. B. Sanders (2016): "The Role of Fats in Human Diet". Pages 1-20 of
2315:
1929:
1919:
1864:
1839:
1760:
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1731:
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1529:
1418:
1388:
1208:
1184:
747:
679:
644:
415:
215:
8531:
7898:
7698:
4241:
4015:
3773:"Nutritional Quality of Food Prepared at Home and Away From Home, 1977â2008"
2975:
2958:
2598:
in the online Merriam-Webster disctionary, sense 3.2. Accessed on 2020-08-09
2071:
1649:
1072:
496:
Naturally occurring ingredients contain various amounts of molecules called
10220:
9909:
9865:
9846:
9801:
9601:
9525:
9282:
9277:
9233:
8860:
8742:
8706:
8686:
8538:
8516:
8428:
8141:
8131:
8032:
7948:
7867:
7842:
7807:
7600:
7544:
7415:
7338:
7212:
7149:
6957:
6464:
6459:
6353:
6132:
5672:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5525:
4672:
4553:
4302:
4209:
4132:
3950:
3845:
3535:
3433:
3397:
3033:
2984:
2860:
2722:
2705:
2688:
2646:
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2090:
2029:
1874:
1779:
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1669:
1661:
1657:
1642:
1587:
1583:
1537:
1525:
1483:
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1124:
925:
847:
687:
533:
523:
504:
311:
248:
242:
205:
166:
10203:
9958:
4055:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 74â76.
3632:
3553:
3504:
3222:
2689:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet"
659:
oils. Fats are used in a number of ways in cooking and baking. To prepare
10173:
9948:
9938:
9894:
9889:
9841:
9779:
9742:
9715:
9616:
9586:
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9383:
9304:
9292:
9053:
9038:
9028:
8999:
8957:
8872:
8840:
8788:
8721:
8558:
8433:
8290:
8251:
8146:
8106:
8096:
7952:
7933:
7918:
7847:
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7570:
7509:
7504:
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7200:
6832:
6625:
5865:
4662:
4644:
4573:
4532:
4410:
4395:
4189:
4064:
2420:
1879:
1854:
1810:
1608:
1604:
1511:
1473:
1441:
1434:
1350:
1316:
1236:
1204:
1077:
879:
875:
719:
715:
627:
603:
442:
426:
307:
209:
150:
101:
10288:
4415:
3619:
Scanlan RA. (1983). "Formation and occurrence of nitrosamines in food".
2428:
1616:, which is added to cured meat, however, reduces nitrosamine formation.
1228:
940:). Many minerals are also essential in small quantities including iron,
10092:
9985:
9943:
9759:
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9685:
9581:
9168:
9080:
8907:
8808:
8781:
8701:
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8364:
8332:
8136:
8111:
8042:
7997:
7962:
7957:
7923:
7913:
7872:
7862:
7761:
7631:
7610:
7590:
7353:
4400:
4333:
4251:
4204:
3120:
2045:"Phylogenetic rate shifts in feeding time during the evolution of Homo"
1620:
1519:
1220:
1108:
1096:
1081:
985:
973:
917:
777:
607:
363:
351:
268:
think that widespread cooking fires began about 250,000 years ago when
253:
136:
97:
93:
55:
10237:
7524:
3389:
2998:
Lee, S.; Choi, Y.; Jeong, H. S.; Lee, J.; Sung, J. (12 October 2017).
197:
10000:
9769:
9754:
9352:
9337:
9262:
9245:
9163:
9048:
8989:
8979:
8974:
8897:
8776:
8664:
8590:
8357:
8347:
8246:
8101:
8047:
8002:
7837:
7679:
7674:
7615:
7451:
7446:
7333:
7323:
7033:
6454:
4512:
4486:
4338:
4297:
4246:
4070:
1783:
1613:
1515:
1393:
1300:
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1164:
945:
937:
933:
929:
921:
883:
859:
781:
735:
723:
711:
549:
446:
367:
355:
347:
343:
283:
279:
186:
162:
127:
Types of cooking also depend on the skill levels and training of the
89:
7857:
7426:
4481:
3351:"Potato, nutrition and diet â International Year of the Potato 2008"
2843:
2279:
1007:
823:
9774:
9710:
9557:
9515:
9250:
9158:
9033:
8855:
8818:
8798:
8182:
8057:
8027:
7992:
7877:
7431:
7358:
7124:
4588:
4466:
4461:
4348:
4312:
4287:
4277:
4199:
4194:
4173:
4163:
2195:"Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking With Fire"
1824:
1735:
1575:
1533:
1503:
1407:
1397:
1361:
1288:
1248:
1176:
1172:
1152:
1144:
1140:
1104:
1100:
1092:
961:
874:. Heating liquid in an open container results in rapidly increased
867:
855:
817:
660:
636:
632:
614:. This thickening will break down, however, under additional heat.
591:
541:
462:
411:
154:
4593:
3565:
3563:
2609:"Macronutrients: the Importance of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat"
2256:"Ancient human relative used fire, surprising discoveries suggest"
1478:
9836:
9628:
9574:
9520:
9342:
9148:
9058:
8912:
8813:
8771:
8634:
8553:
8506:
8202:
8121:
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7980:
7822:
7791:
7741:
7726:
7717:
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7703:
7684:
7456:
7383:
6827:
6747:
4744:
4603:
4583:
4558:
4142:
1764:
1707:
1495:
1292:
1180:
1112:
969:
941:
907:
887:
863:
813:
805:
797:
743:
691:
672:
668:
580:
537:
529:
478:
430:
327:
323:
319:
315:
174:
170:
77:
59:
50:
35:
3410:
3150:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
2000:
W. Wayt Gibbs; Nathan Myhrvold (2011). "A New Spin on Cooking".
1627:
categorizes the idea that burnt food causes cancer as a "myth".
1591:
specific components in diet that serve to increase cancer risk.
181:, expanded cooking techniques. Some modern cooks apply advanced
9904:
9441:
9419:
9272:
9208:
9153:
8543:
8521:
8489:
8463:
8219:
8151:
8012:
7827:
7786:
7766:
7721:
7489:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7343:
4563:
4390:
4158:
3560:
2170:"Evidence That Human Ancestors Used Fire One Million Years Ago"
1829:
1756:
1723:
1499:
1491:
1444:
are toxic when raw or improperly cooked due to the presence of
1312:
1196:
1120:
981:
953:
851:
828:
785:
769:
703:
699:
576:
560:
545:
419:
391:
371:
339:
331:
295:
291:
269:
113:
42:
4044:
2346:"Pennisi: Did Cooked Tubers Spur the Evolution of Big Brains?"
10179:
9970:
9690:
9424:
9378:
9240:
9095:
9043:
8619:
8585:
8214:
8022:
8007:
7812:
7781:
7776:
7471:
7441:
7378:
7348:
7318:
7139:
6561:
3914:"Cooking frequency may enhance survival in Taiwanese elderly"
2505:
Nutritional and Toxicological Consequences of Food Processing
1571:
1567:
1487:
841:
773:
739:
652:
611:
474:
470:
466:
399:
383:
375:
359:
335:
299:
257:
178:
158:
143:
10168:
7195:
4657:
3164:"Safe Food Australia â A Guide to the Food Safety Standards"
2686:
1999:
1804:
1433:
can form spores that survive cooking or boiling, which then
9916:
9877:
9357:
9213:
9143:
9063:
8935:
8448:
8224:
8192:
8126:
7887:
7736:
7421:
7304:
7173:
7144:
6817:
4713:
4317:
2049:
1768:
1744:
1563:
1555:
1296:
957:
932:), cereal bran, bread, liver (B vitamins), fish liver oil (
789:
707:
695:
656:
648:
599:
583:. Similarly, the heating of sugars and proteins causes the
486:
482:
465:. Vegetables, fruits, grains and nuts as well as herbs and
403:
395:
303:
132:
117:
105:
85:
81:
142:
Preparing food with heat or fire is an activity unique to
9228:
8994:
8952:
8116:
7166:
3264:. United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from
2368:"What Does It Mean To Be Human? â Hearths & Shelters"
1467:
623:
510:
407:
387:
379:
7273:
3801:
610:
during cooking, which causes the familiar thickening of
3187:
Noah ND, Bender AE, Reaidi GB, Gilbert RJ (July 1980).
3186:
694:, and the main components of common food products like
4065:
Directions for Cooking by Troops, in Camp and Hospital
1713:
1706:
is the combination of specific heat, conductivity and
886:
and ingredients; this is a critical component of both
185:
techniques to food preparation to further enhance the
10157:
3911:
3456:"USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6"
1694:
Cooking foods with heat depends on many factors: the
555:
The interaction of heat and carbohydrate is complex.
3684:
The Harmony of Science and Food:Molecular Gastronomy
1800:
1578:
smoker. Barbecuing and smoking generate carcinogens.
1532:
breakdown product, is present in vegetables such as
461:
Most ingredients in cooking are derived from living
3315:
3313:
2187:
902:
Vegetables contain important vitamins and minerals.
722:for many animals and play important structural and
3570:
2281:
3858:
3731:Handbook of Molecular Gastronomy, CRC Press, 2021
3573:Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet
2926:
2924:
2572:"Fat | Definition of Fat by Merriam-Webster"
2475:"Carbohydrates: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
262:by archaic humans was dated to ~780,000 years ago
226:in South Africa has provided evidence supporting
222:of burnt bone fragments and plant ashes from the
10299:
3779:. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Archived from
3310:
3091:
2592:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2103:
598:cooking, a mixture of butter and flour called a
567:. If the sugars are heated so that all water of
2997:
433:became a defining symbol of national identity.
34:. For varied styles of international food, see
3758:Men at Work: Labour, Maculinities, Development
3375:
3101:. World Health Organization. 22 September 2021
2921:
2911:"Loss of nutrients when vegetables are cooked"
916:Vitamins and minerals are required for normal
8306:
7289:
4729:
4086:
2957:Hotz, Christine; Gibson, Rosalind S. (2007).
540:(made by enzymatic splitting of sucrose) and
3686:. Strategic Researchers Academy Publishing.
2574:. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020
1759:on a per calorie basis while providing more
1743:, and factory made foods together to make a
230:by 1 million years ago. In his seminal work
3971:Jones, Michael Owen; Long, Lucy M. (2017).
3808:Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior
3618:
2360:
2223:
2106:"Quest for Fire Began Earlier Than Thought"
1036:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
8320:
8313:
8299:
7296:
7282:
4736:
4722:
4093:
4079:
3517:
3378:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2956:
2801:Wang, Meiqi; Zhao, Ruilin (1 March 2023).
2693:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2617:University of Illinois at UrbanaâChampaign
2601:
2226:"Oldest Known Hearth Found in Israel Cave"
2097:
827:Water is often used to cook foods such as
3970:
3932:
3872:
3835:
3708:"Food-Info.net : Maillard reactions"
3596:
3594:
3543:
3292:Food Safety, Preparation and Storage Tips
3212:
3023:
2974:
2859:
2841:
2818:
2704:
2653:
2635:
2501:"Digestibility of Processed Food Protein"
2410:
2080:
2070:
1322:
1056:Learn how and when to remove this message
651:, as well as fats from grains, including
579:, and other breakdown products producing
548:from sources such as cereal flour, rice,
4039:
3485:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
3482:
2932:"Cooking vegetables 'improves benefits'"
2842:Rahi, Deepak K.; Malik, Deepika (2016).
2800:
2560:
2394:
1987:Catching Fire: How cooking made us human
1984:
1717:
1554:
1477:
1071:
897:
893:
822:
631:
563:tend to break down into more digestible
528:Carbohydrates include the common sugar,
233:Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human
196:
49:
3755:
3520:"Diet, nutrition, and avoidable cancer"
3121:"A Guide to Keeping Safe While Cooking"
2388:
2142:
1582:In a human epidemiological analysis by
1545:United States Department of Agriculture
1276:
956:; and in very small quantities copper,
718:. They are a major and dense source of
422:, similarly changed New World cooking.
14:
10300:
4100:
3997:
3861:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
3770:
3649:. Cancer Research UK. 15 October 2021.
3647:"Can eating burnt foods cause cancer?"
3591:
3288:"Cutting Boards (Plastic Versus Wood)"
2136:
1956:"A Brief History of Cooking With Fire"
1778:"Home-cooking" may be associated with
1468:Effects on nutritional content of food
587:, a basic flavor-enhancing technique.
9484:
9123:
8389:
8294:
7277:
6923:Historical North Indian and Pakistani
4717:
4074:
3681:
3602:"Heterocyclic Amines in Cooked Meats"
2882:
2042:
1630:
1309:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
647:, animal products such as butter and
10186:
9485:
8275:
7228:
4684:
3960:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3639:
3472:from the original on 9 October 2022.
3099:"Household air pollution and health"
2729:
2498:
1953:
1271:
1034:adding citations to reliable sources
1001:
7248:
4700:
3760:. New York: Routledge. p. 225.
3321:"Cutting Boards â wood or plastic?"
2751:"High-Protein Alternatives to Meat"
2743:
2161:
2036:
1714:Home-cooking and commercial cooking
24:
3974:Comfort Food: Meaning and Memories
3771:Lin, Biing-Hwan; Guthrie, Joanne.
3740:
2680:
2676:10.1016/B978-1-78242-247-1.00001-6
2022:10.1038/scientificamerican0311-23a
1954:Rupp, Rebecca (2 September 2015).
1327:Hazards while cooking can include
768:Edible animal material, including
25:
10329:
9437:Megalithic architectural elements
8230:Lists of food and beverage topics
4033:
3262:"Basics for Handling Food Safely"
2889:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
2443:"The History of Food Irradiation"
2104:Pringle, Heather (2 April 2012),
1915:List of food preparation utensils
10280:
10263:
10246:
10229:
10212:
10195:
10167:
9124:
8274:
8265:
8264:
7257:
7247:
7237:
7227:
7218:
7217:
7206:
7194:
4699:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4675:
4666:
4656:
3577:. National Academy Press. 1996.
2776:"cooking - Fun_with_Words - ććźąć"
2663:. Woodhead/Elsevier, 332 pages.
2643:"Introduction to Energy Storage"
2398:Journal of Economic Perspectives
2167:
2147:. New York: Norton. p. 13.
1803:
1726:, Germany (Haxnbauer restaurant)
1006:
517:
10056:Evolutionary origin of religion
7258:
4492:Indirect grilling/Plank cooking
3991:
3964:
3905:
3852:
3795:
3764:
3749:
3734:
3725:
3700:
3675:
3653:
3612:
3511:
3476:
3448:
3414:Plant Foods for Human Nutrition
3404:
3369:
3343:
3280:
3254:
3229:
3189:"News, Notes, And Epidemiology"
3180:
3156:
3138:
3113:
3065:
3040:
2991:
2950:
2903:
2883:Baofu, Peter (3 January 2013).
2876:
2835:
2794:
2768:
2535:
2492:
2467:
2435:
2338:
2273:
2248:
2224:Smith, Roff (29 January 2014).
2217:
2043:Organ, Chris (22 August 2011).
678:Fats are one of the three main
228:control of fire by early humans
139:and other food establishments.
6913:Historical Indian subcontinent
3998:Barbas, Samantha (Fall 2002).
3977:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
3004:Food Science and Biotechnology
2288:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2127:
1993:
1978:
1947:
1550:
1344:
936:) and fresh green vegetables (
456:
13:
1:
9669:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
9199:British megalith architecture
2145:Worlds Together, Worlds Apart
1941:
9664:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
9204:Nordic megalith architecture
4743:
2820:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.09.001
2513:10.1007/978-1-4899-2626-5_27
1835:Cooking weights and measures
536:, and such simple sugars as
7:
8242:Outline of food preparation
7097:List of historical cuisines
6933:History of alcoholic drinks
4950:Lowcountry (South Carolina)
4334:Bain-marie (Double boiling)
2143:Pollard, Elizabeth (2015).
1910:List of films about cooking
1797:Outline of food preparation
1790:
753:
32:Outline of food preparation
10:
10334:
9812:British Isles and Brittany
9733:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
6384:Trinidadian and Tobagonian
4620:List of cooking appliances
4112:List of cooking techniques
3820:10.1016/j.jneb.2014.02.001
3237:"Grilling and Food Safety"
2308:10.1038/s41559-022-01910-z
1985:Wrangham, Richard (2009).
1900:List of cooking appliances
1885:Gourmet Museum and Library
1794:
1634:
1471:
1348:
1280:
1076:A cook sautees onions and
998:List of cooking techniques
995:
991:
905:
839:
757:
621:
521:
278:Communication between the
256:, burnt animal bones, and
192:
40:
29:
10014:
9827:
9654:
9501:
9497:
9480:
9366:
9330:
9179:
9136:
9132:
9119:
8926:
8757:
8730:
8655:
8581:
8572:
8477:
8402:
8398:
8390:
8385:
8328:
8260:
8165:
8089:
8056:
7971:
7886:
7800:
7662:
7624:
7558:
7480:
7392:
7311:
7303:
7189:
7117:
7084:
7021:
6853:
6766:
6447:
4900:
4751:
4653:
4612:
4546:
4505:
4449:
4424:
4368:
4361:
4326:
4270:
4229:
4222:
4182:
4151:
4125:
4118:
4109:
3934:10.1017/S136898001200136X
3606:National Cancer Institute
3426:10.1007/s11130-014-0420-2
3048:"Household air pollution"
3016:10.1007/s10068-017-0281-1
2661:Functional Dietary Lipids
2499:Ăste, Rickard E. (1991),
1600:National Cancer Institute
1355:Cooking can prevent many
968:of some vitamins such as
72:or professionally as the
27:Preparing food using heat
7642:Eating utensil etiquette
7003:Scottish royal household
6948:History of vegetarianism
5186:Central African Republic
3883:10.1177/1559827611426394
3756:Jackson, Cecile (2013).
3627:(5 Suppl): 2435sâ2440s.
3205:10.1136/bmj.281.6234.235
2963:The Journal of Nutrition
1895:International food terms
1860:Food and cooking hygiene
1722:A restaurant kitchen in
835:
41:Not to be confused with
10044:Evolutionary musicology
9447:Oldest extant buildings
9374:Archaeological features
8893:Prepared-core technique
4625:List of cooking vessels
4195:Grilling (charbroiling)
4052:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
4024:10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.43
4016:10.1525/gfc.2002.2.4.43
3921:Public Health Nutrition
3671:Encyclopedia Britannica
3665:19 October 2021 at the
3524:Environ Health Perspect
3465:. USDA. December 2007.
2807:Journal of Future Foods
2373:Smithsonian Institution
2072:10.1073/pnas.1107806108
1668:(biochemist, author),
1305:ischaemic heart disease
1283:Household air pollution
800:are heated they become
617:
10006:Unchambered long cairn
9854:Mound Builders culture
9187:Neolithic architecture
8322:Prehistoric technology
7530:Service à la française
6928:History of agriculture
4200:Roasting (traditional)
3743:The Science of Cooking
3536:10.1289/ehp.95103s8165
3497:10.1093/jnci/66.6.1192
2613:McKinley Health Center
1727:
1579:
1507:
1410:, and unboiled water.
1383:Salmonella typhimurium
1323:Security while cooking
1085:
903:
832:
640:
212:
62:
9681:List of Stone Age art
8883:Microblade technology
8831:Langdale axe industry
8429:Ard / plough
7405:Apéritif and digestif
6898:Early modern European
6626:Indigenous Australian
6185:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
5072:Bosnian-Herzegovinian
3176:on 22 September 2010.
3146:"Foodborne Illnesses"
2976:10.1093/jn/137.4.1097
1890:High altitude cooking
1721:
1558:
1481:
1424:Clostridium botulinum
1403:Entamoeba histolytica
1075:
901:
894:Vitamins and minerals
826:
794:essential amino acids
732:essential fatty acids
643:Types of fat include
635:
485:. Cooks can also use
451:fast food restaurants
438:Industrial Revolution
216:Phylogenetic analysis
200:
53:
10088:Prehistoric medicine
10083:Prehistoric counting
10066:Prehistoric religion
10061:Paleolithic religion
10039:Behavioral modernity
9396:Causewayed enclosure
9288:Abri de la Madeleine
8412:Neolithic Revolution
8076:Online food ordering
7061:Molecular gastronomy
6993:Pre-contact Hawaiian
6903:Historical Argentine
6789:Mangalorean Catholic
4970:Pacific Northwestern
4060:Florence Nightingale
3682:Guler, Ozan (2019).
3660:Molecular Gastronomy
3530:(Suppl 8): 165â170.
3325:ReluctantGourmet.com
3268:on 28 September 2004
2917:on 9 September 2009.
2861:10.1155/2016/7654123
2782:(in Chinese (China))
2706:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190
2623:on 21 September 2014
2421:10.1257/jep.24.2.163
2199:DiscoverMagazine.com
1700:thermal conductivity
1637:Molecular gastronomy
1277:Indoor air pollution
1189:Vacuum flask cooking
1030:improve this section
764:Protein denaturation
204:being heated with a
189:of the dish served.
116:in various types of
10127:Prehistoric warfare
8873:Magdalenian culture
8836:Levallois technique
8767:Earliest toolmaking
7689:Korean table d'hĂŽte
7500:Conveyor belt sushi
6918:Historical Japanese
6753:Transylvanian Saxon
6621:Indigenous American
3783:on 22 November 2015
3518:Willett WC (1995).
2848:Journal of Mycology
2455:on 16 November 2013
2300:2022NatEE...6.2016Z
2230:National Geographic
2205:on 27 December 2017
2063:2011PNAS..10814555O
2057:(35): 14555â14559.
2014:2011SciAm.304c..23G
2002:Scientific American
1960:National Geographic
1845:Culinary profession
1704:Thermal diffusivity
1596:heterocyclic amines
1446:phytohaemagglutinin
1357:foodborne illnesses
80:and craft of using
54:A man cooking in a
10078:Origin of language
10071:Spiritual drug use
9981:Rectangular dolmen
9883:Dartmoor kistvaens
9696:Carved stone balls
9408:Circular enclosure
9367:Other architecture
9310:Alp pile dwellings
8898:Solutrean industry
8809:Gravettian culture
8459:Secondary products
8081:Virtual restaurant
7904:Blue-plate special
7535:Service Ă la russe
7515:Full-course dinner
6998:Korean royal court
6943:History of seafood
6908:Historical Chinese
6883:Antebellum America
6723:Pennsylvania Dutch
5335:Equatorial Guinean
5305:Dominican Republic
4497:Stir frying (chao)
3357:on 5 November 2007
2236:on 1 February 2014
1728:
1689:Maillard reactions
1631:Scientific aspects
1625:Cancer Research UK
1580:
1508:
1392:, viruses such as
1372:pathogenic strains
1086:
912:Mineral (nutrient)
904:
890:and sauce making.
833:
760:Protein (nutrient)
728:thermal insulation
641:
544:(from fruit), and
288:Columbian Exchange
213:
122:cultural universal
63:
10155:
10154:
10151:
10150:
10147:
10146:
10100:Prehistoric music
10049:music archaeology
9706:Cup and ring mark
9531:Clothing/textiles
9476:
9475:
9472:
9471:
9115:
9114:
9111:
9110:
8918:Yubetsu technique
8903:Striking platform
8868:Lithic technology
8753:
8752:
8738:Game drive system
8657:Projectile points
8549:Mortar and pestle
8288:
8287:
7853:Instant breakfast
7833:Emergency rations
7581:Food presentation
7550:Table reservation
7271:
7270:
7013:Thirteen Colonies
6873:Ancient Israelite
6073:Papua New Guinean
4871:Intercontinental
4711:
4710:
4640:Food preservation
4564:Burying in ground
4457:Carryover cooking
4445:
4444:
4357:
4356:
4218:
4217:
4164:Roasting (modern)
3984:978-1-4968-1086-1
3712:www.food-info.net
3693:978-605-69709-1-7
3584:978-0-309-05391-4
3390:10.1021/jf990082e
3242:. USDA. June 2017
3199:(6234): 236â237.
3079:. 16 January 2023
2896:978-1-4438-4484-0
2737:"Protein in diet"
2669:978-1-78242-247-1
2543:"What is...roux?"
2522:978-1-4899-2628-9
2348:. Cogweb.ucla.edu
2294:(12): 2016â2028.
2154:978-0-393-92207-3
1870:Food preservation
1820:Carryover cooking
1678:Heston Blumenthal
1421:bacteria such as
1367:Toxoplasma gondii
1272:Health and safety
1066:
1065:
1058:
748:not water-soluble
585:Maillard reaction
557:Long-chain sugars
532:(table sugar), a
473:. Cooks also use
149:The expansion of
16:(Redirected from
10325:
10293:
10292:from Wikiversity
10285:
10284:
10283:
10276:
10268:
10267:
10266:
10259:
10251:
10250:
10249:
10242:
10234:
10233:
10232:
10225:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10208:
10200:
10199:
10198:
10188:
10172:
10171:
10163:
10115:Divje Babe flute
10022:Archaeoastronomy
9765:Petrosomatoglyph
9499:
9498:
9482:
9481:
9331:Water management
9134:
9133:
9121:
9120:
9024:Denticulate tool
8846:Lithic reduction
8579:
8578:
8400:
8399:
8387:
8386:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8278:
8277:
8268:
8267:
8237:Meal preparation
7909:Combination meal
7818:Convenience food
7467:Meal replacement
7329:Second breakfast
7298:
7291:
7284:
7275:
7274:
7261:
7260:
7251:
7250:
7241:
7231:
7230:
7221:
7220:
7213:Drink portal
7211:
7210:
7209:
7199:
7198:
7179:Meal preparation
7092:List of cuisines
6938:History of bread
6863:Ancient Egyptian
6840:Ritual slaughter
6698:Louisiana Creole
6636:Italian American
6455:African American
5444:Greek Macedonian
4738:
4731:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4686:
4679:
4678:
4673:Drink portal
4671:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4660:
4635:Food preparation
4523:Pressure cooking
4366:
4365:
4227:
4226:
4123:
4122:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4056:
4048:
4028:
4027:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3936:
3927:(7): 1142â1149.
3918:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3876:
3874:10.1.1.1026.8612
3856:
3850:
3849:
3839:
3799:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3777:www.ers.usda.gov
3768:
3762:
3761:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3732:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3679:
3673:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3558:
3557:
3547:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3491:(6): 1191â1308.
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3460:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3384:(8): 3121â3123.
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3353:. Archived from
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3327:. Archived from
3317:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3241:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3216:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3169:. Archived from
3168:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3027:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2969:(4): 1097â1100.
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2919:
2918:
2913:. Archived from
2907:
2901:
2900:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2684:
2678:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2619:. Archived from
2605:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2448:. Archived from
2447:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2376:. 12 August 2016
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2285:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2232:. Archived from
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2201:. Archived from
2191:
2185:
2184:
2178:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2116:on 15 April 2013
2112:, archived from
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2074:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1966:on 25 March 2019
1962:. Archived from
1951:
1935:Staple (cooking)
1905:List of cuisines
1813:
1808:
1807:
1666:Shirley Corriher
1457:Washing of hands
1377:Escherichia coli
1161:Pressure cooking
1061:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1010:
1002:
742:ingredients and
682:groups in human
443:freezing methods
272:first appeared.
238:Richard Wrangham
221:
173:for holding and
68:, also known as
21:
10333:
10332:
10328:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10323:
10322:
10318:Survival skills
10298:
10297:
10296:
10286:
10281:
10279:
10269:
10264:
10262:
10258:from Wikisource
10252:
10247:
10245:
10235:
10230:
10228:
10218:
10213:
10211:
10207:from Wiktionary
10201:
10196:
10194:
10191:
10187:sister projects
10184:at Knowledge's
10178:
10166:
10158:
10156:
10143:
10010:
9996:Stone box grave
9966:Megalithic tomb
9871:Cotswold-Severn
9823:
9728:Guardian stones
9656:Prehistoric art
9650:
9493:
9468:
9457:Timber trackway
9362:
9326:
9322:Wattle and daub
9175:
9154:Standing stones
9128:
9107:
8922:
8749:
8726:
8651:
8568:
8478:Food processing
8473:
8422:New World crops
8394:
8381:
8324:
8319:
8289:
8284:
8256:
8161:
8085:
8061:
8052:
7967:
7891:
7882:
7796:
7663:Regional styles
7658:
7620:
7576:Eating utensils
7554:
7476:
7394:
7388:
7307:
7302:
7272:
7267:
7207:
7205:
7201:Food portal
7193:
7185:
7113:
7080:
7017:
6849:
6762:
6470:Arab-Indonesian
6443:
6424:Western Saharan
5896:Liechtensteiner
5461:Guinea-Bissauan
5097:Channel Islands
4985:Southwestern US
4905:
4896:
4747:
4742:
4712:
4707:
4667:
4665:
4663:Food portal
4655:
4649:
4630:Outdoor cooking
4608:
4542:
4538:Thermal cooking
4528:Pressure frying
4501:
4441:
4420:
4353:
4344:Double steaming
4322:
4266:
4214:
4178:
4147:
4138:Hot salt frying
4114:
4105:
4099:
4046:"Cookery"
4036:
4031:
3996:
3992:
3985:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3916:
3910:
3906:
3857:
3853:
3800:
3796:
3786:
3784:
3769:
3765:
3754:
3750:
3741:Barham, Peter.
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3694:
3680:
3676:
3667:Wayback Machine
3658:
3654:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3617:
3613:
3600:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3569:
3568:
3561:
3516:
3512:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3409:
3405:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3298:on 13 June 2006
3286:
3285:
3281:
3271:
3269:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3185:
3181:
3173:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3041:
2996:
2992:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2897:
2881:
2877:
2840:
2836:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2780:www.cnblogs.com
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2685:
2681:
2658:
2654:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2585:
2584:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2551:
2549:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2479:medlineplus.gov
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2412:10.1.1.232.9242
2393:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2260:Washington Post
2254:
2253:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2206:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2128:
2119:
2117:
2102:
2098:
2041:
2037:
1998:
1994:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1793:
1773:chronic disease
1716:
1682:Pierre Gagnaire
1639:
1633:
1553:
1476:
1470:
1430:Bacillus cereus
1353:
1347:
1325:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1225:Pressure frying
1217:Hot sand frying
1213:Hot salt frying
1149:Double steaming
1062:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1027:
1011:
1000:
994:
966:bioavailability
950:sodium chloride
914:
906:Main articles:
896:
844:
838:
808:â meat becomes
766:
758:Main articles:
756:
630:
622:Main articles:
620:
571:is driven off,
569:crystallisation
526:
520:
459:
266:Anthropologists
224:Wonderwerk Cave
219:
195:
110:electric stoves
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10331:
10321:
10320:
10315:
10313:Home economics
10310:
10295:
10294:
10277:
10275:from Wikibooks
10260:
10243:
10241:from Wikiquote
10226:
10209:
10180:
10177:
10176:
10153:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10145:
10144:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10139:
10129:
10124:
10123:
10122:
10117:
10112:
10107:
10105:Alligator drum
10097:
10096:
10095:
10085:
10080:
10075:
10074:
10073:
10068:
10063:
10053:
10052:
10051:
10041:
10036:
10035:
10034:
10032:lunar calendar
10029:
10018:
10016:
10015:Other cultural
10012:
10011:
10009:
10008:
10003:
9998:
9993:
9988:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9946:
9941:
9936:
9935:
9934:
9929:
9919:
9914:
9913:
9912:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9886:
9885:
9875:
9874:
9873:
9863:
9862:
9861:
9851:
9850:
9849:
9844:
9833:
9831:
9825:
9824:
9822:
9821:
9819:Venus figurine
9816:
9815:
9814:
9809:
9799:
9794:
9789:
9788:
9787:
9782:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9750:Megalithic art
9747:
9746:
9745:
9740:
9730:
9725:
9720:
9719:
9718:
9708:
9703:
9701:Cave paintings
9698:
9693:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9677:
9676:
9666:
9660:
9658:
9652:
9651:
9649:
9648:
9647:
9646:
9641:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9620:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9584:
9579:
9578:
9577:
9567:
9566:
9565:
9560:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9539:
9538:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9507:
9505:
9503:Material goods
9495:
9494:
9478:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9470:
9469:
9467:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9454:
9449:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9422:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9405:
9404:
9403:
9393:
9392:
9391:
9381:
9376:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9363:
9361:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9334:
9332:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9313:
9312:
9302:
9297:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9260:
9259:
9258:
9248:
9243:
9238:
9237:
9236:
9226:
9221:
9219:Cliff dwelling
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9195:
9194:
9183:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9173:
9172:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9151:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9130:
9129:
9117:
9116:
9113:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9103:
9093:
9088:
9083:
9078:
9077:
9076:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9004:
9003:
9002:
8997:
8987:
8982:
8977:
8972:
8971:
8970:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8949:
8948:
8938:
8932:
8930:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8828:
8827:
8826:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8804:Fire hardening
8801:
8796:
8794:Clovis culture
8791:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8763:
8761:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8745:
8734:
8732:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8717:Manis Mastodon
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8673:
8672:
8661:
8659:
8653:
8652:
8650:
8649:
8648:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8617:
8612:
8611:
8610:
8600:
8599:
8598:
8596:throwing stick
8588:
8582:
8576:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8551:
8546:
8541:
8536:
8535:
8534:
8529:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8503:
8502:
8492:
8487:
8481:
8479:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8419:
8408:
8406:
8396:
8395:
8383:
8382:
8380:
8379:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8329:
8326:
8325:
8318:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8295:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8282:
8272:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8233:
8232:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8173:Coffee culture
8169:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8160:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8084:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8067:
8065:
8054:
8053:
8051:
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7989:
7988:
7977:
7975:
7973:Communal meals
7969:
7968:
7966:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7946:
7941:
7939:Suspended meal
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7895:
7893:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7804:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7795:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7757:Rice and three
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7732:Meat and three
7729:
7724:
7715:
7710:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7666:
7664:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7621:
7619:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7540:Silver service
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7401:
7399:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7315:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7301:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7278:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7265:
7255:
7245:
7235:
7225:
7215:
7203:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7171:
7170:
7169:
7159:
7158:
7157:
7152:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7102:Lists of foods
7099:
7094:
7088:
7086:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7052:
7051:
7046:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7015:
7010:
7005:
7000:
6995:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6814:
6813:
6803:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6776:
6770:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6586:
6581:
6579:Greek-American
6576:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6210:Sierra Leonean
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5847:
5846:
5841:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5815:
5814:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5635:
5634:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5452:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5392:French Guianan
5389:
5384:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5112:Northern Irish
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4937:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4911:
4909:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4890:Middle Eastern
4887:
4882:
4880:Latin American
4877:
4869:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4741:
4740:
4733:
4726:
4718:
4709:
4708:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4472:Caramelization
4469:
4464:
4459:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:Shallow frying
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4153:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4129:
4127:
4120:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4057:
4043:, ed. (1911).
4041:Chisholm, Hugh
4035:
4034:External links
4032:
4030:
4029:
3990:
3983:
3963:
3904:
3867:(2): 152â158.
3851:
3814:(4): 259â276.
3794:
3763:
3748:
3733:
3724:
3699:
3692:
3674:
3652:
3638:
3611:
3590:
3583:
3559:
3510:
3475:
3447:
3420:(3): 228â234.
3403:
3368:
3342:
3331:on 2 July 2006
3309:
3279:
3253:
3228:
3179:
3155:
3137:
3112:
3090:
3064:
3039:
3010:(2): 333â342.
2990:
2949:
2920:
2902:
2895:
2875:
2834:
2793:
2767:
2742:
2728:
2699:(4): 855â861.
2679:
2652:
2634:
2600:
2559:
2547:MICHELIN Guide
2534:
2521:
2491:
2466:
2434:
2405:(2): 163â188.
2387:
2359:
2337:
2272:
2247:
2216:
2186:
2160:
2153:
2135:
2126:
2096:
2035:
1992:
1977:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1925:List of stoves
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Cooking school
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1795:Main article:
1792:
1789:
1715:
1712:
1698:of an object,
1654:Nicholas Kurti
1635:Main article:
1632:
1629:
1552:
1549:
1510:Proponents of
1469:
1466:
1349:Main article:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1337:Burns or fires
1335:
1332:
1324:
1321:
1315:, and 8% from
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1233:Shallow frying
1194:
1191:
1130:
1127:
1118:
1115:
1090:
1064:
1063:
1014:
1012:
1005:
993:
990:
895:
892:
882:the remaining
840:Main article:
837:
834:
755:
752:
665:grilled cheese
645:vegetable oils
619:
616:
573:caramelization
565:simpler sugars
522:Main article:
519:
516:
458:
455:
194:
191:
163:transportation
76:, is the art,
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10330:
10319:
10316:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10291:
10290:
10278:
10274:
10273:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10244:
10240:
10239:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10210:
10206:
10205:
10193:
10192:
10189:
10183:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10164:
10161:
10138:
10135:
10134:
10133:
10130:
10128:
10125:
10121:
10118:
10116:
10113:
10111:
10108:
10106:
10103:
10102:
10101:
10098:
10094:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10086:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10076:
10072:
10069:
10067:
10064:
10062:
10059:
10058:
10057:
10054:
10050:
10047:
10046:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10013:
10007:
10004:
10002:
9999:
9997:
9994:
9992:
9991:Simple dolmen
9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9976:Passage grave
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9933:
9930:
9928:
9925:
9924:
9923:
9922:Gallery grave
9920:
9918:
9915:
9911:
9908:
9907:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9879:
9876:
9872:
9869:
9868:
9867:
9864:
9860:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9852:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9839:
9838:
9837:Burial mounds
9835:
9834:
9832:
9830:
9826:
9820:
9817:
9813:
9810:
9808:
9805:
9804:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9797:Statue menhir
9795:
9793:
9790:
9786:
9785:Stone carving
9783:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9735:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9717:
9714:
9713:
9712:
9709:
9707:
9704:
9702:
9699:
9697:
9694:
9692:
9689:
9687:
9684:
9682:
9679:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9661:
9659:
9657:
9653:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9636:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9624:Sewing needle
9622:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9608:
9605:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9588:
9585:
9583:
9580:
9576:
9573:
9572:
9571:
9568:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9555:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9537:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9529:
9527:
9524:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9496:
9492:
9488:
9483:
9479:
9463:
9460:
9459:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9452:Timber circle
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9409:
9406:
9402:
9401:Tor enclosure
9399:
9398:
9397:
9394:
9390:
9389:fulacht fiadh
9387:
9386:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9371:
9369:
9365:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9335:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9320:
9318:
9315:
9311:
9308:
9307:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9276:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9253:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9235:
9232:
9231:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9193:
9190:
9189:
9188:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9178:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9127:
9122:
9118:
9102:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9092:
9089:
9087:
9084:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9071:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9008:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8978:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8929:
8925:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8866:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8848:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8760:
8756:
8744:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8678:
8675:
8671:
8668:
8667:
8666:
8663:
8662:
8660:
8658:
8654:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8625:spear-thrower
8623:
8622:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8609:
8606:
8605:
8604:
8603:Bow and arrow
8601:
8597:
8594:
8593:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8571:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8512:Grinding slab
8510:
8508:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8497:
8496:
8493:
8491:
8488:
8486:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8455:
8452:
8450:
8447:
8445:
8444:Domestication
8442:
8440:
8439:Digging stick
8437:
8435:
8432:
8430:
8427:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8417:Founder crops
8415:
8414:
8413:
8410:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8401:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8384:
8378:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8359:
8358:New Stone Age
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8335:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8327:
8323:
8316:
8311:
8309:
8304:
8302:
8297:
8296:
8293:
8281:
8273:
8271:
8263:
8262:
8259:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8198:Culinary arts
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8184:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8164:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8090:Places to eat
8088:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8071:Food delivery
8069:
8068:
8066:
8064:
8063:food delivery
8059:
8055:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7987:
7986:State banquet
7984:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7970:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7947:
7945:
7942:
7940:
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7889:
7885:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7752:Pu pu platter
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7694:Bandeja paisa
7692:
7690:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7655:
7654:Waiting staff
7652:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7638:
7637:Table manners
7635:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7623:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7606:Table setting
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7482:Table service
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7411:
7410:Hors d'oeuvre
7408:
7406:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7391:
7385:
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7299:
7294:
7292:
7287:
7285:
7280:
7279:
7276:
7264:
7256:
7254:
7246:
7244:
7240:
7236:
7234:
7226:
7224:
7216:
7214:
7204:
7202:
7197:
7192:
7191:
7188:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7147:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7135:Culinary arts
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7116:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7020:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7004:
7001:
6999:
6996:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6964:
6961:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6878:Ancient Roman
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6868:Ancient Greek
6866:
6864:
6861:
6860:
6858:
6856:
6852:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6784:Goan Catholic
6782:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6765:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6569:Crimean Tatar
6567:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6235:South African
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6190:Saudi Arabian
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
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5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
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5946:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5906:Luxembourgish
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5626:Uttar Pradesh
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5561:Maharashtrian
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5521:Chhattisgarhi
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5315:East Timorese
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5203:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:Midwestern US
4953:
4951:
4948:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4885:Mediterranean
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4838:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4739:
4734:
4732:
4727:
4725:
4720:
4719:
4716:
4706:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4682:
4674:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Gentle frying
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4329:
4327:Indirect heat
4325:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4096:
4091:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3759:
3752:
3745:. p. 39.
3744:
3737:
3728:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3695:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3566:
3564:
3555:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3238:
3232:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3172:
3165:
3159:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3100:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3068:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2938:. 2 June 1999
2937:
2933:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2912:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2569:
2563:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2524:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2451:
2444:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2391:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2347:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2183:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:Scented water
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1920:List of ovens
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:Food industry
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:Culinary arts
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1801:
1798:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1749:saturated fat
1746:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1732:communal fire
1725:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:specific heat
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:(physicist),
1659:
1656:(physicist),
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1574:cooking in a
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:glucosinolate
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1419:food spoilage
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1389:Campylobacter
1385:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1284:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Vacuum frying
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Gentle frying
1206:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:Stone boiling
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1078:green peppers
1074:
1070:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:This section
1013:
1009:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
913:
909:
900:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
843:
830:
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
765:
761:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:carbohydrates
686:, along with
685:
681:
680:macronutrient
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:frying in oil
638:
634:
629:
625:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
525:
518:Carbohydrates
515:
513:
512:
507:
506:
505:carbohydrates
501:
500:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
434:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
276:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
245:
244:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
217:
211:
207:
203:
199:
190:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
167:civilizations
164:
160:
156:
152:
147:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
74:culinary arts
71:
67:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
10287:
10270:
10253:
10236:
10224:from Commons
10219:
10202:
10181:
9932:wedge-shaped
9917:Funeral pyre
9910:Great dolmen
9866:Chamber tomb
9847:Round barrow
9802:Stone circle
9674:Blombos Cave
9602:Grooved ware
9526:Chalcolithic
9430:Thornborough
9348:Flush toilet
9283:Blombos Cave
9278:Rock shelter
9234:Quiggly hole
9126:Architecture
9101:illustration
8743:Buffalo jump
8564:Storage pits
8527:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
8517:Ground stone
8494:
8353:Subdivisions
8187:
8142:Soup kitchen
8132:Picnic table
8033:Soup kitchen
7949:Tasting menu
7944:Table d'hĂŽte
7868:Packed lunch
7843:Field ration
7808:Airline meal
7601:Serving size
7596:PiÚce montée
7559:Presentation
7545:Small plates
7416:Amuse-bouche
7414:
7339:Coffee break
7312:Common meals
7129:
7066:Note by Note
7044:New American
6733:Pontic Greek
6614:South Indian
6609:North Indian
6280:Extremaduran
6170:Saint Lucian
5844:South Korean
5839:North Korean
5703:Palembangese
5631:Uttarakhandi
5117:Saint Helena
5107:Gibraltarian
4975:Puerto Rican
4506:Device-based
4450:Mixed medium
4303:Slow cooking
4133:Dry roasting
4101:
4063:
4050:
4010:(4): 43â52.
4007:
4004:Gastronomica
4003:
3993:
3973:
3966:
3924:
3920:
3907:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3785:. Retrieved
3781:the original
3776:
3766:
3757:
3751:
3742:
3736:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3711:
3702:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3655:
3641:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3572:
3527:
3523:
3513:
3488:
3484:
3478:
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3450:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3355:the original
3345:
3333:. Retrieved
3329:the original
3324:
3300:. Retrieved
3296:the original
3291:
3282:
3270:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3256:
3244:. Retrieved
3231:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3171:the original
3158:
3149:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3125:StaySafe.org
3124:
3115:
3103:. Retrieved
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3076:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3051:
3042:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2940:. Retrieved
2935:
2915:the original
2905:
2885:
2878:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2754:
2745:
2731:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2660:
2655:
2647:Khan Academy
2637:
2627:20 September
2625:. Retrieved
2621:the original
2612:
2603:
2576:. Retrieved
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2546:
2537:
2526:, retrieved
2504:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2437:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2378:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2340:
2291:
2287:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2250:
2238:. Retrieved
2234:the original
2229:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:the original
2198:
2189:
2180:
2173:. Retrieved
2163:
2144:
2138:
2129:
2118:, retrieved
2114:the original
2109:
2099:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1986:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:the original
1959:
1949:
1875:Food writing
1780:comfort food
1777:
1741:scratch made
1729:
1693:
1686:
1674:Ferran Adria
1670:Robert Wolke
1662:Harold McGee
1658:Peter Barham
1647:
1643:food science
1640:
1618:
1609:Nitrosamines
1593:
1588:Richard Peto
1584:Richard Doll
1581:
1542:
1538:sulforaphane
1526:Sulforaphane
1524:
1509:
1484:tomato sauce
1462:disinfecting
1450:
1442:kidney beans
1439:
1428:
1422:
1412:
1401:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1365:
1354:
1340:
1326:
1286:
1256:En papillote
1125:Baking Blind
1067:
1052:
1043:
1028:Please help
1016:
924:), carrots,
915:
880:concentrates
845:
809:
767:
716:cooking oils
677:
642:
589:
554:
552:and potato.
534:disaccharide
527:
524:Carbohydrate
509:
503:
497:
495:
460:
435:
424:
312:chili pepper
277:
274:
249:Homo erectus
247:
243:Homo habilis
241:
231:
214:
206:wood-burning
148:
141:
126:
73:
69:
65:
64:
47:
18:Home cooking
10204:Definitions
9954:unchambered
9949:Long barrow
9939:Grave goods
9895:Court cairn
9890:Clava cairn
9842:Bowl barrow
9780:Rock cupule
9723:Golden hats
9716:Hill figure
9617:Unstan ware
9597:Cord-marked
9462:Sweet Track
9384:Burnt mound
9305:Stilt house
9293:Sibudu Cave
9086:Tally stick
9054:Quern-stone
9039:Hammerstone
9029:Fire plough
9000:Pesse canoe
8958:Bannerstone
8928:Other tools
8841:Lithic core
8789:Aurignacian
8677:Bare Island
8559:Quern-stone
8252:Tea culture
8147:Street food
8107:Dining room
7953:Degustation
7934:School meal
7919:Free refill
7848:Frozen meal
7772:SmörgÄsbord
7747:Plate lunch
7571:Dining room
7510:Finger food
7495:smörgÄsbord
7437:Main course
7253:WikiProject
6833:Kosher food
6215:Singaporean
6205:Seychellois
6180:Sammarinese
6063:Palestinian
6023:New Zealand
5993:Montenegrin
5963:Mauritanian
5958:Marshallese
5770:Piedmontese
5698:Minangkabau
5668:Gorontalese
5449:Heptanesean
5365:Kapampangan
5288:Greenlandic
5164:Cameroonian
5032:Bangladeshi
5022:Azerbaijani
4980:Southern US
4965:New Mexican
4960:New English
4935:Californian
4752:Continental
4705:WikiProject
4645:Food safety
4533:Slow cooker
4518:Microwaving
4411:Stir frying
4396:Deep frying
4190:Charbroiler
3787:21 November
3077:Equal Times
3052:www.who.int
2265:11 December
2168:Luke, Kim.
1880:Foodpairing
1855:Dishwashing
1811:Food portal
1753:cholesterol
1652:(chemist),
1605:microwaving
1551:Carcinogens
1520:carotenoids
1512:raw foodism
1474:Raw foodism
1453:Danger zone
1415:sterilizing
1394:noroviruses
1351:Food safety
1345:Food safety
1317:lung cancer
1311:, 18% from
1307:, 20% from
1303:, 27% from
1237:Stir frying
1205:Deep frying
986:carotenoids
876:evaporation
720:food energy
628:Cooking oil
608:saccharides
604:corn starch
457:Ingredients
427:Nationalism
364:green beans
308:bell pepper
254:earth ovens
220:Re-analysis
210:South India
151:agriculture
137:restaurants
108:, to using
10302:Categories
10238:Quotations
10093:trepanning
9986:Ring cairn
9944:Jar burial
9927:transepted
9859:U.S. sites
9760:Petroglyph
9686:Bird stone
9644:wine press
9317:Stone roof
9300:Roundhouse
9192:long house
9169:Stonehenge
9137:Ceremonial
9081:Stone tool
8908:Tool stone
8878:Metallurgy
8782:Mousterian
8759:Toolmaking
8697:Cumberland
8670:Transverse
8640:Schöningen
8532:Qesem cave
8500:Earth oven
8454:Irrigation
8365:Technology
8333:Prehistory
8137:Restaurant
8112:Food truck
8043:Tableround
7998:Commercium
7963:Value menu
7958:Value meal
7929:Kids' meal
7924:Happy hour
7914:Free lunch
7899:Ă la carte
7892:meal deals
7873:Space food
7863:Ninja diet
7762:Rijsttafel
7699:DastarkhÄn
7632:Dress code
7611:Tablecloth
7591:Nyotaimori
7393:Components
7076:Vegetarian
6855:Historical
6599:Indonesian
6547:Indonesian
6517:Australian
6439:Zimbabwean
6419:Vietnamese
6414:Venezuelan
6302:Sri Lankan
6270:Cantabrian
6245:Andalusian
6195:Senegalese
6175:Salvadoran
6123:Circassian
6093:Portuguese
6078:Paraguayan
6068:Panamanian
6028:Nicaraguan
6003:Mozambican
5983:Monégasque
5936:Sarawakian
5911:Macedonian
5901:Lithuanian
5765:Neapolitan
5638:Indonesian
5596:Rajasthani
5571:Meghalayan
5546:Jharkhandi
5501:Arunachali
5456:Guatemalan
5387:La RĂ©union
5320:Ecuadorian
5295:Djiboutian
5042:Belarusian
5012:Australian
4940:Floribbean
4579:Fermenting
4513:Air frying
4462:Barbecuing
4401:Pan frying
4381:Blackening
4308:Smothering
4252:Parboiling
4205:Rotisserie
4152:Convection
4126:Conduction
4104:techniques
3621:Cancer Res
3246:30 January
3083:8 December
3057:8 December
2813:(1): 1â7.
2786:8 December
2578:8 December
2566:Entry for
2552:4 February
2484:4 February
2352:7 November
2209:8 November
2175:27 October
2110:ScienceNOW
1942:References
1664:(author),
1650:Hervé This
1621:acrylamide
1472:See also:
1221:Pan frying
1201:Air frying
1169:Smothering
1109:Rotisserie
1097:Barbecuing
1046:March 2017
996:See also:
974:vitamin B6
918:metabolism
782:egg whites
661:stir fries
447:cafeterias
183:scientific
98:nutritious
94:digestible
56:restaurant
10289:Resources
10272:Textbooks
10137:symbolism
10001:Tor cairn
9959:GrĂžnsalen
9900:Cremation
9792:Sculpture
9770:Pictogram
9755:Petroform
9575:amber use
9543:Cosmetics
9353:Reservoir
9338:Check dam
9268:Pueblitos
9263:Pit-house
9246:Longhouse
9180:Dwellings
9049:Microlith
8980:Bow drill
8975:Bone tool
8968:prismatic
8777:Acheulean
8692:Cresswell
8665:Arrowhead
8591:Boomerang
8507:Granaries
8469:Terracing
8348:Stone Age
8247:Salumeria
8102:Cafeteria
8048:Tea party
8003:Dining in
7838:Fast food
7680:Cicchetti
7675:Antipasto
7616:Tableware
7566:Al fresco
7452:Entremets
7447:Side dish
7334:Elevenses
7324:Breakfast
7155:sociology
7034:Fast food
7029:Classique
6893:Byzantine
6794:Mennonite
6779:Christian
6767:Religious
6728:Peranakan
6676:Sephardic
6661:Ethiopian
6651:Ashkenazi
6604:Malaysian
6557:Pakistani
6552:Malaysian
6527:Cambodian
6477:Aromanian
6409:Vanuatuan
6399:Uruguayan
6394:Ukrainian
6347:Zanzibari
6342:Tanzanian
6332:Taiwanese
6295:Valencian
6290:Manchegan
6225:Slovenian
6138:Mordovian
6058:Pakistani
6048:Norwegian
5988:Mongolian
5968:Mauritian
5943:Maldivian
5926:Malaysian
5819:Jordanian
5780:Sardinian
5740:Abruzzese
5708:Sundanese
5693:Minahasan
5616:Telangana
5601:Sikkimese
5551:Karnataka
5486:Icelandic
5481:Hungarian
5350:Ethiopian
5300:Dominican
5253:Congolese
5248:Colombian
5216:Hong Kong
5211:Cantonese
5179:Québécois
5159:Cambodian
5154:Burundian
5144:Burkinabé
5139:Bulgarian
5092:Anguillia
5082:Brazilian
5062:Bhutanese
5037:Barbadian
5002:Argentine
4823:Levantine
4813:Caucasian
4786:Caribbean
4487:Fricassee
4477:Deglazing
4369:High heat
4362:Fat-based
4339:Sous-vide
4298:Simmering
4262:Reduction
4247:Decoction
4237:Blanching
4230:High heat
4183:Radiation
3943:1475-2727
3891:1559-8276
3869:CiteSeerX
3828:1878-2620
3361:14 August
2870:2356-7481
2829:2772-5669
2715:0002-9165
2407:CiteSeerX
2380:12 August
2332:253522354
2316:2397-334X
2008:(3): 23.
1784:packaging
1614:Ascorbate
1570:-wrapped
1516:vitamin C
1435:germinate
1362:tapeworms
1301:pneumonia
1165:Simmering
1137:Blanching
1017:does not
946:magnesium
938:Vitamin K
934:Vitamin D
930:Vitamin A
922:Vitamin C
872:blanching
860:simmering
802:denatured
746:that are
724:metabolic
712:salt pork
637:Doughnuts
550:arrowroot
463:organisms
453:emerged.
412:chickpeas
356:chocolate
352:sunflower
348:blueberry
344:pineapple
284:New World
280:Old World
90:palatable
58:kitchen,
9775:Rock art
9738:painting
9711:Geoglyph
9536:timeline
9516:Beadwork
9256:Mehrgarh
9251:Mudbrick
9159:megalith
9034:Fire-saw
8856:debitage
8851:analysis
8819:Hand axe
8799:Cupstone
8377:Glossary
8338:Timeline
8270:Category
8183:Cookbook
8157:Traiteur
8058:Catering
8028:Sittning
7993:Barbecue
7878:Take-out
7359:Merienda
7243:Cookbook
7223:Category
7125:Cookbook
7107:Prepared
7071:Nouvelle
7049:Eurasian
6978:Medieval
6774:Buddhist
6708:Ossetian
6693:Livonian
6671:Moroccan
6656:Bukharan
6646:American
6584:Hazaragi
6562:Peruvian
6537:Filipino
6532:Canadian
6512:American
6482:Assyrian
6379:Tuvaluan
6364:Tunisian
6359:Togolese
6307:Sudanese
6285:Galician
6265:Canarian
6255:Balearic
6250:Asturian
6103:Romanian
6083:Peruvian
6038:Nigerian
6018:Nepalese
6008:Namibian
5998:Moroccan
5978:Moldovan
5921:Malawian
5916:Malagasy
5886:Liberian
5876:Lebanese
5812:Okinawan
5807:Japanese
5802:Jamaican
5790:Venetian
5785:Sicilian
5760:Lucanian
5750:Ligurian
5688:Makassar
5683:Madurese
5678:Javanese
5648:Balinese
5643:Acehnese
5566:Manipuri
5541:Kashmiri
5536:Haryanvi
5531:Gujarati
5506:Assamese
5476:Honduran
5439:Epirotic
5424:Ghanaian
5414:Georgian
5404:Gabonese
5382:Corsican
5360:Filipino
5345:Estonian
5340:Eritrean
5325:Egyptian
5258:Croatian
5241:Xinjiang
5226:Shandong
5221:Macanese
5169:Canadian
5134:Bruneian
5122:Scottish
5077:Botswana
5067:Bolivian
5057:Beninese
5052:Belizean
5027:Bahraini
5017:Austrian
5007:Armenian
4945:Hawaiian
4930:American
4925:Algerian
4920:Albanian
4907:regional
4902:National
4867:Oceanian
4840:European
4781:Americas
4745:Cuisines
4697:Cookbook
4681:Category
4613:See also
4589:Pickling
4547:Non-heat
4467:Braising
4437:Sweating
4425:Low heat
4416:Sautéing
4386:Browning
4349:Steaming
4313:Steeping
4293:Poaching
4288:Infusion
4283:Creaming
4278:Coddling
4271:Low heat
4257:Shocking
4210:Toasting
4174:Barbecue
4062:(1861),
3955:Archived
3951:22578892
3899:71797396
3846:24703245
3717:29 March
3663:Archived
3467:Archived
3442:35228794
3434:24853375
3398:10552618
3193:Br Med J
3105:12 April
3034:30263756
2985:17374686
2942:30 April
2936:BBC News
2854:: 1â18.
2723:35820048
2588:cite web
2459:27 March
2429:25703506
2324:36376603
2240:17 March
2091:21873223
2030:21438483
1825:Cookbook
1791:See also
1736:Bakeries
1684:(chef).
1576:barbecue
1534:broccoli
1506:noodles.
1504:zucchini
1400:such as
1398:protozoa
1289:kerosene
1249:Steaming
1245:Steaming
1229:Sautéing
1177:Steeping
1173:Steaming
1157:Poaching
1153:Infusion
1145:Coddling
1141:Braising
1105:Broiling
1101:Grilling
1093:Roasting
1089:Roasting
962:selenium
878:, which
868:braising
856:steaming
818:meringue
798:proteins
776:, milk,
754:Proteins
744:vitamins
692:proteins
669:pancakes
596:European
592:emulsion
559:such as
546:starches
542:fructose
499:proteins
481:such as
479:minerals
296:tomatoes
292:potatoes
282:and the
208:fire in
165:between
155:commerce
84:to make
10308:Cooking
10182:Cooking
10132:Symbols
9743:pigment
9629:Weaving
9592:Cardium
9587:Pottery
9582:Mirrors
9570:Jewelry
9511:Baskets
9491:culture
9343:Cistern
9149:Pyramid
9091:Weapons
9069:Scraper
9059:Racloir
9019:Cleaver
9007:Chopper
8913:Uniface
8824:Grooves
8814:Hafting
8772:Oldowan
8731:Systems
8682:Cascade
8645:woomera
8635:harpoon
8608:history
8574:Hunting
8554:Pottery
8495:Cooking
8404:Farming
8370:history
8343:Outline
8280:Commons
8208:outline
8203:Cuisine
8188:Cooking
8166:Related
8122:Kitchen
8018:Potluck
7981:Banquet
7823:Dosirak
7792:Zakuski
7742:Okazuya
7727:Kaiseki
7718:Izakaya
7708:Yum cha
7704:Dim sum
7685:Banchan
7586:Garnish
7525:RodĂzio
7520:Platter
7462:Savoury
7457:Dessert
7397:courses
7384:Siu yeh
7263:Outline
7233:Commons
7150:history
7130:Cooking
7118:Related
6988:Peasant
6983:Ottoman
6953:Hittite
6828:Kashrut
6811:Chinese
6806:Islamic
6718:Pashtun
6688:Kurdish
6666:Mizrahi
6594:English
6522:British
6507:Chinese
6487:Balochi
6434:Zambian
6389:Ugandan
6374:Turkmen
6369:Turkish
6317:Swedish
6275:Catalan
6240:Spanish
6200:Serbian
6165:Rwandan
6128:Cossack
6118:Chechen
6113:Bashkir
6108:Russian
6013:Nauruan
5973:Mexican
5953:Maltese
5931:Sabahan
5881:Lesotho
5871:Latvian
5856:Kuwaiti
5851:Kosovan
5797:Ivorian
5755:Lombard
5745:Apulian
5735:Italian
5730:Israeli
5715:Iranian
5621:Tripuri
5591:Punjabi
5511:Bengali
5471:Haitian
5466:Guinean
5409:Gambian
5397:Occitan
5372:Finnish
5330:Emirati
5283:Faroese
5268:Cypriot
5236:Tibetan
5231:Sichuan
5206:Beijing
5201:Chinese
5196:Chilean
5191:Chadian
5174:Acadian
5149:Burmese
5102:English
5087:British
5047:Belgian
4997:Angolan
4855:Eastern
4850:Central
4818:Central
4759:African
4689:Commons
4604:Souring
4599:Salting
4584:Juicing
4559:Brining
4376:Basting
4318:Stewing
4242:Boiling
4169:Smoking
4143:Searing
4102:Cooking
3837:4063875
3633:6831466
3608:. 2018.
3554:8741778
3545:1518978
3505:7017215
3335:21 June
3302:21 June
3272:1 April
3223:7407532
3214:1713670
3025:6049644
2296:Bibcode
2120:4 April
2082:3167533
2059:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1765:calcium
1708:density
1560:Chicken
1500:walnuts
1496:spinach
1293:biomass
1265:Smoking
1261:Smoking
1252:cooked.
1181:Stewing
1133:Boiling
1129:Boiling
1113:Searing
1082:skillet
1038:removed
1023:sources
992:Methods
970:thiamin
942:calcium
908:Vitamin
888:stewing
864:boiling
852:recipes
829:noodles
814:albumen
806:friable
796:. When
786:legumes
673:cookies
581:caramel
538:glucose
530:sucrose
491:spirits
431:cuisine
420:carrots
416:mustard
328:avocado
324:cassava
320:pumpkin
316:vanilla
286:in the
270:hearths
193:History
175:boiling
171:pottery
78:science
70:cookery
66:Cooking
60:Morocco
36:Cuisine
10160:Portal
10110:flutes
9905:Dolmen
9829:Burial
9639:winery
9612:Linear
9442:Midden
9420:Cursus
9413:Goseck
9273:Pueblo
9224:Dugout
9209:Burdei
8888:Mining
8712:Lamoka
8707:Folsom
8687:Clovis
8544:Metate
8522:Hearth
8490:Basket
8464:Sickle
8220:Eating
8152:Tavern
8013:Picnic
7858:JĆ«bako
7828:Ekiben
7801:Packed
7787:Tiffin
7767:Sadhya
7722:Sakana
7625:Dining
7490:Buffet
7427:Entrée
7374:Supper
7369:Dinner
7364:Tiffin
7344:Brunch
7039:Fusion
7022:Styles
7008:Soviet
6973:Mughal
6968:Muisca
6758:Yup'ik
6748:Tejano
6738:Romani
6681:Syrian
6641:Jewish
6589:Indian
6574:Gagauz
6542:Indian
6497:Buryat
6492:Berber
6448:Ethnic
6429:Yemeni
6327:Syrian
6260:Basque
6230:Somali
6220:Slovak
6153:Udmurt
6098:Qatari
6088:Polish
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5948:Malian
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5834:Korean
5829:Kenyan
5824:Kazakh
5663:Betawi
5653:Banjar
5606:Sindhi
5556:Kerala
5516:Bihari
5496:Andhra
5491:Indian
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4022:
3981:
3949:
3941:
3897:
3889:
3871:
3844:
3834:
3826:
3690:
3631:
3581:
3552:
3542:
3503:
3440:
3432:
3396:
3221:
3211:
3130:3 July
3032:
3022:
2983:
2893:
2868:
2827:
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2755:Pocket
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2713:
2667:
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2519:
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2322:
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6460:Ainu
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5586:Odia
5581:Naga
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