Mandaeans - Knowledge

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genotypes, respectively. There was remarkable difference between Mandaeans and other mentioned populations for the frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype. Mutation, gene flow and natural selection should be disregarded in interpretation the influence of evolutionary forces on Mandaeans and their surrounding gene pools. In Iran and Iraq Mandaeans lived as small and isolated ethno-religious communities. Therefore, genetic drift, at least in part might account for differences between Mandaeans and other populations.

2077: 531: 202: 162: 120: 490: 3486: 9723: 3245: 3027: 2265: 302: 14816: 12530: 11351: 2208: 14826: 12540: 1863: 342: 322: 242: 262: 11410: 222: 182: 142: 76: 362: 12550: 12560: 3127: 42: 3712:, the Seven, and the Twelve. Adam's body (believed to be the first human created by God in Abrahamic tradition) was fashioned by these dark beings, however his soul (or mind) was a direct creation from the Light. Therefore, many Mandaeans believe the human soul is capable of salvation because it originates from the lightworld. The soul, sometimes referred to as the 'inner Adam' or 6690: 3642:(angels or guardians), manifested from the light, surround and perform acts of worship to praise and honor God. They inhabit worlds separate from the lightworld and some are commonly referred to as emanations and are subservient beings to 'The First Life'; their names include Second, Third, and Fourth Life (i.e. 2581:. However, despite this, Iranian Mandaeans still maintain successful businesses and factories in areas such as Ahwaz. In April 1996, the cause of the Mandaeans' religious status in the Islamic Republic was raised. The parliament came to the conclusion that Mandaeans were included in the protected status of 4360:

Q 321: There live a large number of people in Khuzestan who call themselves Sabeans and claim that they are the followers Prophet Yaḥyā (a.s.) and that they possess his scripture. It has also been established for the religious scholars that they are the Sabeans mentioned in the Qur'an. Please explain

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Many Iraqi Mandaeans have fled the country in the face of this violence, and the Mandaean community in Iraq faces extinction. Out of the over 60,000 Mandaeans in Iraq in the early 1990s, fewer than 5,000 to 10,000 remain there as of 2007. In early 2007, more than 80% of Iraqi Mandaeans were refugees

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Some modern scholars have identified the Sabians mentioned in the Quran as Mandaeans, although many other possible identifications have been proposed. Some scholars believe it is impossible to establish their original identity with any degree of certainty. Mandaeans continue to be called Sabians to

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are a central theme in Mandaeism, believed to be necessary for the redemption of the soul. Mandaeans do not perform a single baptism, as in religions such as Christianity; rather, they view baptisms as a ritual act capable of bringing the soul closer to salvation. Therefore, Mandaeans are baptized

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provisions make access to employment, education, and a range of other areas conditional upon a rigorous ideological screening, the principal prerequisite for which is devotion to the tenets of Islam. These laws are regularly applied to discriminate against religious and ethnic groups that are not

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believes Mandaeism's origin lies in the Transjordan where a group of 'non-Jews' migrated to Mesopotamia and combined their Gnostic beliefs with indigenous Mesopotamian beliefs at the end of the 2nd century CE. Kevin van Bladel claims that Mandaeism originated no earlier than 5th century Sassanid

4342:س 322. تعداد زیادی از مردم در خوزستان زندگی می کنند که خود را «صابئه» می نامند و ادعای پیروی از پیامبر خدا حضرت یحیی(ع) را دارند و می گویند کتاب او نزد ما موجود است. نزد علمای ادیان ثابت شده که آن ها همان صابئون هستند که در قرآن آمده است. لطفاً بیان فرمایید که این گروه از اهل کتاب هستند یا خیر؟ 2134:

population, further reinforcing the connection between Mandaic and its Mesopotamian heritage. This distinction highlights the uniqueness of Mandaic within the broader Aramaic linguistic landscape. Although there appears to be strong religious connections between the Mandaeans with both ancient

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null genotype among Jordanian, Palestinian, Ashkenazi Jews and non-Ashkenazi Jews was 24.2%, 22.0%, 26.0%, 22.1% (9, 10), respectively. Comparisons between Iranian Mandaeans and above-mentioned populations demonstrating that Mandaeans showed higher and lower levels of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null

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persecuted all non-Zoroastrian religions. It is thought that this persecution encouraged the consolidation of Mandaean religious literature. The persecutions instigated by Kartir seems to temporarily erase Mandaeans from recorded history. Their presence, however can still be found in Mandaean

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he Mandaeans may well have become the inventors of – or at least contributors to the development of – Gnosticism ... and they produced the most voluminous Gnostic literature we know, in one language... influenc the development of Gnostic and other religious groups in late antiquity

3820:, a Mandaean priest and scholar, believes in a two-origin theory in which he considers the contemporary Mandaeans to have descended from both proto-Mandaeans originating in the Jordan valley as well as another group of Mandaeans (or Gnostics) indigenous to southern Mesopotamia. 4083:

and believed that he had received laws ‐ not this law, however, but some other. And so, they were Jews who kept all the Jewish observances, but they would not offer sacrifice or eat meat. They considered it unlawful to eat meat or make sacrifices with it. They claim that these

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Rudolph, Kurt (April 1964). "War Der Verfasser Der Oden Salomos Ein "Qumran-Christ"? Ein Beitrag zur Diskussion um die Anfänge der Gnosis" [Was the author of the Odes of Solomon a "Qumran Christian"? A contribution to the discussion about the beginnings of Gnosis].

5038: 3383:(2019). The scattered nature of the Mandaean diaspora has raised fears among Mandaeans for the religion's survival. Mandaeism does not allow conversion, and the religious status of Mandaeans who marry outside the faith and their children is disputed. 3815:

region. Sbahi believes that Mandaeism originated in surroundings that had Hellenic, Babylonian, Gnostic and Judaic influence. However, due to Sbahi's lack of knowledge of the Mandaic language, he read only secondary sources on the Mandaeans.

2754:, Roma and Shabaks), have been subjected to violence, including murders, kidnappings, rapes, evictions, and forced conversions. Mandaeans, like many other Iraqis, have also been targeted for kidnapping since many worked as goldsmiths. 2227:, "Ours is the oldest religion in the world. It dates back to Adam." Russell adds, "He traced its history back to Babylon, though he said it might have some connection to the Jews of Jerusalem." The Mandaean Synod of Australia led by 2601:

posed three questions regarding the Mandaeans' beliefs and seemed satisfied with the answers. These rulings, however, did not lead to Mandaeans regaining their more officially recognized status as People of the Book. In 2009, Iran's

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argue for an Israelite origin. The majority of these scholars believe that the Mandaeans likely have a historical connection with John the Baptist's inner circle of disciples. Charles Häberl, who is also a linguist specializing in

3908:"sees early Christianity as a Mandaean heresy" and adds "heterodox Judaism in Galilee and Samaria appears to have taken shape in the form we now call gnostic, and it may well have existed some time before the Christian era." 2497: 4152:

areas to Iraq and Iran. Therefore, their gene pool was separated from their origins for about 20 centuries. During this period, evolutionary forces might have some effects on the Mandaeans' gene pool. The frequency of the

3473:, Massachusetts. The community in Worcester is believed to be the largest in the United States and the second largest community outside the Middle East. About 2,600 Mandaeans from Iran have been settled in Texas since the 2537:

that followed brought more troubles to the Mandaeans, as the security situation deteriorated. Many members of the Mandaean community, who were known as goldsmiths, were targeted by criminal gangs for ransoms. The rise of

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is the liturgical language of Mandaeism. However, most Mandaeans currently do not speak conversational Neo-Mandaic in everyday life, but rather the languages of their host countries, such as Arabic, Farsi, or English.

2099:, particularly from the Late Babylonian phase. Phonetic, grammatical, and lexicographic elements traceable to Akkadian strongly suggest that the origins of Mandaic and its speakers, the Mandaeans, are deeply rooted in 2762:

and forbids its adherents from carrying weapons. During the 20th century in Iraq, most Mandaeans lived in large towns and cities, although a minority also lived in rural villages in the marshlands of southern Iraq.

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at an accelerated rate, especially during the 1950s and '60s. The Mandaeans were also forced to abandon their stances on the cutting of hair and forced military service, which are strictly prohibited in Mandaeaism.

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proved a pre-Islamic Mandaean presence in the southern Mesopotamia, scholars were obliged to hypothesize otherwise unknown persecutions by Jews or by Christians to explain the reason for Mandaeans' departure from

4353:) and say that his book is available to us. It has also been proven by scholars of religions and they are the Ṣābeʾūn mentioned in the Qorʾān. Please state if this group is among the People of the Book or not? 3811:, traced the Mandaeans to the Babylonian Era. Sbahi, who is known more as a secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party, acknowledges that Mandaeism may have been affected by religions in Mesopotamia and the 2786:

when they gained fame as intellectuals in the cultural and scientific fields. In modern Iraq, Mandaeans have gained prominence as academics, writers, artists, poets, physicians, engineers and jewelers.

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alongside Christians, Jews and Zoroastrians and specified that, from a legal viewpoint, there is no prohibition against Muslims associating with Mandaeans, whom the parliament identified as being the

4621: 2750:'s rule, but accelerated greatly after the American-led invasion and subsequent occupation. Since the invasion Mandaeans, like other Iraqi ethno-religious minorities (such as Assyrians, Armenians, 3800:. Al-Zuhairy (1998) believes that the roots of Mandaeism lies in Mesopotamia, inherited from the Sumerians, and the present form of Mandaeism likely emerged in Mesopotamia in the 3rd century BCE. 3576:

coined by Descartes, Mandaeans consider the body, and all material, worldly things, to have come from the dark, while the soul (sometimes referred to as the mind) is a product of the lightworld.

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repeatedly during their lives. John the Baptist is a key figure for the Mandaeans; they consider him to have been a Nasoraean Mandaean. John is referred to as their greatest and final teacher.

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became a popular destination because a Mandaean community existed there before the war and the Swedish government has a liberal asylum policy toward Iraqis. There are between 10,000 and 20,000

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The Mandaeans group existence into two main categories: light and darkness. They have a dualistic view of life, that encompasses both good and evil; all good is thought to have come from the

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During the 9th and 10th centuries several religious groups came to be identified with the mysterious Sabians (sometimes also spelled 'Sabaeans' or 'Sabeans', but not to be confused with the

3188:. On the other hand, the Mandaean community in Iran has increased over the last decade because of the exodus from Iraq of the main Mandaean community, which used to be 50,000–70,000 strong. 2836: 13318: 2662: 3451:

The status of the Mandaeans has prompted a number of American intellectuals and civil rights activists to call upon the US government to extend refugee status to the community. In 2007,

1953:, a Mandaean priest and scholar, accepts a two-origin theory in which he considers the contemporary Mandaeans to have descended from both a line of Mandaeans who had originated from the 4924: 3155:, passing their skills from generation to generation. After the fall of the shah, its members faced increased religious discrimination, and many emigrated to Europe and the Americas. 1957:, as well as another group of Mandaeans (or Gnostics) who were indigenous to southern Mesopotamia. Thus, the historical merging of the two groups gave rise to the Mandaeans of today. 1761:

in Iran. By 2007, the population of Mandaeans in Iraq had fallen to approximately 5,000. There are estimated to be 60,000–100,000 Mandaeans worldwide. About 10,000 Mandaeans live in

2796: 4463: 13308: 7098: 4955: 11792: 2375:, adherents of religions recognized as guided by previous revelations). However, this account is likely apocryphal: since it mentions that Anush bar Danqa traveled to 4822: 3791:. In addition to Edmondo Lupieri, Christa Müller-Kessler argues against the Palestinian origin theory of the Mandaeans claiming that the Mandaeans are Mesopotamian. 3561:. Mandaeans consider Adam, Seth, Noah, Shem and John the Baptist to be prophets with Adam the founder of the religion and John being the greatest and final prophet. 5200: 7409: 7236: 6290:

Cults, edited by Jacob Neusner, vol. 4: Studies for Morton Smith at Sixty, 112–42. Leiden: Brill. Reprinted in Gnosis und Spätantike Religionsgeschichte, 402–32.

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origin for the Mandaeans. James McGrath and Richard Thomas believe there is a direct connection between Mandaeism and pre-exilic traditional Israelite religion.

3638:('The First Life'). God is so great, vast, and incomprehensible that no words can fully depict how awesome God is. It is believed that an innumerable number of 2878:

named after him; president of the British Mandaean Council; founded the Iraqi Astronomical Society and Carl Zeiss Planetarium, Baghdad; project leader for the

2842: 9477: 4017:–940). However, it is not clear whether the Mandaeans of this period already identified themselves as Sabians or whether the claim originated with Ibn Muqla. 7903: 5768: 2466:

and controversially designated them "Christians of St. John". In the next centuries Europeans became more acquainted with the Mandaeans and their religion.

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Mandaeans appeared to have flourished during the early Islamic period, as attested by the voluminous expansion of Mandaic literature and canons. Tib near

11821: 14477: 13330: 12091: 6998: 3763:. This brought around a revival of the otherwise almost fully abandoned idea of their Palestinian origins. As the archeological discovery of Mandaean 3595:(dead or rancid water). The two waters are mixed in all things in order to achieve a balance. Mandaeans also believe in an afterlife or heaven called 14583: 7396: 2860: 6925: 5151: 4075:. Epiphanius says (29:6) that they existed before Christ. That is questioned by some, but others accept the pre-Christian origin of the Nasaraeans. 11705: 4932: 2980: 2481:

and half of its inhabitants died. The entire Mandaean priesthood perished and Mandaeism was restored due to the efforts of few learned men such as

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if they revert to their religion, thereby risking being murdered. Such Mandaeans have voiced feeling unsafe in any Muslim country for this reason.

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Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst|Religionswissenschaftliche Medien- und Informationsdienst e. V. (Abbreviation: REMID)

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branch. This classification is based on clear isoglosses in phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicography that separate the Mandaic language.

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S 322. There are a large number of people living in Khuzestan who call themselves "Ṣābeʾe" and who claim to follow God's holy Prophet Yahya (

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The number of Iranian Mandaeans is a matter of dispute. In 2009, there were an estimated 5,000 to 10,000 Mandaeans in Iran, according to the

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The Knowledge of Life: The Origins and Early History of the Mandaeans and Their Relation to the Sabians of the Qur'ān and to the Harranians

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R. Macuch, "Anfänge der Mandäer. Versuch eines geschichtliches Bildes bis zur früh-islamischen Zeit", chap. 6 of F. Altheim and R. Stiehl,

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are fictions, and that none of these customs were instituted by the fathers. This was the difference between the Nasaraeans and the others.

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The Coronation of the Great Šišlam, Being a Description of the Rite of the Coronation of a Mandaean Priest according to the Ancient Canon

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Mandaeans believe that there is a constant battle or conflict between the forces of good and evil. The forces of good are represented by

7904:"Reading the Story of Miriai on Two Levels: Evidence from Mandaean Anti-Jewish Polemic about the Origins and Setting of Early Mandaeism" 6204: 5769:"Reading the Story of Miriai on Two Levels: Evidence from Mandaean Anti-Jewish Polemic about the Origins and Setting of Early Mandaeism" 3465:

called for the Bush administration to take immediate action to preserve the community. Iraqi Mandaeans were given refugee status by the

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granted Iranian Mandaeans protective refugee status. Since then, roughly 1,000 have emigrated to the US, now residing in cities such as

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rule, foreign religions were tolerated and Mandaeans appear to have enjoyed royal protection. The situation changed by the ascension of

1890:. This theory was gradually abandoned, but was revived in the early 20th century through the first translation of Mandaean texts, which 13666: 13182: 9664: 2168:

in the 1st century CE. There is archaeological evidence that attests to the Mandaean presence in pre-Islamic Iraq. Scholars, including

8248:, p. 47; on the identification of al-Hasan ibn Bahlul's source (named merely "Abu Ali") as Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla, see p. 58. 6883: 4753: 14895: 14860: 11709: 6771: 5875: 14880: 12081: 9938: 8606:

The Scroll of Exalted Kingship: Diwan Malkuta 'Laita (Mandean Manuscript No. 34 in the Drower Collection, Bodleian Library, Oxford)

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The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis, Book I (Sects 1–46) Frank Williams, translator, 1987 (E.J. Brill, Leiden) ISBN 90-04-07926-2

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Beyer, K., The Aramaic Language; Its Distribution and Subdivisions, translated from the German by John F. Healey, Gottingen (1986)

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Mead, G. R. S., Gnostic John the Baptizer: Selections from the Mandaean John-Book, Dumfries & Galloway UK, Anodos Books (2020)

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The Nasaraeans ‐ they were Jews by nationality ‐ originally from Gileaditis, Bashanitis and the Transjordan ... They acknowledged

13217: 7477: 6406: 5880: 4754:"Submission on behalf of the Mandaean Human Rights Group to the Human Rights Committee's Periodic Review of Iraq in October 2015" 2885: 6741: 5175: 14865: 13842: 13693: 13456: 2180:. Mandaeans believe that their religion predates Judaism. According to Mandaean scripture, the Mandaeans descend directly from 1960:

There are several indications of the ultimate origin of the Mandaeans. Early religious concepts and terminologies recur in the

1675:, a belief system of which they are the last surviving representatives today. The Mandaeans were originally native speakers of 9240:

Rashed, Marwan (2009a). "Thabit ibn Qurra sur l'existence et l'infini: les réponses aux questions posées par Ibn Usayyid". In

3987:, claimed the name in order to be recognized by the Muslim authorities as a people of the book deserving of legal protection ( 14188: 14018: 13963: 13832: 13698: 12596: 11397: 9534: 9501: 9449: 9392: 9368: 9303: 9265: 9139: 9111: 9083: 8945: 8767: 8723: 8689: 8152: 7806: 7582: 7555: 6416: 6351: 6268: 5799: 5658: 5489: 5444: 5354: 5113: 4516: 4339:

The fatwā is numbered differently between Persian (S 322) and its official English (Q 321) translation but reads as follows:

2830: 11375: 7127: 4326:, a name historically claimed by several religious groups. For adherents of other religions sometimes called 'Sabians', see 13350: 13340: 11833: 11740: 11104: 10101: 4898: 4826: 703: 8066:

Reeves, J. C., Heralds of that Good Realm: Syro-Mesopotamian Gnostic and Jewish Traditions, Leiden, New York, Koln (1996).

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for the Mandaeans arriving from Jerusalem meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge. Scholars such as

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formed from dark waters representing chaos. A main defender of the darkworld is a giant monster, or dragon, with the name

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and non-Ashkenazi Jews was 27.1%, 56.0%, 55.2%, and 55.2% (9, 10), respectively. On the other hand, the frequency of the

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influence on Mandaic and accepts Mandaeans having a "shared Israelite history with Jews". In addition, scholars such as

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Law (passed in 1985) has the effect of prohibiting Mandaeans from fully participating in civil life. This law and other

13773: 13762: 13707: 13655: 13510: 13313: 12086: 12002: 11725: 11690: 8260:, p. 54. On Ibn Muqla's possible motivations for applying the Quranic epithet to the Mandaeans rather than to the 6113: 5925: 4533:"The strength within: The role of refugee community organisations in settlement-Case study: Sabean Mandean Association" 8569: 4652: 2283:. Although the letters appear quite similar to the Mandaean ones, it is impossible to know whether the inhabitants of 14890: 14203: 14147: 14127: 13943: 13918: 13814: 13738: 13640: 13270: 13112: 12130: 10108: 10087: 5851: 3662: 689: 668: 14037: 3689:. The Mandaeans believe these malevolent rulers created demonic offspring who consider themselves the owners of the 14668: 14234: 12218: 12203: 11799: 11787: 5684: 4136: 9167:

St. Paul's epistles to the Colossians and to Philemon: a revised text with introductions, notes, and dissertations

3759:) that it was possible, through the Mandaean traditions, to shed some new light on the history of John and on the 2546:. It is estimated that around 90% of Iraqi Mandaeans were either killed or have fled after the U.S. led invasion. 14178: 13718: 13554: 13549: 13288: 12915: 12076: 12062: 11814: 11464: 7451: 7180: 1703: 4785: 14875: 14870: 14855: 14783: 14608: 14488: 14472: 13958: 13893: 13794: 13743: 13515: 13466: 13451: 13355: 13345: 13325: 13117: 12776: 11680: 9657: 8480:"Genetic Polymorphisms of Glutathione S-Transferases T1 (GSTT1) and M1 (GSTM1) in Iranian Mandaeans Population" 6452: 3732: 2329: 2204:) was influenced by the Mandaeans, and a pre-Manichaean presence of the Mandaean religion is more than likely. 14416: 13187: 13127: 7263: 6828: 4683: 3718:, is in dire need of being rescued from the dark, so it may ascend into the heavenly realm of the lightworld. 2833:

graduate (1946); chair of physics at Baghdad University; co-founded the Iraqi Physics and Mathematics Society.

14642: 14083: 14066: 13973: 13948: 13804: 13712: 13702: 10540: 7239:[The number of registered religious communities exceeded a hundred - Mandaeanism as a new religion]. 6715: 3678: 3657: 3569: 3334:

in Australia has one of the largest Mandaean diaspora communities in the world. The community is centered in

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Quispel, G., Gnosticism and the New Testament, Vigiliae Christianae, vol. 19, No 2. (Jan., 1965), pp. 65–85.

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A Pair of Naṣoraean Commentaries (Two Priestly Documents): The Great First World and The Lesser First World

1997:‎), meaning guardians or possessors of secret rites and knowledge. Another early self-appellation is 14412: 7370: 2782:

Mandaeans in the past were renowned silver and gold smiths, blacksmiths and boatbuilders, even before the

1758: 14437: 14431: 14382: 14193: 14023: 13902: 13527: 12375: 12140: 12103: 12035: 11804: 11161: 10740: 10143: 9952: 8634:Šarḥ ḏ Qabin ḏ šišlam Rba (D. C. 38). Explanatory Commentary on the Marriage-Ceremony of the great Šišlam 6922: 5161: 3885: 14652: 14113: 13978: 13446: 13224: 13122: 12553: 12228: 12208: 12050: 12040: 12030: 11730: 11720: 11499: 10094: 8682:

The Book of Kings and the Explanations of This World: A Universal History from the Late Sasanian Empire

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The Mandaeans and the Christians in the time of Jesus Christ: enemies from the first days of the church

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Religious and Philosophical Texts: Rereading, Understanding and Comprehending Them in the 21st Century

7018: 6588: 14756: 14347: 14117: 13898: 13824: 13686: 13661: 13584: 13335: 13234: 13177: 12589: 12180: 12025: 11595: 11390: 10157: 9933: 9712: 9650: 9609: 9015: 8885: 8837: 8609: 6622: 5601: 4040: 4030: 3359: 3236:. Mandaeans in Jordan number about 2,500 (2018) and in Syria there are about 1,000 remaining (2015). 2530: 2362: 2217: 2196:'s original Nasoraean Mandaean disciples in Jerusalem. According to the Mandaean Society in America, 2127: 2112: 2104: 1680: 675: 593: 496: 6495: 3924:) was John the Baptist. Jorunn J. Buckley accepts Mandaeism's Israelite or Judean origins and adds: 14467: 14257: 14137: 14088: 14060: 13923: 13461: 13375: 13104: 12267: 12238: 11882: 10178: 9806: 9231:(2012). "Sacred Text and Esoteric Praxis in Sabian Mandaean Religion". In Çetinkaya, Bayram (ed.). 9204: 9011: 8881: 8302:, pp. 67–68, modern scholars have variously identified the Sabians of the Quran as Mandaeans, 7304: 5844:

The Mandaeans and the Jews: 2000 years of estrangement or what made the Jews hated by the Mandaeans

3917: 3470: 3429: 3391: 3339: 3331: 3021: 2868: 759: 9493: 9121: 9093: 7507:. Translated by Al-Saadi, Qais; Al-Saadi, Hamed (2nd ed.). Germany: Drabsha. 2019. p. 1. 7437: 7154: 6165:

Arabestani, Mehrdad (December 19, 2016). "The Mandaeans' Religious System: From Mythos to Logos".

2959:(1881–1964), patriarch and international head of the Mandaeans from 1917, until his death in 1964. 1850:('to turn to'), meaning 'converts'. Another widely cited hypothesis is that it is derived from an 14698: 14672: 14663: 14533: 14493: 14097: 14033: 13993: 13728: 13579: 13436: 13395: 12653: 12495: 12243: 11907: 11640: 11322: 10150: 10136: 10015: 9887: 9485: 9161: 9103: 8817: 8809: 8801: 8601: 8103: 7964: 7547: 7237:"Rekisteröityjen uskonnollisten yhdyskuntien määrä ylitti sadan – uutena uskontona mandealaisuus" 7112:

Census of Population and Housing, Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016 – Religion

6643: 6229: 5206:[Change of legal address – Re-registration of legal address] (in Russian). Archived from 3852: 3760: 3072: 2706: 2654: 2509:, the Mandaeans were still largely living in rural areas in the lower parts of British protected 2413: 2255:

is the principal ceremony of the Mandaean religion and may only take place in a freshwater river.

1919: 1911: 1581: 766: 731: 654: 10122: 8138: 6909: 4350: 3764: 3743: 2313: 717: 14788: 14427: 14168: 14123: 13847: 13809: 13537: 13293: 12198: 12057: 11927: 11902: 11772: 11524: 11278: 10720: 10636: 7535: 4622:"Embraced by Worcester, Iraq's persecuted Mandaean refugees now seek 'anchor'—their own temple" 3779:

believes Mandaeism is a post-Christian southern Mesopotamian Gnostic off-shoot and claims that

3335: 2846: 2609: 2603: 2139:, linguistically the Mandaeans speak what can be considered a pure form of Babylonian Aramaic. 1754: 1470: 1449: 1432: 611: 411: 1741:

The remaining community of Iranian Mandaeans has also been dwindling as a result of religious

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Diwan Abatur, or Progress Through the Purgatories: Text with Translation Notes and Appendices

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rule in the 1780s. The dwindling community was threatened with complete annihilation, when a

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A number of ancient Aramaic inscriptions dating back to the 2nd century CE were uncovered in

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According to Mandaean beliefs, the material world is a mixture of light and dark created by

1929:

There are also other theories. Kevin van Bladel has argued that the Mandaeans originated in

1915: 14627: 14529: 14422: 14362: 14337: 14316: 14296: 14269: 14071: 14013: 13908: 13671: 13636: 13400: 12582: 12397: 12279: 12213: 12175: 12071: 11997: 11992: 11917: 11765: 11383: 11365: 10380: 10185: 9697: 9171: 8525: 6887: 5179: 4290: 3996: 3984: 3421: 3325: 3213: 2939: 2272: 1887: 1762: 1746: 1652: 752: 109: 8931: 8741: 8699: 8677: 7696: 6779: 5546: 3848: 3174: 2423:. To avoid further investigation by the authorities, the Mandaeans paid a bribe of 50,000 8: 14367: 14056: 13789: 13681: 13280: 13275: 13239: 13172: 13021: 12709: 12339: 12297: 12223: 12098: 12020: 11549: 11519: 11504: 10568: 9897: 9702: 8846:]. Vols. 1–2. (in German). St. Petersburg: Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 7413: 7200: 6664: 6660:"Advance of the Crusaders into Mesopotamia | Note: name misspelled as 'Zahroam of Amara'" 5073:

YouTube-A lunchtime talk about the Mandaeans by Dr. James F. McGrath at Butler University

3466: 3380: 3371: 3257: 3181: 2594: 1766: 1684: 1262: 855: 442: 87: 9165: 8684:. Translated Texts for Historians. Vol. 80. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. 4532: 2439: 1902:. However, most New Testament scholars rejected the Palestinian origin thesis, which by 1769:, making them the countries with the most Mandaeans. There are about 2,500 Mandaeans in 14885: 14850: 14731: 14693: 14638: 14633: 14538: 14453: 14093: 13953: 13913: 13753: 13748: 13646: 13631: 13390: 13192: 13013: 12982: 12875: 12632: 12470: 12465: 12450: 12412: 12387: 12324: 12185: 12120: 11755: 11564: 11479: 11355: 11114: 11041: 11035: 10558: 10390: 10256: 10235: 10192: 9692: 9357: 9056: 9019: 8980: 8889: 8773: 8749: 8729: 8552: 8496: 8479: 8095: 8008: 7855:"Shock and Awe: The U.S. Led Invasion and the Struggle of Iraq's Non-Muslim Minorities" 7159: 4984: 4149: 3966: 3768: 3453: 3403: 3185: 3056: 3052: 3030: 2974: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2442:

may have been Mandaeans, though most scholars believe they were adherents of the pagan

2424: 2420: 2391: 2379:, it must have occurred after the founding of Baghdad in 762, if it took place at all. 2366: 2317: 2224: 2006: 1986: 1899: 1867: 1574: 1080: 903: 898: 738: 512: 131: 12312: 10115: 6857:"Shock and Awe: The U.S.Led Invasion and the Struggle of Iraq's Non-Muslim Minorities" 6617: 3354:. The Sabian Mandaean Association of Australia has purchased land by the banks of the 2968:(early 1900s–2009), patriarch and head of the Mandaeans in Iraq during the late 1900s. 1886:

in the 17th century, the Mandaeans originated in Judea and later migrated east to the

710: 14825: 14741: 14658: 14564: 14554: 14463: 14372: 14357: 14352: 14321: 14311: 14301: 14291: 14278: 14133: 13837: 13651: 13589: 13564: 13544: 13494: 13414: 13262: 12891: 12883: 12808: 12760: 12539: 12490: 12455: 12292: 12233: 12135: 12045: 12015: 12010: 11877: 11872: 11856: 11745: 11685: 11605: 11600: 11509: 11141: 11099: 10976: 10904: 10858: 10793: 10481: 10355: 10129: 10050: 9852: 9842: 9812: 9579: 9563: 9530: 9497: 9445: 9388: 9364: 9299: 9261: 9216: 9175: 9135: 9107: 9079: 9031: 8990: 8941: 8922: 8901: 8847: 8777: 8763: 8733: 8719: 8685: 8501: 8148: 8012: 8003: 7802: 7578: 7551: 7318: 7210: 6749: 6412: 6264: 6186: 5857: 5847: 5795: 5495: 5485: 5450: 5440: 5350: 5109: 4512: 4122: 3995:). The earliest source to unambiguously apply the term 'Sabian' to the Mandaeans was 3784: 3667: 3554: 3462: 3441: 3347: 3088: 2965: 2919: 2891: 2879: 2783: 2776: 2775:

study estimated the Iraqi Mandaean population to be 3,000, 400 of which lived in the

2558: 2554: 2543: 2459: 2427:

and were left alone. It appeared that the Mandaeans were even exempt from paying the

2096: 2081: 1891: 1883: 1787: 1735: 1731: 1711: 1538: 1142: 1102: 1037: 946: 918: 825: 724: 10171: 7265:

Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book

7044: 6801: 6314: 6140: 5382: 5100:

Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). Turning the Tables on Jesus: The Mandaean View. In

4434: 2701:). Historically, Mandaean quarters had also existed in southern Iraqi towns such as 1710:, which before the war numbered 60,000–70,000 persons, collapsed due to the rise of 745: 14712: 14703: 14613: 14603: 14559: 14399: 14387: 14341: 14286: 14103: 13968: 13799: 13768: 13613: 13594: 13303: 12923: 12382: 12317: 12307: 11981: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11892: 11867: 11338: 11317: 11307: 11012: 10864: 10823: 10745: 10435: 10230: 10221: 10164: 10025: 9857: 9847: 9817: 9545: 9522: 9518: 9489: 9415: 9322: 9291: 9253: 9131: 9075: 9048: 9027: 9007: 8937: 8918: 8897: 8877: 8833: 8755: 8745: 8711: 8703: 8491: 8144: 7998: 7794: 7756: 7206: 6178: 6174: 5791: 5696: 5628: 5624: 4285: 4113: 4072: 3913: 3909: 3861: 3844: 3797: 3752: 3534: 3433: 3045: 2923: 2518: 2354: 2296: 2275:

claimed that he "struck down" the non-Zoroastrian minorities, such as the Mandaeans

2193: 2115:, recent linguistic analysis has led to the recognition of a distinct Southeastern 2092: 2085: 2069:, which has similar phrases such as the "house of Perfection and Truth in Israel" ( 1978: 1961: 1871: 1851: 1782: 1714:

and the absence of protection against it, with most of the community relocating to

1688: 1676: 1660: 1605: 1523: 1247: 1097: 1062: 1057: 830: 565: 474: 470: 460: 429: 10241: 9313:

Roberts, Alexandre M. (2017). "Being a Sabian at Court in Tenth-Century Baghdad".

7747:

Müller-Kessler, Christa (2004). "The Mandaeans and the Question of Their Origin".

4048: 3832: 2288: 2252: 2001:, meaning 'elect of righteousness' or 'the chosen righteous', a term found in the 1922:

to southern Iraq took place in the first century CE, while other scholars such as

1907: 14746: 14683: 14618: 14593: 14578: 14517: 14306: 14158: 14048: 13870: 13569: 13505: 13409: 13257: 13159: 12931: 12907: 12843: 12824: 12816: 12792: 12677: 12619: 12480: 12445: 12334: 12329: 12248: 12159: 11897: 11750: 11662: 11650: 11574: 11569: 11559: 11494: 11469: 11454: 11441: 11429: 11222: 10674: 10662: 10621: 10611: 10596: 10591: 9917: 9907: 9867: 9822: 9757: 9613: 9382: 9352: 9228: 9196: 9149: 9125: 9097: 8986: 8963: 8960:

The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran: Their Cults, Customs, Magic Legends, and Folklore

8335: 7839: 6929: 5595: 5477: 5378: 4567:"Meet the Mandaeans: Australian followers of John the Baptist celebrate new year" 4253: 4176: 4052: 3889: 3873: 3828: 3817: 3780: 3776: 3756: 3738: 3516: 3209: 3200: 2943: 2927: 2682: 2577:(members of a protected religion under Islamic rule), lost this status after the 2506: 2443: 2416: 2387: 2340: 2292: 2228: 2147: 2143: 2123: 2108: 1950: 1895: 1799: 1609: 1564: 1409: 1399: 1384: 1379: 870: 850: 835: 780: 9257: 5615:

Coughenour, Robert A. (December 1982). "The Wisdom Stance of Enoch's Redactor".

4597:

NSW Service for the Treatment and Rehabilitation of Torture and Trauma Survivors

14588: 14108: 13933: 13421: 13385: 13048: 12966: 12899: 12725: 12460: 12435: 11715: 11645: 11119: 10930: 10581: 10491: 10302: 10279: 9912: 9877: 9872: 9429: 9295: 9208: 7986: 7722: 7425: 5289: 5156: 4327: 4243: 4158: 3976: 3897: 3877: 3865: 3840: 3792: 3682: 3603: 3565: 3048:. Alarabiya has put the number of Iranian Mandaeans as high as 60,000 in 2011. 2992: 2747: 2673:, the Iraqi Mandaean community was centered in southern Iraq in cities such as 2304: 2197: 2173: 2095:, a Southeastern Aramaic dialect, exhibits significant inherited features from 2076: 2065: 2038: 1946: 1938: 1369: 1309: 1092: 971: 865: 860: 207: 9625: 8180: 7956: 7611: 6182: 5700: 5617:

Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period

5499: 5068: 2485:. Another danger threatened the community in 1870, when the local governor of 1826: 1773:, the largest Mandaean community in the Middle East outside of Iraq and Iran. 14844: 14819: 14723: 14708: 14678: 14623: 14503: 14458: 14407: 14377: 13080: 12974: 12939: 12661: 12533: 12485: 12475: 12440: 12392: 12369: 12344: 12108: 11937: 11932: 11809: 11610: 11459: 11252: 11212: 11207: 11197: 11181: 11083: 10385: 10365: 10210: 9902: 9837: 9587: 9571: 9437: 9279: 9275: 9241: 8994: 8969: 8825: 7760: 7214: 6537: 6190: 5454: 4280: 4036: 3901: 3893: 3690: 3425: 3413: 2935: 2915: 2904: 2822: 2698: 2236: 2153: 2002: 1954: 1934: 1699: 1454: 1187: 1112: 661: 407: 125: 8859:

De Blois, François (1995). "The "Sabians" (Ṣābi'ūn) in pre-Islamic Arabia".

8851: 7919: 7343: 6117: 5861: 5632: 4956:"Canadians working to rescue Mandaean people on brink of extinction in Iraq" 4391:"These Iraqi immigrants revere John the Baptist, but they're not Christians" 3203:(1923–2014), head of the Mandaean community in Iran until his death in 2014. 2894:(1929–2021), poet and pioneer of modern Arabic poetry. She was the niece of 14751: 14736: 14688: 14597: 14142: 14008: 13431: 13380: 13088: 13072: 13056: 12998: 12359: 12125: 11922: 11630: 11625: 11615: 11449: 11268: 11227: 11202: 11171: 11166: 10956: 10410: 9892: 9882: 9862: 9827: 9722: 9420: 9403: 9378: 9348: 9220: 9188: 9179: 9003: 8976: 8955: 8873: 8665: 8653: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8505: 7798: 6833: 6283: 5576: 4848: 4268: 4191: 4056: 4044: 3962: 3954: 3905: 3836: 3824: 3611: 3485: 3355: 3224:

Following the Iraq War, the Mandaean community dispersed mostly throughout

3116: 3076: 3068: 3008: 2956: 2898: 2872: 2802: 2743: 2482: 2353:, the Mandaean holy book, and proclaiming the chief Mandaean prophet to be 2239:

about 2000 years ago and ultimately settled along the lower reaches of the

2235:

Mandaeans are followers of John the Baptist. Their ancestors fled from the

2211: 2169: 2165: 1970: 1923: 1903: 1750: 1464: 1459: 1232: 961: 845: 840: 682: 9550:"James F. McGrath Reviews From Sasanian Mandaeans to Sabians (van Bladel)" 9526: 9433: 8759: 8715: 6973: 6638: 4248: 3755:, as seen in the newly translated Mandaean texts, convinced many (notably 3469:

in 2007. Since then, more than 2500 have entered the US, many settling in

3244: 14829: 14793: 14544: 14229: 14152: 13983: 12543: 12505: 12354: 12190: 12115: 11912: 11474: 11312: 11273: 11156: 10835: 10817: 10616: 10460: 10287: 10039: 9975: 9968: 9618: 8783: 8453: 8315: 8303: 7527: 7503: 5955: 5756:]. Halle: Darmstadt, Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. VI. 4355:

J: The mentioned group are subject to the ruling on People of the Book .

4186: 4118: 3975:). These religious groups, which included the Mandaeans but also various 3788: 3607: 3409: 3285: 3273: 3060: 3026: 2947: 2911: 2818: 2522: 2349: 2264: 2201: 2189: 2100: 2049: 1982: 1830: 1742: 1727: 1528: 1444: 1419: 1414: 1319: 1182: 1087: 994: 626: 619: 437: 395: 307: 167: 8708:

The Mandaean Book of John. Critical Edition, Translation, and Commentary

4684:"'This is one of the world's oldest religions, and it is going to die.'" 3550: 3530: 14183: 13574: 13096: 13064: 12990: 12958: 12768: 11620: 10829: 10548: 10455: 9982: 9832: 9742: 9287: 9249: 9060: 8478:

Boroumand, Fariba; Zarghami, Mahdis; Saadat, Mostafa (September 2019).

8319: 5235: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4196: 3714: 3512: 3508: 3387: 2772: 2738:

Many also live across the border in Southwestern Iran in the cities of

2207: 2177: 2136: 2026: 2010: 1906:

was again largely deserted by scholars. It was revived in the 1960s by

1757:, Mandaeans have no protection from persecution whatsoever, similar to 1672: 1493: 1349: 1314: 1177: 633: 598: 8053:

The Vines Of Joy: Comparative Studies in Mandaean History and Theology

6034: 3546: 13309:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

13029: 13006: 12800: 12733: 12701: 12430: 12402: 11887: 11579: 11539: 11232: 11176: 10761: 10058: 9747: 9673: 9512: 7572: 7132: 4228: 4007: 3787:

refutes this by confirming scribes that predate Zazai who copied the

3538: 3504: 3498: 3417: 3293: 3261: 3170: 3152: 3108: 3100: 2864: 2755: 2723: 2702: 2674: 2629: 2606: 2455: 2244: 2161: 2131: 1930: 1862: 1667:. They may have been among the earliest religious groups to practice 1656: 1543: 1439: 1282: 521: 383: 103: 9326: 9069: 9052: 8051: 6443: 5597:

The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rabba a

5146: 5144: 2914:. People that are known to have owned his silver nielloware include 2867:

astrophysicist who introduced astronomy teaching into Iraq in 1970;

14219: 13559: 13441: 12693: 11947: 11777: 11760: 11534: 11529: 11131: 10982: 10870: 10811: 10766: 10553: 10450: 10360: 10330: 10297: 10065: 9777: 9127:

The Last Pagans of Iraq: Ibn Waḥshiyya and His Nabatean Agriculture

8530: 8331: 8311: 7452:"Ancient Iraqi Mandaean sect struggles to keep culture in Michigan" 5685:"About the Links between the Dead Sea Scrolls and Mandaean Liturgy" 5010: 4263: 4238: 4098: 3950: 3812: 3705: 3643: 3474: 3289: 3197: 3160: 3112: 3096: 3092: 3080: 2953: 2895: 2806: 2768: 2759: 2670: 2534: 2486: 2478: 2365:. Consequently, the Muslim caliph provided them acknowledgement as 2300: 1815:

epithet historically claimed by several religious groups (see also

1548: 1503: 1354: 1287: 1277: 1272: 1257: 1237: 1162: 1147: 1117: 1067: 1042: 792: 9039:

Genequand, Charles (1999). "Idolâtrie, astrolâtrie, et sabéisme".

7262:

Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012).

7183:[Morning swim that gives the group new hope] (in Swedish). 4363:

A: The rule of the People of the Book is applicable to this group.

3685:, and an evil, female ruler also inhabits the darkworld, known as 2130:

linguistic influence. The Mandaeans are thought to descend from a

2013:, Mandaeans believe that they constitute the true congregation of 14762: 12685: 12407: 12364: 11544: 11489: 11126: 11047: 11029: 10994: 10988: 10946: 10899: 10894: 10852: 10644: 10626: 10601: 10530: 10525: 10515: 10465: 10445: 10430: 10370: 10292: 10032: 10010: 9788: 9782: 9772: 9737: 9707: 9284:

Thābit ibn Qurra: Science and Philosophy in Ninth-Century Baghdad

9246:

Thābit ibn Qurra: Science and Philosophy in Ninth-Century Baghdad

8933:

Guardians of the Gate: Angelic Vice-regency in the Late Antiquity

8265: 7006:, Erbil, Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Middle East Research Institute 6286:(1975). "Quellenprobleme zur Ursprung und Alter der Mandäer." In 5141: 4319: 4258: 4233: 4201: 4068: 3944: 3921: 3719: 3647: 3523:

means "knowledge," and is conceptually related to the Greek term

3490: 3445: 3437: 3301: 3297: 3281: 3249: 3206: 3132: 2971: 2962: 2779:, which is 5% or less than the pre-Iraq war Mandaean population. 2751: 2718: 2694: 2586: 2474: 2410: 2395: 2376: 2284: 2280: 2221: 2116: 2043: 2018: 1795: 1668: 1664: 1533: 1498: 1394: 1389: 1359: 1324: 1298: 1267: 1222: 1217: 1207: 1167: 1157: 1047: 1032: 1004: 976: 941: 936: 893: 888: 802: 797: 787: 649: 588: 530: 500: 399: 347: 327: 227: 9601: 9235:. Vol. I. Istanbul: Sultanbeyli Belediyesi. pp. 27–53. 9215:. Vol. VI. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. pp. 519–520. 7840:"A Study of the Ancient Mesopotamian Roots of Mandaean Religion" 5969: 5482:

The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought

3103:(Khafajiyeh). Mandaean communities had also formerly existed in 14568: 13888: 12717: 12287: 11942: 11217: 11065: 11059: 11000: 10951: 10925: 10787: 10735: 10520: 10425: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10375: 10350: 10340: 10335: 10312: 10307: 10269: 10045: 8339: 8261: 7543: 7000:

The Sabean-Mandaeans Perceptions of Reconciliation and Conflict

5421:, p. 5. For a critical review of van Bladel's thesis, see 4145: 3990: 3980: 3701: 3694: 3651: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3525: 3376: 3309: 3305: 3277: 3225: 3126: 3120: 3104: 3084: 2908: 2795: 2731: 2727: 2678: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2570: 2562: 2435: 2344: 2308: 2268: 2240: 2060: 1966: 1942: 1770: 1723: 1553: 1516: 1488: 1334: 1242: 1227: 1212: 1202: 1172: 1152: 1137: 1127: 1122: 999: 966: 956: 908: 820: 450: 367: 287: 247: 81: 41: 12574: 9102:. Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement. Vol. 3. Oxford: 9074:. Religions in the Graeco-Roman World. Vol. 114. Leiden: 8264:

pagans (who were more commonly identified as 'Sabians' in the

4752:

Farhan, Salam; al Roomi, Layla; Nashi, Suhaib (October 2015).

13426: 12500: 11484: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11077: 11071: 11053: 11006: 10920: 10805: 10799: 10771: 10680: 10668: 10650: 10606: 10486: 10440: 10345: 10322: 10264: 9638:

James McGrath on The Mandaeans and Mandaean Gnosticism (2015)

8323: 5523: 5521: 5201:"Smena yur adresa – Pereregistratsiya yuridicheskogo adresa" 4868:"Jordan's Mandaean minority fear returning to post-ISIS Iraq" 4323: 4181: 4162: 4154: 4121:

is the contemporary language spoken by some Mandaeans, while

4085: 4080: 3958: 3881: 3639: 3503:

Mandaeans are a closed ethno-religious community, practicing

3458: 3313: 3229: 3141: 3137: 3064: 3034: 2739: 2690: 2686: 2613: 2590: 2566: 2550: 2470: 2428: 2383: 2358: 2248: 2059:. The only known literary parallels are in Essene texts from 1898:

believed capable of shedding new light on the development of

1812: 1719: 1404: 1339: 1329: 1304: 1292: 1252: 1132: 1107: 1052: 1014: 1009: 951: 913: 454: 267: 9642: 7776:

Guardians of the Gate-Angelic Vice Regency in Late Antiquity

5876:"The People of the Book and the Hierarchy of Discrimination" 2542:

forced thousands to flee the country, after they were given

1745:

over the decades. Unlike other religious minorities such as

13206: 12669: 12605: 11695: 11672: 11415: 11409: 11283: 10730: 10725: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10586: 10576: 10420: 10415: 9623: 6096: 5923: 5659:"The War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness" 3709: 3686: 3674: 3408:

In the United States, Mandaean communities are centered in

3233: 3145: 3038: 2539: 2514: 2463: 2419:(899–950 CE), even though they had received recognition as 2403: 2185: 2181: 2122:

The roots of the Mandaic language extend back to the early

2103:. While Mandaic has historically been classified alongside 1715: 1707: 1374: 1364: 1197: 1192: 560: 555: 550: 545: 464: 446: 187: 147: 9606: 7609: 7196:"Survival of Ancient Faith Threatened by Fighting in Iraq" 6381:"Survival of Ancient Faith Threatened by Fighting in Iraq" 5518: 14184:

Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)

10656: 7478:"Worcester branch of Mandaean faith works to plant roots" 6716:"زهرون عمارة .. عمل "ارگيلة " من الفضة للسلطان عبدالحميد" 6496:"Mr Naman Abdul Jader a Shining Star in Mandaean Histoty" 4849:

Verschiedene Gemeinschaften / neuere religiöse Bewegungen

4823:"Saving the people, killing the faith – Holland, MI" 4462:

Larsson, Göran; Sorgenfrei, Simon; Stockman, Max (2017).

4461: 2996: 2598: 2135:

Babylonian beliefs and Gnostic Jewish sects, such as the

1973:

has been the name of every baptismal water in Mandaeism.

1794:

In Muslim countries, Mandaeans are sometimes also called

9482:

The Arabic Hermes: From Pagan Sage to Prophet of Science

9432:(2004). "Sabéens de Ḥarrān et Sabéens de Maïmonide". In 9278:(2009b). "Thābit ibn Qurra: From Ḥarrān to Baghdad". In 9071:

The City of the Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran

8822:

The Great Stem of Souls: Reconstruction Mandaean History

8096:"The Shared Origins of Monotheism, Evil, and Gnosticism" 6772:"His Holiness Sattar Jabbar Hilo – Global Imams Council" 6261:

The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history

5272: 5270: 1825:

is disputed. According to one interpretation, it is the

8477: 8425: 7943:

Die Araber in der alten Welt II: Bis zur Reichstrennung

7928:] (in German). Göttingen Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. 7837: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7591: 5825: 5823: 4866:

Castelier, Sebastian; Dzuilka, Margaux (June 9, 2018).

3269: 3265: 2857:; co-founded the Iraqi Physics and Mathematics Society. 1918:. According to Macúch, the eastward migration from the 8748:(2020). Häberl, Charles G.; McGrath, James F. (eds.). 8646:

The Thousand and Twelve Questions (Alf trisar šuialia)

8161: 7926:

Ginzā, the Treasure or the Great Book of the Mandaeans

5926:"The Mandaeans: Their History, Religion and Mythology" 5639: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5069:"The First Baptists, The Last Gnostics: The Mandaeans" 2977:, current patriarch and head of the Mandaeans in Iraq. 2573:. The Mandaeans, who were traditionally considered as 2489:

massacred the Mandaeans against the will of the Shah.

2438:

intellectuals who worked at the Abbasid court such as

2386:

is particularly noted as an important scribal center.

2291:

believes Mandaean letters predate Elymaic ones. Under

9164:(1875). "On Some Points Connected with the Essenes". 8624:. Città del Vaticano: Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. 8342:. Various scholarly identifications are discussed by 7319:"Album: The Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi, Liverpool, Sydney" 5267: 5203:Смена юр адреса – Перерегистрация юридического адреса 3071:, Mandaean communities also existed in towns such as 3059:, where the community used to coexist with the local 2320:

which were produced from the 3rd to the 7th century.

8324: 7666: 7449: 6971: 6764: 6639:"Portrait of the Amara Silversmith's leader, Zahrun" 6425: 6352:"An exodus to Sweden from Iraq for ethnic Mandaeans" 5820: 5808: 5718:. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 163–164. 5506: 5400: 5039:"Religion: la Touraine, refuge des Sabéens-Mandéens" 3988: 3970: 3610:('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God'). Other 3587:(Living Water) and those of evil are represented by 2370: 1845: 1839: 1833: 1820: 1806: 1646: 1631: 1616: 9404:"Old and New Testament figures in Mandaean version" 8393:

Ginza: der Schatz, oder das Grosse Buch der Mandäer

8118: 7937: 7935: 6974:"Ancient sect fights to keep culture alive in U.S." 6802:"Rishamma Sattar Jabar Hilow: July 2016, Chapter 1" 5250: 4751: 4508:

Routledge Handbook of Minorities in the Middle East

3900:, and K. Beyer also argue for a Judea/Palestine or 3796:Mesopotamia, a thesis which has been criticized by 3783:to be the founder of Mandaeism in the 2nd century. 2501:

Mandaean silversmith at work in Baghdad, Iraq, 1932

1989:(1Q20) II, 4. They formally refer to themselves as 1926:think it probably took place in the third century. 9356: 7921:Ginzā, der Schatz oder das Grosse buch der Mandäer 7842:(Doctoral dissertation). University of Manchester. 7571:Fontaine, Petrus Franciscus Maria (January 1990). 7071:"Precarious existence of Iraqi Mandaean community" 4615: 4613: 3809:The Origins of Sabians and their Religious Beliefs 2409:The status of the Mandaeans was questioned by the 1910:, it is now accepted by Mandaean scholars such as 9514:From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes 6946:Ross, Robyn; Busch, Matthew (February 18, 2020). 6886:. Alarabiya.net. December 6, 2011. Archived from 6878: 6876: 5784:Secunda, Shai; Fine, Steven (September 3, 2012). 5373: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5365: 4983:Schou, Kim; Højland, Marie-Louise (May 6, 2013). 4711:Busch, Matthew; Ross, Robyn (February 18, 2020). 4408: 3440:, and other major metropolitan areas. There is a 3219: 2989:, secretary of the Iraqi Communist Party; writer. 2616:recognizing the Mandaeans as People of the Book. 2328:The Mandaeans re-emerged at the beginning of the 14842: 7932: 7610:mandaean الصابئة المندايين (November 21, 2019). 7526: 7261: 6111: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5088: 5011:"Mandealaiset saivat joukkokasteen Pyhäjärvessä" 4865: 4144:About 20 centuries ago, Mandaeans migrated from 198: 13245:December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum 8751:The Mandaean Book of John: Text and Translation 7045:"Rishamma Salah Choheili: July 2016, Chapter 1" 6996: 6884:"Iran Mandaeans in exile following persecution" 6158: 6008: 6006: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5581:The Haran Gawaita and the Baptism of Hibil-Ziwa 5290:"Mandaeanism | religion | Britannica" 5231:"Iran Mandaeans in exile following persecution" 5108:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 94–11. 4925:"Leader of the world's Mandaeans asks for help" 4610: 4511:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 160. 4503:Hanish, Shak (2019). The Mandaeans In Iraq. In 3896:, Samuel Zinner, Richard Thomas, J. C. Reeves, 2462:missionaries encountered Mandaeans in Southern 2402:) who consider themselves to be descendants of 2303:in 273, who under the influence of the zealous 2259: 116: 13331:2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests 13230:March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum 9461:"The Israelite Origins of the Mandaean People" 9120: 8806:The Mandaeans: Ancient Texts and Modern People 8363: 7746: 7577:. The Light and the Dark. Vol. 5. Brill. 6910:"Ideological Screening (ROOZ :: English)" 6873: 6616:Morgan, Major H. Sandford (October 17, 1931). 6254: 6252: 6250: 5924:Mandaean Society in America (March 27, 2013). 5728: 5362: 4653:"Mandaean community opens office in Worcester" 4361:whether they are among the People of the Book. 3169:officially recognized, such as the Mandaeans, 2017:, meaning 'Sons of Light', a term used by the 13113:Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911) 12590: 11391: 10008: 9658: 8871: 8787: 8740: 8698: 8209: 7540:The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church 7522: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7514: 6997:Wirya, Khogir; van Zoonen, Dave (July 2017), 6734: 6303:. Vols. 1–2. Leipzig: Von Veit and Co., 1865. 6068: 5587: 5461: 5302: 5085: 2746:. Mandaean emigration from Iraq began during 2469:The Mandaeans suffered persecution under the 2073:1QS VIII 9) and "house of Truth in Israel." 1726:, or forming diaspora communities beyond the 1671:, as well as among the earliest adherents of 1582: 298: 158: 14189:Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO) 9384:Gnosis: The Nature and History of Gnosticism 9186: 8982:The Secret Adam: A Study of Nasoraean Gnosis 8786:version of text and translation, taken from 8416: 8334:or as "sectarians"), or as adherents of the 8140:Lady E. S. Drower's Scholarly Correspondence 7882: 7663:Rudolf, K. (1978). Mandaeism. Leiden: Brill. 7641:"Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith" 6288:Christianity, Judaism and Other Greco-Roman 5987: 5970:"Welcome to the Mandaean Synod of Australia" 5835: 5540: 5538: 5536: 5428: 4982: 4157:null genotype among Jordanian, Palestinian, 3961:alongside the Jews, the Christians, and the 3191: 3055:, Mandaeans were mainly concentrated in the 2434:It has been suggested by some scholars that 2152:. According to Mandaean sources such as the 1981:: "Lord of Greatness", one of the names for 1641: 1626: 30: 13299:2009 Iranian presidential election protests 9442:Maïmonide: Philosophe et savant (1138–1204) 9203: 8570:"Iraqi minority group needs U.S. attention" 8208:, p. 5. On the Sabians generally, see 7911: 7603: 7094: 7092: 6688: 6618:"Secrets in Silver – An Ancient Handicraft" 6519: 6476: 6247: 6210:[purity – rulings of the infidel]. 6107: 6105: 5846:. Edensor Park, N.S.W: Living Water Books. 5783: 5330: 4899:"Are Iraqi Mandaeans better off in Jordan?" 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 3823:Scholars specializing in Mandaeism such as 3256:There are Mandaean diaspora populations in 94: 13805:Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament) 13667:Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran 13183:1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election 12597: 12583: 11398: 11384: 9665: 9651: 9607:Resources of the language of the Mandaeans 9510: 9475: 8367: 8299: 8286: 8257: 8245: 8233: 8221: 8205: 7917: 7821: 7634: 7632: 7511: 7348:Welcome to the Mandaean Synod of Australia 7187: 6444:National Center for Atmospheric Research. 6313:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (July 20, 2005). 6164: 6072: 6040: 5614: 5418: 5322: 5306: 5062: 5060: 4779: 4777: 4619: 4031:Nazarene (sect) § Nasoraean Mandaeans 3063:population. Other than the main cities of 2930:, the Iraqi royal family (including kings 2851:College of Science – University of Baghdad 2790: 1941:, Mandaeans formed a vibrant community in 1589: 1575: 13314:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015) 11706:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 9494:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195376135.003.0003 9419: 9401: 9359:Iconography of Religions: An Introduction 9160: 9038: 9001: 8909:De Blois, François (2004). "Sabians". In 8832: 8495: 8420: 8278: 8217: 8002: 7886: 7371:"Nu står mandéernas kyrka i Dalby färdig" 7255: 7234: 7193: 7175: 7173: 6945: 6378: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6337: 6335: 5682: 5533: 5439:. Fairfield, N.S.W.: Living Water Books. 5318: 5228: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4710: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4464:"Religiösa minoriteter från Mellanöstern" 2458:came about in the mid-16th century, when 338: 318: 218: 13133:Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020) 11530:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 9939:Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia 9578: 9562: 9428: 9315:Journal of the American Oriental Society 9227: 8908: 8872:De Blois, F.C. (1960–2007). "Ṣābiʾ". In 8858: 8616: 8523: 8359: 8307: 8213: 7991:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7788: 7767: 7597: 7574:Dualism in ancient Iran, India and China 7570: 7305:Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia 7148: 7089: 6948:"San Antonio Embraces Mandaean Refugees" 6557: 6523:شخصيات صابئية مندائية في التاريخ المعاصر 6493: 6480:شخصيات صابئية مندائية في التاريخ المعاصر 6431: 6102: 6056: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5645: 5593: 5476: 5326: 5128: 5008: 4706: 4704: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4484: 4457: 4455: 4435:"The Mandaeans – Who are the Mandaeans?" 3751:The possible historical connection with 3656: 3568:(i.e. lightworld) and all evil from the 3484: 3243: 3212:, the current patriarch and head of the 3125: 3025: 2794: 2711: 2623: 2496: 2347:authorities, showing them a copy of the 2263: 2206: 2075: 1882:According to a theory first proposed by 1861: 358: 278: 238: 72: 13919:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) 10474: 9544: 9377: 9347: 9333: 9312: 9274: 9239: 9148: 9002:Fahd, Toufic (1960–2007). "Ṣābiʾa". In 8975: 8929: 8816: 8800: 8640: 8628: 8600: 8545: 8431: 8408: 8404: 8379: 8185:YouTube – Discovery Channel documentary 8167: 8136: 8093: 8025: 7890: 7874: 7870: 7825: 7773: 7683: 7629: 7368: 7114:, Table 1, ABS Catalogue Number 2071.0. 6826: 6404: 6398: 6312: 6258: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6052: 6028: 5949: 5881:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 5841: 5829: 5814: 5747: 5713: 5544: 5527: 5512: 5434: 5422: 5406: 5377: 5349:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 1, 5346:The neo-Mandaic dialect of Khorramshahr 5336: 5329:, pp. 51–52 and also referring to 5276: 5261: 5132: 5101: 5066: 5057: 4783: 4774: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4564: 2880:Iraqi National Astronomical Observatory 2767:in Syria and Jordan as a result of the 2593:. That same year, Ayatollah Sajjadi of 2549:The Mandaeans of Iran lived chiefly in 2492: 2172:, connect the early Mandaeans with the 2126:period, with no compelling evidence of 477:etc. as a second language in diasporas. 258: 14843: 13457:History of democracy in classical Iran 9458: 9092: 9024:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8954: 8894:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 8676: 8664: 8652: 8567: 8546:Deutsch, Nathaniel (October 6, 2007). 8412: 8282: 8124: 8106:from the original on November 17, 2021 8049: 8029: 7987:"Mandaic and the Palestinian Question" 7984: 7967:from the original on November 10, 2021 7954: 7878: 7638: 7316: 7279:Smith, David Maurice (July 30, 2015). 7194:Newmarker, Chris (February 10, 2007). 7181:"Morgondopp som ger gruppen nytt hopp" 7170: 7016: 6615: 6379:Newmarker, Chris (February 10, 2007). 6332: 5914:. Oxford At The Clarendon Press, 1937. 5575: 5342: 5176:"Saving the people, killing the faith" 5136: 4953: 4825:. The Holland Sentinel. Archived from 4803: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4639: 4414: 4384: 4382: 4380: 3708:, with help from dark powers, such as 3033:on gold, an ancient art of Mandaeans, 2449: 2431:, otherwise imposed upon non-Muslims. 2390:describes Tib as a town inhabited by ' 2343:, is said to have appeared before the 178: 138: 14255: 14179:Defense Industries Organization (DIO) 13964:Iran and the World Trade Organization 13868: 13611: 13492: 12617: 12578: 12265: 12157: 11979: 11854: 11427: 11379: 10321: 9646: 9444:. Leuven: Peeters. pp. 335–352. 9408:Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 9067: 8355: 8343: 7612:"تعرف على دين المندايي في ثلاث دقائق" 7475: 7450:The Associated Press (July 1, 2009). 7278: 6972:The Associated Press (July 1, 2009). 6854: 6494:Al-Jader, Azhar N (January 9, 2022). 6374: 6372: 6349: 6090: 5895: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5547:"MANDAEANS ii. THE MANDAEAN RELIGION" 5229:al Sheati, Ahmed (December 6, 2011). 5033: 5031: 4978: 4976: 4896: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4701: 4620:MacQuarrie, Brian (August 13, 2016). 4551: 4471:Myndigheten för stöd till trossamfund 4452: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4423: 4347:Translation of the Persian original: 3280:. There are also Mandaeans living in 2251:Rivers in what is now Iraq and Iran. 1683:, before they nearly all switched to 503:characters in this article correctly. 13351:2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 13341:2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests 12559: 12501:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 10102:The Coronation of the Great Shishlam 9624:Mandaean Human Rights Group (2008), 9459:Thomas, Richard (January 29, 2016). 9213:Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics 8794: 8636:. Roma: Pontificio Istituto Biblico. 8526:"Iraq's Mandaeans 'face extinction'" 8181:"The Riddle of the Dead Sea Scrolls" 7235:Pyhäranta, Tuija (January 9, 2015). 7019:"رهبر منداییان جهان در ایران درگذشت" 6112:Zurutuza, Karlos (29 January 2012). 4922: 4916: 4897:Ersan, Mohammad (February 2, 2018). 4820: 4730: 4504: 4388: 4344:ج. گروه مذکور در حکم اهل کتاب هستند. 3606:is ruled by a Supreme God, known as 3461:piece in which Swarthmore professor 3022:Ethnicities in Iran § Mandaeans 3015: 2849:graduate (1950); acting dean of the 2557:, but have moved as a result of the 2033:("the Great building of Truth") and 1819:). The etymology of the Arabic word 704:The Coronation of the Great Shishlam 67:Regions with significant populations 14584:Chicago Persian antiquities dispute 14225:Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone 14199:National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) 13998:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 13733:UN Security Council Resolution 1747 12549: 9627:Mandaean Human Rights Annual Report 9584:Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins 9387:. A&C Black. pp. 343–366. 9286:. Scientia Graeco-Arabica. Berlin: 9248:. Scientia Graeco-Arabica. Berlin: 7791:Gnostic Ethics and Mandaean Origins 7701:Minority Rights Group International 7369:Nyheter, SVT (September 15, 2018). 6138: 5067:McGrath, James (January 23, 2015), 4681: 4670: 4650: 4587: 4377: 4312: 4303: 2655:Minorities in Iraq § Mandaeans 2146:and a place of worship is called a 1803: 1781:The name "Mandaean" comes from the 1706:in 2003, the Mandaean community of 1642: 1627: 1613: 31: 16:Middle Eastern ethnoreligious group 13: 13123:Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–) 9478:"Hermes and the Ṣābians of Ḥarrān" 8594: 7908:ARAM Periodical / (2010): 583–592. 7017:آمریکا, صدای (December 29, 2014). 6827:Murrani, Sally (August 31, 2011). 6691:"زهرون عمارة صائغ الملوك السلاطين" 6369: 6263:. Piscataway, N.J: Gorgias Press. 5773:ARAM Periodical / (2010): 583–592. 5716:The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic 5564: 5028: 4973: 4885: 4565:Hegarty, Siobhan (July 21, 2017). 4420: 2847:University of Michigan (Ann Arbor) 2648: 14: 14907: 14194:Iran Electronics Industries (IEI) 13815:Supreme National Security Council 13641:Persian Constitutional Revolution 13271:Interim Government of Iran (1981) 13178:Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–) 13168:Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975) 10109:The Wedding of the Great Shishlam 10088:The Thousand and Twelve Questions 9619:Mandaean Scriptures and Fragments 9595: 9363:. Vol. 21. Chris Robertson. 8710:. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. 8524:Crawford, Angus (March 4, 2007). 7955:Häberl, Charles (March 3, 2021), 7852: 7639:Nashmi, Yuhana (April 24, 2013), 7128:"Iraqi Kiwis pray war is averted" 6748:. October 7, 2008. Archived from 6259:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2010). 5583:. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. 5009:Koskinen, Paula (July 14, 2014). 4786:"Iraqi Mandaeans fear extinction" 4784:Salloum, Saad (August 29, 2019). 4389:Bell, Matthew (October 6, 2016). 2661:Further information (in Arabic): 2544:the choice of conversion or death 2323: 1765:and between 10,000 and 20,000 in 1663:was the final and most important 690:The Thousand and Twelve Questions 669:The Wedding of the Great Shishlam 14896:Ancient peoples of the Near East 14861:Ethnic groups in the Middle East 14824: 14815: 14814: 13790:Assembly (or Council) of Experts 12558: 12548: 12538: 12529: 12528: 11834:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 11408: 11350: 11349: 9721: 9154:The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics 9032:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0953 8923:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQSIM_00362 8902:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0952 8484:Iranian Journal of Public Health 8471: 8446: 8437: 8398: 8385: 8373: 8349: 8292: 8271: 8251: 8239: 8227: 8199: 8173: 8130: 8094:McGrath, James (June 19, 2020). 8087: 8078: 8069: 8060: 8043: 8034: 8019: 8004:10.7817/jameroriesoci.141.1.0171 7978: 7948: 7895: 7864: 7846: 7838:Issam Khalaf Al-Zuhairy (1998). 7831: 7815: 7782: 7740: 7715: 7689: 7657: 7564: 7495: 7469: 7443: 7431: 7426:Mandaean Association of Michigan 7419: 7403: 7389: 7362: 7336: 7310: 7298: 7272: 7228: 7117: 7104: 7063: 7037: 7010: 6990: 6965: 6939: 6916: 6902: 6689:هيام الخياط (January 19, 2016). 6408:The Mandaeans: The Last Gnostics 6315:"Mandaens iv. Community in Iran" 6114:"The Ancient Wither in New Iraq" 6097:Mandaean Human Rights Group 2008 5782:Secunda, Shai, and Steven Fine. 5729:Müller-Kessler, Christa (2012). 4929:Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker 4309:Including 450 in Iraqi Kurdistan 4137:Iranian Journal of Public Health 3397: 2825:, and President Emeritus of the 529: 488: 360: 340: 320: 300: 280: 260: 240: 220: 200: 180: 160: 140: 118: 96: 74: 40: 14881:Indigenous peoples of West Asia 13989:Military equipment manufactured 13555:Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests 13319:United States withdrawal (2018) 13240:Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981) 12604: 12313:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 11736:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 11726:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 11465:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 8589: 6848: 6820: 6794: 6708: 6682: 6606: 6581: 6558:Boutwell, Jeffrey (June 2005). 6551: 6530: 6513: 6487: 6470: 6437: 6306: 6293: 6277: 6222: 6197: 6132: 6062: 6046: 5962: 5943: 5917: 5868: 5776: 5760: 5741: 5731:"MANDAEANS v. MANDAIC LANGUAGE" 5722: 5707: 5676: 5651: 5608: 5545:Rudolph, Kurt (April 7, 2008). 5412: 5312: 5296: 5282: 5222: 5193: 5168: 5122: 5102:Horsley, Richard (March 2010). 5002: 4947: 4923:Sido, Kamal (October 7, 2010). 4859: 4841: 4333: 4059:connect the Mandaeans with the 3362:in order to build a new mandi. 3214:Mandaean community in Australia 2357:, who is also mentioned in the 1791:, meaning "to have knowledge". 14549:modern / contemporary 13795:Expediency Discernment Council 13118:1908 bombardment of the Majlis 13107:Caucasus (18th–20th centuries) 12631: 11596:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 8516: 7323:The Worlds of Mandaean Priests 7281:"An Ancient Baptism in Sydney" 7155:"Mandaeans persecuted in Iraq" 7101:, Australian Islamist Monitor. 7049:The Worlds of Mandaean Priests 6806:The Worlds of Mandaean Priests 6411:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 5912:The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran 4682:Sly, Liz (November 16, 2008). 4581: 4525: 4439:The Worlds of Mandaean Priests 3933: 3741:, as stated in his article in 3733:Category:Scholars of Mandaeism 3726: 3493:, symbol of the Mandaean faith 3220:Other Middle Eastern Mandaeans 3130:Mandaeans undergoing baptism ( 2853:; chair of mathematics at the 2697:(particularly the district of 2330:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 1: 14866:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia 13763:state-sponsorship allegations 13493: 11855: 9672: 9355:. In Moore, Albert C. (ed.). 8844:The Sabians and the Sabianism 8839:Die Ssabier und die Ssabismus 8568:Thaler, Kai (March 9, 2007). 7723:"Mandaeanism | religion" 7410:Mandaean Association of Texas 7344:"Mandaean Synod of Australia" 6350:Ekman, Ivar (April 9, 2007). 5325:, p. 67, note 4, citing 4954:Fraser, Tim (July 31, 2015). 4370: 4358:Official English translation: 4024: 4011: 3308:, and smaller communities in 3151:They were mainly employed as 2619: 2333: 57: 14220:Asaluyeh industrial corridor 13612: 13521:twin towns and sister cities 12827:Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224) 12704:Mannai (10th–7th century BC) 12680:Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC) 12092:in ISIL-controlled territory 11980: 7099:Who Cares for the MANDAEANS? 6141:"Mandaean Community in Iran" 6043:, pp. 14, cf. pp. 7–15. 4590:"Mandaens, a unique culture" 4537:Refugee Council of Australia 4006:) citing the Abbasid vizier 3983:(Upper Mesopotamia) and the 3912:questions the dating of the 3704:, who fills the role of the 3695:twelve zodiac constellations 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3319: 2589:mentioned explicitly in the 2399: 2260:Parthian and Sasanian period 2142:A priest holds the title of 1816: 1776: 7: 14499:Water supply and sanitation 14256: 14230:Kish Island Free Trade Zone 13869: 13289:KDPI insurgency (1989–1996) 12664:civilization (3100–2700 BC) 12618: 12266: 12158: 12003:Council of Representatives 11741:Weapons of mass destruction 11428: 11162:Feast of the Great Shishlam 10144:Scroll of the Great Baptism 9602:Mandaean Associations Union 9258:10.1515/9783110220797.6.619 8930:Deutsch, Nathaniel (1999). 8915:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 8325: 7774:Deutsch, Nathaniel (1998). 7645:Mandaean Associations Union 6695:Mandaean Associations Union 6500:Mandaean Associations Union 5974:Mandaean Synod of Australia 5952:Heirs to Forgotten Kingdoms 5930:Mandaean Associations Union 5343:Häberl, Charles G. (2009), 4170: 4129: 4107: 3989: 3985:marshlands of southern Iraq 3971: 3886:Richard August Reitzenstein 3480: 3386:On September 15, 2018, the 3239: 2999:player, composer, and poet. 2632:and bearing witness to the 2394:' (i.e. Aramaic speaking) ' 2371: 2160:inhabited the areas around 2105:Babylonian Talmudic Aramaic 2037:("house of Perfection") in 1854:root meaning 'to baptize'. 1846: 1840: 1834: 1821: 1807: 1647: 1632: 1617: 10: 14912: 13979:Economy of the Middle East 13356:2021–2022 Iranian protests 13346:2019–2020 Iranian protests 13326:2017–2018 Iranian protests 12787:Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17) 11731:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 10095:Scroll of Exalted Kingship 9719: 9511:Van Bladel, Kevin (2017). 9476:Van Bladel, Kevin (2009). 9296:10.1515/9783110220797.1.15 9211:; Selbie, John A. (eds.). 8648:. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. 7163:. Australia. June 7, 2006. 6205:"ṭahārat – aḥkām-e kāfer" 6139:Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen. 4856:, Retrieved 9 October 2016 4111: 4028: 4008:Abu Ali Muhammad ibn Muqla 3942: 3938: 3730: 3496: 3401: 3390:Yardna was consecrated in 3369: 3323: 3019: 2983:(1919–2011), author, poet. 2652: 1931:Sasanian-ruled Mesopotamia 1857: 697:Scroll of Exalted Kingship 14810: 14776: 14722: 14525: 14516: 14446: 14398: 14330: 14277: 14268: 14264: 14251: 14212: 14204:National Development Fund 14167: 14124:Telecommunications and IT 14118:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 14047: 13944:Foreign direct investment 13889:Bonyad (charitable trust) 13881: 13877: 13864: 13823: 13782: 13624: 13620: 13607: 13501: 13488: 13368: 13235:1979 Khuzestan insurgency 13225:Interim Government (1979) 13204: 13152: 13145: 13041: 12951: 12868: 12859: 12836: 12753: 12646: 12639: 12630: 12626: 12613: 12524: 12423: 12278: 12274: 12261: 12166: 12153: 11988: 11975: 11863: 11850: 11671: 11588: 11440: 11436: 11423: 11347: 11331: 11300: 11261: 11190: 11149: 11140: 11092: 11022: 10969: 10939: 10913: 10887: 10880: 10845: 10780: 10754: 10698: 10635: 10567: 10539: 10508: 10278: 10255: 10220: 10202: 10158:The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa 10079: 10001: 9960: 9951: 9934:Mandaean Council of Ahvaz 9926: 9798: 9765: 9756: 9730: 9680: 9612:November 4, 2018, at the 9568:Mandaic Incantation Texts 9207:(1913). "Harranians". In 9156:. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 9068:Green, Tamara M. (1992). 8788:Häberl & McGrath 2019 8610:American Oriental Society 7918:Lidzbarski, Mark (1925). 7542:(3rd, Revised ed.). 7317:Robins, Ian (July 2016). 6829:"Najiya Murrani obituary" 6623:The Sydney Morning Herald 6405:Lupieri, Edmundo (2001). 6230:"Practical Laws of Islam" 6183:10.1163/1573384x-20160302 5714:Kaufman, Stephen (1974). 5701:10.2143/ARAM.22.0.2131048 5683:Hamidović, David (2010). 5602:University College London 4208:Related historical groups 3365: 3360:Wallacia, New South Wales 3346:. In Liverpool, the main 3192:Notable Iranian Mandaeans 2531:American invasion of Iraq 1877: 676:The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa 425: 420: 394: 389: 382: 377: 357: 337: 317: 297: 277: 257: 237: 217: 197: 177: 157: 137: 115: 93: 71: 66: 56: 51: 46:Mandaeans in prayer, Iran 39: 14891:Semitic-speaking peoples 13954:International oil bourse 13719:Ministry of Intelligence 13304:Syrian civil war (2011–) 13128:1921 Persian coup d'état 12082:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 11993:Administrative divisions 11093:Buildings and structures 10179:Secrets of the Ancestors 9807:List of Mandaean priests 9402:Segelberg, Eric (1969). 9162:Lightfoot, Joseph Barber 8417:Macuch & Drower 1963 8268:of his time), see p. 66. 8137:Buckley, Jorunn (2012). 7985:Häberl, Charles (2021). 7883:Macuch & Drower 1963 7789:Yamauchi, Edwin (2004). 7761:10.2143/ARAM.16.0.504671 6742:"الشيخ دخيل الشيخ عيدان" 6206: 6087:, pp. 253, 261–262. 5950:Russell, Gerard (2015). 5842:Gelbert, Carlos (2005). 5594:Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). 5435:Gelbert, Carlos (2013). 5202: 4296: 3918:Teacher of Righteousness 3529:.) Its adherents revere 3430:Worcester, Massachusetts 3332:Sydney metropolitan area 2869:University of Manchester 2837:Abdul Razzak Abdul Wahid 2561:to other cities such as 1691:as their main language. 1681:Eastern Aramaic language 1633:al-Ṣābiʾa al-Mandāʾiyyūn 995:Belief in Oneness of God 760:Secrets of the Ancestors 499:to display the uncommon 14478:scientists and scholars 13984:Milad Tower and complex 13774:Women's rights movement 13769:White Revolution (1963) 13437:Peoples of the Caucasus 12779:Armenia (321 BC–AD 428) 12672:dynasties (2700–540 BC) 11641:Mandate for Mesopotamia 11515:First Babylonian Empire 10151:Scroll of the Ancestors 10137:Scroll of the Parwanaya 9888:Khaldoon Majid Abdullah 9486:Oxford University Press 9343:(16). Peeters: 523–555. 9229:Nasoraia, Brikhah H. S. 9104:Oxford University Press 8810:Oxford University Press 8050:Zinner, Samuel (2019). 7548:Oxford University Press 6644:Australian War Memorial 6593:IAU Minor Planet Center 5910:Drower, Ethel Stefana. 5633:10.1163/157006382X00035 5484:. New Delhi: Sterling. 3853:Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley 3761:origins of Christianity 3620:('Lord of Greatness'), 2791:Notable Iraqi Mandaeans 2734:, Iraq – March 17, 2019 2644:, Iraq – March 17, 2019 2521:, Iraqi Mandaeans were 2517:. Owing to the rise of 1920:Roman province of Judea 1912:Jorunn Jacobsen Buckley 767:Scroll of the Ancestors 732:Scroll of the Parwanaya 14789:Anti-Iranian sentiment 14784:Science and technology 14609:Intellectual movements 14489:International rankings 14473:Intellectual movements 13959:International rankings 13452:Heads of state of Iran 13258:Nojeh coup plot (1980) 12819:Empire (247 BC–AD 224) 12656:culture (3400–2000 BC) 11800:Insurgency (2011–2013) 11721:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 11525:Middle Assyrian Empire 11279:Shurbai and Sharhabeil 9421:10.30674/scripta.67040 9122:Hämeen-Anttila, Jaakko 8977:Drower, Ethel Stephana 8968:(reprint: Piscataway: 8956:Drower, Ethel Stephana 8911:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 8754:. Berlin: De Gruyter. 7957:"Hebraisms in Mandaic" 7799:10.31826/9781463209476 7550:. pp. 1032–1033. 7536:"Mandeans (Nasoreans)" 6923:Annual Report for Iran 6212:khamenei.irlanguage=fa 5383:"MANDAEANS i. HISTORY" 5043:la Nouvelle Republique 4505:Rowe, Paul S. (2019). 4168: 4105: 3931: 3916:and suggests that the 3774: 3677:) is the ruler of the 3673:The Lord of Darkness ( 3670: 3663:Saint John the Baptist 3632:('King of Light') and 3494: 3336:Greater Western Sydney 3268:(c. 4,000–7,000), the 3253: 3248:Mandaean community in 3148: 3041: 2810: 2735: 2645: 2628:Mandaeans celebrating 2502: 2477:epidemic broke out in 2276: 2257: 2229:Rishama Salah Choheili 2214: 2088: 1874: 1734:to Islam, making them 1730:. Mandaeans have been 1450:Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba 433:as liturgical language 14876:Ethnic groups in Iraq 14871:Ethnic groups in Iran 14856:Ethnoreligious groups 14077:Shetab Banking System 14067:Banking and insurance 14029:Tehran Stock Exchange 13949:Intellectual property 13294:PJAK conflict (2004–) 13067:Turcomans (1378–1508) 13059:Turcomans (1374–1468) 13008:Ilkhanate (1256–1335) 12811:Pontus (281 BC–AD 62) 12087:in post-invasion Iraq 11793:U.S. troop withdrawal 11555:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11332:Scholarly disciplines 11110:Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi 11023:Rituals and practices 10881:Ritual food and drink 9992:Mandaean Book of John 9731:Historical identities 9527:10.1163/9789004339460 8760:10.1515/9783110487862 8716:10.1515/9783110487862 8330:(either as a type of 7881:, pp. vii, 256; 6934:Amnesty International 6855:Kazal, Arkan (2019). 6319:Encyclopaedia Iranica 6299:Petermann, Heinrich. 6167:Iran and the Caucasus 6116:. IPS. Archived from 5577:Drower, Ethel Stefana 5551:Encyclopaedia Iranica 5478:Nasoraia, Brikha H.S. 5387:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4713:"Against The Current" 4328:Sabians#Pagan Sabians 4318:After the mysterious 4142: 4077: 4067:, a group within the 3926: 3749: 3660: 3572:. In relation to the 3488: 3352:Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi 3247: 3129: 3029: 2924:Bahraini royal family 2855:University of Baghdad 2827:University of Baghdad 2821:physicist, dynamical 2815:Abdul Jabbar Abdullah 2798: 2715: 2653:Further information: 2627: 2500: 2339:, when their leader, 2267: 2233: 2210: 2079: 2056:Mandaean Book of John 1865: 1655:who are followers of 931:Ritual food and drink 643:Mandaean Book of John 404:Mandaean Book of John 61: 60,000–100,000 14038:Technology start-ups 13939:Environmental issues 13929:Economic Reform Plan 13843:Provincial governors 13533:Environmental issues 13281:Iran Air Flight 655 13022:Jalayirid Sultanate 12894:Caliphate (750–1258) 12736:Kingdom (652–625 BC) 12036:Council of Ministers 11918:Mesopotamian Marshes 10381:Adathan and Yadathan 10186:Scroll of the Rivers 9698:Mandaean Australians 9554:Enoch Seminar Online 9252:. pp. 619–673. 9193:A Mandaic Dictionary 9172:Macmillan Publishers 8362:, pp. 335–341; 8358:, pp. 119–120; 7889:, pp. 228–239; 7285:Roads & Kingdoms 7110:Source: ABS (2017), 7077:. September 15, 2010 7075:The New Humanitarian 6776:Global Imams Council 6560:"Pugwash Newsletter" 6458:on December 11, 2013 6145:Encyclopedia Iranica 6055:, pp. 111–112; 5750:Mandäische Grammatik 5748:Nöldeke, T. (1875). 5735:Encyclopædia Iranica 5180:The Holland Sentinel 4985:"Hvem er mandæerne?" 4935:on February 11, 2013 4291:Outline of Mandaeism 3906:Lady Ethel S. Drower 3803:The Mandaean author 3744:Encyclopædia Iranica 3626:('The Great Mind'), 3422:Winnetka, California 3326:Mandaean Australians 3260:(c. 10,000–20,000), 2940:British royal family 2928:Egyptian King Farouk 2843:Nouman Abid Al-Jader 2493:Modern Iraq and Iran 1888:Mesopotamian Marshes 1736:apostates from Islam 1659:. They believe that 1653:ethnoreligious group 753:Scroll of the Rivers 14438:Freedom of religion 14024:Supreme Audit Court 13903:Automotive industry 13550:Iranian Balochistan 13276:1987 Mecca incident 13173:Iran crisis of 1946 13162:dynasty (1925–1979) 13091:Dynasty (1751–1794) 13032:dynasty (1338–1357) 13024:dynasty (1335–1432) 13016:dynasty (1314–1393) 13001:dynasty (1244–1381) 12985:dynasty (1077–1231) 12969:dynasty (1011–1215) 12886:Caliphate (661–750) 12878:Caliphate (632–661) 12846:Empire (AD 224–651) 12763:Empire (550–330 BC) 12744:Empire (626–539 BC) 12728:Empire (678–549 BC) 12712:Empire (911–609 BC) 12298:Mesopotamian Arabic 12104:Freedom of religion 11550:Neo-Assyrian Empire 11520:Old Assyrian Period 11505:Neo-Sumerian Empire 10846:Objects and symbols 10509:Intermediary realms 9898:Sattar Jabbar Hilow 9703:Mandaeans in Sweden 9488:. pp. 64–118. 8548:"Save the Gnostics" 8364:Hämeen-Anttila 2006 8346:, pp. 101–120. 7438:Mandaean in Chicago 7414:Pflugerville, Texas 7201:The Washington Post 7136:. September 9, 2002 6782:on October 17, 2021 6722:. February 20, 2018 6665:Imperial War Museum 6567:Pugwash Conferences 6385:The Washington Post 5379:Lupieri, Edmondo F. 5210:on October 17, 2020 5152:"Mandaeans of Iraq" 4989:Religion.dk(Danish) 4821:Contrera, Russell. 3997:al-Hasan ibn Bahlul 3957:) mentioned in the 3467:US State Department 3381:Mandaeans in Sweden 3372:Mandaeans in Sweden 3182:US State Department 3005:(1926–2014), actor. 2861:Abdul Athem Alsabti 2595:Al-Zahra University 2454:Early contact with 2450:Early modern period 2031:biniana rba ḏ-šrara 1685:Mesopotamian Arabic 1027:Objects and symbols 856:Sattar Jabbar Hilow 578:Names for adherents 443:Mesopotamian Arabic 36: 14569:Persian New Year ( 13974:Main economic laws 13545:Iranian Azerbaijan 13447:Monarchs of Persia 13391:Persianate society 13099:Empire (1789–1925) 13083:Empire (1736–1796) 13075:Empire (1501–1736) 13051:Empire (1370–1507) 12977:Empire (1037–1194) 12942:dynasty (934–1062) 12934:dynasty (931–1090) 12926:dynasty (861–1003) 12795:Empire (312–63 BC) 12696:(c.1595–c.1155 BC) 12229:Telecommunications 12204:Foreign Investment 12141:Wars and conflicts 12077:in pre-Saddam Iraq 12041:Presidency Council 11827:2019–2021 protests 11756:Invasion of Kuwait 11580:Sassanid Asorestan 11575:Parthian Babylonia 11570:Seleucid Babylonia 11565:Achaemenid Assyria 11480:Jemdet Nasr period 11115:Yahya Yuhana Mandi 10391:Urfeil and Marfeil 10193:Book of the Zodiac 9693:Mandaean Americans 9580:Yamauchi, Edwin M. 9564:Yamauchi, Edwin M. 9290:. pp. 15–24. 8818:Buckley, Jorunn J. 8802:Buckley, Jorunn J. 8742:Häberl, Charles G. 8700:Häberl, Charles G. 8678:Häberl, Charles G. 8602:Buckley, Jorunn J. 8553:The New York Times 8391:Lidzbarski, Mark. 8210:De Blois 1960–2007 7901:McGrath, James F., 7697:"Sabian Mandaeans" 7532:Livingstone, E. A. 7160:ABC Radio National 6952:The Texas Observer 6928:2011-02-18 at the 6752:on October 7, 2008 6356:The New York Times 6207:طهارت – احکام کافر 6120:on 31 January 2012 6069:De Blois 1960–2007 5766:McGrath, James F., 5530:, p. 552–553. 5303:De Blois 1960–2007 4960:The Globe and Mail 4588:Hinchey, Rebecca. 4539:. January 26, 2019 3967:people of the book 3671: 3602:In Mandaeism, the 3599:(World of Light). 3495: 3454:The New York Times 3404:Mandaean Americans 3394:, Scania, Sweden. 3254: 3186:San Antonio, Texas 3149: 3057:Khuzestan Province 3053:Iranian Revolution 3042: 2975:Sattar Jabbar Hilo 2839:(1930–2015), poet. 2811: 2736: 2646: 2583:People of the Book 2579:Iranian Revolution 2575:People of the Book 2503: 2421:People of the Book 2367:People of the Book 2363:Yahya ibn Zakariya 2277: 2271:'s inscription at 2225:Sattar Jabbar Hilo 2215: 2089: 2029:) is described as 2007:Genesis Apocryphon 1987:Genesis Apocryphon 1985:) is found in the 1900:early Christianity 1875: 1868:Genesis Apocryphon 1732:forcibly converted 1628:الصابئة المندائيون 815:Individual leaders 739:Book of the Zodiac 32:الصابئة المندائيون 21: 14838: 14837: 14806: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14772: 14771: 14679:Opium consumption 14512: 14511: 14348:Ethnic minorities 14322:Iranian languages 14247: 14246: 14243: 14242: 13860: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13739:Political parties 13677:Children's rights 13662:Foreign relations 13656:2009 presidential 13603: 13602: 13565:Iranian Kurdistan 13484: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13364: 13363: 13336:COVID-19 pandemic 13195:Revolution (1979) 13141: 13140: 12961:Empire (977–1186) 12918:dynasty (864–928) 12910:dynasty (821–873) 12902:dynasty (819–999) 12855: 12854: 12771:(c.323 BC–AD 226) 12572: 12571: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12515: 12506:Mandaean New Year 12257: 12256: 12149: 12148: 12131:Political parties 12026:Foreign relations 11971: 11970: 11878:Lower Mesopotamia 11873:Upper Mesopotamia 11846: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11606:Abbasid Caliphate 11601:Umayyad Caliphate 11510:Isin-Larsa period 11373: 11372: 11296: 11295: 11038:(triple ablution) 10965: 10964: 10755:Legendary figures 10699:Important figures 10694: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10541:World of Darkness 10504: 10503: 10500: 10499: 10251: 10250: 10231:Incantation bowls 10130:Zihrun Raza Kasia 10075: 10074: 9947: 9946: 9853:Abdullah bar Negm 9843:Abdullah Khaffagi 9813:Shlama beth Qidra 9546:McGrath, James F. 9536:978-90-04-33943-9 9503:978-0-19-537613-5 9451:978-90-429-1458-2 9394:978-0-567-08640-2 9370:978-0-8006-0488-2 9305:978-3-11-022078-0 9267:978-3-11-022078-0 9205:Margoliouth, D.S. 9141:978-90-04-15010-2 9113:978-0-19-922193-6 9085:978-90-04-09513-7 8947:978-90-04-67924-5 8834:Chwolsohn, Daniel 8795:Secondary sources 8769:978-3-11-048786-2 8746:McGrath, James F. 8725:978-3-11-048786-2 8704:McGrath, James F. 8691:978-1-800-85627-1 8154:978-90-04-22247-2 7808:978-1-4632-0947-6 7793:. Gorgias Press. 7584:978-90-5063-051-1 7557:978-0-19-280290-3 7476:Petrishen, Brad. 6589:"(10478) Alsabti" 6526:. pp. 37–38. 6520:خالد ميران دفتر. 6477:خالد ميران دفتر. 6418:978-0-8028-3350-1 6270:978-1-59333-621-9 5801:978-90-04-23544-1 5787:Shoshannat Yaakov 5491:978-81-950824-1-4 5446:978-0-9580346-4-7 5381:(April 7, 2008). 5356:978-3-447-05874-2 5292:. April 21, 2023. 5115:978-1-4514-1664-0 5105:Christian Origins 4518:978-1-317-23379-4 4322:mentioned in the 4134:According to the 4123:Classical Mandaic 3870:Samaritan Aramaic 3849:Charles G. Häberl 3785:Jorunn J. Buckley 3765:incantation bowls 3679:World of Darkness 3668:Leonardo da Vinci 3574:body–mind dualism 3570:World of Darkness 3557:, and especially 3463:Nathaniel Deutsch 3264:(c. 10,000), the 3016:Iranian Mandaeans 2966:Abdullah bar Negm 2920:Winston Churchill 2907:, world renowned 2892:Lamia Abbas Amara 2888:(1942–), actress. 2871:graduate (1970); 2784:Abbasid Caliphate 2777:Erbil Governorate 2663:Mandaeans in Iraq 2555:Iranian Khuzestan 2273:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht 2082:Damascus Document 1892:Biblical scholars 1884:Ignatius of Jesus 1827:active participle 1712:Islamic extremism 1621:), also known as 1599: 1598: 1345:World of Darkness 826:Shlama beth Qidra 725:Zihrun Raza Kasia 497:rendering support 484: 483: 14903: 14828: 14818: 14817: 14669:National symbols 14523: 14522: 14338:Iranian citizens 14275: 14274: 14266: 14265: 14253: 14252: 14235:Research centers 13924:Economic history 13879: 13878: 13866: 13865: 13800:Guardian Council 13622: 13621: 13609: 13608: 13490: 13489: 13467:Electric history 13462:Military history 13376:Ancient Persians 13284: 13283:shootdown (1988) 13266: 13253: 13250:Iranian Embassy 13220: 13209: 13207:Islamic Republic 13196: 13188:1953 coup d'état 13163: 13150: 13149: 13108: 13105:Khanates of the 13100: 13092: 13084: 13076: 13068: 13060: 13052: 13033: 13025: 13017: 13009: 13002: 12994: 12986: 12978: 12970: 12962: 12943: 12935: 12927: 12919: 12911: 12903: 12895: 12887: 12879: 12866: 12865: 12847: 12828: 12820: 12812: 12804: 12796: 12788: 12780: 12772: 12764: 12745: 12737: 12729: 12721: 12713: 12705: 12697: 12689: 12681: 12673: 12665: 12657: 12644: 12643: 12628: 12627: 12615: 12614: 12599: 12592: 12585: 12576: 12575: 12562: 12561: 12552: 12551: 12542: 12532: 12531: 12276: 12275: 12263: 12262: 12194: 12155: 12154: 12006: 11977: 11976: 11963:Sinjar Mountains 11953:Zagros Mountains 11893:Hamrin Mountains 11852: 11851: 11815:Mosul liberation 11788:Iraqi insurgency 11710:National Command 11699: 11535:Simurrum culture 11438: 11437: 11425: 11424: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11400: 11393: 11386: 11377: 11376: 11353: 11352: 11339:Mandaean studies 11147: 11146: 11044:(minor ablution) 10885: 10884: 10746:John the Baptist 10565: 10564: 10472: 10471: 10319: 10318: 10276: 10275: 10203:Historical texts 10165:Scroll of Abatur 10123:Alma Rišaia Zuṭa 10026:Sidra d-Nishmata 10006: 10005: 9958: 9957: 9858:Abdullah bar Sam 9848:Negm bar Zahroon 9818:Zazai of Gawazta 9763: 9762: 9725: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9644: 9643: 9634: 9632: 9591: 9575: 9557: 9540: 9507: 9472: 9455: 9425: 9423: 9398: 9374: 9362: 9344: 9330: 9309: 9271: 9236: 9224: 9200: 9187:Macuch, Rudolf; 9183: 9157: 9150:Lupieri, Edmondo 9145: 9117: 9089: 9064: 9035: 8998: 8967: 8951: 8926: 8905: 8868: 8855: 8829: 8813: 8781: 8737: 8695: 8673: 8672:. Leiden: Brill. 8661: 8660:. Leiden: Brill. 8649: 8637: 8625: 8613: 8584: 8582: 8580: 8564: 8562: 8560: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8510: 8509: 8499: 8490:(9): 1746–1747. 8475: 8469: 8468: 8466: 8464: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8435: 8429: 8423: 8402: 8396: 8395:. Leipzig, 1925. 8389: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8353: 8347: 8328: 8296: 8290: 8285:, both cited by 8275: 8269: 8255: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8076: 8073: 8067: 8064: 8058: 8057: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8032: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8006: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7952: 7946: 7939: 7930: 7929: 7915: 7909: 7907: 7899: 7893: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7859: 7850: 7844: 7843: 7835: 7829: 7819: 7813: 7812: 7786: 7780: 7779: 7771: 7765: 7764: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7664: 7661: 7655: 7654: 7653: 7651: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7524: 7509: 7508: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7490: 7488: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7464: 7462: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7407: 7401: 7400: 7397:"Lokaltidningen" 7393: 7387: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7357: 7355: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7207:Associated Press 7203:and Times-Herald 7191: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7168: 7164: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7121: 7115: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7067: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7056: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6969: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6943: 6937: 6920: 6914: 6913: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6890:on July 31, 2016 6880: 6871: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6861: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6824: 6818: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6798: 6792: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6778:. Archived from 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6701: 6686: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6610: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6599: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6573: 6564: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6538:"Dr A W Alsabti" 6534: 6528: 6527: 6517: 6511: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6491: 6485: 6484: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6463: 6457: 6451:. Archived from 6450: 6441: 6435: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6376: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6310: 6304: 6301:Reisen in Orient 6297: 6291: 6281: 6275: 6274: 6256: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6218:on May 21, 2013. 6214:. Archived from 6201: 6195: 6194: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6136: 6130: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6109: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6066: 6060: 6050: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6026: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5966: 5960: 5959: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5936: 5921: 5915: 5908: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5754:Mandaean Grammar 5745: 5739: 5738: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5636: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5573: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5542: 5531: 5525: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5474: 5459: 5458: 5432: 5426: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5375: 5360: 5359: 5340: 5334: 5331:Margoliouth 1913 5316: 5310: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5265: 5259: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5160:. Archived from 5148: 5139: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5098: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5045:. April 23, 2019 5035: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4931:. Archived from 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4894: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4863: 4857: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4829:on March 6, 2012 4818: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4781: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4679: 4668: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4651:Moulton, Cyrus. 4648: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4626:The Boston Globe 4617: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4562: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4501: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4468: 4459: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4431: 4418: 4412: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4386: 4364: 4337: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4307: 4286:Mandaean studies 4114:Mandaic language 4103: 4073:Joseph Lightfoot 4016: 4013: 4005: 4002: 3994: 3974: 3914:Dead Sea Scrolls 3910:Barbara Thiering 3845:James F. McGrath 3798:James F. McGrath 3753:John the Baptist 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3559:John the Baptist 3434:Warren, Michigan 3350:(Beth Manda) is 3338:suburbs such as 3046:Associated Press 2809:of the Mandaeans 2693:, as well as in 2519:Arab nationalism 2440:Thābit ibn Qurra 2374: 2355:John the Baptist 2338: 2335: 2287:were Mandaeans. 2200:(the founder of 2194:John the Baptist 2093:Mandaic language 2086:Dead Sea Scrolls 1996: 1962:Dead Sea Scrolls 1872:Dead Sea Scrolls 1849: 1843: 1837: 1824: 1810: 1805: 1661:John the Baptist 1650: 1645: 1644: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1623:Mandaean Sabians 1620: 1615: 1591: 1584: 1577: 1524:Sidra d-Nishmata 831:Zazai of Gawazta 718:Alma Rišaia Zuṭa 566:John the Baptist 533: 508: 507: 492: 434: 370: 366: 364: 363: 350: 346: 344: 343: 330: 326: 324: 323: 310: 306: 304: 303: 290: 286: 284: 283: 270: 266: 264: 263: 250: 246: 244: 243: 230: 226: 224: 223: 210: 206: 204: 203: 190: 186: 184: 183: 170: 166: 164: 163: 150: 146: 144: 143: 128: 124: 122: 121: 106: 102: 100: 99: 84: 80: 78: 77: 62: 59: 52:Total population 44: 37: 35: 34: 33: 26: 20: 14911: 14910: 14906: 14905: 14904: 14902: 14901: 14900: 14841: 14840: 14839: 14834: 14798: 14768: 14747:Rap and hip-hop 14718: 14699:Public holidays 14684:Persian gardens 14673:Imperial Anthem 14664:National Jewels 14619:Iranian studies 14508: 14442: 14394: 14326: 14287:Persian (Farsi) 14260: 14239: 14208: 14170: 14163: 14098:Pharmaceuticals 14043: 14034:Venture capital 14009:Rial (currency) 13994:Nuclear program 13873: 13852: 13819: 13778: 13729:Nuclear program 13694:Judicial system 13616: 13599: 13570:Iranian plateau 13497: 13476: 13360: 13282: 13264: 13251: 13219:History (1979–) 13218: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13194: 13161: 13137: 13106: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13074: 13066: 13058: 13050: 13037: 13031: 13023: 13015: 13007: 13000: 12992: 12984: 12976: 12968: 12960: 12947: 12941: 12933: 12925: 12917: 12909: 12901: 12893: 12885: 12877: 12861: 12851: 12845: 12832: 12826: 12818: 12810: 12802: 12794: 12786: 12778: 12770: 12762: 12749: 12743: 12742:Neo-Babylonian 12735: 12727: 12720:(860 BC–590 BC) 12719: 12711: 12703: 12695: 12688:(c.2300–675 BC) 12687: 12679: 12671: 12663: 12655: 12635: 12622: 12609: 12603: 12573: 12568: 12512: 12496:Public holidays 12419: 12270: 12253: 12192: 12162: 12145: 12004: 11984: 11967: 11898:Iraqi Kurdistan 11888:Euphrates river 11859: 11838: 11805:War (2014–2017) 11751:Operation Opera 11697: 11667: 11663:Arab Federation 11651:Kingdom of Iraq 11584: 11560:Fall of Babylon 11495:Akkadian Empire 11470:Samarra culture 11455:Hassuna culture 11432: 11419: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11374: 11369: 11343: 11327: 11292: 11257: 11186: 11136: 11088: 11018: 10961: 10935: 10909: 10876: 10873:(talisman seal) 10841: 10776: 10750: 10686: 10631: 10622:Zartai-Zartanai 10563: 10535: 10496: 10470: 10317: 10274: 10247: 10216: 10198: 10116:Alma Rišaia Rba 10071: 9997: 9943: 9922: 9918:Salwan Alkhamas 9908:Brikha Nasoraia 9868:Jabbar Choheili 9823:Anush bar Danqa 9794: 9752: 9726: 9717: 9676: 9671: 9630: 9614:Wayback Machine 9598: 9537: 9504: 9452: 9430:Stroumsa, Sarah 9395: 9371: 9337:Revue de Qumrân 9327:10.17613/M6GB8Z 9306: 9268: 9209:Hastings, James 9197:Clarendon Press 9142: 9114: 9086: 9053:10.2307/1596088 9047:(89): 109–128. 9041:Studia Islamica 9020:Heinrichs, W.P. 8987:Clarendon Press 8964:Clarendon Press 8948: 8890:Heinrichs, W.P. 8861:Acta Orientalia 8797: 8770: 8726: 8706:, eds. (2019). 8692: 8597: 8595:Primary sources 8592: 8587: 8578: 8576: 8574:Yale Daily News 8558: 8556: 8536: 8534: 8519: 8514: 8513: 8476: 8472: 8462: 8460: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8430: 8426: 8407:, p. xiv; 8403: 8399: 8390: 8386: 8378: 8374: 8368:Van Bladel 2009 8354: 8350: 8336:astral religion 8300:Van Bladel 2009 8297: 8293: 8287:Van Bladel 2009 8276: 8272: 8258:Van Bladel 2017 8256: 8252: 8246:Van Bladel 2017 8244: 8240: 8234:Van Bladel 2017 8232: 8228: 8222:Van Bladel 2009 8206:Van Bladel 2017 8204: 8200: 8190: 8188: 8179: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8155: 8147:. p. 210. 8135: 8131: 8123: 8119: 8109: 8107: 8092: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8065: 8061: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8024: 8020: 7983: 7979: 7970: 7968: 7953: 7949: 7945:, Berlin, 1965. 7940: 7933: 7916: 7912: 7902: 7900: 7896: 7873:, p. xiv; 7869: 7865: 7857: 7851: 7847: 7836: 7832: 7822:Van Bladel 2017 7820: 7816: 7809: 7787: 7783: 7772: 7768: 7749:ARAM Periodical 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7721: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7704: 7703:. November 2017 7695: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7667: 7662: 7658: 7649: 7647: 7637: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7585: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7534:, eds. (2005). 7525: 7512: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7486: 7484: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7458: 7448: 7444: 7436: 7432: 7424: 7420: 7408: 7404: 7395: 7394: 7390: 7380: 7378: 7367: 7363: 7353: 7351: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7315: 7311: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7277: 7273: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7233: 7229: 7219: 7217: 7192: 7188: 7179: 7178: 7171: 7167: 7153: 7139: 7137: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7109: 7105: 7097: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7064: 7054: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7038: 7028: 7026: 7015: 7011: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6981: 6979: 6970: 6966: 6956: 6954: 6944: 6940: 6930:Wayback Machine 6921: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6903: 6893: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6795: 6785: 6783: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6699: 6697: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6670: 6668: 6658: 6649: 6647: 6637: 6628: 6626: 6611: 6607: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6586: 6582: 6571: 6569: 6562: 6556: 6552: 6542: 6540: 6536: 6535: 6531: 6518: 6514: 6504: 6502: 6492: 6488: 6475: 6471: 6461: 6459: 6455: 6448: 6442: 6438: 6430: 6426: 6419: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6377: 6370: 6360: 6358: 6348: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6311: 6307: 6298: 6294: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6257: 6248: 6238: 6236: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6208: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6137: 6133: 6123: 6121: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6079:, p. 646; 6073:Van Bladel 2009 6067: 6063: 6051: 6047: 6041:Van Bladel 2017 6039: 6035: 6027: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5948: 5944: 5934: 5932: 5922: 5918: 5909: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5874: 5873: 5869: 5854: 5840: 5836: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5794:. p. 345. 5781: 5777: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5746: 5742: 5727: 5723: 5712: 5708: 5689:ARAM Periodical 5681: 5677: 5667: 5665: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5613: 5609: 5592: 5588: 5574: 5565: 5555: 5553: 5543: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5492: 5475: 5462: 5447: 5433: 5429: 5419:Van Bladel 2017 5417: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5389: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5341: 5337: 5333:, p. 519b. 5323:Van Bladel 2009 5321:, p. 126; 5317: 5313: 5307:Van Bladel 2017 5301: 5297: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5227: 5223: 5213: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5164:on May 8, 2009. 5150: 5149: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5099: 5086: 5077: 5075: 5065: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5036: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4981: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4895: 4886: 4876: 4874: 4864: 4860: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4830: 4819: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4782: 4775: 4765: 4763: 4756: 4750: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4709: 4702: 4692: 4690: 4688:Chicago Tribune 4680: 4671: 4661: 4659: 4649: 4640: 4630: 4628: 4618: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4592: 4586: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4563: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4502: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4466: 4460: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4399: 4397: 4387: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4254:Nazarene (sect) 4173: 4132: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4092: 4057:Ethel S. Drower 4053:Mark Lidzbarski 4033: 4027: 4014: 4004: 950–1000 4003: 3947: 3941: 3936: 3920:(leader of the 3890:Rudolf Bultmann 3837:Ethel S. Drower 3829:Mark Lidzbarski 3818:Brikha Nasoraia 3781:Zazai d-Gawazta 3739:Edmondo Lupieri 3735: 3729: 3591:(darkness) and 3517:ethnic religion 3501: 3483: 3406: 3400: 3374: 3368: 3328: 3322: 3242: 3222: 3201:Jabbar Choheili 3194: 3024: 3018: 2944:Prince of Wales 2793: 2657: 2651: 2649:Iraqi Mandaeans 2622: 2507:First World War 2495: 2452: 2444:astral religion 2417:al-Qahir Billah 2388:Yaqut al-Hamawi 2341:Anush bar Danqa 2336: 2326: 2262: 2128:Western Aramaic 2113:Eastern Aramaic 1994: 1951:Brikha Nasoraia 1937:. According to 1896:Rudolf Bultmann 1880: 1860: 1779: 1698:of Iraq by the 1636:) or simply as 1595: 1565:Religion portal 1559: 1558: 1519: 1509: 1508: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1435: 1425: 1424: 1410:Zartai-Zartanai 1083: 1073: 1072: 1028: 1020: 1019: 990: 982: 981: 932: 924: 923: 884: 876: 875: 871:Brikha Nasoraia 851:Jabbar Choheili 836:Anush Bar Danqa 816: 808: 807: 783: 773: 772: 711:Alma Rišaia Rba 614: 604: 603: 579: 571: 570: 541: 506: 505: 504: 493: 480: 432: 361: 359: 341: 339: 321: 319: 301: 299: 281: 279: 261: 259: 241: 239: 221: 219: 201: 199: 181: 179: 161: 159: 141: 139: 119: 117: 97: 95: 75: 73: 60: 47: 29: 28: 24: 23: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14909: 14899: 14898: 14893: 14888: 14883: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14836: 14835: 14833: 14832: 14822: 14811: 14808: 14807: 14804: 14803: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14780: 14778: 14774: 14773: 14770: 14769: 14767: 14766: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14650: 14636: 14631: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14542: 14536: 14526: 14520: 14514: 14513: 14510: 14509: 14507: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14461: 14456: 14450: 14448: 14444: 14443: 14441: 14440: 14435: 14425: 14420: 14410: 14404: 14402: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14392: 14391: 14390: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14345: 14334: 14332: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14283: 14281: 14272: 14262: 14261: 14249: 14248: 14245: 14244: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14237: 14232: 14227: 14222: 14216: 14214: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14175: 14173: 14165: 14164: 14162: 14161: 14156: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14131: 14121: 14111: 14106: 14101: 14091: 14086: 14081: 14080: 14079: 14074: 14064: 14053: 14051: 14045: 14044: 14042: 14041: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14006: 14001: 13991: 13986: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13911: 13906: 13896: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13875: 13874: 13862: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13848:Supreme Leader 13845: 13840: 13835: 13829: 13827: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13810:Local councils 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13786: 13784: 13780: 13779: 13777: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13756: 13751: 13746: 13741: 13736: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13710: 13705: 13696: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13687:Women's rights 13684: 13679: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13649: 13644: 13634: 13628: 13626: 13618: 13617: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13552: 13547: 13542: 13541: 13540: 13538:Climate change 13530: 13525: 13524: 13523: 13518: 13508: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13486: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13478: 13477: 13475: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13422:Jiroft culture 13419: 13418: 13417: 13410:Iranic peoples 13407: 13406: 13405: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13386:Persianization 13383: 13378: 13372: 13370: 13366: 13365: 13362: 13361: 13359: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13322: 13321: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13296: 13291: 13286: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13260: 13255: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13214: 13212: 13202: 13201: 13199: 13198: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13156: 13154: 13147: 13143: 13142: 13139: 13138: 13136: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13102: 13094: 13086: 13078: 13070: 13062: 13054: 13045: 13043: 13039: 13038: 13036: 13035: 13027: 13019: 13011: 13004: 12996: 12993:(1135/36-1225) 12988: 12980: 12972: 12964: 12955: 12953: 12949: 12948: 12946: 12945: 12937: 12929: 12921: 12913: 12905: 12897: 12889: 12881: 12872: 12870: 12863: 12857: 12856: 12853: 12852: 12850: 12849: 12840: 12838: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12830: 12822: 12814: 12806: 12803:(c.295–220 BC) 12798: 12790: 12782: 12774: 12766: 12757: 12755: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12747: 12739: 12731: 12723: 12715: 12707: 12699: 12691: 12683: 12675: 12667: 12662:Proto-Elamite 12659: 12650: 12648: 12641: 12637: 12636: 12624: 12623: 12611: 12610: 12602: 12601: 12594: 12587: 12579: 12570: 12569: 12567: 12566: 12556: 12546: 12536: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12511: 12510: 12509: 12508: 12503: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12427: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12417: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12385: 12380: 12379: 12378: 12373: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12272: 12271: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12234:Transportation 12231: 12226: 12224:Stock Exchange 12221: 12219:Reconstruction 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12199:Infrastructure 12196: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12167: 12164: 12163: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12112: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12084: 12079: 12069: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12065: 12058:Prime Minister 12055: 12054: 12053: 12043: 12038: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11973: 11972: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11848: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11840: 11839: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11830: 11829: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11812: 11802: 11797: 11796: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11775: 11770: 11769: 11768: 11766:1991 uprisings 11758: 11753: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11716:Saddam Hussein 11713: 11702: 11701: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11677: 11675: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11665: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11648: 11646:Mandatory Iraq 11643: 11638: 11635:Mamluk dynasty 11628: 11623: 11618: 11613: 11608: 11603: 11598: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11585: 11583: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11500:Gutian dynasty 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11446: 11444: 11434: 11433: 11421: 11420: 11403: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11380: 11371: 11370: 11348: 11345: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11335: 11333: 11329: 11328: 11326: 11325: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11304: 11302: 11298: 11297: 11294: 11293: 11291: 11290: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11250: 11245: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11220: 11215: 11210: 11205: 11200: 11194: 11192: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11144: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11120:Wallacia Mandi 11117: 11112: 11107: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11010: 11004: 10998: 10992: 10986: 10980: 10973: 10971: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10943: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10923: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10910: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10891: 10889: 10882: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10868: 10862: 10856: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10833: 10827: 10821: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10797: 10791: 10784: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10702: 10700: 10696: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10685: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10660: 10654: 10648: 10641: 10639: 10633: 10632: 10630: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10562: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10545: 10543: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10498: 10497: 10495: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10478: 10476: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10396:Tar and Tarwan 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10327: 10325: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10303:Mshunia Kushta 10300: 10295: 10290: 10284: 10282: 10280:World of Light 10273: 10272: 10267: 10261: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10245: 10238: 10233: 10227: 10225: 10218: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10189: 10182: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10083: 10081: 10080:Priestly texts 10077: 10076: 10073: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10021: 10019: 10003: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9987: 9986: 9979: 9964: 9962: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9941: 9936: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9915: 9913:Rafid al-Sabti 9910: 9905: 9900: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9878:Najah Choheili 9875: 9873:Salah Choheili 9870: 9865: 9860: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9792: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9769: 9767: 9760: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9727: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9670: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9621: 9616: 9604: 9597: 9596:External links 9594: 9593: 9592: 9586:. Piscataway: 9576: 9570:. Piscataway: 9560: 9559: 9558: 9535: 9508: 9502: 9473: 9465:Studia Antiqua 9456: 9450: 9438:Rashed, Roshdi 9426: 9399: 9393: 9375: 9369: 9345: 9331: 9321:(2): 253–277. 9310: 9304: 9280:Rashed, Roshdi 9276:Rashed, Roshdi 9272: 9266: 9242:Rashed, Roshdi 9237: 9225: 9201: 9184: 9158: 9146: 9140: 9118: 9112: 9094:Gündüz, Şinasi 9090: 9084: 9065: 9036: 9016:van Donzel, E. 9012:Bosworth, C.E. 8999: 8973: 8952: 8946: 8927: 8906: 8886:van Donzel, E. 8882:Bosworth, C.E. 8869: 8856: 8830: 8824:. Piscataway: 8814: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8791: 8768: 8738: 8724: 8696: 8690: 8674: 8662: 8650: 8638: 8626: 8618:Drowe r, E. S. 8614: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8565: 8543: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8470: 8445: 8436: 8434:, p. xiv. 8424: 8421:Lightfoot 1875 8397: 8384: 8372: 8366:, p. 50; 8348: 8291: 8279:Chwolsohn 1856 8270: 8250: 8238: 8226: 8218:Fahd 1960–2007 8198: 8172: 8160: 8153: 8129: 8117: 8086: 8077: 8068: 8059: 8042: 8033: 8028:, p. 78; 8018: 7997:(1): 171–184. 7977: 7947: 7931: 7910: 7894: 7887:Segelberg 1969 7863: 7853:Kazal, Arkan. 7845: 7830: 7814: 7807: 7781: 7766: 7739: 7714: 7688: 7665: 7656: 7628: 7602: 7590: 7583: 7563: 7556: 7510: 7494: 7468: 7442: 7430: 7418: 7402: 7388: 7361: 7350:. July 5, 2005 7335: 7309: 7297: 7271: 7254: 7227: 7186: 7169: 7166: 7165: 7151: 7146: 7123: 7116: 7103: 7088: 7062: 7051:. July 1, 2016 7036: 7009: 6989: 6964: 6938: 6915: 6901: 6872: 6847: 6819: 6808:. July 1, 2016 6793: 6763: 6733: 6720:algardenia.com 6707: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6656: 6635: 6612: 6605: 6580: 6550: 6529: 6512: 6486: 6469: 6436: 6424: 6417: 6397: 6368: 6331: 6305: 6292: 6276: 6269: 6246: 6221: 6196: 6157: 6131: 6101: 6089: 6083:, p. 21; 6075:, p. 65; 6061: 6045: 6033: 5986: 5961: 5942: 5916: 5894: 5867: 5852: 5834: 5819: 5807: 5800: 5775: 5759: 5740: 5721: 5706: 5675: 5650: 5638: 5607: 5586: 5563: 5532: 5517: 5505: 5490: 5460: 5445: 5427: 5411: 5399: 5361: 5355: 5335: 5319:Genequand 1999 5311: 5295: 5281: 5266: 5249: 5221: 5192: 5167: 5157:Genocide Watch 5140: 5121: 5114: 5084: 5056: 5027: 5001: 4972: 4946: 4915: 4884: 4858: 4840: 4802: 4773: 4729: 4717:Texas Observer 4700: 4669: 4638: 4609: 4580: 4550: 4524: 4517: 4483: 4451: 4419: 4407: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4332: 4311: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4244:Hemerobaptists 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4169: 4159:Ashkenazi Jews 4131: 4128: 4112:Main article: 4109: 4106: 4090: 4039:uses the name 4026: 4023: 3943:Main article: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3898:Gilles Quispel 3866:Jewish Aramaic 3841:Eric Segelberg 3793:Edwin Yamauchi 3728: 3725: 3635:Hayyi Qadmaiyi 3604:World of Light 3566:World of Light 3497:Main article: 3482: 3479: 3402:Main article: 3399: 3396: 3370:Main article: 3367: 3364: 3324:Main article: 3321: 3318: 3241: 3238: 3221: 3218: 3217: 3216: 3210:Salah Choheili 3204: 3193: 3190: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3006: 3003:Makki Al-Badri 3000: 2993:Zaidoon Treeko 2990: 2984: 2981:Najiya Murrani 2978: 2969: 2960: 2951: 2942:including the 2902: 2889: 2883: 2858: 2840: 2834: 2792: 2789: 2771:. In 2019, an 2748:Saddam Hussein 2707:Suq al-Shuyukh 2667: 2666: 2650: 2647: 2621: 2618: 2604:Supreme Leader 2505:Following the 2494: 2491: 2451: 2448: 2325: 2324:Islamic period 2322: 2261: 2258: 2218:Gerard Russell 2192:and also from 2084:, part of the 2071:Community Rule 2066:Community Rule 2039:Mandaean texts 1947:late antiquity 1939:Carlos Gelbert 1879: 1876: 1870:, part of the 1859: 1856: 1829:of the Arabic 1778: 1775: 1618:al-Mandāʾiyyūn 1597: 1596: 1594: 1593: 1586: 1579: 1571: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1520: 1515: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1436: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1312: 1310:Mshunia Kushta 1307: 1302: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1093:World of Light 1090: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 980: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 922: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 885: 882: 881: 878: 877: 874: 873: 868: 866:Salah Choheili 863: 861:Najah Choheili 858: 853: 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 823: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 784: 779: 778: 775: 774: 771: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 721: 714: 707: 700: 693: 686: 679: 672: 665: 658: 646: 639: 638: 637: 630: 615: 610: 609: 606: 605: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 580: 577: 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 526: 525: 517: 516: 494: 487: 486: 485: 482: 481: 479: 478: 468: 458: 440: 435: 426: 423: 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13402: 13399: 13397: 13396:Turco-Persian 13394: 13393: 13392: 13389: 13388: 13387: 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13367: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13320: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13295: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13265:War (1980–88) 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13197: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13155: 13151: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13103: 13101: 13095: 13093: 13087: 13085: 13079: 13077: 13071: 13069: 13063: 13061: 13057:Qara Qoyunlu 13055: 13053: 13047: 13046: 13044: 13040: 13034: 13028: 13026: 13020: 13018: 13012: 13010: 13005: 13003: 12997: 12995: 12989: 12987: 12981: 12979: 12973: 12971: 12965: 12963: 12957: 12956: 12954: 12950: 12944: 12938: 12936: 12930: 12928: 12922: 12920: 12914: 12912: 12906: 12904: 12898: 12896: 12890: 12888: 12882: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12864: 12858: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12823: 12821: 12815: 12813: 12807: 12805: 12799: 12797: 12791: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12775: 12773: 12767: 12765: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754:550 BC–AD 224 12752: 12746: 12740: 12738: 12732: 12730: 12724: 12722: 12716: 12714: 12710:Neo-Assyrian 12708: 12706: 12700: 12698: 12692: 12690: 12684: 12682: 12676: 12674: 12668: 12666: 12660: 12658: 12652: 12651: 12649: 12645: 12642: 12638: 12634: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12616: 12612: 12607: 12600: 12595: 12593: 12588: 12586: 12581: 12580: 12577: 12565: 12557: 12555: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12537: 12535: 12527: 12526: 12523: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12498: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12371: 12370:Iraqi Turkmen 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12327: 12326: 12323: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12269: 12264: 12260: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12168: 12165: 12161: 12156: 12152: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12093: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12074: 12073: 12070: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12033: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12005:(legislative) 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11983: 11978: 11974: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11938:Syrian Desert 11936: 11934: 11933:Shatt al-Arab 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11868:Faw peninsula 11866: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11853: 11849: 11835: 11832: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11810:Fall of Mosul 11808: 11807: 11806: 11803: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11783:U.S. invasion 11781: 11780: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11746:Iran–Iraq War 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11700: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11661: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11636: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11611:Buyid dynasty 11609: 11607: 11604: 11602: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11460:Halaf culture 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11426: 11422: 11417: 11411: 11401: 11396: 11394: 11389: 11387: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11368: 11367: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11346: 11340: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11324: 11323:Unicode block 11321: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11289: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11254: 11251: 11249: 11246: 11244: 11241: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11211: 11209: 11206: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11183: 11182:Dehwa Daimana 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11105:Baghdad Mandi 11103: 11102: 11101: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11091: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11068:(name of God) 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11031: 11028: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11014: 11011: 11008: 11005: 11002: 10999: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10984: 10981: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10916: 10912: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10892: 10890: 10886: 10883: 10879: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10838:(bodily Adam) 10837: 10834: 10832:(hidden Adam) 10831: 10828: 10825: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10813: 10810: 10807: 10804: 10801: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10789: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10779: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10703: 10701: 10697: 10682: 10679: 10676: 10673: 10670: 10667: 10664: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10542: 10538: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10386:Yufin-Yufafin 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10366:Manda d-Hayyi 10364: 10362: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10244: 10243: 10242:Pišra d-Ainia 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10211:Haran Gawaita 10208: 10207: 10205: 10201: 10195: 10194: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10183: 10181: 10180: 10176: 10174: 10173: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10162: 10160: 10159: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10148: 10146: 10145: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10134: 10132: 10131: 10127: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10111: 10110: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10099: 10097: 10096: 10092: 10090: 10089: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10067: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10041: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10030: 10028: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10013: 10012: 10007: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9980: 9978: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9916: 9914: 9911: 9909: 9906: 9904: 9903:Yuhana Nashmi 9901: 9899: 9896: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9864: 9861: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9838:Bibia Mudalal 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9797: 9790: 9786: 9784: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9739: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9663: 9661: 9656: 9654: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9639: 9636: 9629: 9628: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9589: 9588:Gorgias Press 9585: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9572:Gorgias Press 9569: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9515: 9509: 9505: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9457: 9453: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9413: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9379:Rudolph, Kurt 9376: 9372: 9366: 9361: 9360: 9354: 9350: 9349:Rudolph, Kurt 9346: 9342: 9339:(in German). 9338: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9311: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9277: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9189:Drower, E. S. 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9168: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9109: 9105: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9008:Bianquis, Th. 9005: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8983: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8970:Gorgias Press 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8878:Bianquis, Th. 8875: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8831: 8827: 8826:Gorgias Press 8823: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8798: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8752: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8731: 8727: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8608:. New Haven: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8575: 8571: 8566: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8533: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8474: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8440: 8433: 8428: 8422: 8418: 8414: 8411:, p. 4; 8410: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8388: 8381: 8376: 8370:, p. 68. 8369: 8365: 8361: 8360:Stroumsa 2004 8357: 8352: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8308:De Blois 1995 8305: 8301: 8295: 8289:, p. 67. 8288: 8284: 8280: 8277:Most notably 8274: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8254: 8247: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8214:De Blois 2004 8211: 8207: 8202: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8170:, p. xv. 8169: 8164: 8156: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8141: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8090: 8081: 8072: 8063: 8055: 8054: 8046: 8037: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7951: 7944: 7938: 7936: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7914: 7905: 7898: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7877:, p. 4; 7876: 7872: 7867: 7860:. p. 37. 7856: 7849: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7792: 7785: 7777: 7770: 7762: 7758: 7755:(16): 47–60. 7754: 7750: 7743: 7728: 7724: 7718: 7702: 7698: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7678: 7676: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7660: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7633: 7617: 7613: 7606: 7600:, p. 45. 7599: 7598:Nasoraia 2012 7594: 7586: 7580: 7576: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7521: 7519: 7517: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7483: 7479: 7472: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7439: 7434: 7427: 7422: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7398: 7392: 7376: 7372: 7365: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7306: 7301: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7266: 7258: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7202: 7197: 7190: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7150: 7149:Crawford 2007 7147: 7135: 7134: 7129: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7113: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7093: 7076: 7072: 7066: 7050: 7046: 7040: 7024: 7020: 7013: 7002: 7001: 6993: 6978: 6975: 6968: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6919: 6911: 6905: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6858: 6851: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6823: 6807: 6803: 6797: 6786:September 21, 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6746:mandaeans.org 6743: 6737: 6721: 6717: 6711: 6696: 6692: 6685: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6578:vol:42, num:1 6568: 6561: 6554: 6539: 6533: 6525: 6524: 6516: 6501: 6497: 6490: 6483:. p. 38. 6482: 6481: 6473: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6432:Crawford 2007 6428: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6409: 6401: 6386: 6382: 6375: 6373: 6357: 6353: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6284:Rudolph, Kurt 6280: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6235: 6234:www.leader.ir 6231: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6119: 6115: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6059:, p. 39. 6058: 6057:Nasoraia 2012 6054: 6049: 6042: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6015: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5965: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5931: 5927: 5920: 5913: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5853:0-9580346-2-1 5849: 5845: 5838: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5816: 5811: 5803: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5788: 5779: 5770: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5710: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5648:, p. 50. 5647: 5646:Nasoraia 2012 5642: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5539: 5537: 5529: 5524: 5522: 5514: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5467: 5465: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5408: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5339: 5332: 5328: 5327:De Blois 1995 5324: 5320: 5315: 5308: 5304: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5279:, p. 15. 5278: 5273: 5271: 5263: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5209: 5205: 5196: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5147: 5145: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5129:Crawford 2007 5125: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5074: 5070: 5063: 5061: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4873: 4869: 4862: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4844: 4828: 4824: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4778: 4762: 4755: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4658: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4616: 4614: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4568: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4509: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4472: 4465: 4458: 4456: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4426: 4424: 4416: 4411: 4396: 4392: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4352: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4281:Mandaean name 4279: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4141: 4139: 4138: 4127: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4101: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4087: 4082: 4076: 4074: 4071:according to 4070: 4066: 4063:described by 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:Rudolf Macúch 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037:Haran Gawaita 4032: 4022: 4018: 4009: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3902:Jordan Valley 3899: 3895: 3894:G. R. S. Mead 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3858: 3857:Şinasi Gündüz 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3833:Rudolf Macúch 3830: 3826: 3821: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3807:in his book, 3806: 3801: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3737:According to 3734: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3692: 3691:seven planets 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3630: 3629:Melka d'Nhura 3624: 3618: 3617:Mare d'Rabuta 3613: 3609: 3605: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3507:, which is a 3506: 3500: 3492: 3487: 3478: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426:Austin, Texas 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:New York City 3411: 3405: 3398:United States 3395: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3327: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3187: 3183: 3180:In 2002, the 3178: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3163: 3162: 3158:In Iran, the 3156: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3087:, as well as 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3073:Chogha Zanbil 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3011:, footballer. 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2916:Stanley Maude 2913: 2910: 2906: 2905:Zahroun Amara 2903: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2887: 2886:Siham Alsabti 2884: 2881: 2877: 2876:10478 Alsabti 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2845:(1916–1991), 2844: 2841: 2838: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823:meteorologist 2820: 2817:(1911–1969), 2816: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2805:(1881–1964), 2804: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2720: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2669:Prior to the 2665: 2664: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2559:Iran–Iraq War 2556: 2552: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2351: 2346: 2342: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2314:magical bowls 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289:Rudolf Macúch 2286: 2282: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2237:Jordan Valley 2232: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154:Haran Gawaita 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2003:Book of Enoch 2000: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975:Mara ḏ-Rabuta 1972: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1955:Jordan Valley 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:fifth century 1932: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1916:Şinasi Gündüz 1913: 1909: 1908:Rudolf Macúch 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1873: 1869: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:United States 1697: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1649: 1639: 1634: 1624: 1619: 1611: 1608:: ࡌࡀࡍࡃࡀࡉࡉࡀ) ( 1607: 1603: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1480: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1458: 1456: 1455:Dehwa Daimana 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1188:Yufin-Yufafin 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1113:Manda d-Hayyi 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1024: 1023: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 992: 986: 985: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 934: 928: 927: 920: 917: 915: 912: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 895: 892: 890: 887: 886: 880: 879: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 812: 811: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 785: 782: 777: 776: 769: 768: 764: 762: 761: 757: 755: 754: 750: 748: 747: 743: 741: 740: 736: 734: 733: 729: 727: 726: 722: 720: 719: 715: 713: 712: 708: 706: 705: 701: 699: 698: 694: 692: 691: 687: 685: 684: 680: 678: 677: 673: 671: 670: 666: 664: 663: 662:Haran Gawaita 659: 656: 652: 651: 647: 645: 644: 640: 636: 635: 631: 629: 628: 624: 623: 622: 621: 617: 616: 613: 608: 607: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 575: 574: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 543: 537: 536: 532: 528: 527: 524: 523: 519: 518: 514: 510: 509: 502: 498: 495:You may need 491: 476: 472: 469: 467:and diaspora) 466: 462: 459: 457:and diaspora) 456: 452: 448: 444: 441: 439: 436: 431: 428: 427: 424: 419: 415: 414: 409: 408:Haran Gawaita 405: 401: 397: 393: 388: 385: 381: 376: 372: 369: 356: 352: 349: 336: 332: 329: 316: 312: 309: 296: 292: 289: 276: 272: 269: 256: 252: 249: 236: 232: 229: 216: 212: 209: 196: 192: 189: 176: 172: 169: 156: 152: 149: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126:United States 114: 111: 108: 105: 92: 89: 88:10,000–20,000 86: 83: 70: 65: 55: 50: 43: 38: 19: 14777:Other topics 14761: 14689:Persian name 14628:Islamization 14570: 14530:Architecture 14483:universities 14428:Zoroastrians 14423:Christianity 14413:Baháʼí Faith 14363:Azerbaijanis 14270:Demographics 14084:Construction 14072:Central Bank 14014:Space Agency 13909:Child labour 13744:Principlists 13724:Cyberwarfare 13672:Human rights 13637:Constitution 13432:Azerbaijanis 13401:Indo-Persian 13381:Greater Iran 13252:siege (1980) 13211:1979–present 12862:early modern 12860:Medieval and 12654:Kura-Araxes 12398:Christianity 12349: 12280:Demographics 12214:Oil reserves 12209:Oil Industry 12176:Central Bank 12072:Human rights 11998:Constitution 11943:Tigris river 11923:Persian Gulf 11631:Ottoman Iraq 11616:Qara Qoyunlu 11450:Ubaid period 11364: 11360: 11354: 11269:Adam and Eve 11172:Abu al-Haris 11167:Dehwa Hanina 11080:(almsgiving) 11050:(death mass) 10991:(mouth-veil) 10957:Zidqa brikha 10411:Etinsib Ziwa 10240: 10209: 10191: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10135: 10128: 10121: 10114: 10107: 10100: 10093: 10086: 10064: 10057: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10009: 9990: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9927:Institutions 9893:Sahi Bashikh 9883:Taleb Doraji 9863:Dakhil Aidan 9828:Yahya Bihram 9687: 9626: 9583: 9567: 9553: 9513: 9481: 9468: 9464: 9441: 9411: 9407: 9383: 9358: 9340: 9336: 9318: 9314: 9283: 9245: 9232: 9212: 9192: 9166: 9153: 9126: 9098: 9070: 9044: 9040: 9023: 8981: 8959: 8932: 8914: 8893: 8864: 8860: 8843: 8838: 8821: 8808:. New York: 8805: 8750: 8707: 8681: 8669: 8666:Drower, E.S. 8657: 8654:Drower, E.S. 8645: 8642:Drower, E.S. 8633: 8630:Drower, E.S. 8621: 8605: 8590:Bibliography 8577:. Retrieved 8573: 8559:November 25, 8557:. Retrieved 8551: 8537:November 25, 8535:. Retrieved 8529: 8487: 8483: 8473: 8461:. Retrieved 8457: 8448: 8439: 8432:Drower 1960b 8427: 8409:Rudolph 1977 8405:Drower 1960b 8400: 8392: 8387: 8382:, p. 5. 8380:Buckley 2002 8375: 8351: 8298:As noted by 8294: 8273: 8253: 8241: 8236:, p. 5. 8229: 8201: 8189:. Retrieved 8184: 8175: 8168:Drower 1960b 8163: 8139: 8132: 8120: 8110:November 15, 8108:. Retrieved 8099: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8062: 8052: 8045: 8036: 8026:Deutsch 1998 8021: 7994: 7990: 7980: 7969:, retrieved 7960: 7950: 7942: 7925: 7920: 7913: 7897: 7891:Buckley 2002 7875:Rudolph 1977 7871:Drower 1960b 7866: 7848: 7833: 7826:McGrath 2019 7817: 7790: 7784: 7775: 7769: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7730:. Retrieved 7726: 7717: 7705:. Retrieved 7700: 7691: 7684:Rudolph 2001 7659: 7648:, retrieved 7644: 7619:. Retrieved 7615: 7605: 7593: 7573: 7566: 7539: 7528:Cross, F. L. 7502: 7497: 7485:. Retrieved 7482:telegram.com 7481: 7471: 7459:. Retrieved 7455: 7445: 7433: 7421: 7405: 7391: 7379:. Retrieved 7377:(in Swedish) 7374: 7364: 7352:. Retrieved 7347: 7338: 7326:. Retrieved 7322: 7312: 7300: 7288:. Retrieved 7284: 7274: 7264: 7257: 7245:. Retrieved 7243:(in Finnish) 7240: 7230: 7218:. Retrieved 7199: 7189: 7158: 7138:. Retrieved 7131: 7119: 7111: 7106: 7079:. Retrieved 7074: 7065: 7053:. Retrieved 7048: 7039: 7027:. Retrieved 7025:(in Persian) 7022: 7012: 6999: 6992: 6982:November 11, 6980:. Retrieved 6976: 6967: 6955:. Retrieved 6951: 6941: 6918: 6904: 6894:December 17, 6892:. Retrieved 6888:the original 6863:. Retrieved 6850: 6838:. Retrieved 6834:The Guardian 6832: 6822: 6810:. Retrieved 6805: 6796: 6784:. Retrieved 6780:the original 6775: 6766: 6754:. Retrieved 6750:the original 6745: 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6719: 6710: 6698:. Retrieved 6694: 6684: 6669:. Retrieved 6663: 6648:. Retrieved 6642: 6627:. Retrieved 6621: 6608: 6598:December 10, 6596:. Retrieved 6592: 6583: 6570:. Retrieved 6566: 6553: 6541:. Retrieved 6532: 6522: 6515: 6503:. Retrieved 6499: 6489: 6479: 6472: 6460:. Retrieved 6453:the original 6446:"Repository" 6439: 6427: 6407: 6400: 6388:. Retrieved 6384: 6359:. Retrieved 6355: 6322:. Retrieved 6318: 6308: 6300: 6295: 6287: 6279: 6260: 6237:. Retrieved 6233: 6224: 6216:the original 6211: 6199: 6170: 6166: 6160: 6148:. Retrieved 6144: 6134: 6122:. Retrieved 6118:the original 6092: 6085:Roberts 2017 6081:Rashed 2009b 6077:Rashed 2009a 6064: 6053:Drower 1960b 6048: 6036: 6029:Buckley 2002 5977:. Retrieved 5973: 5964: 5951: 5945: 5935:November 22, 5933:. Retrieved 5929: 5919: 5911: 5885:. Retrieved 5879: 5870: 5843: 5837: 5832:, p. 4. 5830:Rudolph 1977 5817:, p. 4. 5815:Deutsch 1999 5810: 5786: 5778: 5762: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5734: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5666:. Retrieved 5662: 5653: 5641: 5620: 5616: 5610: 5596: 5589: 5580: 5554:. Retrieved 5550: 5528:Rudolph 1964 5515:, p. 5. 5513:Rudolph 1977 5508: 5481: 5436: 5430: 5423:McGrath 2019 5414: 5409:, p. 3. 5407:Buckley 2002 5402: 5390:. Retrieved 5386: 5345: 5338: 5314: 5309:, p. 5. 5298: 5284: 5277:Rudolph 1977 5262:Deutsch 2007 5242:November 11, 5240:. Retrieved 5234: 5224: 5212:. Retrieved 5208:the original 5195: 5185:December 22, 5183:. Retrieved 5170: 5162:the original 5155: 5133:Deutsch 2007 5124: 5104: 5076:, retrieved 5072: 5047:. Retrieved 5042: 5020:November 15, 5018:. Retrieved 5014: 5004: 4992:. Retrieved 4988: 4963:. Retrieved 4959: 4949: 4937:. Retrieved 4933:the original 4928: 4918: 4906:. Retrieved 4902: 4875:. Retrieved 4872:The National 4871: 4861: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4833:December 17, 4831:. Retrieved 4827:the original 4793:. Retrieved 4789: 4766:November 15, 4764:. Retrieved 4760: 4720:. Retrieved 4716: 4691:. Retrieved 4687: 4660:. Retrieved 4657:telegram.com 4656: 4629:. Retrieved 4625: 4600:. Retrieved 4596: 4583: 4571:. Retrieved 4541:. Retrieved 4536: 4527: 4507: 4474:. Retrieved 4470: 4442:. Retrieved 4438: 4410: 4398:. Retrieved 4394: 4335: 4314: 4305: 4275:Other topics 4269:Valentinians 4192:Persian Jews 4143: 4135: 4133: 4117: 4097: 4078: 4045:Kurt Rudolph 4034: 4019: 3977:pagan groups 3972:ahl al-kitāb 3963:Zoroastrians 3955:South Arabia 3948: 3927: 3825:Kurt Rudolph 3822: 3808: 3802: 3775: 3769:lead amulets 3750: 3742: 3736: 3713: 3699: 3672: 3661: 3601: 3597:Alma d-Nhura 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3583:(Light) and 3580: 3578: 3563: 3524: 3520: 3509:monotheistic 3502: 3452: 3450: 3432:(c. 2,500), 3412:(c. 2,500), 3407: 3385: 3375: 3356:Nepean River 3329: 3272:(c. 2,500), 3255: 3223: 3179: 3165: 3159: 3157: 3150: 3131: 3077:Shush County 3069:Khorramshahr 3050: 3043: 3009:Jalal Shaker 2957:Dakheel Edan 2899:Dakheel Edan 2873:minor planet 2803:Dakheel Edan 2799: 2781: 2765: 2744:Khorramshahr 2737: 2717: 2683:Qal'at Saleh 2668: 2660: 2610:Ali Khamenei 2548: 2528: 2504: 2483:Yahya Bihram 2468: 2453: 2433: 2408: 2381: 2372:ahl al-kitāb 2361:by the name 2348: 2327: 2307:high priest 2278: 2234: 2216: 2212:Jordan River 2170:Kurt Rudolph 2166:River Jordan 2157: 2148: 2141: 2121: 2090: 2070: 2064: 2063:such as the 2054: 2048: 2042: 2041:such as the 2034: 2030: 2022: 2014: 1999:bhiria zidqa 1998: 1990: 1974: 1965: 1959: 1928: 1924:Kurt Rudolph 1904:World War II 1881: 1793: 1786: 1780: 1755:Zoroastrians 1740: 1696:the invasion 1693: 1637: 1622: 1601: 1600: 1465:Abu al-Haris 1460:Dehwa Hanina 1297: 1233:Etinsib Ziwa 1153:Bihram Rabba 1000:Daily prayer 962:Zidqa brikha 846:Dakhil Aidan 841:Yahya Bihram 765: 758: 751: 744: 737: 730: 723: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 683:Diwan Abatur 681: 674: 667: 660: 648: 641: 632: 625: 618: 583: 520: 412: 353:100 families 273:1,000 (2015) 193:2,500 (2015) 110:8,000–10,000 18: 14794:Tehrangeles 14757:Traditional 14494:Nationality 14432:persecution 14417:persecution 14368:Circassians 14317:Neo-Aramaic 14297:Azerbaijani 14169:State-owned 14094:Health care 14057:Agriculture 13894:Brain drain 13833:Ambassadors 13528:Earthquakes 13065:Aq Qoyunlu 13014:Muzaffarid 12991:Eldiguzids 12983:Anushtegin 12809:Kingdom of 12785:Kingdom of 12777:Kingdom of 12769:Atropatene 12761:Achaemenid 12702:Kingdom of 12647:3400–539 BC 12554:WikiProject 12355:Marsh Arabs 12340:Circassians 12021:Foreign aid 11913:Mesopotamia 11475:Uruk period 11313:Neo-Mandaic 11274:Ram and Rud 11157:Dehwa Rabba 10836:Adam Pagria 10802:(communion) 10617:Hag and Mag 10461:Simat Hayyi 10288:Hayyi Rabbi 10040:Asut Malkia 9976:Right Ginza 9969:Ginza Rabba 9799:Individuals 9414:: 228–239. 9353:"Mandaeism" 9004:Bearman, P. 8874:Bearman, P. 8784:open access 8579:November 4, 8517:Works cited 8413:Thomas 2016 8316:Elchasaites 8304:Manichaeans 8283:Gündüz 1994 8125:Thomas 2016 8030:Thomas 2016 7971:November 3, 7879:Gündüz 1994 7732:November 3, 7707:November 3, 7621:February 2, 7504:Ginza Rabba 7461:November 9, 7381:December 1, 7375:SVT Nyheter 7354:October 30, 7328:November 6, 7290:October 30, 7247:November 5, 7140:November 5, 7081:November 8, 7055:November 9, 7029:October 17, 7023:صدای آمریکا 6957:November 8, 6865:December 9, 6840:December 9, 6812:November 9, 6756:October 17, 6726:January 27, 6700:January 27, 6671:December 9, 6650:December 9, 6629:December 9, 6572:December 9, 6543:December 9, 6505:January 13, 6324:November 4, 6239:January 20, 6177:: 261–276. 6099:, p. 5 5979:November 3, 5956:Basic Books 5887:November 1, 5695:: 441–451. 5392:January 12, 5214:October 16, 5137:Thaler 2007 5078:November 3, 5049:December 3, 4994:November 4, 4965:November 4, 4939:November 4, 4722:November 8, 4693:November 5, 4602:November 4, 4543:November 8, 4476:November 4, 4444:November 5, 4415:Thaler 2007 4400:November 3, 4187:Marsh Arabs 4119:Neo-Mandaic 3934:Other names 3789:Ginza Rabba 3757:R. Bultmann 3727:Scholarship 3608:Hayyi Rabbi 3410:San Antonio 3286:Netherlands 3274:New Zealand 2948:Edward VIII 2946:who became 2938:), and the 2912:silversmith 2819:wave theory 2807:High Priest 2446:of Harran. 2350:Ginza Rabba 2318:lead strips 2305:Zoroastrian 2202:Manichaeism 2190:Mesopotamia 2188:'s son, in 2174:Jewish sect 2111:as part of 2101:Mesopotamia 2050:Ginza Rabba 2035:bit tušlima 1983:Hayyi Rabbi 1743:persecution 1728:Middle East 1529:Asut Malkia 1445:Dehwa Rabba 1320:Adam pagria 1183:Simat Hayyi 1088:Hayyi Rabbi 627:Right Ginza 620:Ginza Rabba 438:Neo-Mandaic 396:Ginza Rabba 308:New Zealand 253:1,400–2,500 233:2,200–3,000 168:Netherlands 153:3,000–6,000 132:5,000–7,000 14845:Categories 14694:Philosophy 14653:newspapers 14634:Literature 14539:architects 14534:Achaemenid 14454:Corruption 13914:Corruption 13754:Reformists 13749:Propaganda 13647:Corruption 13632:Censorship 13575:Lake Urmia 13263:Iran–Iraq 12959:Ghaznavid 12837:AD 224–651 12801:Frataraka 12633:Prehistory 12471:Television 12451:Literature 12413:Irreligion 12388:Secularism 12325:Minorities 12193:(currency) 12186:Corruption 12031:Government 11822:Insurgency 11621:Aq Qoyunlu 11442:Chronology 10830:Adam Kasia 10549:Sea of Suf 10456:Yawar Ziwa 10236:Lead rolls 10222:Apotropaic 10172:Dmut Kušṭa 9983:Left Ginza 9961:Main texts 9953:Literature 9833:Ram Zihrun 9758:Priesthood 9713:Nasoraeans 9517:. Leiden: 9484:. Oxford: 9434:Lévy, Tony 9288:De Gruyter 9250:De Gruyter 9195:. Oxford: 9170:. London: 9130:. Leiden: 8985:. Oxford: 8962:. Oxford: 8458:Ethnologue 8356:Green 1992 8344:Green 1992 8320:Archontics 7727:Britannica 7650:October 3, 7268:. Drabsha. 5663:Britannica 5556:January 3, 5500:1272858968 5236:Al Arabiya 4908:August 13, 4903:Al-Monitor 4790:Al-Monitor 4631:August 19, 4371:References 4224:Elcesaites 4219:Dositheans 4197:Samaritans 4094:Epiphanius 4065:Epiphanius 4061:Nasaraeans 4041:Nasoraeans 4029:See also: 4025:Nasoraeans 4021:this day. 4015: 885 3805:Aziz Sbahi 3772:Palestine. 3731:See also: 3715:Adam kasia 3623:Mana Rabba 3593:Maia Tahmi 3585:Maia Hayyi 3388:Beth Manda 3252:, May 2018 3153:goldsmiths 3051:Until the 3020:See also: 2987:Aziz Sbahi 2773:Al-Monitor 2760:pacifistic 2620:Population 2460:Portuguese 2337: 640 2295:and early 2178:Nasoraeans 2149:Mashkhanna 2137:Elcasaites 2132:Babylonian 2053:, and the 2027:beth manda 2015:bnia nhura 2011:Nasoraeans 2009:II, 4. 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