22:
188:
177:
568:
233:. Thus, Imperial unity could be maintained while still allowing for democratic government. The colonies would increase their influence while Britain would be able to share the costs of imperial defence. The best features of large states could be combined with the best features of small states. It was seen as a method of solving the
428:, however saw the movement as a way to increase the influence of the dominions over imperial defence and foreign policy. The colonial branches of the Imperial Federation League in fact outlived the demise of the home branch in London, which collapsed in 1896 when it failed to resolve internal disputes over imperial trade policy.
532:
United
Kingdom to Australia in under 24 hours, seriously overcoming the limitation of distance which hampered the idea a century ago. They remark that internet and the ability to instant message/call the other side of the world has greatly increased the connectivity between these four countries. In August 2018 the Canadian
531:
movement. Critics sceptical of the CANZUK movement make the argument that "distance and the size of trading partners matter more than historical links in determining trading relationships between countries". Conversely, advocates argue that technological advances now make it possible to fly from the
206:
New national identities emerging throughout the dominions was also a cause for concern. Growing autonomy for Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, and South Africa led to each of them adopting coats of arms of their own rather than continuing to use those of the United Kingdom. Some felt that the growing
252:
Supporters of the
Imperial Federation regarded the United Kingdom as having two possible futures: imperial union of its colonies consisting of different ethnic groups and continued long-term importance in global affairs, or imperial dissolution and the reduction of the status of the country to a
148:
By the 1880s the
British Empire covered a quarter of the world's land area, and included a fifth of the world's population. There was no doubt about the vastness of the potential, and there was agreement that opportunities were largely wasted because politically and constitutionally there was no
488:
which produced greater feelings of national identity in several dominions, Canada and
Australia in particular. Defence concerns and problems of imperial cooperation were partially resolved through the system of Colonial or Imperial Conferences and with growing sentiments by various dominion
417:, called colonial nationalism. The granting of authority to a super-parliament composed of many competing interests was seen by opponents as a compromise to the powers of the local parliaments. Leading colonial supporters of imperial federation, such as Australian prime minister
168:. The future of the empire remained uncertain, as it was unclear what the result would be if all colonies eventually became self-governing. Among other concerns, it would be very difficult for British interests to be maintained if every colony was essentially already sovereign.
80:, the main advocacy group, split into two factions in 1893, with one group promoting imperial defence and the other encouraging imperial trade. Various proposals were put forward, with most of them calling for a single state with an imperial parliament headquartered in
439:
from 1895 to 1903, was sympathetic to the idea, his proposals for a permanent
Imperial Council or Council of the Empire which would be a kind of Imperial Parliament passing policies that would bind colonial governments, was rejected at the
540:, increased travel protection, and security co-ordination between the four countries. The CANZUK treaty has some political support in the minor political parties of other CANZUK countries, with the New Zealand
95:
The new parliament was envisioned to cooperatively deal with internal trade, foreign relations, defence, and other issues that affected the entire federation. The new parliament would have representatives from
253:
second-class nation with little to no power projection. In response to claims that geography was against federation on such a large scale, it was said that scientific advancements would solve the difficulty.
1140:
1064:
347:" which would also encompass the predominantly white self-governing colonies and dominions. The League could not agree on its primary role of focusing on either defence or trade, and was dissolved in 1893.
448:
due to fears that such a scheme would undermine the autonomy of colonies. Similarly, proposals for centralising the Empire's armed forces were also rejected as were his proposals for an Empire
140:
during the late 20th century. In the
Imperial Federation, Ireland would also have self-government, which was expected to reduce demand for independence in Ireland.
405:, Indian MPs serving in the House of Commons, Hedderwick mooted the possibility that an autonomous India might one day be represented in an Imperial Parliament.
350:
Canadian advocates of imperial federation were termed "Canadian
Imperialists" and their ideology was "Canadian Imperialism" in Canadian historiography since
775:
1102:
883:
160:(Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the Straits Settlements). Most were ruled by colonial officials including India, the
884:"FEDERATION FOR ENGLAND.; IMPERIAL FEDERATION. The Problem of National Unity. By George R. Parkin, M.A. With map. 12mo. New-York: Macmillan & Co"
21:
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1128:
1090:
536:
proposed a CANZUK treaty which aims to achieve free trade in goods and services, visa-free travel arrangements, reciprocal healthcare, increased
917:
89:
211:, and this led to calls for the creation of unifying symbols such as a British Empire flag to represent a new multinational reality.
41:, presenting it as an alternative to colonial imperialism. No such proposal was ever adopted, but various schemes were popular in
394:
200:(above) and a digital recreation of it (below). The flag was made to promote unity by recognising the symbols of the dominions.
982:
642:
1245:
1141:
The
Finance of Federal Government for the United Kingdom: A Paper read before the Royal Statistical Society, January, 1903.
121:
436:
465:
150:
70:
1065:
Federal
Government for the United Kingdom and the Empire: Reprinted from 'Nineteenth Century,' August, 1901.
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1098:
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246:
125:
242:
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422:
336:
54:
556:
have not referenced CANZUK directly but have stated support for policies which align with the aims of CANZUK.
553:
124:
would have internal self-government, although still accountable to this new parliament in London, similar to
668:"Greater Britain or Greater Synthesis? Seeley, Mackinder, and Wells on Britain in the Global Industrial Era"
533:
1175:
The Kingdom of Canada: Imperial Federation, the Colonial Conferences, the Alaska Boundary and Other Essays
307:
was founded in London in 1884 and subsequent branches were established in Canada, Australia, New Zealand,
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1178:
494:
490:
517:
304:
77:
414:
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1103:
Steps to Imperial Federation: A Paper read before the Royal Colonial Institute, November 11th, 1902.
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445:
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234:
101:
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L. Dyer, "Anglo-Saxon Citizenship," The Barrister 3 (1897):107. Cited in Dimitry Kochenov (2019)
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that would rule the latter directly, while the dominions such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand,
62:
549:
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The British Empire consisted of many colonies, several of which were largely self-governing
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were rejected by the British Liberal governments due to their preference for international
367:
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unity, no common policies, no agreed central direction, no "permanent binding force" said
8:
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469:
457:
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197:
161:
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695:
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527:, many of the concepts behind the Imperial Federation have found a new life within the
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390:
363:
340:
332:
287:
in 1897 proposed an Anglo-Saxon "intercitizenship" during an address to the Fellows of
270:
257:
reminded listeners to his lecture in 1885 that it was now as easy to reach London from
58:
891:
707:
687:
638:
386:
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221:. The plan was never firm, but the general proposal was to create a single federal
129:
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344:
324:
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153:. Associations were formed and discussions were held to come up with a solution.
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The Quest for Empire Unity: The Imperial Federationists and Their Cause, 1869-93
33:
was a series of proposals in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to create a
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165:
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85:
38:
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214:
Creating an Imperial Federation thus became a popular alternative proposal to
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691:
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418:
278:
225:
among all colonies of the British Empire. The federation would have a common
176:
1152:
1114:
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634:
The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860-1900
473:
652:
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Many proposals were put forward, but none commanded majority support. The
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284:
218:
215:
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status of the dominions was not reflected in British symbols such as the
97:
50:
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One of the main obstacles to the scheme was what one of its proponents,
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596:
461:
425:
375:
315:. While the proposal was often associated with segments of the British
230:
226:
208:
34:
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In recent years, following the United Kingdom's decision to leave the
331:. Several members of the Imperial Federation League were motivated by
1028:
961:
262:
258:
113:
66:
42:
851:
241:, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland (along with the other members of the
735:
The Lion's Share: A Short History of British Imperialism 1850–1970
497:. It was last discussed seriously at the governmental level at the
308:
157:
133:
25:
Map showing the British Empire in 1886 (before expansion in Africa)
1007:
238:
1135:
1097:
1059:
552:
all explicitly stating their support for CANZUK. The Australian
53:, and other colonial territories. The project was championed by
1183:
Mehrotra, Sri Ram. "Imperial federation and India, 1868–1917."
586:
528:
504:
The idea of Imperial unity was carried on after World War I by
266:
81:
46:
1204:
Apostle of Empire': Sir George Parkin and Imperial Federation
512:, which continues to this day as a forum and promoter of the
137:
335:, drawing inspiration from the writing of theorists such as
472:
would be implemented; however, the policy did not survive
489:
governments for greater independence resulting in the
1218:
The Imperial Federation Movement in Canada, 1884-1902
924:. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2013-07-17.
836:"Imperial Federation: The Problem of National Unity"
563:
1190:Smith, William Roy. "British Imperial Federation."
746:William Roy Smith, "British Imperial Federation."
1185:Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics
92:'s colonies beginning from the mid 20th century.
84:. Such proposals were never put into effect, and
1232:
397:. Recalling to the House the contributions of
88:would eventually happen to a vast majority of
520:which continues to promote the Commonwealth.
358:identified this as a separate ideology from
1165:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1127:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1089:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
833:
722:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire
484:Support for imperial federation waned with
1211:The Imperial Federation Movement in Canada
1054:The Failure of the Imperial Idea in Canada
16:Proposed unification of the British Empire
985:. Union & Sovereignty. Archived from
859:
834:Trent, W. P.; Parkin, George R. (1893).
20:
665:
362:. Noted Canadian Imperialists included
1233:
1213:. Phd Thesis, Northwestern University.
798:
796:
1056:. PhD thesis, University of Delaware.
933:
762:
249:would become a purely Imperial body.
630:
393:MP, raised the issue in the British
265:as it had been to reach London from
245:) would have their own Parliaments.
1227:. Phd Thesis, Univ. of Pennsylvania
793:
781:from the original on 13 August 2023
437:Secretary of State for the Colonies
13:
1046:
466:British Empire Economic Conference
108:as well as crown colonies such as
14:
1262:
1206:. PhD thesis, Queen's University.
934:Giles, Chris (22 November 2016).
756:
1137:Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey
1099:Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey
1061:Thomas Brassey, 2nd Earl Brassey
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196:The original 1910 design of the
186:
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1052:Agnew, Christopher Mack. 1980.
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1000:
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927:
908:
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672:Review of International Studies
423:Minister of Militia and Defence
298:
1177:(Morang & Company, 1908).
818:
805:
763:Kelly, Ralph (8 August 2017).
740:
727:
714:
659:
637:. Princeton University Press.
624:
143:
1:
1220:. Phd thesis, Duke University
815:ISBN 9780262537797, page 139.
617:
464:. It would not be until the
408:
319:, it was also popular among
7:
1246:Political history of Canada
1192:Political Science Quarterly
840:Political Science Quarterly
748:Political Science Quarterly
559:
495:Statute of Westminster 1931
491:Balfour Declaration of 1926
458:Imperial preferential trade
229:and would be governed as a
10:
1267:
518:Royal Commonwealth Society
479:
305:Imperial Federation League
78:Imperial Federation League
684:10.1017/S026021050000187X
446:1902 Colonial Conferences
380:George Taylor Denison III
1209:Guthrie, Dorothy. 1940.
666:Deudney, Daniel (2001).
501:where it was dismissed.
499:1937 Imperial Conference
442:1897 Colonial Conference
37:to replace the existing
1223:Shields, Robert. 1961.
861:2027/mdp.39015022182524
765:"A flag for the Empire"
582:Commonwealth free trade
514:Commonwealth of Nations
237:problem in Ireland, as
1194:36.2 (1921): 274–297.
1173:Ewart, John Skirving.
1010:. Libertarian Party UK
1008:"Libertarian Party UK"
750:36.2 (1921): 274-297.
546:British Unionist Party
329:William Edward Forster
26:
631:Bell, Duncan (2007).
574:British Empire portal
403:Mancherjee Bhownagree
61:as an alternative to
24:
1216:MacLean, Guy. 1958.
1202:Cook, Terry. 1977. '
607:Round Table movement
592:External association
510:Round Table movement
454:Imperial Conferences
368:George Robert Parkin
360:Canadian nationalism
321:Liberal Imperialists
128:that was granted to
1031:. Liberal Democrats
720:Kenneth J. Panton,
612:Supranational union
470:Imperial Preference
269:at the time of the
255:Edward Ellis Morris
198:British Empire flag
31:Imperial Federation
1251:Proposed countries
1187:1.1 (1961): 29–40.
1145:Problems of Empire
1107:Problems of Empire
1069:Problems of Empire
920:2012-10-25 at the
888:The New York Times
772:The Flag Institute
534:Conservative Party
433:Joseph Chamberlain
364:George Monro Grant
356:The Sense of Power
341:John Robert Seeley
317:Conservative Party
271:Acts of Union 1707
59:Joseph Chamberlain
27:
644:978-0-691-15116-8
554:Liberal Democrats
550:Libertarian Party
387:Thomas Hedderwick
337:Sir Charles Dilke
285:Albert Venn Dicey
65:'s proposals for
63:William Gladstone
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983:"A Sovereign UK"
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516:and also by the
456:, proposals for
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399:Dadabhai Naoroji
395:House of Commons
333:ethnonationalism
275:Washington, D.C.
243:Old Commonwealth
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130:Northern Ireland
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922:Wayback Machine
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343:to call for a "
325:New Imperialism
323:(proponents of
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890:. 1892-08-28.
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724:(2015) p. 238.
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1033:. Retrieved
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991:. Retrieved
987:the original
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899:. Retrieved
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783:. Retrieved
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813:Citizenship
486:World War I
352:Carl Berger
247:Westminster
219:imperialism
162:West Indies
144:Motivations
51:New Zealand
1235:Categories
1153:Q107159566
1147:: 96–123.
1115:Q107151217
1077:Q107151203
1035:2019-03-11
1014:2019-03-11
993:2019-03-11
968:2019-03-11
947:2019-03-12
901:2022-01-30
846:(1): 174.
653:j.ctt7sz6b
618:References
597:Federalism
462:free trade
327:) such as
231:superstate
227:parliament
209:Union Jack
126:devolution
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1109:: 72–95.
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785:13 August
708:144448922
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542:ACT Party
409:Obstacles
385:In 1900,
289:All Souls
263:Singapore
259:Melbourne
235:Home Rule
158:dominions
122:Singapore
114:Gibraltar
67:home rule
55:Unionists
43:Australia
1149:Wikidata
1111:Wikidata
1073:Wikidata
918:Archived
776:Archived
700:20097727
560:See also
508:and the
493:and the
309:Barbados
216:colonial
134:Scotland
57:such as
964:. ACTNZ
870:2139892
480:Decline
239:England
90:Britain
71:Ireland
1196:Online
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