Emperor - Knowledge

3428: 4196: 2788: 3053: 69: 4997: 4346: 3573: 2338: 6040: 5882: 3209: 3315: 5173: 1007: 4024: 3099:, by which Portugal recognized the independence of Brazil. The style of Titular Emperor was a life title, and became extinct upon the holder's demise. John VI held the imperial title for a few months only, from the ratification of the Treaty in November 1825 until his death in March 1826. During those months, however, as John's imperial title was purely honorific while his son, Pedro I, remained the sole monarch of the Brazilian Empire. 5310: 5076: 4474: 3644: 2491: 1352: 2104:, the assertion that the emperor (or other head of state) is also the head of the Church. Although this principle was held by all emperors after Constantine, it met with increasing resistance and ultimately rejection by bishops in the west after the effective end of Imperial power there. This concept became a key element of the meaning of "emperor" in the Byzantine and Orthodox east, but went out of favor in the west with the rise of 6123: 1049: 2224: 5631: 1984: 1338:. Outside the European context, "emperor" was the translation given to holders of titles who were accorded the same precedence as European emperors in diplomatic terms. In reciprocity, these rulers might accredit equal titles in their native languages to their European peers. Through centuries of international convention, this has become the dominant rule to identifying an emperor in the modern era. 1464: 3033:, often at the expense of killing rival siblings. The popes and Holy Roman emperors protested at the usage of the imperial title as a usurpation of leadership in western Christendom. After Alfonso VII's death in 1157, the title was abandoned, and the kings who used it are not commonly mentioned as having been "emperors", in Spanish or other historiography. 3996:(Ceaser of the Romans) as they asserted themselves to be the heirs to the Roman Empire by right of conquest. The title was of such importance to them that it led them to eliminate the various Byzantine successor states – and therefore rival claimants – over the next eight years. Though the term "emperor" was rarely used by Westerners of the 2299:. The emperor could also pursue the election of his heir (usually a son) as King, who would then succeed him after his death. This junior king then bore the title of King of the Romans. Although technically already ruling, after the election he would be crowned as emperor by the pope. The last emperor to be crowned by the pope was 6237:. However, Vietnamese rulers never accepted the vassalage relationship with China and always refused to come to Chinese courts to pay homage to Chinese rulers (a sign of vassalage acceptance). China waged a number of wars against Vietnam throughout history, and after each failure, settled for the tributary relationship. The 3609:, and by the Patriarch of Bulgaria and the autocephalous Archbishop of Ohrid. His imperial title was recognized by Bulgaria and various other neighbors and trading partners but not by the Byzantine Empire. In its final standardized form, the Serbian imperial title read "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (цар Срба и Грка, 6205:

The Vietnamese emperors also gave this title to their ancestors who were lords or influential figures in the previous dynasty, as did the Chinese emperors. This practice was one of the many indications that Vietnam considered itself an equal to China which remained intact up to the twentieth century.

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or sovereigns, both emperor and empress are considered monarchical titles. In as much as there is a strict definition of emperor, it is that an emperor has no relations implying the superiority of any other ruler and typically rules over more than one nation. Therefore, a king might be obliged to pay

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Byzantine recognition of Simeon's imperial title was revoked by the succeeding Byzantine government. The decade 914–924 was spent in destructive warfare between Byzantium and Bulgaria over this and other matters of conflict. The Bulgarian monarch, who had further irritated his Byzantine counterpart

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tried to put the empire on a more formal footing. Diocletian sought to address the challenges of the Empire's now vast geography and the instability caused by the informality of succession by the creation of co-emperors and junior emperors. At one point, there were as many as five sharers of the

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chosen by the elite. The emperors of Tenochtitlan and Texcoco were nominally equals, each receiving two-fifths of tribute from the vassal kingdoms, whereas the emperor of Tlacopan was a junior member and only received one-fifth of the tribute, due to the fact that Tlacopan was a newcomer to the

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The rulers of China and (once Westerners became aware of the role) Japan were always accepted in the West as emperors, and referred to as such. The claims of other East Asian monarchies to the title may have been accepted for diplomatic purposes, but it was not necessarily used in more general

1687:) to his wife. Since there was no "title" of Empress(-consort) whatsoever, women of the reigning dynasty sought to be granted this honorific, as the highest attainable goal. Few were however granted the title, and it was certainly not a rule that all wives of reigning emperors would receive it. 1829:

appears not to have been used exclusively in the meaning of "emperor" (and specifically, the Roman/Byzantine emperor) before the 7th century, although it was a standard informal designation of the emperor in the Greek-speaking East. The title was later applied by the rulers of various Eastern

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sent a diplomatic document to China, which she wrote "the emperor of the land of the rising sun (日出處天子) sends a document to the emperor of the land of the setting sun (日沒處天子)" and began to use the title emperor externally. As early as the 7th century, the word 天皇 (which can be read either as

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first bestowed on Emperor Augustus: on his death it became an official title of his successor and all Roman emperors after him added it to their name. Although it had a high symbolic value, something like "elevated" or "sublime", it was generally not used to indicate the office of

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The emperors of the last dynasty of Vietnam continued to hold this title until the French conquered Vietnam. The emperor, however, was then a puppet figure only and could easily be disposed of by the French for more pro-France figure. Japan took Vietnam from France and the

2209:. In 1248, Epirus recognized the Nicaean emperors, who subsequently recaptured Constantinople in 1261. The Trapezuntine emperor formally submitted in Constantinople in 1281, but frequently flouted convention by styling themselves emperor back in Trebizond thereafter. 1927:

defeated his rivals and restored single emperor rule, but following his death the empire was divided among his sons. For a time the concept was of one empire ruled by multiple emperors with varying territory under their control, however following the death of

1212:, thus linking themselves to Roman institutions and traditions as part of state ideology. Although initially ruling much of Central Europe and northern Italy, by the 19th century, the emperor exercised little power beyond the German-speaking states. 2644:

in the modern vernacular). The Roman component in the Bulgarian imperial title indicated both rule over Greek speakers and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the Romans, however this component was never recognised by the Byzantine court.

1517:, established his hegemony by collecting on himself offices, titles, and honours of Republican Rome that had traditionally been distributed to different people, concentrating what had been distributed power in one man. One of these offices was 3253:, conferred the additional title upon her by an Act of Parliament, reputedly to assuage the monarch's irritation at being, as a mere Queen, notionally inferior to the emperors of Russia, Germany, and Austria. That included her own daughter ( 2920:, subsequently approved by a plebiscite. His reign was marked by large scale public works, the development of social policy, and the extension of France's influence throughout the world. During his reign, he also set about creating the 2696:. Nevertheless, the Bulgarian imperial title was recognized by its neighbors and trading partners, including Byzantium, Hungary, Serbia, Venice, Genoa, Dubrovnik. 14th-century Bulgarian literary compositions saw the Bulgarian capital ( 3483:, but this title was used in Russia as equivalent to "King"; the error occurred when medieval Russian clerics referred to the biblical Jewish kings with the same title that was used to designate Roman and Byzantine rulers — "Caesar". 1633:

had died out. In this tradition Julius Caesar is sometimes described as the first Caesar/emperor (following Suetonius). This is one of the most enduring titles: Caesar and its transliterations appeared in every year from the time of

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Although the Emperor of Japan is classified as constitutional monarch among political scientists, the current constitution of Japan defines him only as 'a symbol of the nation' and no subsequent legislation states his status as the

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in Portugal, the Portuguese royal family returned to Europe (1821). Prince Pedro of Braganza (King João's older son) stayed in South America acting as regent of the local kingdom, but, two years later in 1822, he proclaimed himself

2039:, last Western Emperor. This change was a recognition of the reality that little remained of Imperial authority in the areas that had been the Western Empire, with even Rome and Italy itself now ruled by the essentially autonomous 1172:

to another ruler, or be restrained in his actions in some unequal fashion, but an emperor should in theory be completely free of such restraints. However, monarchs heading empires have not always used the title in all contexts—the

1733:. Soon thereafter "Imperator" became however a title reserved exclusively for the ruling monarch. This led to "Emperor" in English and, among other examples, "Empereur" in French and "Mbreti" in Albanian. The Latin feminine form 2314:

The Holy Roman emperor was considered the first among those in power. He was also the first defender of Christianity. From 1452 to the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 (except in the years 1742 to 1745) only members of the

1272:. Their status was officially recognized by the Holy Roman Emperor in 1514, although not officially used by the Russian monarchs until 1547. However, the Russian emperors are better known by their Russian-language title of 2894:. His title was a matter of dispute with the governor of St Helena, who insisted on addressing him as "General Bonaparte", despite the "historical reality that he had been an emperor" and therefore retained the title. 7719: 6349:, either in singular or plural forms (in English: Spain or Spains), was used to refer to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula, and not exclusively, as in modern usage, to the country of Spain, thus excluding Portugal. 3447:, grand prince of Moscow, who began championing the idea of Russia being the successor to the Byzantine Empire. This idea was represented more emphatically in the composition the monk Filofej addressed to their son 3261:). Hence, "Queen Victoria felt handicapped in the battle of protocol by not being an Empress herself". The Indian Imperial designation was also formally justified as the expression of Britain succeeding the former 5714:, Heavenly Emperor, the latter being derived from a Tang Chinese term referring to the Pole star around which all other stars revolve) began to be used. The earliest use of this term is found on a wooden slat, or 1661:, a semi-historical collection of emperors' biographies of the 2nd and 3rd century. This title also proved very enduring: after the fall of the Roman Empire, the title would be incorporated into the style of the 2359:. He wished to maintain his and his family's Imperial status in the event that the Holy Roman Empire should be dissolved, as it indeed was in 1806 when an Austrian-led army suffered a humiliating defeat at the 7709: 2669:, as claimed in later Bulgarian diplomatic correspondence. The Bulgarian imperial title "tsar" was adopted by all Bulgarian monarchs up to the fall of Bulgaria under Ottoman rule. Despite the attempt of Pope 3346:. Bismarck wanted to unify the rival German states to achieve his aim of a conservative, Prussian-dominated Germany. Three wars led to military successes and helped to convince German people to do this: the 4383:

Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of Mexico. By request of Parliament, the president of the regency

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for trade by the Ming emperor. However, the Shogun was a subject of the Japanese emperor. It was contrary to rules of tributary system, but the Ming emperor connived it for the purpose of suppressing the

1295:, used by the kings of Persia and others, are often considered as the equivalent. Sometimes this reference has even extended to non-monarchically ruled states and their spheres of influence, such as the 2665:

was again confirmed at the conclusion of permanent peace and a Bulgarian-Byzantine dynastic marriage in 927. In the meantime, the Bulgarian imperial title may have been also tacitly confirmed by the

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since the 15th century, and most of the other territories of the Empire had their own institutions and territorial history. There were some attempts at centralization, especially during the reign of

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might literally be translated as "emperordom" (on analogy with "kingdom") or "emperor-ship"; the term denotes specifically "the territory ruled by an emperor", and is thus somewhat more general than

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era. However, such "empires" did not need to be headed by an "emperor". "Empire" became identified instead with vast territorial holdings rather than the title of its ruler by the mid-18th century.

2391:), in name. According to the historian Friedrich Heer, the Austrian Habsburg emperor remained an "auctoritas" of a special kind. He was "the grandson of the Caesars", he remained the patron of the 1287:

Historians have liberally used "emperor" and "empire" anachronistically and out of its Roman and European context to describe any large state from the past or the present. Such pre-Roman titles as

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their home, which has been the only palace in North America to house sovereigns. After the withdrawal of French protection in 1867, Maximilian was captured and executed by the liberal forces of

2859:, was recognized by the Council of Peers, as Emperor from the moment of his father's abdication, and therefore reigned (as opposed to ruled) as Emperor for fifteen days, 22 June to 7 July 1815. 3625:. The "Greek" component in the Serbian imperial title indicates both rule over Greek speakers and the derivation of the imperial tradition from the Romans. A renegade Hungarian-Serb commander, 3613:

in modern Serbian). It was only employed by two monarchs in Serbia, Stefan Uroš IV Dušan and his son Stefan Uroš V, becoming extinct after the latter's death in 1371. A half-brother of Dušan,

2177:(Greece) intermittently continued to recognize the authority of the crusader emperors for another half century. Pretenders to the title continued among the European nobility until circa 1383. 2757:

emperor from at least 1673 onwards. The Ottomans insisted on this elevated style while refusing to recognize the Holy Roman emperors or the Russian tsars because of their rival claims of the

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titles were reserved to dead and/or mythological rulers. Since then, the title "king" became a lower ranked title, and later divided into two grades. Although not as popular, the title 王

431: 3502:". He based his claim partially upon a letter discovered in 1717 written in 1514 from Maximilian I to Vasili III, in which the Holy Roman Emperor used the term in referring to Vasili. 2072:. Byzantine period emperors also used the Greek word "autokrator", meaning "one who rules himself", or "monarch", which was traditionally used by Greek writers to translate the Latin 2031:). Although the empire was again subdivided and a co-emperor sent to Italy at the end of the fourth century, the office became unitary again only 95 years later at the request of the 6249:, finally settled for a tributary relationship with Vietnam. Vietnam sent tributary missions to China once in three years (with some periods of disruptions) until the 19th century, 5290:, and made himself Emperor as Bokassa I. The expenses of his coronation ceremony actually bankrupted the country. He was overthrown three years later and the republic was restored. 4376:, but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for a member of the 2430:(Hungary) were given self-government in 1867, the non-Hungarian portions were called the Empire of Austria. They were officially known as the "Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the 3149:

There was no consistent title for the king of England before 1066, and monarchs chose to style themselves as they pleased. Imperial titles were used inconsistently, beginning with

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during the fall of the Aztecs and fully emperor during the fall of the Incas. Incidentally by being king of Spain, he was also Roman (Byzantine) emperor in pretence through

1777:) these were rather used as part of the name of the emperor than as an indication of the office. Instead of developing a new name for the new type of monarchy, they used 6501: 5427:) which together or individually are imperial. Because of the cultural influence of China, China's neighbors adopted these titles or had their native titles conform in 2932:), to regain France's hold in the Americas and to achieve greatness for the 'Latin' race. Napoleon III was deposed on 4 September 1870, after France's defeat in the 2819:

on the balcony (a fictional addition, while she had not been present at the ceremony), the pope positioned near the altar, Napoleon proceeds to crown his then wife,

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in Greek-speaking part of the Roman Empire, but also here there is only partial overlap between the meaning of the original Greek and Latin concepts. For the Greeks

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in Japanese, but these are all just their respective pronunciations of the Chinese character 皇帝. But, the Japanese call only their emperors with the special title

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followed and after the death of his son Napoleon (IV), in 1879 during the Zulu War, the Bonapartist movement split, and the Third Republic was to last until 1940.

424: 5867:. Thus, the emperor is thought to be the highest authority of the Shinto religion, and one of his duties is to perform Shinto rituals for the people of Japan. 1334:

who are sovereigns—whether they be kings, queens, emperors, empresses, princes, princesses and presidents may be determined by the size and scope or time that

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was already in common usage as the Greek word for the Roman emperor, but its definition and sense was "King" in Greek, essentially equivalent with the Latin

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Kaimakamova, M., "Turnovo – New Constantinople: The Third Rome in the Fourteench-Century Bulgarian Translation of Constantine Manasses' Synopsis Chronike,"

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by the Congress of Vienna. After his final defeat, Napoleon was treated as a general by the British authorities during his second exile to Atlantic Isle of

3189: 3977: 4257: 3076: 417: 6804: 3188:, to emphasize that England had never accepted the quasi-imperial claims of the papacy. Hence England and, by extension its modern successor state, the 1932:

the rule was divided between his two sons and increasingly became separate entities. The areas administered from Rome are referred to by historians the

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dominant role in the Empire, to the point that even the emperors of Tlacopan and Texcoco would acknowledge Tenochtitlan's effective supremacy. Spanish

4365: 2414:, which in 1804 carried connotations of universal rule. Austria proper (as opposed to the complex of Habsburg lands as a whole) had been part of the 7676: 6636: 3659: 1549:("commander") that became the title increasingly favored by his successors. Previously bestowed on high officials and military commanders who had 7680: 6789: 6764: 6541: 6183:) in 968. Succeeding rulers in Vietnam then continued to use this Emperor title until 1806 when this title was stopped being used for a century. 6925: 2046:

These Later Roman "Byzantine" emperors completed the transition from the idea of the emperor as a semi-republican official to the emperor as an

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in the second half of the 1st century BC, at first there was no name for the title of the new type of monarch. Ancient Romans abhorred the name

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tradition is different from the Roman tradition, having arisen separately. What links them together is the use of the Chinese logographs 皇 (

3192:, is according to English law an Empire ruled by a King endowed with the imperial dignity. However, this has not led to the creation of the 2165:, as Emperor. However, Byzantine resistance to the new empire meant that it was in constant struggle to establish itself. Byzantine Emperor 3332:

Under the guise of idealism giving way to realism, German nationalism rapidly shifted from its liberal and democratic character in 1848 to

3161:(1102–1167) is the only English monarch commonly referred to as "emperor" or "empress", but she acquired her title through her marriage to 1683:

in 1453, although it gradually lost its imperial exclusivity. Augustus had (by his last will) granted the feminine form of this honorific (

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appeared in the title of all Roman monarchs through the extinction of the Empire in 1453. After the reign of Augustus' immediate successor

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to the throne. Puyi retained the title and attributes of a foreign emperor, as a personal status, until 1924. After the Japanese occupied

4431:, adopted Agustín's grandsons Agustin and Salvador as his heirs to bolster his claim to the throne of Mexico. Maximilian and Carlota made 3917: 3029:

The title was not exactly hereditary but self-proclaimed by those who had, wholly or partially, united the Christian northern part of the

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became the third emperor within a year. He was the last German emperor. After the empire's defeat in World War I the empire, called the

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With Constantinople occupied, claimants to the imperial succession styled themselves as emperor in the chief centers of resistance: The

3531: 2886:; the Allies declared an end to Napoleon's sovereignty over Elba on 25 March 1815, and on 31 March 1815 Elba was ceded to the restored 1035: 6431: 4327:, who made himself Jacques I, on 20 May 1805. He was assassinated the next year. Haiti again became an empire from 1849 to 1859 under 6282: 5257:

was restored to the throne but Victor Emmanuel did not relinquish his claim until 1943, even though he had no standing to the title.

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declared that 'this realm of England is an Empire...governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the

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Mladjov, I. S. R., "The Crown and the Veil: Titles, Spiritual Kinship, and Diplomacy in Tenth-Century Bulgaro-Byzantine Relations,"

5780:). The Diet acquired all prerogative powers of the Crown, reverting the latter to a ceremonial role. By 1979, after the short-lived 6837: 6245:

waged three wars against Vietnam to force it into a vassalage relationship but after successive failures, Kublai Khan's successor,

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wielded actual political power. In fact, through much of Japanese history, the emperor has been little more than a figurehead. The

5641:(昭和天皇), the last Japanese Emperor having ruled with prerogative powers, combined with assumption of divinity (photographed 1926). 5433:. Anyone who spoke to the emperor was to address the emperor as bìxià (陛下, lit. the "Bottom of the Steps"), corresponding to the 3670: 2450:

and the other kingdoms and lands represented in the Imperial Council established their independence or adhesion to other states.

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Although technically an elective title, by the late 16th century, the imperial title had in practice come to be inherited by the

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on 22 June 1948. Despite this, George VI continued as king of India until 1950 and as king of Pakistan until his death in 1952.

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in the same year. The position of Holy Roman Emperor nonetheless continued until Francis II abdicated that position in 1806. In

4827: 4802: 2629: 3427: 2598:, and with Russia (Kievan Rus', then Muscovy) led to the adoption of Byzantine imperial traditions in all of these countries. 7584: 7492: 7170: 7111: 7079: 7023: 6747: 4292: 4252:

In 1808, under a British naval escort, the fleet arrived in Brazil. Later, in 1815, the Portuguese Prince Regent (since 1816

3666: 3638: 7051:: The Idea of the Highest Universal Divine Ruler in the West and China". In Balbo, Andrea; Ahn, Jaewon; Kim, Kihoon (eds.). 4368:

on 15 September 1821, it was the intention of the Mexican parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the king of Spain,

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is a generic Nahuatl word for "speaker"; however, most English translators use "king" for their translation, thus rendering

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From the 14th century until the 19th century the Indian subcontinent was dominated by predominantly Muslim rulers like the

3247: 2292: 7736: 4392:. Agustín de Iturbide was the general who helped secure Mexican independence from Spanish rule, but was overthrown by the 2064:

changed the official language of the empire from Latin to Greek in AD 620. Basileus, a title which had long been used for

1864: 2427: 4195: 2944: 2791:

One of the most famous Imperial coronation ceremonies was that of Napoleon, crowning himself Emperor in the presence of

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One important distinction between the post Constantine I (reigned AD 306–337) emperors and their pagan predecessors was

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As of the early 21st century, Japan's succession law prohibits a female from ascending the throne. With the birth of a

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Napoleon relinquished the title of Emperor of the French on 6 April and again on 11 April 1814. Napoleon's infant son,

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Heer, Friedrich. Holy Roman Empire (2002); Lonnie Johnson "Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends" (2011), p. 81.

6448: 6054:. His reign as emperor lasted from 1206 to 1227 and he is considered by some to be the greatest conqueror of all time. 5140: 2555: 1416: 7748: 6814: 5349: 5159: 4626:

takes various forms depending on the language, and was used not only in Iran but also in countries surrounding Iran.

4521: 2761:. In short, it was an indirect insult by the Ottomans to the HRE and the Russians. The French kings also used it for 2574: 2097:) in the 10th. In fact, none of these (and other) additional epithets and titles had ever been completely discarded. 1435: 903: 7250: 5112: 4503: 3015: 2527: 1388: 7699: 5854:. Although current Japanese law prohibits female succession, all Japanese emperors claim to trace their lineage to 3965: 3957: 3468: 3297: 3231: 2398:

The title lasted just a little over one century until 1918, but it was never clear what territory constituted the "

2078:. Essentially, the Greek language did not incorporate the nuances of the Ancient Roman concepts that distinguished 1563:

is Latin for the authority to command, one of a various types of authority delineated in Roman political thought.)

509: 7758: 5728:. The reading 'Tennō' has become the standard title for the Japanese sovereign up to the present age. The term 帝 ( 2661:

in 924. Byzantine recognition of the imperial dignity of the Bulgarian monarch and the patriarchal dignity of the

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was created as a miniature non-hereditary monarchy under the exiled French Emperor Napoleon I. According to the

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the title read "Emperor and Autocrat of all Bulgarians and Greeks" (Цар и самодържец на всички българи и гърци,

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in Persian) since they had dominion over peoples from the borders of India to the borders of Greece and Egypt.

4499: 3547: 2872: 2787: 2534: 2512: 2458: 2154: 1395: 1373: 1247: 1028: 898: 676: 524: 6701:, Emmanuel De Las Cases, Tome III, page101, published by Jean De Bonnot, Libraire à l'enseigne du canon, 1969. 3865: 3785: 1883:

succeeded one another at short intervals. Three short lived secessionist attempts had their own emperors: the

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unified the country after defeating all the warlords and became the first ruler of Đại Việt to use the title

3394: 3258: 2423: 2300: 2228: 913: 4162:, and installed puppets as well. Atahualpa may actually be considered a usurper as he had achieved power by 3052: 6234: 6233:(大越). To avoid unnecessary armed conflicts, the Vietnamese rulers accepted this in diplomatic relation and 5596: 5299: 5254: 5242: 3274: 3130: 3100: 662: 494: 465: 17: 5521:

was overthrown in 1912. The title was briefly revived from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916 by President

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Imperator meant "(military) commander". In the late Republic, as in the early years of the new monarchy,

1605: 1402: 966: 5568:. In subsequent dynasties, when the distinction between wife and concubine became more accentuated, the 4038:

The Aztec and Inca traditions are unrelated to one another. Both were conquered under the reign of King

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due to the latter's position as visible head of the Church and spiritual leader of the Catholic part of

7670: 7621: 6998: 6168: 5541:, and Puyi became emperor of Manchukuo. This empire ceased to exist when it was occupied by the Soviet 4207: 4203: 3949: 3398: 3371: 3367: 3318: 3216: 3154: 2972: 2965: 2431: 2368: 2268: 1862:, ruling for most of the 2nd century, stabilised the empire. This epoch became known as the era of the 1629:"Caesar": this cognomen was adopted by all Roman emperors, exclusively by the ruling monarch after the 499: 470: 7661: 7214: 7147: 7507: 6942: 6922: 6346: 5831: 5827: 5526: 5273: 4416: 4299: 3989: 2662: 2466: 2341: 1876: 1851: 1495:, and it was critical to the political order to maintain the forms and pretenses of republican rule. 1021: 626: 5205:

style began a millennium earlier in this region, however, with the title being used by the kings of

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rejected the title of Emperor when offered. The only period when British monarchs held the title of

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A formal address to the ruling Russian monarch adopted thereafter was 'Your Imperial Majesty'. The

3254: 3197: 2988: 2728: 2508: 2252:) principle that regarded the Holy Roman emperors as the inheritors of the title of Emperor of the 2166: 1369: 741: 631: 38: 31: 7704:

Mladjov, I. S. R., "Between Byzantium and Rome: Bulgaria in the aftermath of the Photian Schism,"

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The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest

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Heads of states and governments: a worldwide encyclopedia of over 2,300 leaders, 1945 through 1992

6897:"Turkish And Ottoman Nobility And Royalty | Nobility Titles – Genuine Titles Of Nobility For Sale" 6281:

There have been many fictional emperors in movies and books. To see a list of these emperors, see

7780: 7655: 6017:), meaning "Bright and Martial". The Korean Empire lasted until 1910, when it was annexed by the 5804: 5320: 5086: 4773: 4631: 4488: 4324: 3347: 2637: 2611: 2501: 2261: 2150: 2120: 1859: 1835: 1362: 671: 7484:

Genghis Khan and the Quest for God: How the World's Greatest Conqueror Gave Us Religious Freedom

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Under the tributary system of China, monarchs of Korea and Vietnam sometimes called themselves

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The Byzantine Empire also produced three women who effectively governed the state: the Empress

1680: 1630: 908: 850: 796: 7622:"Vietnam: A Television History; America's Mandarin (1954–1963); Interview with Ngo Dinh Luyen" 7160: 7101: 7069: 6967: 4568:, king of Armenia, was named as the king of kings when he made his empire after defeating the 4385: 7522:"From civil war to uncivil peace: The Vietnamese army and the early Nguyễn state (1802–1841)" 7448: 7343: 6737: 6172: 5754: 4619:

dynasty in the 16th century. Iranian rulers were typically regarded in the West as emperors.

4580: 4408: 4369: 3725: 3513: 3169: 3007: 3000: 2937: 2921: 2856: 2836: 2778: 2438:)". The title of Emperor of Austria and the associated Empire were both abolished at the end 1281: 1243: 1129: 1111: 728: 561: 5758: 5279: 4665: 3621:, claimed the same title, until the latter's abdication in 1373, while ruling as dynasts in 1991:, reigning in the 6th century, parts of Italy were for a few decades (re)conquered from the 6411:[The Title of the Monarch of Japan: not the "King" but the "Emperor"] (in Japanese) 5792: 5573: 5437:"; shèngshàng (聖上, lit. Holy Highness); or wànsuì (万岁, lit. "You, of Ten Thousand Years"). 4737: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4361: 3849: 3543: 3448: 3387: 3383: 3363: 2913: 2903: 2617: 2470: 2415: 2360: 2348: 2253: 2153:

of the city, the conquerors declared a new "Empire of Romania", known to historians as the

1937: 1933: 1642: 1312: 1269: 1231: 1223: 1219: 838: 709: 699: 684: 611: 529: 358: 7024:

https://greekreporter.com/2019/01/30/the-astounding-immortal-story-of-alexander-the-great/

6127: 5679:, the emperors have an unbroken direct male lineage that goes back more than 2,600 years. 4996: 3629:, who claimed to be a descendant of Serbian and Byzantine rulers, styled himself Emperor. 2882:

On 26 February 1815, Napoleon abandoned Elba for France, reviving the French Empire for a

2379:. The new imperial title may have sounded less prestigious than the old one, but Francis' 8: 6034: 5600: 5246: 5229: 5180: 5065: 4932: 4860: 4852: 4553: 4253: 4047: 3717: 3432: 3359: 3351: 3185: 3181: 3084: 3056: 3037: 3019: 2933: 2845: 2806: 2800: 2782: 2678: 2206: 2198: 2065: 1747: 1684: 1582:. Other honorifics used by the Roman emperors have also come to be synonyms for Emperor: 1327: 1323: 1085: 950: 860: 714: 616: 566: 504: 6156: 6145: 6137: 5720:, unearthed in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in 1998. The slat dated back to the reign of 3757: 3688:

The full style of the Ottoman sultan once the empire's frontiers had stabilized became:

3583: 68: 7557: 7549: 7228: 7098: 6210: 6167:). However, after the death of Ngô Quyền, the country immersed in a civil war known as 6149: 6131: 6117: 5926: 5800: 5770: 4766: 4584: 4565: 4432: 4284: 4242: 4222: 4199: 4123: 4085: 4039: 3913: 3811: 3647: 3444: 3333: 3290: 3138: 2758: 2332: 2288: 2244: 2218: 2138: 2116: 1831: 1701: 1662: 1251: 1239: 1235: 1203: 1197: 988: 581: 6266: 4446:, Belgium, and Switzerland to Mexico. Maximilian's closest living agnatic relative is 2402:". When Francis took the title in 1804, the Habsburg lands as a whole were dubbed the 1621:"; in Hungarian it became "Császár", and several more variants. The name derived from 7775: 7580: 7561: 7541: 7488: 7454: 7297: 7290: 7270: 7166: 7162:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

7107: 7075: 6810: 6783: 6743: 6535: 6300: 6262: 5930: 5838:. Historically, Japan has had eight reigning empresses who used the genderless title 5812: 5762: 5499: 5445: 5188: 5133: 4975: 4965: 4719: 4447: 4412: 4393: 4373: 4340: 4328: 4273: 4269: 4226: 4190: 4155: 4144:

The only pre-Columbian South American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the

4043: 3873: 3765: 3721: 3703: 3674: 3606: 3472: 3464: 3440: 3422: 3337: 3220: 3104: 3088: 3080: 3064: 3030: 2992: 2929: 2693: 2689:

was specifically accused of improperly using the imperial title by his neighbor, the

2686: 2633: 2548: 2474: 2356: 2320: 2316: 2280: 2162: 2105: 1973: 1941: 1880: 1843: 1409: 1238:

and various territories outside the empire) had become nearly non-existent. However,

1227: 983: 657: 519: 514: 475: 448: 405: 50: 7143: 6487: 6408: 6358:

Agostino never saw the Sultan, but probably did see and sketch the helmet in Venice.

4345: 3572: 2337: 7731:

Prinzing, G., "Der Brief Kaiser Heinrichs von Konstantinopel vom 13. Januar 1212,"

7533: 7262: 6332: 6089: 6069: 5998: 5744: 5634: 5625: 5400: 5206: 5192: 5048: 5036: 4870: 4812: 4784: 4712: 4539: 4404: 4377: 4315: 4238: 4234: 4111: 4073: 4059: 3929: 3576: 3567: 3527: 3491: 3375: 3278: 3239: 3224: 3126: 3072: 2816: 2587: 2257: 2190: 2047: 2008: 1945: 1892: 1888: 1676: 1657: 1614: 1519: 1186: 1153: 933: 689: 543: 317: 181: 6871: 6199: 6039: 5638: 5498:(king or prince) was still used by many monarchs and dynasties in China up to the 4436: 4211: 3937: 3737: 2741: 1322:

For purposes of protocol, the size and scope of a kingdom or empire may determine

7482: 6929: 6331:

Before the emergence of the modern country of Spain (beginning with the union of

6250: 6214: 6018: 6002: 5990: 5881: 5835: 5041:

When the British monarchs ruled over India, they adopted the additional title of

4987: 4971: 4948: 4924: 4730: 4697: 4569: 4535: 4007: 3941: 3889: 3881: 3845: 3697: 3487: 3355: 3326: 3282: 3208: 3158: 3116: 2399: 2392: 2276: 2112: 1869: 1855: 1696: 1635: 1523:, ("first man of the Senate") and became changed into Augustus' chief honorific, 1296: 1277: 1115: 1107: 1103: 1011: 993: 818: 803: 374: 83: 7210: 5725: 5670: 5362: 3817: 2875:, Napoleon I was allowed to enjoy the imperial title for life. The islands were 1503:, an acknowledged and traditional office in Republican Rome. Caesar was not the 6311: 5885: 5176: 5008: 4604: 4443: 4230: 4163: 3997: 3953: 3897: 3857: 3833: 3821: 3651: 3580: 3563: 3520: 3480: 3476: 3322: 3309: 3270: 3243: 3177: 2977: 2811: 2754: 2708: 2701: 2697: 2443: 2284: 2146: 2074: 2024: 1949: 1839: 1821: 1706: 1595: 1587: 1500: 1481: 1468: 1331: 1300: 1255: 1209: 1193: 1178: 1174: 1149: 1075: 889: 808: 762: 704: 234: 208: 169: 6736:

Appelbaum, Nancy P.; Macpherson, Anne S.; Rosemblatt, Karin Alejandra (2003).

6269:, who was deposed after the war, although he later served as head of state of 5682:

In ancient Japan, the earliest titles for the sovereign were either ヤマト大王/大君 (

5253:. After the defeat of the Italians by the British and the Ethiopians in 1941, 4970:

From 1206 to 1526 most of the Indian subcontinent was dominated by the Muslim

3614: 3405:, had a president as head of state instead of an emperor. The use of the word 2912:, resurrected the title of emperor on 2 December 1852, after establishing the 2085:

In general usage, the Byzantine imperial title evolved from simply "emperor" (

7769: 7545: 7537: 7409: 7317: 7274: 7266: 6270: 6085: 6051: 5994: 5983: 5965: 5889: 5777: 5766: 5747:

often kept power over a child-emperor as de facto regent. For a long time, a

5721: 5702: 5662: 5483: 5441: 5409: 5043: 5020: 5016: 5000: 4917: 4898: 4866: 4856: 4748: 4651: 4623: 4543: 4463: 4065: 3945: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3801: 3793: 3789: 3379: 3314: 3262: 2792: 2746: 2690: 2419: 2132: 2016: 2007:

Historians generally refer to the continuing Roman Empire in the east as the

1924: 1884: 1718: 1622: 1579: 1514: 1504: 1496: 1473: 1454: 1308: 1292: 1057: 813: 791: 766: 596: 400: 136: 131: 126: 6563:

Lonnie Johnson "Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends" (2011), p. 118.

6246: 5820: 4127: 3825: 3618: 3498:", which is a westernizing form equivalent to the traditional Slavic title " 2383:

continued to rule from Austria and a Habsburg monarch was still an emperor (

1830:

Orthodox countries claiming to be the successors of Rome/Byzantium, such as

1555:, Augustus reserved it exclusively to himself as the ultimate holder of all 6590:

Charters of Ivan Alexander and Ivan Shishman, in Petkov 2008: 500, 506–507.

6554:

Friedrich Heer "Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität" (1981), p. 259.

6380: 6238: 6105: 6081: 6077: 6043: 5569: 5518: 4928: 4892: 4808: 4708: 4400: 4264: 4120: 4089: 4088:, which along with their allies and tributaries are popularly known as the 4077: 4028: 3869: 3829: 3761: 3693: 3590: 3467:

since 1489 resulted in the granting of this recognition in 1514 by Emperor

3410: 3402: 3036:

After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the legitimate heir to the throne,

2883: 2670: 2101: 2036: 2032: 1953: 1929: 1737:

only developed after "Imperator" had taken on the connotation of "Emperor".

1714: 1534: 1507:

to hold it, but following his assassination the term was abhorred in Rome.

1492: 1304: 1061: 576: 229: 193: 141: 116: 111: 6650: 4389: 4115:

alliance. Despite the nominal equality, Tenochtitlan eventually assumed a

3390:, to the humiliation of the French, who ceased to resist only days later. 2367:

by severing a good portion from the empire and turning it into a separate

1825:

concept ("the one with unlimited power"), before it came to mean Emperor.

6993: 6502:"Heiliges Römisches Reich : Geschichte der staatlichen Emanzipation" 6258: 6242: 6060: 5656: 5561: 5522: 5454: 5449: 5210: 4755: 4679: 4260:, as a union of three kingdoms, lifting Brazil from its colonial status. 4168: 4151: 4003: 3626: 3452: 3342: 3141:

in northern Wales, but all his successors were titled kings and princes.

2809:

commemorating the event is equally famous: the gothic cathedral restyled

2439: 2371:. With the size of his imperial realm significantly reduced, Francis II, 2272: 1988: 1666: 1182: 1141: 880: 845: 748: 736: 601: 7654: 7553: 7521: 7071:

The New Muslims of Post-Conquest Iran: Tradition, Memory, and Conversion

6265:

by the Japanese in March 1945. The line of emperors came to an end with

5172: 4221:

ordered the invasion of Portugal in 1807 because it refused to join the

4032: 1144:, considered in those times equal or almost equal in dignity to that of 1006: 7130:

Life and Culture in Ancient India: From the Earliest Times to 1000 A.D.

6921:

Lockhart (2001, p.238); Schroeder (2007, p. 3). See also the entry for

6294: 6195: 6047: 5553: 5416: 5334: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4600: 4459: 4166:

and he did not perform the required coronation with the imperial crown

4023: 4000:, it was generally accepted by Westerners that he had imperial status. 2891: 2515: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2158: 1992: 1911: 1903: 1741: 1734: 1722: 1539: 1376: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1288: 970: 960: 955: 694: 556: 148: 6637:"Bulgaria's Former King and PM Simeon II Celebrates his 80th Birthday" 3512:

The title has not been used in Russia since the abdication of Emperor

2590:'s close cultural and political interaction with its Balkan neighbors 2363:. After which, the victorious Napoleon proceeded to dismantle the old 1751:(βασιλεύς): although the Greeks used equivalents of "Caesar" (Καῖσαρ, 7579:, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, p. 67, 6572:

Anatol Murad "Franz Joseph I of Austria and his Empire." (1968) p. 1.

5856: 5666: 5577: 5565: 5538: 5534: 4159: 4146: 4139: 3969: 3909: 3901: 3893: 3877: 3773: 3506: 3451:. In 1480, after ending Muscovy's dependence on its overlords of the 3150: 2658: 2636:

outside the Byzantine capital. In its final expanded form, under the

2061: 2012: 1936:

and those under the immediate authority of Constantinople called the

1920: 1788: 1691: 1647: 1600: 1545: 1458: 1335: 1080: 855: 753: 636: 591: 571: 395: 291: 286: 276: 260: 95: 7574: 7450:

The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea

7412:

or equates the Crown synonymously with any government establishment.

5749: 5552:, 皇后) at one time, although posthumous entitlement to empress for a 5309: 5075: 4473: 4442:

This empire led to French influence in the Mexican culture and also

3643: 2490: 1948:. The subdivisions and co-emperor system were formally abolished by 1609:). This tradition continued in many languages: in German it became " 1351: 1124:). Emperors are generally recognized to be of the highest monarchic 7318:"Manchukuo | puppet state created by Japan in China [1932]" 6341: 6305: 6122: 5982:). Goryeo's imperial system ended in 1270 with capitulation to the 5896: 5864: 5796: 5785: 5542: 5405: 5024: 4991: 4841: 4703: 4671: 4608: 4218: 4116: 4081: 3973: 3925: 3777: 3741: 3678: 3622: 3266: 3212: 2983: 2827: 2591: 2447: 2426:. These efforts were finalized in the early 19th century. When the 2352: 2194: 2186: 2056: 2028: 2020: 1999:, featuring the Byzantine emperor in the center, can be admired at 1907: 1799: 1773: 1730: 1671: 1626: 1571: 1551: 1525: 1510: 1488: 1316: 1216: 1120: 1053: 978: 938: 621: 606: 586: 455: 379: 322: 301: 281: 271: 224: 219: 176: 153: 5383: 5228:

translates as Empress, and was used by the only reigning Empress,

4249:, the Portuguese fleet had already left with all the local elite. 3026:

was the only one who actually had an imperial coronation in 1135.

1048: 30:

This article is about the monarchical office. For other uses, see

7177:

Pravarasena I was the only Vakataka king with the imperial title

6141: 5901: 4833:

Those monarchs, who could bring under subjection many kings like

4644: 4640: 4616: 4050:. The translations of their titles were provided by the Spanish. 3921: 3905: 3885: 3809: 3805: 3769: 3709: 3523:

produced four reigning Empresses, all in the eighteenth century.

3134: 2796: 2762: 2380: 2223: 2040: 2000: 1957: 1804: 1169: 1164: 893: 551: 390: 353: 348: 239: 6314: – Self-proclaimed Emperor of the United States (1818–1880) 6202:

also claimed this title. However, their rules were short-lived.

5630: 6336: 6144:

to take the title of Emperor (Hoàng Đế) was the founder of the

6073: 6065: 6030: 5960: 5937: 5861: 5716: 5648: 5604: 5584:, 皇帝). Wu Zetian then reigned for about 15 years (AD 690–705). 4913: 4815: 4725: 4690: 4246: 3933: 3861: 3781: 3749: 3733: 3711: 3682: 3602: 3598: 3463:). His insistence on recognition as such by the emperor of the 2766: 2716: 2595: 2232: 2202: 2142: 2093:) in the 9th century, to "emperor and autocrat of the Romans" ( 1996: 1610: 1530: 1529:("first citizen") from which the modern English word and title 1259: 1137: 1125: 1093: 943: 885: 783: 369: 343: 327: 296: 198: 164: 4068:

North American rulers to be commonly called emperors were the

2653:), was eventually recognized, as "Emperor of the Bulgarians" ( 1983: 1906:(27 BC – 284 AD) period was succeeded by what is known as the 1721:(head or commander of the entire army). For example, in AD 15 1713:

was a title granted to Roman generals by their troops and the

6735: 5922: 5807:

was pregnant with her third child, the proposal to alter the

5776:

After World War II, all claims of divinity were dropped (see

5613: 5429: 5004: 4779: 4743: 4320: 3797: 3753: 3729: 2411: 2174: 1792: 1778: 1766: 1756: 1543:

for this reason. However, it was the informal descriptive of

332: 312: 250: 7054:

Empire and Politics in the Eastern and Western Civilizations

6468:, second edition (Cambridge: University Press, 1993), p. 74. 5765:

restored practical abilities and the political system under

5365:

is the title of emperors in East Asia. An emperor is called

2347:

The first Austrian Emperor was the last Holy Roman Emperor,

1787:, only partly overlapping with the modern understanding of " 1463: 5826:

Emperor Naruhito is the 126th monarch according to Japan's

5698:, Grand King who rules all under heaven, used internally). 5530: 4834: 4761: 4685: 4657: 4548: 3594: 3456: 3397:

who was only emperor for 99 days. In the same year his son

2917: 2868: 2724: 2666: 2621: 2296: 1618: 1273: 1200:, whose imperial authority was derived from the concept of 1145: 1133: 255: 203: 188: 106: 90: 7726:

The Voices of Medieval Bulgaria, Seventh-Fifteenth Century

7344:"JAPANESE EMPEROR AND IMPERIAL FAMILY | Facts and Details" 6765:"History of Styles and Titles Part IV: Emperor of Britain" 6140:(40–43, 544–602, 938–1407, 1427–1945) (The first ruler of 5788:

was the only monarch in the world with the title emperor.

5564:. The emperor would generally select the empress from his 4859:

is referred to as the first emperor of the mostly unified

4130:

and installed puppet rulers who became vassals for Spain.

3018:

took the title in 1077. It then passed to his son-in-law,

2473:(1916–1918). The current head of the House of Habsburg is 7251:"Elite Distinction and Regime Change: The Ethiopian Case" 6108:

in 1368 are normally referred to as emperors in English.

6104:). Only the Khagans from Genghis Khan to the fall of the 5917:), literally translated as "Greatest King". The title of 5743:(皇帝) is usually used for foreign emperors. Historically, 5572:

would have chosen an empress-designate before his reign.

5470:("sage-king", 帝), and referred to legendary/mythological 4283:

The empire came to an end in 1889, with the overthrow of

4280:—a purely honorific title—until João VI's death in 1826. 2943:

The role of head of the House of Bonaparte is claimed by

1102:, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife ( 4403:(see above), in alliance with Mexican conservatives and 3180:

of the same'. This was in the context of the divorce of

3121:

In the late 3rd century, by the end of the epoch of the

1208:, i.e., they claimed succession to the authority of the 3992:

in 1453, the Ottoman sultans began to style themselves

3479:

on 16 January 1547. The word "Tsar" derives from Latin

2830:, who was already First Consul of the French Republic ( 6838:"Treaty of Frankfurt am Main ends Franco-Prussian War" 6517:"August 6, 1806. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire" 6253:

France replaced China in control of northern Vietnam.

6050:

or Emperor of the largest land empire in history, the

5474:

living several millennia earlier, of which three were

4572:. Georgian title "mephet'mephe" has the same meaning. 2050:. Of particular note was the translation of the Latin 1819:

was not a military title, and was closer to the Latin

1326:

in international diplomatic relations, but currently,

7021:

The Astounding, Immortal Story of Alexander the Great

6308: – Ruler of a Mesoamerican āltepētl (city-state) 6297: – Roman prestige; contrast with power, imperium 6186:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh was not the first to claim the title of 5993:, the king of Joseon, proclaimed the founding of the 5815:. On 3 January 2007, as the child turned out to be a 5580:, and she used the same Chinese title as an emperor ( 5233: 5223: 5217: 5196: 4276:. He did, however, recognize his father, João VI, as 2673:

to limit the Bulgarian monarch to the title of King (

2169:

succeeded in recapturing Constantinople in 1261. The

1160:

whose title is translated into English as "Emperor".

4388:

was proclaimed emperor of Mexico on 12 July 1822 as

3722:

Successor of the Prophet of the Lord of the Universe

3277:

provided for the abolition of the use of the title "

3190:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3010:

conquered Leon in 1034 and began using it. His son,

5100:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4258:

United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves

2753:in diplomatic correspondence and treaties with the 2707:After Bulgaria obtained full independence from the 1811:was essentially used as a translation of the Latin 1196:, the title of Emperor was used exclusively by the 1114:), or a woman who rules in her own right and name ( 7665:. Vol. VIII (9th ed.). pp. 179–180. 7289: 7227: 3439:In 1472, the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, 1755:) and "Augustus" (in two forms: transliterated as 7230:Peasant state and society in medieval South India 6088:in 1206; he also formally took the Chinese title 6064:, a Chinese history book, records that the title 5830:. The second and third in line of succession are 1578:was transformed into the act of accession to the 1268:to wield imperial authority as successors to the 7767: 5591:in their country. They introduced themselves as 5537:in 1931, they proclaimed it to be the Empire of 5517:The imperial title continued in China until the 5249:after Ethiopia was occupied by Italy during the 4364:was the first of two empires created. After the 3673:denoting their Imperial status. These included: 3386:as German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors at the 3296:The last Empress of India was George VI's wife, 3238:in a dynastic succession started when the title 3083:, who became Emperor, in 1822, his father, King 3022:in 1109. His stepson and Alfonso VI's grandson, 2867:Since 3 May 1814, the Sovereign Principality of 2711:in 1908, its monarch, who was previously styled 2323:is currently the head of the House of Habsburg. 5803:. However, shortly after the announcement that 5548:In general, an emperor would have one empress ( 4830:) was the title of the emperor of that system. 4237:(Napoleon I arrested them and made his brother 4158:, conquered the Inca for Spain, killed Emperor 3071:After the independence and proclamation of the 3003:were called emperors in a contemporary source. 2649:by claiming the title "Emperor of the Romans" ( 1341: 1140:, the title of Emperor has been used since the 1064:, reigning from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. 5732:, Emperor) is also found in literary sources. 5674: 5669:'s grandson Ninigi who descended from Heaven ( 5654: 5646: 5556:was not uncommon. The earliest known usage of 3014:also took the title in 1039. Ferdinand's son, 1052:Gaius Octavianus Caesar "Augustus", or simply 37:"Empress" redirects here. For other uses, see 7575:Tuyet Nhung Tran, Anthony J. S. Reid (2006), 7181:; the others had the relatively modest title 7042: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7032: 5286:, proclaimed the country to be an autocratic 5260:The current head of the Solomonic dynasty is 4560:after conquering Persia, bringing the phrase 3701: 2242:of the Romans' title was a reflection of the 2023:in AD 330. (The city is more commonly called 1717:after a great victory, roughly comparable to 1226:, their control over the states (outside the 1029: 425: 7749:Ian Mladjov's site at University of Michigan 7675:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7249:Vadala, Alexander Attilio (1 January 2011). 7225: 6677:, Vincent Cronin, p419, HarperCollins, 1994. 6283:Category of fictional emperors and empresses 6012: 6006: 5977: 5971: 5951: 5945: 5912: 5906: 5795:as the first child of the then-Crown Prince 5458:(始皇帝), which translates as "first emperor". 5201:, literally "King of Kings". The use of the 4912:as a secular monarch appear in reference to 4042:who was simultaneously emperor-elect of the 3393:After his death he was succeeded by his son 3087:briefly held the honorific style of Titular 1655:itself. Exceptions include the title of the 7480: 6788:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6762: 6540:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6514: 6171:that lasted for over 20 years. In the end, 5823:announced that he would drop the proposal. 4502:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4423:. The childless Maximilian and his consort 4210:at the opening of the General Assembly, by 4018: 4013: 3509:was addressed as 'Your Imperial Highness'. 3382:with the proclamation of the Prussian king 2173:, a vassal state the empire had created in 1263: 1201: 7679:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 7093: 7091: 7046: 7029: 6968:"Mexican Historical Figures: Maximilian I" 5963:(918–1392) used the titles of emperor and 5694:, King of Wa, used externally), or 治天下大王 ( 5525:and again in early July 1917 when General 4415:, younger brother of the Austrian Emperor 4411:, and invited Archduke Maximilian, of the 4179: 3532:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia 2731:is the former Tsar Simeon II of Bulgaria. 2642:Car i samodăržec na vsički bălgari i gărci 2303:; all emperors after him were technically 1956:last Western Emperor and the ascension of 1858:reigned for three decades. The succeeding 1036: 1022: 432: 418: 7453:. Duke University Press. pp. 24–26. 7074:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 7068:Savant, Sarah Bowen (30 September 2013). 5850:(中宮). There is ongoing discussion of the 5350:Learn how and when to remove this message 5267: 5160:Learn how and when to remove this message 4522:Learn how and when to remove this message 3552:Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia 3455:, Ivan III began the usage of the titles 3129:, reigning for about a decade. After the 2832:Premier Consul de la République française 2575:Learn how and when to remove this message 2256:, despite the continued existence of the 2019:would elevate to the Imperial capital as 1978: 1436:Learn how and when to remove this message 7198:"RBSE Class 7 English Vocabulary Gender" 7165:. Pearson Education India. p. 482. 7097: 6872:"TheOttomans.org – The Ottomans History" 6802: 6235:used the title Emperor only domestically 6213:requested canonization from the Chinese 6159:as an independent state, used the title 6121: 6038: 5880: 5852:Japanese Imperial succession controversy 5629: 5404: 5171: 4995: 4344: 4302:is disputed between two branches of the 4287:(Pedro I's son and successor), when the 4194: 4022: 3642: 3571: 3426: 3313: 3207: 3051: 2786: 2457:of the Austrian Empire (1804–1918) were 2336: 2222: 2180: 2149:. Following the tragedy of the horrific 1982: 1910:(284 AD – 527 AD), during which Emperor 1729:during the reign of his adoptive father 1462: 1336:each one has been continuously in office 1177:did not assume the title Empress of the 1047: 7088: 6739:Race and nation in modern Latin America 6455:CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95–187. 5940:(698–926) internally called themselves 5842:, rather than the female consort title 5529:attempted to restore last Qing emperor 5293: 5216:Another title used by this dynasty was 2987:) is murky. It was associated with the 2897: 2355:, Francis feared for the future of the 14: 7768: 7519: 7398:Henry Kissinger on China. 2011, p. 79. 7386:ご存知ですか 3月2日は飛鳥池遺跡で「天皇」木簡が出土したと発表された日です 7248: 7126: 7067: 6712:"The Second French Empire (1852–1870)" 5739:is restricted to Japan's own monarch; 5673:). If one believes what is written in 4791: 3888:(the European part of the Empire), of 2772: 2307:, but were universally referred to as 1868:, and was followed by the short-lived 1537:, from 27 BC to AD 284, is called the 1533:is descended. The first period of the 1448: 7649: 7598: 7481:Weatherford, Jack (25 October 2016). 7287: 7219: 7158: 6406: 5811:was suspended by then-Prime Minister 5502:in the 19th century. 王 is pronounced 4886: 4450:, the head of the House of Habsburg. 4323:was declared an empire by its ruler, 4263:After the fall of Napoleon I and the 3639:List of Sultans of the Ottoman Empire 2480: 2082:from other forms of political power. 2015:, the original name of the town that 1594: 7133:Lakshmi Narain Agarwal. p. 130. 7127:Luniya, Bhanwarlal Nathuram (1978). 7106:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 166. 6080:of khans or grand khan) was held by 5665:, who is said to be a descendant of 5576:produced only one reigning empress, 5332:adding citations to reliable sources 5303: 5098:adding citations to reliable sources 5069: 4880:The title for an empress regnant is 4675:, used in Macedonia, Byzantine, etc. 4500:adding citations to reliable sources 4467: 4399:In 1863, the invading French, under 2999:866–910). The last two kings of its 2954: 2844:) on 18 May 1804, thus creating the 2513:adding citations to reliable sources 2484: 2212: 1374:adding citations to reliable sources 1345: 1246:in 1804 and was shortly followed by 61:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe 7754:Monarchs (chronology and genealogy) 7706:Byzantine Studies/Études Byzantines 7234:. Oxford University Press. p. 6689:, Frank McLynn, p644, Pimlico 1998. 5735:In the Japanese language, the word 4583:) was ousted in 1979 following the 2428:Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen 2137:In 1204 Constantinople fell to the 2095:basileus kai autokratōr tōn Rōmaiōn 1967: 24: 7643: 7601:"Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) •" 7446: 7288:Lentz, Harris M (1 January 1994). 6378: 6261:-occupied Vietnam was declared an 5486:, abolishing the system where the 4955: 4796: 4611:dynasties, and often shortened to 4154:(1438–1533). Spanish conquistador 2326: 25: 7807: 7742: 6409:"天皇はなぜ「王（キング）」ではなく「皇帝（エンペラー）」なのか" 6407:Uyama, Takuei (23 October 2019). 6276: 5899:(37 BC–AD 668) used the title of 5686:, Grand King of Yamato), 倭王/倭国王 ( 5645:The earliest emperor recorded in 4542:, Persian rulers used the title " 4380:to accede to the Mexican throne. 3990:Ottoman capture of Constantinople 3744:(Emperor) of The Three Cities of 3632: 3203: 3061:King of Portugal and the Algarves 2126: 1952:in 480 AD following the death of 1803:, until then the usual name for " 904:Biology and political orientation 7341: 6763:liamfoley63 (12 November 2019). 6453:Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije 6429: 5921:was also used by some rulers of 5452:at the time, proclaimed himself 5308: 5232:, along with the official title 5074: 4981: 4974:, whose monarchs used the title 4564:to Greek. It is also known that 4472: 3982:many others countries and cities 3978:all the dependencies and borders 3303: 3298:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother 3110: 2719:, took the traditional title of 2624:, originally more fully Tsesar, 2489: 2351:. In the face of aggressions by 1350: 1299:of the late 5th century BC, the 1092:) can mean the male ruler of an 1005: 209:Prince-elector, Princess-elector 67: 7614: 7592: 7568: 7513: 7501: 7474: 7440: 7429: 7415: 7401: 7392: 7377: 7361: 7335: 7310: 7281: 7242: 7204: 7190: 7152: 7137: 7120: 7061: 7013: 6986: 6960: 6935: 6915: 6889: 6864: 6855: 6830: 6806:Queen Victoria: Born to Succeed 6796: 6756: 6742:. UNC Press Books. p. 88. 6729: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6643: 6629: 6620: 6611: 6602: 6593: 6584: 6575: 6566: 6557: 6548: 6466:The Last Centuries of Byzantium 6352: 6325: 6225:and the name of the country as 5828:traditional order of succession 5801:considered abandoning that rule 5595:for China and other countries ( 5319:needs additional citations for 5085:needs additional citations for 4241:king). When the French general 4076:) of the Mexica city-states of 4053: 3374:, supported by its allies from 3285:, but this was not executed by 3174:Statute in Restraint of Appeals 2681:considered himself an Emperor ( 2500:needs additional citations for 2387:), and not just merely a king ( 1946:Later Roman or Byzantine Empire 1361:needs additional citations for 7296:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 7047:Malinowski, Gościwit (2022). " 6508: 6494: 6480: 6471: 6458: 6442: 6423: 6400: 6372: 6209:In 1802 the newly established 6155:Ngô Quyền, the first ruler of 6100: 6013: 6007: 5978: 5972: 5952: 5946: 5913: 5907: 5030: 5019:, whose rulers used the title 4901:imperialism was also known as 4453: 4133: 4031:of the Aztec Empire wearing a 3548:Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen 3534:(Great-great-granddaughter of 3490:was proclaimed Emperor by the 3196:of Emperor in England, nor in 3093:His Imperial and Royal Majesty 3016:Alfonso VI of León and Castile 2873:Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814) 2287:elected one of their peers as 2155:Latin Empire of Constantinople 2089:) to "emperor of the Romans" ( 1248:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 899:Theories of political behavior 525:Political history of the world 13: 1: 7577:Việt Nam Borderless Histories 7510:; "「丘豆伐」猶魏言駕馭開張也，「可汗」猶魏言皇帝也。" 6651:"Napoleon and War in 1804–05" 6515:liamfoley63 (6 August 2020). 6365: 5757:, but made hereditary) or an 5696:amenoshita shiroshimesu ōkimi 4006:is currently the head of the 3597:) and was crowned as such at 3475:emphatically crowned himself 3350:against Denmark in 1864, the 3200:, nor in the United Kingdom. 2834:) for life, declared himself 2801:Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris 2700:) as a successor of Rome and 2424:Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 914:Critique of political economy 6803:Longford, Elizabeth (1972). 6699:Le Mémorial de Sainte Hélène 6464:Nicol, Donald MacGillivray, 6451:, "Avtokrator i samodržac", 5597:Emperor at home, king abroad 5300:Emperor at home, king abroad 4777:, the king of kings form of 4759:, the king of kings form of 4741:, the king of kings form of 4723:, the king of kings form of 4701:, the king of kings form of 4683:, the king of kings form of 4669:, the king of kings form of 4655:, the king of kings form of 4635:, the king of kings form of 3810: 3710: 3671:many titles and appellations 3593:proclaimed himself Emperor ( 3494:. The title used was Latin " 3275:Indian Independence Act 1947 3131:end of Roman rule in Britain 2295:before being crowned by the 1675:continued to be used in the 1669:, and its Greek translation 1342:Roman and Byzantine emperors 1163:Both emperors and kings are 495:Outline of political science 194:Crown prince, Crown princess 7: 7599:Hurst, Ryan (20 May 2009). 7423:"Japan Imperial Succession" 7057:. De Gruyter. pp. 7–8. 6386:Online Etymology Dictionary 6288: 6024: 5675: 5655: 5647: 5251:Second Italo-Abyssinian War 5234: 5224: 5218: 5197: 5059: 4366:declaration of independence 4110:The Triple Alliance was an 3940:(Theodosia) and of all the 3163:Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor 3103:is the current head of the 3047: 3040:, willed away his claim to 2657:) by the Byzantine Emperor 2630:Patriarch of Constantinople 2628:) of his own people by the 2601: 2271:onward, much of the former 2035:and following the death of 10: 7812: 7651:Bryce, James, 1st Viscount 7436:New Book of Tang, vol. 209 6999:World History Encyclopedia 6169:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 6130:, the 12th Emperor of the 6115: 6111: 6046:was the founder and first 6028: 5997:(1897–1910), becoming the 5925:(57 BC–AD 935), including 5874: 5623: 5398: 5297: 5271: 5241:In 1936, the Italian king 5063: 5034: 4985: 4959: 4908:The first references to a 4890: 4800: 4599:for ancient rulers of the 4457: 4413:House of Habsburg-Lorraine 4338: 4313: 4298:Today the headship of the 4188: 4137: 4057: 3948:, of the City and Fort of 3698:The Sublime House of Osman 3636: 3605:1346 by the newly created 3589:In 1345, the Serbian King 3561: 3420: 3372:North German Confederation 3307: 3257:, who was the wife of the 3217:King of the United Kingdom 3155:Norman conquest of England 3153:in 930 and ended with the 3144: 3114: 2973:Imperator totius Hispaniae 2966:Imperator totius Hispaniae 2963: 2901: 2776: 2723:, this time translated as 2605: 2369:Confederation of the Rhine 2330: 2319:were Holy Roman emperors. 2216: 2130: 1971: 1793: 1779: 1767: 1757: 1452: 1185:, though she was declared 500:Index of politics articles 36: 29: 7759:Monarchs (more genealogy) 7708:4 (n.s.) (1999) 173–181. 6943:"Jean-Jacques Dessalines" 6347:Iberian Romance languages 6339:in 1492), the Latin word 6095: 5860:, the Sun Goddess of the 5832:Fumihito, Prince Akishino 5482:. Thus Ying Zheng became 5274:Emperor of Central Africa 5054: 4591:is usually translated as 4556:probably crowned himself 4425:Empress Carlota of Mexico 4334: 4304:House of Orléans-Braganza 4278:Titular Emperor of Brazil 4233:to avoid the fate of the 4184: 3786:the Arab and Persian Iraq 3718:Commander of the faithful 3557: 3542:(great-great-grandson of 3416: 2924:(headed by his choice of 2734: 2342:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1964:King of Italy in 476 AD. 1877:Crisis of the 3rd century 1852:Year of the Four Emperors 1566:Beginning with Augustus, 149:Grand duke, Grand duchess 7538:10.1177/0967828X16649042 7526:South East Asia Research 7267:10.1163/156913311X590664 6318: 6094:, as "Genghis Emperor" ( 6072:are the same. The title 5968:of the East of the Ocean 5870: 5619: 5394: 5284:Central African Republic 5262:Zera Yacob Amha Selassie 4962:List of sultans of Delhi 4355:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 4309: 4300:Imperial House of Brazil 4164:killing his half-brother 4019:Pre-Columbian traditions 4014:Emperors in the Americas 3912:, of the two regions of 3876:(Mediterranean Sea), of 3656:Suleiman the Magnificent 3526:The role of head of the 3409:was abandoned following 3246:. The government led by 3125:in Rome, there were two 3097:Treaty of Rio de Janeiro 2970:The origin of the title 2959: 2945:Jean-Christophe Napoléon 2821:Joséphine de Beauharnais 2729:Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 2167:Michael VIII Palaiologos 39:Empress (disambiguation) 32:Emperor (disambiguation) 7662:Encyclopædia Britannica 7520:Dutton, George (2016). 7322:Encyclopedia Britannica 7215:Encyclopædia Britannica 7159:Singh, Upinder (2008). 7148:Encyclopædia Britannica 6617:Prinzing 1973: 420–421. 6488:"The Holy Roman Empire" 6217:and received the title 5753:(formally the imperial 4845:, claimed the title of 4444:immigration from France 4325:Jean-Jacques Dessalines 4229:moved their capital to 4180:Post-Columbian Americas 3976:(Moldavia), as well as 3756:, and of the Cities of 3471:to Vasili III. His son 3366:in 1870–71. During the 3348:Second war of Schleswig 3259:reigning German Emperor 2991:perhaps as far back as 2862: 2638:Second Bulgarian Empire 2612:Second Bulgarian Empire 2262:problem of two emperors 2260:in the east, hence the 1895:though the latter used 1860:Nervan-Antonian dynasty 1513:, considered the first 1250:, who declared himself 1106:), mother/grandmother ( 1089: 909:Political organisations 672:International relations 510:Politics by subdivision 59:Imperial, royal, noble, 7696:The Medieval Chronicle 6769:European Royal History 6599:Mladjov 2015: 177–178. 6581:Mladjov 2015: 171–177. 6521:European Royal History 6152:, in the year AD 544) 6134: 6055: 5892: 5877:Korean imperial titles 5809:Imperial Household Law 5782:Central African Empire 5710:, divine order, or as 5642: 5466:("august one", 皇) and 5412: 5288:Central African Empire 5268:Central African Empire 5184: 5012: 4882:Samrajyi (साम्राज्ञी). 4421:Maximilian I of Mexico 4357: 4351:Maximilian I of Mexico 4214: 4035: 3986: 3820:, of the provinces of 3728:of the Holy Cities of 3702: 3663: 3586: 3540:Prince Andrew Romanoff 3536:Alexander II of Russia 3436: 3329: 3227: 3068: 3042:Ferdinand and Isabella 3012:Ferdinand I of Castile 2926:Maximilian I of Mexico 2888:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 2824: 2655:basileus tōn Boulgarōn 2608:First Bulgarian Empire 2344: 2235: 2171:Principality of Achaea 2004: 1979:Before the 4th Crusade 1681:Fall of Constantinople 1631:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1477: 1264: 1202: 1183:incorporation of India 1156:is the only currently 1079: 1065: 396:Gentleman, Gentlewoman 7687:Fine, J. V. A., Jr., 7508:Book of Wei, vol. 103 7255:Comparative Sociology 7226:Burton Stein (1980). 6125: 6042: 5956:; lit. "Holy King"). 5884: 5633: 5607:was granted title of 5408: 5245:claimed the title of 5175: 5035:Further information: 4999: 4986:Further information: 4960:Further information: 4942:The feminine form of 4891:Further information: 4801:Further information: 4615:for rulers since the 4581:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 4562:basileus ton basileon 4458:Further information: 4409:Second Mexican Empire 4348: 4198: 4026: 3952:, of the province of 3868:, of the province of 3708:(Sultan of Sultans), 3690: 3646: 3575: 3430: 3317: 3211: 3091:and the treatment of 3055: 3008:Sancho III of Navarre 3001:Astur-Leonese dynasty 2922:Second Mexican Empire 2908:Napoleon I's nephew, 2842:Empereur des Français 2837:Emperor of the French 2817:mother of the Emperor 2795:(who had blessed the 2790: 2779:Emperor of the French 2620:was crowned Emperor ( 2340: 2226: 2181:After the 4th Crusade 1986: 1695:(as, for example, in 1665:, a precedent set by 1599:(as, for example, in 1466: 1282:Emperor of All Russia 1280:adopted the title of 1244:Emperor of the French 1112:grand empress dowager 1051: 989:Political campaigning 729:Public administration 562:Collective leadership 272:Viscount, Viscountess 220:Marquess, Marchioness 154:Archduke, Archduchess 96:High king, High queen 7796:Gendered occupations 7786:Political philosophy 6432:"The Forbidden City" 5328:improve this article 5294:East Asian tradition 5238:("Queen of Kings"). 5213:in the 3rd century. 5094:improve this article 4661:, used in Iran, etc. 4496:improve this section 4429:Leopold I of Belgium 4419:, to become emperor 4407:, helped create the 4362:First Mexican Empire 3942:neighbouring regions 3692:Sultan (given name) 3591:Stefan Uroš IV Dušan 3544:Nicholas I of Russia 3486:On 31 October 1721, 3388:Palace of Versailles 3364:Second French Empire 2914:Second French Empire 2904:Second French Empire 2898:Second French Empire 2879:restyled an empire. 2815:, supervised by the 2685:) and his successor 2651:basileus tōn Rōmaiōn 2632:and Imperial regent 2618:Simeon I of Bulgaria 2509:improve this article 2416:Archduchy of Austria 2404:Kaisertum Österreich 2361:Battle of Austerlitz 2254:Western Roman Empire 2231:in the 1550s, after 2091:basileus tōn Rōmaiōn 1995:: thus, this famous 1938:Eastern Roman Empire 1934:Western Roman Empire 1850:After the turbulent 1370:improve this article 1270:Eastern Roman Empire 1220:Archdukes of Austria 839:Separation of powers 710:Political psychology 685:Comparative politics 663:political scientists 650:Academic disciplines 530:Political philosophy 282:Burgrave, Burgravine 225:Margrave, Margravine 7735:43 (1973) 395–431. 7718:13 (2015) 171–183. 7348:factsanddetails.com 6932:, in Wimmer (2006). 6861:Fine 1987: 309–310. 6273:from 1949 to 1955. 6035:Emperor of Mongolia 5601:Ashikaga Yoshimitsu 5377:in Vietnamese, and 5278:In 1976, President 5247:Emperor of Ethiopia 5243:Victor Emmanuel III 5181:Emperor of Ethiopia 5066:Emperor of Ethiopia 4873:ruler to be titled 4861:Indian subcontinent 4792:Indian subcontinent 4747:, used in Palmyra, 4729:, used in Ottoman, 4554:Alexander the Great 4538:, from the time of 4386:Agustín de Iturbide 4048:Andreas Palaiologos 3617:, and then his son 3550:(Great-grandson of 3441:Sophia Palaiologina 3433:Catherine the Great 3360:Franco-Prussian War 3352:Austro-Prussian War 3186:English Reformation 3182:Catherine of Aragon 3168:During the rule of 3085:John VI of Portugal 3077:Kingdom of Portugal 3038:Andreas Palaiologos 3020:Alfonso I of Aragon 2934:Franco-Prussian War 2783:First French Empire 2773:First French Empire 2679:Kaloyan of Bulgaria 2663:Bulgarian patriarch 2659:Romanos I Lakapenos 2227:Holy Roman Emperor 2207:Despotate of Epirus 2199:Empire of Trebizond 2066:Alexander the Great 2027:and is today named 1574:, being proclaimed 1449:Classical Antiquity 1222:and, following the 1012:Politics portal 861:Election commission 832:Government branches 715:Political sociology 567:Confessional system 505:Politics by country 349:Baronet, Baronetess 7691:, Ann Arbor, 1987. 7626:openvault.wgbh.org 7447:Em, Henry (2013). 7374:, 10 October 2019. 7368:Satoshi Yabuuchi, 7019:Nick Kampouris in 6928:2007-06-14 at the 6449:George Ostrogorsky 6135: 6118:Emperor of Vietnam 6056: 6001:. He declared the 5893: 5773:resigned in 1868. 5771:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 5769:. The last shogun 5643: 5413: 5280:Jean-Bédel Bokassa 5185: 5183:from 1930 to 1974. 5013: 4903:Chakravarti system 4887:Chakravarti system 4585:Iranian Revolution 4566:Tigranes the Great 4433:Chapultepec Castle 4358: 4289:Brazilian republic 4265:Liberal revolution 4243:Jean-Andoche Junot 4223:Continental System 4215: 4040:Charles I of Spain 4036: 3920:(Georgia), of the 3872:(Peloponnese), of 3840:, of Barbaria, of 3748:(Constantinople), 3664: 3648:Agostino Veneziano 3587: 3516:on 15 March 1917. 3437: 3330: 3291:royal proclamation 3228: 3139:Kingdom of Gwynedd 3127:Britannic emperors 3069: 2928:, a member of the 2916:in a presidential 2828:Napoleon Bonaparte 2825: 2751:Empereur de France 2481:Emperors of Europe 2377:Emperor of Austria 2375:became Francis I, 2373:Holy Roman Emperor 2345: 2333:Emperor of Austria 2289:King of the Romans 2245:translatio imperii 2236: 2219:Holy Roman Emperor 2115:and the Empresses 2005: 1865:Five Good Emperors 1702:Naturalis Historia 1663:Holy Roman Emperor 1638:to the modern era. 1596:[ˈkae̯sar] 1526:princeps civitatis 1478: 1265:translatio imperii 1258:, the monarchs of 1252:Emperor of Austria 1240:Napoleon Bonaparte 1204:translatio imperii 1198:Holy Roman Emperor 1066: 695:Political analysis 627:Semi-parliamentary 7698:4 (2006) 91–104. 7671:cite encyclopedia 7586:978-0-299-21770-9 7494:978-0-7352-2116-1 7172:978-81-317-1677-9 7113:978-93-5253-132-5 7081:978-1-107-29231-4 7049:Imperator-Huangdi 6903:. 10 January 2018 6749:978-0-8078-5441-9 6626:Kaimakamova 2006. 6504:. 27 August 2006. 6430:Peng, Ying-chen. 6379:Harper, Douglas. 6301:Lists of emperors 6101:Chéngjísī Huángdì 6084:, founder of the 5819:, Prime Minister 5813:Junichiro Koizumi 5763:Meiji Restoration 5755:military dictator 5510:in Japanese, and 5360: 5359: 5352: 5209:, beginning with 5189:Solomonic dynasty 5170: 5169: 5162: 5144: 4976:Sultan of Sultans 4966:Sultan of Sultans 4720:Sultan of Sultans 4666:Basileus Basileōn 4532: 4531: 4524: 4448:Karl von Habsburg 4394:Plan of Casa Mata 4374:Emperor of Mexico 4341:Emperor of Mexico 4329:Faustin Soulouque 4274:Emperor of Brazil 4256:) proclaimed the 4225:, the Portuguese 4204:Emperor of Brazil 4191:Emperor of Brazil 4156:Francisco Pizarro 4126:executed Emperor 4044:Holy Roman Empire 3752:(Adrianople) and 3716:(Khan of Khans), 3704:Sultan us-Selatin 3675:Sultan of Sultans 3607:Serbian Patriarch 3465:Holy Roman Empire 3423:Emperor of Russia 3358:in 1866, and the 3340:'s authoritarian 3338:Otto von Bismarck 3269:over hundreds of 3255:Princess Victoria 3251:Benjamin Disraeli 3221:British Dominions 3123:barracks emperors 3105:House of Braganza 3089:Emperor of Brazil 3065:Emperor of Brazil 3031:Iberian Peninsula 2993:Alfonso the Great 2955:Iberian Peninsula 2930:House of Habsburg 2739:The kings of the 2694:Henry of Flanders 2687:Boril of Bulgaria 2634:Nicholas Mystikos 2585: 2584: 2577: 2559: 2475:Karl von Habsburg 2400:Empire of Austria 2357:Holy Roman Empire 2321:Karl von Habsburg 2317:House of Habsburg 2281:Holy Roman Empire 2267:From the time of 2213:Holy Roman Empire 2163:Count of Flanders 2106:Roman Catholicism 1974:Byzantine Emperor 1942:Battle of Yarmouk 1881:barracks emperors 1765:or translated as 1446: 1445: 1438: 1420: 1315:"empires" of the 1228:Habsburg monarchy 1224:Thirty Years' War 1175:British sovereign 1046: 1045: 994:Political parties 934:Electoral systems 658:Political science 632:Semi-presidential 544:Political systems 520:Political history 515:Political economy 442: 441: 406:Lord of the Manor 370:Knight, Chevalier 16:(Redirected from 7803: 7684: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7632: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7444: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7396: 7390: 7384:Masataka Kondo, 7381: 7375: 7365: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7354: 7339: 7333: 7332: 7330: 7328: 7314: 7308: 7307: 7295: 7285: 7279: 7278: 7246: 7240: 7239: 7233: 7223: 7217: 7208: 7202: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7187: 7156: 7150: 7141: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7118: 7117: 7095: 7086: 7085: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7044: 7027: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6990: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6979: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6939: 6933: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6882: 6868: 6862: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6834: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6787: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6760: 6754: 6753: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6722: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6618: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6600: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6582: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6564: 6561: 6555: 6552: 6546: 6545: 6539: 6531: 6529: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6498: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6469: 6462: 6456: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6427: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6404: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6376: 6359: 6356: 6350: 6345:, in any of the 6329: 6223:King of a State) 6146:Early Lý dynasty 6138:Đại Việt Kingdom 6102: 6097: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6009: 5999:emperor of Korea 5981: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5948: 5916: 5915: 5910: 5909: 5745:retired emperors 5708:sumera no mikoto 5678: 5660: 5652: 5635:Emperor Hirohito 5626:Emperor of Japan 5435:Imperial Majesty 5401:Emperor of China 5355: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5312: 5304: 5237: 5227: 5221: 5200: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5102: 5078: 5070: 5049:Emperor of India 5037:Emperor of India 4897:Another type of 4540:Darius the Great 4527: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4476: 4468: 4378:House of Bourbon 4372:, would also be 4316:Emperor of Haiti 4285:Emperor Pedro II 4235:Spanish Bourbons 4112:elected monarchy 4074:es:Huey Tlatoani 4060:es:Huey Tlatoani 3972:(Wallachia) and 3880:(Black Sea), of 3844:(Abyssinia), of 3815: 3764:(Egypt), of all 3715: 3707: 3650:'s engraving of 3584:Dušan the Mighty 3568:Emperor of Serbs 3528:House of Romanov 3492:Governing Senate 3376:southern Germany 3279:Emperor of India 3242:was created for 3240:Empress of India 3225:Emperor of India 3133:, the Imperator 3073:Empire of Brazil 2989:Leonese monarchy 2949:Charles Napoléon 2805:The painting by 2580: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2517: 2493: 2485: 2469:(1848–1916) and 2432:Imperial Council 2250:transfer of rule 2191:Empire of Nicaea 2060:, after Emperor 2048:absolute monarch 2009:Byzantine Empire 1968:Byzantine period 1899:more regularly. 1893:Palmyrene Empire 1889:Britannic Empire 1796: 1795: 1782: 1781: 1770: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1745:(Αὐτοκράτωρ) or 1677:Byzantine Empire 1658:Augustan History 1615:Slavic languages 1598: 1593: 1520:princeps senatus 1441: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1421: 1419: 1378: 1354: 1346: 1267: 1207: 1187:Empress of India 1181:even during the 1158:reigning monarch 1154:emperor of Japan 1056:, was the first 1038: 1031: 1024: 1010: 1009: 800: 745: 700:Political theory 690:Election science 680: 666: 444: 443: 434: 427: 420: 79:Emperor, Empress 71: 46: 45: 21: 7811: 7810: 7806: 7805: 7804: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7791:Imperial titles 7766: 7765: 7745: 7728:, Leiden, 2008. 7716:History Compass 7668: 7667: 7656:"Emperor" 7646: 7644:Further reading 7641: 7640: 7630: 7628: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7573: 7569: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7495: 7479: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7445: 7441: 7434: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389:, 2 March 2018. 7382: 7378: 7366: 7362: 7352: 7350: 7342:Hays, Jeffrey. 7340: 7336: 7326: 7324: 7316: 7315: 7311: 7304: 7286: 7282: 7247: 7243: 7224: 7220: 7209: 7205: 7200:. 9 April 2019. 7196: 7195: 7191: 7173: 7157: 7153: 7142: 7138: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7066: 7062: 7045: 7030: 7018: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6975: 6966: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6930:Wayback Machine 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6901:Nobility Titles 6895: 6894: 6890: 6880: 6878: 6876:theottomans.org 6870: 6869: 6865: 6860: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6836: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6809:. p. 404. 6801: 6797: 6781: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6734: 6730: 6720: 6718: 6710: 6709: 6705: 6697: 6693: 6685: 6681: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6655:www.fsmitha.com 6649: 6648: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6630: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6603: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6576: 6571: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6549: 6533: 6532: 6525: 6523: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6499: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6463: 6459: 6447: 6443: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6391: 6389: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6330: 6326: 6321: 6291: 6279: 6251:Sino-French War 6215:Jiaqing Emperor 6194:). Before him, 6120: 6114: 6037: 6029:Main articles: 6027: 6019:Empire of Japan 5895:Some rulers of 5879: 5873: 5836:Prince Hisahito 5759:imperial regent 5628: 5622: 5506:in Vietnamese, 5462:is composed of 5403: 5397: 5356: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5325: 5313: 5302: 5296: 5276: 5270: 5195:used the title 5166: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5103: 5101: 5091: 5079: 5068: 5062: 5057: 5039: 5033: 4994: 4988:Mughal emperors 4984: 4972:Delhi Sultanate 4968: 4958: 4956:Delhi Sultanate 4895: 4889: 4820:Samrajya system 4816:imperial system 4805: 4799: 4797:Samrajya system 4794: 4698:Maharajadhiraja 4528: 4517: 4511: 4508: 4493: 4477: 4466: 4456: 4360:In Mexico, the 4343: 4337: 4318: 4312: 4193: 4187: 4182: 4176:(high priest). 4142: 4136: 4062: 4056: 4021: 4016: 4008:Ottoman dynasty 3958:all the castles 3956:(Serbia), with 3928:, of the whole 3760:(Damascus) and 3696:, Sovereign of 3660:Venetian Helmet 3641: 3635: 3611:car Srba i Grka 3570: 3562:Main articles: 3560: 3425: 3419: 3336:prime minister 3327:King of Prussia 3312: 3306: 3283:British monarch 3271:princely states 3206: 3159:Empress Matilda 3147: 3119: 3117:British Emperor 3113: 3095:under the 1825 3050: 2982:Emperor of All 2968: 2962: 2957: 2906: 2900: 2865: 2850:Empire Français 2804: 2785: 2775: 2749:used the title 2737: 2614: 2606:Main articles: 2604: 2581: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2518: 2516: 2506: 2494: 2483: 2335: 2329: 2327:Austrian Empire 2285:prince-electors 2277:Eastern Francia 2221: 2215: 2205:dynasty in the 2197:dynasty in the 2189:dynasty in the 2183: 2135: 2129: 2054:into the Greek 1981: 1976: 1970: 1944:in 636 AD) the 1870:Severan dynasty 1856:Flavian dynasty 1725:was proclaimed 1697:Pliny the Elder 1636:Caesar Augustus 1591: 1482:Republican Rome 1461: 1453:Main articles: 1451: 1442: 1431: 1425: 1422: 1379: 1377: 1367: 1355: 1344: 1297:Athenian Empire 1278:Peter the Great 1116:empress regnant 1108:empress dowager 1104:empress consort 1042: 1004: 999: 998: 929: 928: 919: 918: 876: 875: 866: 865: 834: 833: 824: 823: 819:Public interest 804:Domestic policy 794: 787: 786: 775: 774: 739: 732: 731: 720: 719: 681: 674: 667: 660: 652: 651: 642: 641: 547: 546: 535: 534: 490: 489: 480: 449:Politics series 438: 375:Imperial Knight 313:Baron, Baroness 251:Count, Countess 60: 42: 35: 28: 27:Type of monarch 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7809: 7799: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7781:Heads of state 7778: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7744: 7743:External links 7741: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7722: 7712: 7702: 7692: 7685: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7638: 7613: 7591: 7585: 7567: 7532:(2): 167–184. 7512: 7500: 7493: 7473: 7460:978-0822353720 7459: 7439: 7428: 7414: 7400: 7391: 7376: 7370:時代背景から知る仏像の秘密 7360: 7334: 7309: 7302: 7280: 7261:(4): 636–653. 7241: 7218: 7203: 7189: 7171: 7151: 7136: 7119: 7112: 7087: 7080: 7060: 7028: 7012: 6985: 6974:. 24 July 2019 6959: 6934: 6914: 6888: 6863: 6854: 6829: 6815: 6795: 6755: 6748: 6728: 6703: 6691: 6679: 6667: 6642: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6583: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6547: 6507: 6493: 6479: 6470: 6457: 6441: 6422: 6399: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6351: 6323: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6315: 6312:Emperor Norton 6309: 6303: 6298: 6290: 6287: 6278: 6277:Fictional uses 6275: 6211:Nguyễn dynasty 6132:Nguyễn dynasty 6116:Main article: 6113: 6110: 6068:and the title 6026: 6023: 6005:of "Gwangmu" ( 5959:The rulers of 5936:The rulers of 5886:Emperor Gojong 5875:Main article: 5872: 5869: 5624:Main article: 5621: 5618: 5574:Imperial China 5478:and five were 5399:Main article: 5396: 5393: 5358: 5357: 5316: 5314: 5307: 5295: 5292: 5272:Main article: 5269: 5266: 5255:Haile Selassie 5235:Negiste Negest 5219:Itegue Zetopia 5187:From 1270 the 5177:Haile Selassie 5168: 5167: 5082: 5080: 5073: 5064:Main article: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5032: 5029: 5027:(or Badshah). 4983: 4980: 4957: 4954: 4888: 4885: 4811:, there was a 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4770: 4752: 4738:Malik al-Muluk 4734: 4716: 4694: 4676: 4662: 4648: 4530: 4529: 4480: 4478: 4471: 4455: 4452: 4427:, daughter of 4339:Main article: 4336: 4333: 4314:Main article: 4311: 4308: 4231:Rio de Janeiro 4189:Main article: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4138:Main article: 4135: 4132: 4058:Main article: 4055: 4052: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 3998:Ottoman sultan 3667:Ottoman rulers 3637:Main article: 3634: 3633:Ottoman Empire 3631: 3564:Serbian Empire 3559: 3556: 3530:is claimed by 3521:Russian Empire 3477:Tsar of Russia 3459:and Autocrat ( 3421:Main article: 3418: 3415: 3368:Siege of Paris 3323:German Emperor 3310:German Emperor 3308:Main article: 3305: 3302: 3287:King George VI 3263:Mughal Emperor 3248:Prime Minister 3244:Queen Victoria 3205: 3204:United Kingdom 3202: 3178:imperial Crown 3146: 3143: 3115:Main article: 3112: 3109: 3049: 3046: 2964:Main article: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2938:Third Republic 2899: 2896: 2864: 2861: 2774: 2771: 2736: 2733: 2709:Ottoman Empire 2702:Constantinople 2603: 2600: 2583: 2582: 2497: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2479: 2467:Franz Joseph I 2444:German Austria 2442:in 1918, when 2331:Main article: 2328: 2325: 2305:emperors-elect 2269:Otto the Great 2217:Main article: 2214: 2211: 2182: 2179: 2147:Fourth Crusade 2131:Main article: 2128: 2127:Latin emperors 2125: 2025:Constantinople 1980: 1977: 1972:Main article: 1969: 1966: 1940:or (after the 1848: 1847: 1738: 1707:Roman Republic 1688: 1639: 1613:"; in certain 1606:Twelve Caesars 1484:turned into a 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1358: 1356: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1332:heads of state 1301:Angevin Empire 1256:Eastern Europe 1210:Roman emperors 1194:Western Europe 1179:British Empire 1150:Western Europe 1044: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1026: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1001: 1000: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 975: 974: 958: 953: 948: 947: 946: 936: 930: 926: 925: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 883: 877: 874:Related topics 873: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 858: 853: 848: 842: 841: 835: 831: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 816: 811: 809:Foreign policy 806: 801: 788: 782: 781: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 771: 770: 756: 751: 746: 733: 727: 726: 725: 722: 721: 718: 717: 712: 707: 705:Policy studies 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 670: 668: 656: 653: 649: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 548: 542: 541: 540: 537: 536: 533: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 491: 488:Primary topics 487: 486: 485: 482: 481: 479: 478: 473: 468: 462: 459: 458: 452: 451: 440: 439: 437: 436: 429: 422: 414: 411: 410: 409: 408: 403: 398: 393: 385: 384: 383: 382: 377: 372: 364: 363: 362: 361: 356: 351: 346: 338: 337: 336: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 307: 306: 305: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 266: 265: 264: 263: 258: 253: 245: 244: 243: 242: 237: 235:Count palatine 232: 227: 222: 214: 213: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 185: 184: 174: 173: 172: 159: 158: 157: 156: 151: 146: 145: 144: 139: 134: 129: 121: 120: 119: 114: 101: 100: 99: 98: 93: 88: 87: 86: 73: 72: 64: 63: 55: 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7808: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7734: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7664: 7663: 7657: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7627: 7623: 7617: 7602: 7595: 7588: 7582: 7578: 7571: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7496: 7490: 7486: 7485: 7477: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7432: 7424: 7418: 7411: 7410:Head of state 7404: 7395: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7373: 7371: 7364: 7349: 7345: 7338: 7323: 7319: 7313: 7305: 7299: 7294: 7293: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7231: 7222: 7216: 7212: 7207: 7199: 7193: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7155: 7149: 7145: 7140: 7132: 7131: 7123: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7104: 7103:Ancient India 7100: 7094: 7092: 7083: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7064: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7025: 7022: 7016: 7001: 7000: 6995: 6989: 6973: 6969: 6963: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6918: 6902: 6898: 6892: 6877: 6873: 6867: 6858: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6818: 6816:9780515028683 6812: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6770: 6766: 6759: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6732: 6717: 6716:About History 6713: 6707: 6700: 6695: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6671: 6656: 6652: 6646: 6638: 6632: 6623: 6614: 6608:Mladjov 1999. 6605: 6596: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6560: 6551: 6543: 6537: 6522: 6518: 6511: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6474: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6410: 6403: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6355: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6286: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6271:South Vietnam 6268: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6229:(越南) instead 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6203: 6201: 6200:Mai Thúc Loan 6197: 6193: 6189: 6184: 6182: 6178: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6086:Mongol Empire 6083: 6079: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6053: 6052:Mongol Empire 6049: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6022: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995:Korean Empire 5992: 5987: 5985: 5984:Mongol Empire 5969: 5967: 5966:Son of Heaven 5962: 5957: 5943: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5891: 5890:Korean Empire 5887: 5883: 5878: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5824: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5805:Princess Kiko 5802: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5787: 5786:Emperor Shōwa 5784:(1976–1979), 5783: 5779: 5778:Ningen-sengen 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767:Emperor Meiji 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722:Emperor Tenmu 5719: 5718: 5713: 5709: 5704: 5703:Empress Suiko 5699: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5685: 5680: 5677: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5663:Emperor Jimmu 5659: 5658: 5651: 5650: 5640: 5639:Shōwa Emperor 5637:(裕仁), or the 5636: 5632: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5610: 5609:King of Japan 5606: 5602: 5599:). In Japan, 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5484:Qin Shi Huang 5481: 5477: 5473: 5472:sage-emperors 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5436: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5411: 5410:Qin Shi Huang 5407: 5402: 5392: 5388: 5386: 5385: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5354: 5351: 5343: 5333: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5317:This section 5315: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5203:king of kings 5199: 5198:Nəgusä Nägäst 5194: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5164: 5161: 5153: 5150:February 2012 5142: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5114: 5111: – 5110: 5106: 5105:Find sources: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5083:This article 5081: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5044:Kaisar-i-Hind 5038: 5028: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4982:Mughal Empire 4979: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4949:Chakravartini 4945: 4940: 4938: 4935:line claimed 4934: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4919: 4918:Maurya Empire 4915: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4869:was the only 4868: 4867:Pravarasena I 4864: 4862: 4858: 4857:Maurya Empire 4854: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4810: 4804: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4775: 4774:Nəgusä nägäst 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624:King of Kings 4620: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:king of kings 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4544:King of Kings 4541: 4537: 4526: 4523: 4515: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4481:This section 4479: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4464:King of Kings 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4438: 4437:Benito Juárez 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4417:Franz Josef I 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4370:Ferdinand VII 4367: 4363: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4212:Pedro Américo 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4124:Hernán Cortés 4122: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:huey tlatoani 4095: 4092:(1375–1521). 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070:Huey Tlatoani 4067: 4066:pre-Columbian 4061: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4030: 4025: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3740:(Jerusalem), 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3524: 3522: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3395:Frederick III 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380:German Empire 3378:, formed the 3377: 3373: 3370:in 1871, the 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3304:German Empire 3301: 3299: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3201: 3199: 3198:Great Britain 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3111:Great Britain 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2952: 2950: 2946: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846:French Empire 2843: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2793:Pope Pius VII 2789: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2747:July Monarchy 2744: 2743: 2742:Ancien Régime 2732: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2692: 2691:Latin Emperor 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2613: 2609: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2579: 2576: 2568: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2526: – 2525: 2521: 2520:Find sources: 2514: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2498:This section 2496: 2492: 2487: 2486: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2465:(1835–1848), 2464: 2461:(1804–1835), 2460: 2456: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420:Maria Theresa 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:King of Italy 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157:, installing 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2133:Latin Emperor 2124: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2017:Constantine I 2014: 2010: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1975: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1925:Constantine I 1923:). In 325 AD 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1885:Gallic Empire 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1790: 1786: 1776: 1775: 1764: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1719:field marshal 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623:Julius Caesar 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1581: 1580:head of state 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1515:Roman emperor 1512: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497:Julius Caesar 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1474:Julius Caesar 1472: 1471: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1455:Roman emperor 1440: 1437: 1429: 1418: 1415: 1411: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1394: 1390: 1387: – 1386: 1382: 1381:Find sources: 1375: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1359:This section 1357: 1353: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:King of Kings 1290: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1132:, surpassing 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1077: 1073: 1072: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1039: 1034: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1002: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 972: 968: 964: 963: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 945: 942: 941: 940: 937: 935: 932: 931: 923: 922: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 891: 887: 884: 882: 879: 878: 870: 869: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 843: 840: 837: 836: 828: 827: 820: 817: 815: 814:Civil society 812: 810: 807: 805: 802: 798: 793: 792:Public policy 790: 789: 785: 779: 778: 768: 764: 760: 759: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 743: 738: 735: 734: 730: 724: 723: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 678: 673: 669: 664: 659: 655: 654: 646: 645: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 612:Parliamentary 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 597:Hybrid regime 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 545: 539: 538: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 484: 483: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 461: 460: 457: 454: 453: 450: 446: 445: 435: 430: 428: 423: 421: 416: 415: 413: 412: 407: 404: 402: 401:Ministerialis 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 387: 386: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 366: 365: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 339: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 269: 268: 267: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 247: 246: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 217: 216: 215: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Duke, Duchess 187: 183: 180: 179: 178: 175: 171: 168: 167: 166: 163: 162: 161: 160: 155: 152: 150: 147: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 124: 122: 118: 115: 113: 110: 109: 108: 105: 104: 103: 102: 97: 94: 92: 91:Tsar, Tsarina 89: 85: 82: 81: 80: 77: 76: 75: 74: 70: 66: 65: 62: 57: 56: 52: 48: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 7732: 7725: 7724:Petkov, K., 7715: 7705: 7695: 7688: 7660: 7629:. Retrieved 7625: 7616: 7604:. Retrieved 7594: 7576: 7570: 7529: 7525: 7515: 7503: 7483: 7476: 7464:. Retrieved 7449: 7442: 7431: 7417: 7403: 7394: 7385: 7379: 7372:, The Nikkei 7369: 7363: 7351:. Retrieved 7347: 7337: 7325:. Retrieved 7321: 7312: 7291: 7283: 7258: 7254: 7244: 7229: 7221: 7211:Chakravartin 7206: 7192: 7182: 7178: 7176: 7161: 7154: 7144:Chandragupta 7139: 7129: 7122: 7102: 7099:Mahajan V.D. 7070: 7063: 7053: 7048: 7026:30 Jan 2019. 7020: 7015: 7003:. Retrieved 6997: 6988: 6976:. Retrieved 6971: 6962: 6950:. Retrieved 6946: 6937: 6917: 6905:. Retrieved 6900: 6891: 6879:. Retrieved 6875: 6866: 6857: 6845:. Retrieved 6841: 6832: 6820:. Retrieved 6805: 6798: 6772:. Retrieved 6768: 6758: 6738: 6731: 6719:. Retrieved 6715: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6658:. Retrieved 6654: 6645: 6631: 6622: 6613: 6604: 6595: 6586: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6550: 6524:. Retrieved 6520: 6510: 6496: 6482: 6473: 6465: 6460: 6452: 6444: 6436:Khan Academy 6435: 6425: 6413:. Retrieved 6402: 6390:. Retrieved 6384: 6374: 6354: 6340: 6327: 6280: 6255: 6239:Yuan dynasty 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6204: 6191: 6187: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6173:Đinh Bộ Lĩnh 6164: 6160: 6154: 6136: 6106:Yuan dynasty 6099: 6090: 6082:Genghis Khan 6059: 6057: 6044:Genghis Khan 5988: 5964: 5958: 5941: 5935: 5918: 5900: 5894: 5855: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5825: 5790: 5775: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5734: 5729: 5726:Empress Jitō 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5684:yamato ōkimi 5683: 5681: 5671:Tenson kōrin 5644: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5586: 5581: 5570:crown prince 5557: 5549: 5547: 5519:Qing dynasty 5516: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5453: 5439: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5414: 5389: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5369:in Chinese, 5366: 5361: 5346: 5337: 5326:Please help 5321:verification 5318: 5277: 5259: 5240: 5215: 5202: 5186: 5156: 5147: 5137: 5130: 5123: 5116: 5104: 5092:Please help 5087:verification 5084: 5042: 5040: 5014: 4969: 4947: 4943: 4941: 4937:Chakravartin 4936: 4922: 4910:Chakravartin 4909: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4893:Chakravartin 4881: 4879: 4874: 4865: 4853:Chandragupta 4851: 4846: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4823: 4819: 4809:Vedic period 4806: 4778: 4772: 4760: 4754: 4742: 4736: 4724: 4718: 4702: 4696: 4684: 4678: 4670: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4636: 4630: 4621: 4612: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4576: 4574: 4561: 4557: 4547: 4533: 4518: 4509: 4494:Please help 4482: 4441: 4401:Napoleon III 4398: 4382: 4359: 4349:Portrait of 4319: 4297: 4282: 4277: 4262: 4254:King João VI 4251: 4216: 4173: 4167: 4145: 4143: 4121:conquistador 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4090:Aztec Empire 4078:Tenochtitlan 4069: 4063: 4054:Aztec Empire 4037: 4029:Moctezuma II 4002: 3994:Kaysar-i Rum 3993: 3987: 3878:Bahr-i Siyah 3874:Bahr-i Sefid 3856:(Syria), of 3812:Diyâr-ı Bekr 3691: 3687: 3665: 3658:wearing his 3610: 3588: 3525: 3518: 3511: 3507:crown prince 3504: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3469:Maximilian I 3461:samoderzhets 3460: 3438: 3411:World War II 3406: 3403:German Reich 3392: 3362:against the 3341: 3331: 3295: 3235: 3229: 3193: 3167: 3148: 3122: 3120: 3092: 3081:Prince Pedro 3070: 3035: 3028: 3005: 2996: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2942: 2910:Napoleon III 2907: 2884:Hundred Days 2881: 2876: 2866: 2854: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2812:style Empire 2810: 2750: 2740: 2738: 2720: 2712: 2706: 2682: 2674: 2671:Innocent III 2654: 2650: 2647: 2641: 2625: 2615: 2586: 2571: 2562: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2519: 2507:Please help 2502:verification 2499: 2454: 2452: 2435: 2422:and her son 2407: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2346: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2266: 2258:Roman Empire 2249: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2184: 2136: 2110: 2102:cesaropapism 2099: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2084: 2079: 2073: 2069: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2037:Julius Nepos 2033:Roman Senate 2006: 1961: 1954:Julius Nepos 1950:Emperor Zeno 1930:Theodosius I 1916: 1901: 1896: 1874: 1863: 1849: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1798: 1784: 1772: 1762: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1726: 1715:Roman Senate 1710: 1700: 1690: 1670: 1656: 1652: 1641: 1604: 1586: 1575: 1567: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1535:Roman Empire 1524: 1518: 1509: 1493:Rex ("king") 1485: 1479: 1469: 1467:A statue of 1432: 1423: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1380: 1368:Please help 1363:verification 1360: 1321: 1305:Plantagenets 1286: 1242:was crowned 1214: 1191: 1162: 1119: 1098: 1097: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1062:Roman Empire 742:street-level 617:Presidential 577:Dictatorship 447:Part of the 230:Marcher lord 78: 43: 18:Imperatritsa 7631:27 November 7487:. Penguin. 7353:27 November 7005:27 November 6978:27 November 6952:27 November 6923:"TLAHTOANI" 6847:27 November 6774:27 November 6721:27 November 6660:27 November 6526:27 November 6243:Kublai Khan 6061:Book of Wei 5676:Nihon Shoki 5657:Nihon Shoki 5562:Han dynasty 5560:was in the 5523:Yuan Shikai 5514:in Korean. 5455:Shi Huangdi 5440:In 221 BC, 5373:in Korean, 5211:Sembrouthes 5031:British Raj 4944:Chakravarti 4933:Vijayanagar 4818:called the 4756:Mepe-Mepeta 4680:Rajadhiraja 4632:Šar Šarrāni 4454:Middle East 4245:arrived in 4174:Huillaq Uma 4169:mascaipacha 4152:Inca Empire 4134:Inca Empire 4004:Harun Osman 3627:Jovan Nenad 3615:Simeon Uroš 3514:Nicholas II 3453:Great Horde 3343:Realpolitik 3137:forged the 3024:Alfonso VII 2857:Napoleon II 2823:as Empress. 2765:(1682) and 2759:Roman crown 2463:Ferdinand I 2440:World War I 2393:Holy Church 2279:became the 2275:kingdom of 2273:Carolingian 1989:Justinian I 1875:During the 1854:in 69, the 1667:Charlemagne 1617:it became " 1276:even after 1142:Middle Ages 881:Sovereignty 846:Legislature 749:Technocracy 737:Bureaucracy 602:Meritocracy 582:Directorial 7770:Categories 7466:3 November 7303:0899509266 6994:"Darius I" 6415:23 October 6366:References 6295:Auctoritas 6247:Temür Khan 6219:Quốc Vương 6048:Great Khan 5821:Shinzō Abe 5566:concubines 5444:, who was 5442:Ying Zheng 5417:East Asian 5391:contexts. 5298:See also: 5120:newspapers 5021:Shahenshah 4828:hi:सम्राट् 4803:hi:सम्राट् 4783:, used in 4765:, used in 4707:, used in 4689:, used in 4652:Shahanshah 4639:, used in 4622:The title 4601:Achaemenid 4595:or simply 4589:Shahanshah 4577:shahanshah 4558:shahanshah 4549:Shahanshah 4460:Shahanshah 4293:proclaimed 4219:Napoleon I 4128:Cuauhtémoc 4102:great king 3988:After the 3796:strip, of 3766:Azerbaijan 3619:Jovan Uroš 3449:Vasili III 3443:, married 3399:Wilhelm II 3319:Wilhelm II 3232:George III 3170:Henry VIII 3101:Duarte Pio 2902:See also: 2892:St. Helena 2799:), at the 2777:See also: 2535:newspapers 2159:Baldwin IX 1993:Ostrogoths 1912:Diocletian 1904:Principate 1891:, and the 1817:Autokratōr 1809:Autokratōr 1785:autokratōr 1780:αὐτοκράτωρ 1742:Autokrator 1735:Imperatrix 1723:Germanicus 1705:). In the 1679:until the 1540:principate 1396:newspapers 1328:precedence 1324:precedence 1289:Great King 1262:also used 1086:Old French 971:Governance 961:Government 956:Federalism 557:City-state 380:Druzhinnik 7733:Byzantion 7562:148779423 7546:0967-828X 7275:1569-1330 6947:Biography 6822:18 August 6392:30 August 6381:"emperor" 6150:Lý Nam Đế 6128:Khải Định 5989:In 1897, 5942:Seongwang 5927:Beopheung 5857:Amaterasu 5667:Amaterasu 5578:Wu Zetian 5554:concubine 5545:in 1945. 5539:Manchukuo 5535:Manchuria 5527:Zhang Xun 5423:) and 帝 ( 5340:June 2015 5109:"Emperor" 5047:(transl. 4842:maharajan 4575:The last 4570:Parthians 4512:July 2020 4483:does not 4390:Agustín I 4227:Braganzas 4160:Atahualpa 4147:Sapa Inca 4140:Sapa Inca 4064:The only 3968:, of all 3964:, of all 3954:Sirbistan 3918:Gorjestan 3910:Circassia 3902:Turkestan 3894:Kurdistan 3768:, of the 3726:Custodian 3496:Imperator 3435:of Russia 3384:Wilhelm I 3281:" by the 3230:In 1801, 3151:Athelstan 3075:from the 3044:in 1503. 2683:Imperator 2588:Byzantium 2565:July 2020 2524:"Emperor" 2446:became a 2436:Reichsrat 2408:Kaisertum 2301:Charles V 2229:Charles V 2139:Venetians 2062:Heraclius 2052:Imperator 2013:Byzantium 1921:Tetrarchy 1813:Imperator 1805:sovereign 1763:Augoustos 1758:Αὔγουστος 1727:Imperator 1711:Imperator 1692:Imperator 1648:honorific 1601:Suetonius 1576:imperator 1568:Imperator 1546:Imperator 1499:had been 1459:Imperator 1426:July 2020 1385:"Emperor" 1284:in 1721. 1081:imperator 1068:The word 951:Unitarism 939:Elections 927:Subseries 856:Judiciary 851:Executive 754:Adhocracy 637:Theocracy 592:Feudalism 572:Democracy 292:Advocatus 287:Landgrave 277:Castellan 261:Ealdorman 7776:Emperors 7653:(1878). 7554:26596471 7183:maharaja 6972:WeExpats 6926:Archived 6907:14 April 6881:14 April 6784:cite web 6687:Napoleon 6675:Napoleon 6536:cite web 6342:Hispania 6306:Tlatoani 6289:See also 6231:Đại Việt 6227:Việt Nam 6177:Hoàng Đế 6157:Đại Việt 6126:Emperor 6025:Mongolia 6003:era name 5931:Jinheung 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