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prompted
Massina to firmly control the town in 1833 when a Fulbe governor was appointed that controlled the entire region up to Gao. A Tuareg force drove off the Massina garrison in 1840 but were in the following year defeated and expelled. The Tuareg then regrouped in 1842-1844 and managed to defeat the Massina forces and drive them from Timbuktu, but the city was later besieged by Massina and its inhabitants were starved into resubmitting to Massina's rule by 1846. Disputes between Massina and Timbuktu were often mediated by the Kunta scholary family led by Muhammad al-Kunti and his son al-Mukhtar al-Saghir. Amedu died in 1845, leaving control of the Massina Empire to his son,
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33:
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the late 1820s after a serious of disastrous battles for the
Massina army that ultimately ended when threats from the Yatenga kingdom forced the local chieftains to place themselves under Massina's protection. The conflict that emerged with the Bambara state of Kaarta, however, was more serious, with Massina's army suffering heavy casualties, especially in 1843–44. every attempt by to expand westward proved equally futile.
711:
The ascension of Amadu III to the throne in 1853, following his election by the Grand
Council over arguably more capable uncles, marked the beginning of the decline of the empire. Amadu III's reign was defined by controversy. He was said to be less valiant in war and was more lax when it came to the
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After the first conquest of the north-eastern regions between
Timbuktu and Gao in 1818-1826, Arma and the Tuareg who controlled the region rebelled several times, trying to escape the imposition of direct rule by Lobbo’s appointed governor Abd al-Qādir (who took over from Pasha Uthman al-rimi). This
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began efforts at increasing religious revivals in his homeland. Amadu was born from a minor scholar family from one of the less important Fulbe clans. He was both a religious and political outsider which increasingly led him to clash with the established elites as his influence in the region grew at
533:
with the help of a Grand
Council that possessed the power to elect new rulers after the death of the previous one. While, in theory, the almami did not have to be a member of the Bari family, but only someone who was learned and pious, every almami elected happened to be a son of the previous ruler.
793:
The capital of
Hamdullahi was divided into 18 neighborhoods further divided into several residences. Each of these residences were surrounded by a high wall to protect privacy and a well that ensured a reliable source of drinking water. There was also a strong police presence that enforced rules of
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Massina's expansion into the region between the Mali-Niger border and north-eastern
Burkina Faso was more successful, and marked the southernmost limit of the empire, which it shared with the Sokoto empire. The various chiefdoms of the region, most notably Baraboullé and Djilgodji, were subsumed in
784:
The empire was made up of five major regions known as
Jenneri, Fakala-Kunari, Hayre-Seno, Massina, and Nabbe-Dude. Within each of these regions, governance was entrusted to a military governor, known as the amiru, who bore the responsibility of safeguarding their respective territories. The amiru
743:
The
Massina Empire contained one of the most sophisticated governments in Africa at the time, with a system of checks and balances and a well-established tax system. It was organized as an Islamic state with strong democratic tendencies that created great stability within the empire.
775:
The Grand
Council also possessed the authority to designate the succeeding Almami. While, in theory, the almami did not have to be a member of the Bari family, but only someone who was learned and pious, every almami elected happened to be a son of the previous ruler.
771:
law. However, it was only the Almami who could demand a revision of a policy or decision or act as a lawyer on behalf of a plaintiff. If the Grand Council and the Almami ever came to a disagreement 40 of the 60 judges were selected randomly to make the final decision.
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to further the spread of Islam. Alcohol, tobacco, music and dancing were banned in accordance with Islamic law, while a social welfare system provided for widows and orphans. A strict interpretation of Islamic injunctions against ostentation led Amadu to order the
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were supported by local councils and a state-funded judicial system, granting them the authority to render independent legal judgments and facilitate conflict resolution. The Grand Council would act as the supreme court.
1606:
A Contested Space of Competing Claims: The Middle Niger, 1810s–1840s. In Sultan, Caliph, and the Renewer of the Faith: Aḥmad Lobbo, the Tārīkh al-fattāsh and the Making of an Islamic State in West Africa
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Education was prioritized by the empire and played an important part in every citizen's life. Both boys and girls from the ages of 7-21 would learn the basics of the
763:. The Grand Council acted as the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the empire and could make their own decisions based on strict observance of the
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One of the most enduring accomplishments was a code regulating the use of the inland Niger delta region by Fula cattle herders and diverse farming communities.
817:, and, in some cases, more secular subjects such as grammar and rhetoric. All school fees were fixed and teachers were subsidized by the central government.
731:, he entered Hamdullahi on May 16, leveling it. Amadu III was captured and put to death. Though resistance briefly continued under Amadu III's brother
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At the height of the Empire's power, a 10,000-man army was stationed in the city, and Seku Amadu ordered the construction of six hundred
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The Massina Empire was one of the most organized theocratic states of its time on the African continent and had its capital at
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their expense. This tension would lead to open confrontation in 1818 when the death of Ardo Guidado, son of the chief Fulani
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1577:"Islamic economic thinking in the 12th AH/18th CE century with special reference to Shah Wali-Allah al-Dihlawi"
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1701:"A note on Mawlāy 'Abd al-Qādir b. Muḥammad al-Sanūsī and his relationship with the Caliphate of Ḥamdallāhi"
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65:
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Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sa'Di's Ta'Rikh Al-Sudan Down to 1613 and Other Contemporary Documents
716:'s Jihad against the Massina Empire, he was met with little resistance from Amadu III's unorganized army.
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to be abandoned, and all future mosques were ordered built with low ceilings and without decoration or
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Warriors, Merchants. and Slaves: The State and the Economy in the Middle Niger Valley, 1700-1914
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Johnson, Marion (1976). "The Economic Foundations of an Islamic Theocracy: The Rise of Masina".
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conduct such as hygiene. Taxes were levied on harvest, military spending, and a general Muslim
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833:. Rulers from 1814 to 1873, except for Tukolor regents, used the title of 'Sheikh'.
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The Massina Empire was governed by a 40-member Grand Council appointed by the
514:. By 1853, the empire had fallen into decline and was ultimately destroyed by
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adherence to the religious tenets that governed the empire. By the time of
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Ardo Amadu used this incident to mobilize an army of over 200,000 men from
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for their wisdom and creativity and 60 judges who were prominent
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launched an attack on the Massina from his newly secured base at
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to crush the Jihadists. The initial encounter took place at the
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1808:"Toward a chronology for the Caliphate of Hamdullahi (Māsina)"
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There were also agents who would audit government officials.
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1938:
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1641:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 154–155.
829:(1989). For some alternative spellings and dates, see the
559:. For centuries after their arrival, the inhabitants were
1898:
Nineteenth Century Timeline of Western and Central Sudan
1469:
Brodnicka, Monika (11 January 2016). "Massina Empire".
1680:
57:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1874:Un empire peul au XIX siècle: la Diina du Maasina
1571:
2428:
1639:A History of West Africa: An Introductory Survey
1608:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–202.
1507:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
798:in all of the villages and towns of the empire.
1833:Slavery and Colonial Rule in French West Africa
1509:. University of California Press. p. 608.
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616:, was blamed on one of Seku Amadu's students.
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655:in 1818. The empire expanded rapidly, taking
547:Massina was founded in c. 1400 by a group of
1473:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–3.
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727:. After a series of bloody battles such as
591:Seku Amadu and the Founding of the Caliphate
295:• Founding of the Sultanate of Massina
1854:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
1751:Ba, Amadou Hampâté; Daget, Jacques (1962).
595:In the early 1800s, inspired by the recent
1930:
1916:
825:Names and dates taken from John Stewart's
659:in 1819 and establishing a new capital at
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117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1876:(in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
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1780:al-Sadi, Abd; Hunwick, John (2003).
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55:adding citations to reliable sources
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471:), was an early nineteenth-century
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1753:L'empire peul du Macina, 1818-1853
1590:from the original on May 15, 2021.
1539:. London: McFarland. p. 173.
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1937:
1903:History of Mali (French language)
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563:of larger states, including the
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2447:Countries in precolonial Africa
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699:, who was succeeded by his son
607:, preacher and social reformer
42:needs additional citations for
1835:. Cambridge University Press.
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1479:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe388
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2462:1818 establishments in Africa
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1850:Roberts, Richard L. (1987).
1505:Ajayi, Jacob F. Ade (1989).
7:
1812:Cahiers d'études africaines
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571:(15th-16th centuries), the
551:originally coming from the
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10:
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1974:History of the Mali Empire
1806:Brown, William A. (1968).
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1735:al-Sadi & Hunwick 2003
1654:Journal of African History
1560:al-Sadi & Hunwick 2003
1471:The Encyclopedia of Empire
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305:• Battle of Noukouma
2452:Political history of Mali
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1537:African States and Rulers
1398:Sheikh Abidin al-Bakha'i
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1342:Sheikh Abidin al-Bakha'i
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805:and the tradition of the
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579:(17th century), and the
157:of West Africa, c. 1830.
1052:(c. 1595 – 1599)
417:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
133:Caliphate of Hamdullahi
1831:Klein, Martin (1998).
1716:Cite journal requires
1604:Nobili, Mauro (2020).
1584:MPRA (Paper No. 75432)
1535:Stewart, John (1989).
719:In 1862, Omar Tall of
678:Great Mosque of Djenné
573:Arma (Moroccan) pashas
510:and its allies at the
448:
440:
315:• Disestablished
2024:2012 Tuareg rebellion
1824:10.3406/cea.1968.3136
1614:10.1017/9781108804295
529:. It was ruled by an
173:Common languages
2098:Environmental issues
1755:(in French). Mouton.
1699:Diagayété, Mohamed.
1317:(1862 – 1863)
567:(14th century), the
543:Sultanate of Massina
506:after defeating the
498:. It was founded by
370:Pashalik of Timbuktu
51:improve this article
2039:Ebola disease event
1687:Ba & Daget 1962
1637:Fage, J.D. (1969).
1315:military government
502:in 1818 during the
486:of what is now the
253:• 1852 – 1862
241:• 1845 – 1852
229:• 1818 – 1845
155:Fulani Jihad States
2457:French West Africa
2237:Telecommunications
1989:Kénédougou Kingdom
1784:. Brill Academic.
767:interpretation of
641:Battle of Noukouma
512:Battle of Noukouma
280:Late modern period
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2004:Toucouleur Empire
1964:Pre-Imperial Mali
1870:Sanankoua, Bintou
1623:978-1-108-80429-5
1573:Abdul Azim Islahi
1488:978-1-118-44064-3
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821:List of rulers
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752:
749:
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708:
705:
668:
665:
653:Bambara Empire
592:
589:
581:Bambara Empire
569:Songhai Empire
544:
541:
539:
536:
508:Bambara Empire
463:(also spelled
461:Massina empire
425:خلافة حمد الله
411:
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405:
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356:Bambara Empire
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136:خلافة حمد الله
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107:September 2014
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2044:2020 protests
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2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
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1984:Bamana Empire
1982:
1980:
1977:
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1972:
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1050:Moroccan rule
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856:Majam Dyallo
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509:
505:
504:Fulani jihads
501:
497:
493:
492:Ségou Regions
489:
485:
481:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
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404:Today part of
402:
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274:
271:Grand Council
270:
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71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
34:
29:
28:
19:
18:Macina Empire
2308:Prostitution
2278:Demographics
2164:Human rights
2149:Constitution
2080:
2014:French Sudan
1998:
1959:Ghana Empire
1873:
1851:
1832:
1815:
1811:
1781:
1752:
1730:
1709:cite journal
1694:
1682:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1632:
1605:
1583:
1567:
1555:
1536:
1506:
1470:
1311:
1256:
1119:Hammadi III
1049:
845:Reign Start
826:
824:
800:
792:
783:
774:
754:
746:
742:
718:
710:
693:
689:
686:
670:
651:against the
618:
594:
546:
524:
473:Sunni Muslim
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
416:
414:
338:Succeeded by
337:
332:
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
49:Please help
44:verification
41:
2232:Foreign aid
2169:LGBT rights
1969:Mali Empire
1769:|work=
1300:Hamadu III
1133:Hammadi IV
1091:Birahim II
1060:Hammadi II
1038:Hammadi II
968:Amadi Sire
809:, advanced
751:Legislature
645:Jamogo Séri
565:Mali Empire
555:, south of
480:West Africa
333:Preceded by
284:Fula jihads
268:Legislature
2431:Categories
2356:Literature
1429:References
1423:Mademba Sy
1403:(Restored)
1370:Badi Sidi
1356:Badi Tali
1286:Hamadu II
1242:Gurori II
1214:Hammadi V
1062:(Restored)
982:Hammadi I
870:Birahim I
848:Reign End
739:Government
721:Toucouleur
661:Hamdullahi
614:Ardo Amadu
609:Seku Amadu
603:in nearby
527:Hamdullahi
520:Toucouleur
500:Seku Amadu
234:Seku Amadu
204:Government
179:(official)
167:Hamdullahi
77:newspapers
2303:Languages
2288:Education
2247:Transport
2196:President
2154:Elections
2103:Mountains
2064:Geography
2054:2021 coup
2049:2020 coup
2029:2012 coup
1771:ignored (
1761:cite book
1674:162679554
1586:: 48,41.
1272:Hamadu I
1228:Ya Gallo
1186:Gueladio
1172:Gurori I
1105:Silamaka
1077:Bubu III
815:mysticism
761:marabouts
701:Amadu III
663:in 1820.
605:Hausaland
577:Tomboctou
476:caliphate
258:Amadu III
208:Caliphate
196:Religion
142:1818–1862
2411:Category
2371:Polygamy
2313:Religion
2181:Military
2137:Politics
2123:Wildlife
2093:Communes
2034:Mali War
1943:articles
1872:(1990).
1588:Archived
1575:(2009).
1417:See also
1200:Guidado
1144:Ali III
1044:c. 1595
1024:Bubu II
1010:Ibrahim
859:c. 1400
811:theology
733:Ba Lobbo
697:Amadu II
682:minarets
673:madrasas
633:Goundaka
625:Poromani
451:; also:
246:Amadu II
190:Tamasheq
2395:Outline
2341:Cuisine
2333:Culture
2318:Slavery
2261:Society
2242:Tourism
2220:Economy
2113:Regions
2082:Cercles
2076:Borders
1951:History
1745:Sources
1384:Ahmadu
1313:Tukolor
1257:unknown
996:Bubu I
940:Sawadi
912:Ali II
807:Prophet
780:Regions
729:Cayawal
707:Decline
637:Massina
629:Monimpé
561:vassals
553:Termess
538:History
465:Maasina
437:Bambara
299:c. 1400
186:Bambara
163:Capital
91:scholar
2416:Portal
2293:Health
2118:Rivers
2088:Cities
1994:Kaarta
1941:
1880:
1858:
1839:
1788:
1672:
1620:
1543:
1513:
1485:
1158:Gallo
926:Nguia
898:Kanta
884:Ali I
803:Qur'an
769:Sharia
765:Maliki
757:Almami
667:Empire
657:Djenné
635:, and
549:Fulani
531:almami
469:Macina
445:French
421:Arabic
219:
215:Almami
177:Arabic
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2402:Index
2366:Music
2361:Media
2346:Films
2323:Women
1670:S2CID
1580:(PDF)
1410:1874
1407:1873
1390:1873
1387:1872
1376:1872
1373:1871
1362:1871
1359:1864
1348:1864
1334:1864
1331:1863
1306:1862
1303:1852
1292:1852
1289:1844
1278:1844
1275:1814
1264:1814
1261:1810
1248:1810
1245:1801
1234:1801
1231:1780
1220:1780
1217:1761
1206:1716
1203:1706
1192:1706
1189:1696
1178:1696
1175:1675
1164:1675
1161:1673
1150:1673
1147:1663
1136:1663
1125:1663
1122:1627
1111:1627
1108:1625
1097:1625
1094:1613
1083:1613
1080:1603
1069:1603
1066:1599
1041:1583
1030:1583
1027:1559
1016:1559
1013:1551
1002:1551
999:1544
988:1544
985:1543
974:1543
971:1540
960:1540
957:1539
946:1539
943:1510
932:1510
929:1480
918:1480
915:1466
904:1466
901:1433
890:1433
887:1424
876:1424
873:1404
862:1404
842:Name
796:tithe
725:Ségou
649:jihad
585:Ségou
488:Mopti
199:Islam
98:JSTOR
84:books
2351:Flag
1939:Mali
1878:ISBN
1856:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1773:help
1722:help
1618:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1511:ISBN
1483:ISBN
954:Ilo
813:and
621:Segu
557:Hodh
496:Mali
490:and
429:Fula
415:The
408:Mali
319:1862
309:1818
153:The
70:news
1820:doi
1662:doi
1610:doi
1475:doi
1381:36
1367:35
1353:34
1339:33
1322:32
1297:31
1283:30
1269:29
1253:28
1239:27
1225:26
1211:25
1197:24
1183:23
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1155:21
1141:20
1130:19
1116:18
1102:17
1088:16
1074:15
1057:14
1035:14
1021:13
1007:12
993:11
979:10
599:of
583:at
575:of
518:of
494:of
478:in
467:or
53:by
2433::
1814:.
1810:.
1765::
1763:}}
1759:{{
1713::
1711:}}
1707:{{
1668:.
1658:17
1656:.
1616:.
1596:^
1582:.
1525:^
1497:^
1481:.
1437:^
1395:-
965:9
951:8
937:7
923:6
909:5
895:4
881:3
867:2
853:1
839:#
703:.
684:.
631:,
627:,
623:,
522:.
455:,
447::
443:;
439::
435:;
431::
427:;
423::
282:;
188:,
184:,
1931:e
1924:t
1917:v
1886:.
1864:.
1845:.
1826:.
1822::
1816:8
1794:.
1775:)
1724:)
1720:(
1703:.
1676:.
1664::
1626:.
1612::
1549:.
1519:.
1491:.
1477::
419:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
