5472:
5420:
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1943:
5394:
5368:
1849:
5433:
1863:
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5568:
5281:
5511:
5325:
1997:
1983:
1903:
1969:
5498:
5355:
1956:
1930:
1876:
1917:
5675:
4954:
3504:
5446:
7679:
5459:
5307:
5555:
1831:
5689:
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1413:
39:
2015:
1818:
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1890:
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2058:
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Contrary to
Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance
6852:
The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the
Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist
6813:
Ironically, the ideological father of communism, Karl Marx, claimed that communism entailed the withering away of the state. The dictatorship of the proletariat was to be a strictly temporary phenomenon. Well aware of this, the Soviet
Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always
7341:
In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in
Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social
7342:
Democratic Party, and the
Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles .
6776:
Among
Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at
6853:
from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.
5136:
into its name during this period. It had become a people's republic in 1948, but the country had not used that term in its official name. Albania used both terms in its official name from 1976 to 1991. In the West, these countries are often referred to as
7312:
Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political
7600:
5776:
1704:
1800:
2267:
1752:
During the 1960s and 1970s, a number of former colonies that had gained independence through revolutionary liberation struggles adopted the name people's republic. Examples include
4320:
4161:
5875:. In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that not only did it remove all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, but it also dropped all reference to
1585:
The collapse of the
European empires during and following World War I resulted in the creation of a number of short-lived non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics during the
4315:
4310:
4305:
7626:
7517:
5008:
3656:
5073:. Countries which had reached this intermediate stage were called people's republics. The European states that became people's republics at this time were
4928:
1960:
4749:
4847:
1441:
3315:
4769:
1574:
5155:
4649:
4612:
4300:
3683:
1474:
20:
6248:
5411:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
3546:
5572:
5001:
4168:
1822:
7547:
6491:
Müller-Rommel, Ferdinand; Mansfeldová, Zdenka (2001). "Chapter 5: Czech
Republic". In Blondel, Jean; MĂĽller-Rommel, Ferdinand (eds.).
5542:
5333:
5149:
4724:
4430:
1947:
1629:
5912:
5567:
5559:
5463:
5311:
5187:
period, a number of former
European colonies that had achieved independence and adopted Marxist–Leninist governments took the name
4644:
1653:
5660:
4923:
2213:
998:
4572:
4156:
3825:
2424:
1466:
142:
7413:
7426:
7186:
6845:
6715:
6508:
4994:
4854:
4332:
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4188:
3703:
2263:
1149:
1089:
5372:
4774:
4602:
4567:
4507:
4248:
4193:
4178:
1222:
19:
This article is about an official title used by several countries. For the ideological concept and form of government, see
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7250:
5450:
5298:
4830:
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4729:
4627:
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2002:
1668:
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5489:
4582:
4577:
4562:
4527:
4425:
1835:
1720:
1692:
1309:
1119:
579:
7525:
6222:
7334:
7305:
7233:
7170:
7143:
7116:
7090:
7063:
7036:
7009:
6982:
6955:
6910:
6688:
6661:
6616:
6589:
6562:
6535:
6475:
6448:
6421:
6394:
6367:
6340:
6313:
6286:
6205:
6178:
6151:
6124:
6063:
6012:
5985:
5958:
5771:
5437:
5398:
4861:
4622:
4597:
4592:
4470:
4458:
3631:
2357:
1605:
1399:
864:
649:
5980:. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Vol. 2. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 636.
5385:
5239:
from their names due to the term's association with their former communist governments, and became known simply as
4664:
4587:
4445:
3451:
3308:
2019:
1267:
938:
24:
1179:
7706:
6926:
6814:
labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.
6581:
NATO and
Eastern Europe After 2000: Strategic Interactions with Poland, the Czech Republic, Romania, and Bulgaria
5802:
5604:
5329:
5062:
4807:
4659:
4632:
4617:
4480:
3747:
3539:
3495:
1854:
1676:
1641:
7355:
6055:
Fiscal Decentralization Reforms: The Impact on the Efficiency of Local Governments in Central and Eastern Europe
5250:
as their system of government. At around the same time, most of the former European colonies that had taken the
5476:
5424:
5346:
4674:
4522:
4512:
4435:
4397:
4173:
2006:
1988:
1621:
1427:
273:
1194:
7491:
5917:
5852:
5608:
5594:
5515:
5359:
5285:
4654:
4542:
4440:
3614:
3594:
3563:
3461:
2384:
2330:
2305:
2173:
2148:
1921:
1862:
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564:
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replaced it once the German army had left. All of these territories finally became constituent parts of the
1174:
7574:
7190:
5106:
4840:
4719:
4669:
4362:
4295:
3693:
3668:
3418:
3388:
3363:
2444:
2248:
2105:
2032:
1974:
1881:
1867:
1699:
1597:
1586:
1389:
1352:
1272:
1232:
1134:
1129:
28:
7683:
5147:
as a level of political development that they had not yet reached. Terms used by communist states include
3265:
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5161:
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4537:
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3883:
3762:
2667:
2347:
2277:
2193:
2163:
1796:
1124:
2310:
5590:
5586:
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theory led to the appearance of people's democracy, a concept which potentially allowed for a route to
4871:
4779:
4764:
4734:
4547:
4273:
3532:
3320:
3205:
2747:
1934:
1929:
1609:
1227:
928:
599:
7716:
7701:
7465:
5546:
4490:
3413:
3085:
2228:
2208:
1688:
1633:
1237:
1204:
1104:
1099:
769:
386:
4063:
7297:
5741:
4714:
4485:
4183:
3785:
3713:
3295:
2352:
2243:
1908:
1728:
1684:
1672:
1504:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1154:
729:
132:
6837:
6828:
6058:. Public Administration, Governance and Globalization. Vol. 19. Springer Nature. p. 73.
3609:
509:
7601:"Dublin South Central: 'It's the right thing to do' Fianna Fail candidate calls for full recount"
7442:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4372:
4198:
4151:
3646:
3520:
3471:
3353:
2579:
2569:
2409:
2364:
1664:
1287:
1277:
1242:
958:
604:
195:
107:
6332:
Power, Networks and Violent Conflict in Central Asia: A Comparison of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
4739:
3958:
3873:
3728:
3358:
2702:
2464:
2300:
2198:
2188:
1792:
1680:
1516:
1297:
1282:
814:
749:
298:
288:
225:
6798:
3903:
3225:
411:
6866:
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5393:
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4018:
3636:
3626:
3215:
2977:
2752:
2732:
2697:
2609:
2539:
2514:
1742:
1507:
called themselves people's republics. Many of these sprang up in the territory of the former
1342:
1164:
978:
859:
471:
451:
361:
205:
87:
7289:
6790:
3928:
1589:. In many cases, these governments were unrecognised and often had Marxist–Leninist rivals.
6470:. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. Anthem Press. p. 148.
5860:
5820:
5255:
5054:
4453:
4377:
4347:
4078:
3718:
3579:
3571:
3285:
3185:
3120:
2657:
2584:
2439:
2183:
2133:
2090:
2073:
2068:
1731:, founded five months later, before revolutionary activity was put down by elements of the
1649:
1570:
1551:
1524:
1327:
1069:
1008:
371:
200:
167:
6080:
5655:
is sometimes used by critics and satirists to describe areas perceived to be dominated by
4043:
8:
7290:
6724:
5726:
5581:
5224:
5041:, were transformed into people's republics in 1920. In 1921, the Russian protectorate of
4876:
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4402:
4387:
4128:
4088:
3795:
3678:
3466:
3433:
3393:
3378:
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2574:
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2534:
2429:
2315:
2282:
2128:
2110:
2100:
2057:
1780:
1769:
1547:
1302:
1247:
1169:
1079:
968:
481:
263:
253:
248:
137:
5922:
5122:
in their constitutions. During the 1960s, Romania and Yugoslavia ceased to use the term
4053:
3240:
7627:"More than 12,000 Brighton and Hove residents 'declare independence' from blue Britain"
7270:
5656:
5599:
5070:
5034:
5022:
4407:
4367:
4243:
3968:
3621:
3456:
3398:
3230:
3155:
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2742:
2647:
2504:
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2469:
2419:
2399:
2377:
2218:
2153:
2041:
1724:
1593:
1555:
1512:
1383:
1357:
1199:
1189:
1159:
1114:
1059:
1045:
908:
849:
624:
539:
258:
5935:
Used in the official title of several present or former communist or left-wing states.
5254:
name began to replace it as part of their move away from Marxism–Leninism and towards
5021:
The first people's republics that came into existence were those formed following the
3943:
3017:
1592:
The Russian Empire produced several non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics after the
7711:
7422:
7330:
7301:
7274:
7229:
7166:
7139:
7112:
7086:
7059:
7032:
7005:
6978:
6951:
6906:
6872:
6841:
6802:
6791:
6765:
6762:
From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation
6736:
6711:
6684:
6657:
6612:
6585:
6558:
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6504:
6471:
6444:
6417:
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6282:
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6120:
6059:
6008:
5981:
5954:
5798:
5736:
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5173:
5132:
as a mark of their ongoing political development. Czechoslovakia also added the term
4357:
4263:
4048:
3993:
3913:
3893:
3810:
3723:
3663:
3641:
3348:
3260:
3165:
3027:
2957:
2862:
2847:
2614:
2554:
2509:
2494:
2454:
2389:
2168:
2158:
2095:
1679:, liberal and socialist ideologies. The territory was subsequently absorbed into the
1394:
1367:
1144:
1084:
1064:
948:
719:
629:
381:
278:
66:
7652:
3868:
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122:
7262:
7225:
Collaborative Nationalism: The Politics of Friendship on China's Mongolian Frontier
6748:
of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'whithering away' of the State.
6496:
6335:. Routledge advances in Central Asian studies. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 53.
5884:
5883:
by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of
5789:
5731:
5708:
5680:
5259:
5118:
5030:
4982:
4958:
4913:
4337:
4118:
4098:
3953:
3948:
3933:
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3599:
3508:
3491:
3210:
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3110:
3105:
3047:
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2857:
2827:
2812:
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2782:
2727:
2712:
2619:
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2449:
2337:
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2238:
2178:
2143:
1625:
1543:
1377:
1337:
1054:
888:
794:
694:
679:
589:
519:
426:
421:
396:
303:
283:
268:
127:
7200:
3290:
2952:
2682:
709:
619:
7261:(3). National Endowment for Democracy and Johns Hopkins University Press: 24–38.
7223:
7160:
7133:
7106:
7080:
7053:
7026:
6999:
6972:
6945:
6900:
6705:
6678:
6651:
6606:
6579:
6552:
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6465:
6438:
6411:
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6357:
6330:
6303:
6276:
6195:
6168:
6141:
6114:
6053:
6002:
5975:
5948:
5864:
5780:
5694:
5139:
5128:
4970:
4938:
4918:
4280:
3978:
3938:
3923:
3918:
3740:
3735:
3698:
3673:
3428:
3423:
3368:
3175:
3135:
2967:
2937:
2922:
2872:
2842:
2777:
2717:
2677:
2599:
2589:
2489:
2233:
2223:
1746:
1708:
1478:
1470:
1458:
1417:
1109:
1094:
734:
614:
574:
549:
529:
476:
461:
313:
308:
177:
172:
162:
117:
92:
4038:
514:
341:
6119:. Oxford studies in international history. Oxford University Press. p. 2.
5721:
5082:
5038:
4933:
4886:
4835:
4073:
4058:
4008:
3973:
3888:
3878:
3853:
3708:
3383:
3275:
3245:
3235:
3160:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3002:
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2942:
2912:
2852:
2792:
2767:
2707:
2394:
2203:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1508:
1347:
1074:
1040:
839:
829:
784:
744:
739:
684:
674:
669:
654:
584:
569:
554:
544:
456:
356:
346:
336:
3280:
639:
7695:
5816:
5716:
5177:
4392:
4133:
4108:
4068:
4033:
3983:
3858:
3815:
3767:
3688:
3408:
3403:
3270:
3220:
3200:
3195:
3170:
3145:
3042:
2947:
2867:
2787:
2762:
2687:
2624:
2459:
2258:
1916:
1486:
1184:
1018:
988:
898:
804:
799:
774:
754:
594:
466:
441:
416:
401:
391:
376:
331:
97:
73:
6500:
4013:
2692:
1554:, although its use is not unique to such states. A number of republics with
1523:, the name "people's republic" was adopted by some of the newly established
6052:
Plaček, Michal; Ochrana, František; Půček, Milan Jan; Nemec, Juraj (2020).
5184:
5143:. However, none of them described themselves in that way, as they regarded
5066:
5050:
4908:
4557:
4497:
4290:
4268:
4093:
4003:
3908:
3752:
3150:
3100:
3095:
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3037:
3022:
2992:
2917:
2902:
2877:
2837:
2797:
2772:
2737:
2652:
1657:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1489:
854:
834:
819:
779:
764:
724:
659:
644:
534:
436:
102:
7266:
6362:. Turcologica Series. Vol. 81. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 21.
6305:
Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States
3140:
1496:, as well as some countries that do not fit into any of these categories.
6173:. Elgar Original Reference Series. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 178.
5856:
5640:
5554:
5458:
5306:
5220:
5110:
4901:
4891:
4552:
4532:
4352:
4342:
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4113:
4023:
3998:
3963:
3898:
3757:
3373:
3255:
3090:
3052:
3032:
2972:
2932:
2897:
2832:
2822:
2802:
2757:
2672:
2642:
2604:
2499:
2342:
2272:
2138:
1500:
1332:
869:
809:
759:
704:
499:
431:
157:
152:
7678:
6223:"Ukraine's rebel 'people's republics' begin work of building new states"
5688:
5579:
Other titles commonly used by Marxist–Leninist and socialist states are
4965:
1412:
5628:
5484:
5216:
5098:
4812:
4797:
4327:
4123:
4083:
3863:
3343:
3250:
2987:
2817:
2519:
2474:
1830:
1757:
1732:
1601:
1563:
1372:
1362:
824:
789:
714:
699:
634:
559:
504:
406:
351:
230:
215:
38:
6116:
Meca of Revolution: Algeria, Decolonization, and the Third World Order
5639:
People's Democratic Republic, and the Democratic People's Republic of
7421:(5th ed.). Washington, D. C.: Library of Congress. p. 206.
6868:
Black Earth, Red Star: A History of Soviet Security Policy, 1917-1991
5876:
5807:
5746:
5240:
5144:
5058:
4896:
4881:
4028:
3830:
3790:
3338:
3180:
3012:
2722:
2559:
2544:
2434:
2414:
2404:
2049:
1737:
1493:
1482:
1462:
844:
524:
220:
112:
1779:
In the 2010s, Ukraine's pro-Russian separatist movements during the
1715:) was a short-lived socialist state and people's republic formed in
5751:
5471:
5432:
5406:
5380:
5232:
5208:
5204:
5078:
5046:
4802:
4285:
4103:
3805:
3800:
2014:
1761:
1617:
1567:
689:
446:
210:
147:
7004:. Vol. 1: Introduction and Overview. Booksmango. p. 75.
6249:"Putin declares annexation of Ukrainian lands in Kremlin ceremony"
1806:
1604:
and the latter went on to capture its territory and establish the
6253:
5794:
5624:
5510:
5324:
5270:
The current officially Marxist–Leninist states that use the term
5094:
5086:
5074:
5026:
4694:
4639:
3988:
3835:
3070:
2549:
2529:
1817:
1753:
1716:
1645:
1559:
7162:
Language and State: An Inquiry Into the Progress of Civilization
7111:. World of Information. Kogan Page Publishers. 2003. p. 3.
6680:
The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe Since 1919
6389:. Vol. 8: Mongolia–Nepal. Marshall Cavendish. p. 413.
1499:
A number of the short-lived socialist states that formed during
7356:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications"
7082:
Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas
6683:. Routledge Companions to History. Routledge. pp. 80, 88.
5836:, a neologism widely interpreted to mean "state of the masses".
5341:
5192:
5090:
3820:
3075:
1889:
1457:
is an official title that is mostly used by current and former
366:
7055:
An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Marxism, Socialism and Communism
5702:
5265:
4977:
3515:
3486:
5847:
5632:
5623:
in their official names: the People's Democratic Republic of
5354:
5280:
5196:
5102:
5045:
became a people's republic, followed in 1924 by neighbouring
4465:
2887:
1955:
1765:
1613:
32:
6905:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 28–29.
5231:(namely Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, and Poland), as well as
1723:
as an attempt to establish a socialist state to replace the
7138:. Postcommunist States and Nations. Routledge. p. ix.
6554:
Legal Reform in Post-Communist Europe: The View from Within
5636:
5293:
5212:
5042:
4517:
4502:
4475:
3651:
2320:
6383:
Macdonald, Fiona; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2004).
5977:
Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926
5176:
in these countries often governed in coalition with other
1795:
from the international community. In 2022 amid an ongoing
1580:
1566:
adopted the title, given its rather generic nature, after
7292:
Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis
7058:. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 318.
6733:
The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945-1990
6033:
5797:), the name of the state has also been translated as the
1811:
Current non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics include:
6490:
5887:
in the Soviet Union and it has been totally replaced by
7329:(3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 415.
7108:
Europe Review 2003/04: The Economic and Business Report
6051:
5845:
Although the government's official ideology is now the
5029:
was briefly declared a people's republic in 1917. The
2026:
1046:
7251:"Explaining Eastern Europe: The Crisis of Liberalism"
7028:
Global Geopolitical Flashpoints: An Atlas of Conflict
6836:(revised ed.). Oxford University Press. p.
6793:
Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy
6789:
Rosser, Mariana V. and J Barkley Jr. (23 July 2003).
6382:
6081:"'Freistaat Bayern': Metamorphosen eines Staatsnamen"
6004:
Nations and Nationalism: A Global Historical Overview
5867:. In 1992, all references to Marxism–Leninism in the
6143:
Institutionalization of the Parliament in Bangladesh
5670:
5126:
in their official names, replacing it with the term
7518:"Dispatch From the People's Republic of California"
7228:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 65.
6440:
Democratisation and Institutional Reform in Albania
6021:
1791:to be people's republics, but they did not receive
23:. For the album by the Revolutionary Ensemble, see
7548:"Polarisation in the People's Republic of Madison"
6827:
6819:
6637:Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs
6550:
6278:How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy
1511:, which had collapsed in 1917 as a result of the
31:. For the current largest people's republic, see
7693:
7466:"Welcome to the People's Republic of New Jersey"
6710:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 56.
6608:Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country
6551:Frankowski, Stanisław; Stephan, Paul B. (1995).
7296:(14th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p.
6927:"Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola"
6170:International Handbook on Civil Service Systems
5953:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 545–6.
5116:Many of these countries also called themselves
1961:Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
1807:List of non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics
6328:
5950:A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples
6971:Shinn, David H.; Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2013).
6970:
6834:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
6467:Bulgaria in British Foreign Policy, 1943–1949
5002:
4770:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
3540:
1749:, was then established on 15 September 1919.
1435:
7179:
6997:
6653:North Korea: The Politics of Regime Survival
1573:. Nonetheless, such countries still usually
7387:"DPRK has quietly amended its Constitution"
6871:. Cornell University Press. pp. 85–6.
6611:. Cambridge University Press. p. 233.
6355:
6001:Herb, Guntram H.; Kaplan, David H. (2008).
5266:List of Marxist–Leninist people's republics
7085:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 73.
7051:
6730:
6139:
6000:
5832:The Arabic word translated as republic is
5009:
4995:
4169:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR
3547:
3533:
1465:governments. It is mainly associated with
1442:
1428:
7515:
7165:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 138.
6650:Kihl, Young Whan; Kim, Hong Nack (2014).
6246:
5105:became a people's republic following the
4725:Communist Party of the Russian Federation
1895:People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea
1687:was established, briefly replaced by the
1620:captured the area. The socialist-leaning
27:. For the novel by Robert Muchamore, see
7131:
7024:
6825:
6703:
6577:
6530:. Kluwer Law International. p. 27.
6463:
5619:Presently five countries use the phrase
5412:People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1654:Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia
1575:mention socialism in their constitutions
37:
7624:
7489:
7353:
7287:
6760:Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999).
6649:
6436:
6301:
6193:
5946:
5573:Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
4750:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party
1842:Historical people's republics include:
1823:People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
1581:Non-Marxist–Leninist people's republics
999:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
7694:
7598:
7463:
7411:
7384:
7248:
6943:
6864:
6788:
6759:
6274:
6166:
5805:. For further discussion of the terms
5543:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
5334:People's Socialist Republic of Albania
4831:All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
4157:Dialectical and Historical Materialism
3826:Socialism with Chinese characteristics
1948:Democratic People's Republic of Angola
1630:Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets
7575:"The People's Republic of California"
7221:
7078:
6604:
6523:
6409:
6247:Trevelyan, Mark (30 September 2022).
6112:
6039:
6027:
5973:
5560:People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
5464:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
5312:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
4333:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
4254:Industrialization in the Soviet Union
4189:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
3657:Intensification of the class struggle
3316:International socialist organizations
2264:To each according to his contribution
1150:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1090:Spanish American wars of independence
21:People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)
7572:
7516:Hedgecock, Roger (14 October 2011).
7324:
6902:Europe Since 1945: A Concise History
6898:
6676:
6639:. United States Department of State.
6220:
6088:Vierteljahrshefte fĂĽr Zeitgeschichte
6078:
5661:People's Republic of South Yorkshire
4775:Sandinista National Liberation Front
4249:Collectivization in the Soviet Union
16:Title used by some republican states
7158:
5223:followed this route. Following the
4730:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
2027:Marxist–Leninist people's republics
1624:declared its independence from the
919:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
7599:Treacy, Ciara (27 February 2016).
7490:Reinink, Amy (16 September 2011).
7385:Petrov, Leonid (11 October 2009).
7327:Historical Dictionary of Socialism
6735:. Aldine Transaction. p. 21.
6495:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 62.
6281:. Peterson Institute. p. 12.
5793:(the present-day official name of
4929:State ideology of the Soviet Union
4162:The History of the Communist Party
1727:. Its supporters clashed with the
14:
7728:
7671:
7573:Levi, Michael (4 December 2012).
7360:Fordham International Law Journal
7199:] (in Polish). Archived from
6974:Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia
5373:Bukharan People's Soviet Republic
5113:also became a people's republic.
5037:, both territories of the former
4862:Criticism of communist party rule
4194:President Ho Chi Minh's Testament
3632:Commanding heights of the economy
1991:(1917–1921; partially recognized)
1977:(2014–2022; partially recognized)
1950:(1975–2002; partially recognized)
1884:(2014–2022; partially recognized)
1857:(1918–1919; partially recognized)
1606:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic
7677:
7655:. Colorado Tourism. 12 July 2019
7524:. Townhall Media. Archived from
6977:. Scarecrow Press. p. 105.
6633:"The Chinese Revolution of 1949"
6557:. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 23.
5701:
5687:
5673:
5566:
5553:
5536:
5522:
5509:
5496:
5483:
5470:
5457:
5451:Khorezm People's Soviet Republic
5444:
5431:
5418:
5405:
5392:
5379:
5366:
5353:
5340:
5323:
5305:
5299:Lao People's Democratic Republic
5292:
5279:
4976:
4964:
4952:
4755:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
4179:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism
4164:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)
3578:
3514:
3502:
3485:
2056:
2013:
2003:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1995:
1981:
1967:
1954:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1901:
1888:
1874:
1861:
1847:
1829:
1816:
1691:and eventually succeeded by the
1675:under the political guidance of
1669:West Ukrainian People's Republic
1648:state in land controlled by the
1411:
939:Discourses Concerning Government
7645:
7618:
7592:
7566:
7540:
7509:
7483:
7457:
7435:
7405:
7378:
7347:
7318:
7281:
7242:
7215:
7152:
7135:Bulgaria: The Uneven Transition
7125:
7099:
7072:
7045:
7018:
6991:
6964:
6937:
6919:
6892:
6858:
6782:
6753:
6697:
6670:
6643:
6625:
6598:
6571:
6544:
6517:
6484:
6457:
6430:
6403:
6376:
6349:
6322:
6295:
6268:
6240:
6214:
6187:
6160:
6133:
6106:
5871:were dropped and replaced with
5839:
5826:
5614:
5605:Czechoslovak Socialist Republic
5490:People's Republic of Mozambique
5063:dictatorship of the proletariat
3748:Theory of the productive forces
1836:People's Republic of Bangladesh
1644:tried to create an independent
1515:. Decades later, following the
1205:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
7354:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (January 2003).
6998:Schliesinger, Joachim (2015).
6221:Luhn, Alec (6 November 2014).
6194:St John, Ronald Bruce (2015).
6072:
6045:
5994:
5967:
5940:
5905:
5772:Free People's State of Bavaria
5764:
5438:People's Republic of Kampuchea
5399:People's Republic of the Congo
4174:A Critique of Soviet Economics
1721:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1616:region and survived until the
1140:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1120:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
7682:The dictionary definition of
7625:Yeomans, Emma (16 May 2015).
7464:Caruba, Alan (28 June 2004).
7288:Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008).
7249:Rupnik, Jacques (July 2018).
6950:. Routledge. pp. 10–11.
6947:Marxism's Retreat from Africa
6707:Heads of State and Government
6356:Khabtagaeva, Bayarma (2009).
6329:Tunçer-Kılavuz, Idil (2014).
6140:Obaidullah, A. T. M. (2018).
6113:Byrne, Jeffrey James (2016).
5898:
5646:
5609:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
5595:Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
5545:(1917–1918) (united into the
5386:People's Republic of Bulgaria
5318:Historical examples include:
5274:in their full names include:
3615:Soviet-type economic planning
3595:Administrative-command system
2149:Critique of political economy
2020:People's Republic of Zanzibar
1638:Ukrainian War of Independence
42:Map of states using the name
25:The People's Republic (album)
7415:North Korea: A Country Study
7391:Leonid Petrov's Korea Vision
7192:Internetowa encyklopedia PWN
6197:Libya: Continuity and Change
5881:North Korea: A Country Study
5803:People's Republic of Bavaria
5330:People's Republic of Albania
5227:, the people's republics of
5107:Chinese Communist Revolution
4720:Communist Party of Kampuchea
4363:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3694:Proletarian internationalism
3419:Socialist calculation debate
3389:List of socialist economists
3364:Economic calculation problem
2249:Socialist mode of production
2106:Socialist calculation debate
1855:Belarusian People's Republic
1642:Belarusian People's Republic
1636:) whom it fought during the
1628:, but it had a rival in the
1612:was established in Russia's
1390:Republic without republicans
1135:11 September 1922 Revolution
1130:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
7445:. The Hub. 10 November 2003
7132:Dimitrov, Vesselin (2013).
6464:Stankova, Marietta (2014).
5974:Smele, Jonathan D. (2015).
5891:from at least 1974 onwards.
5869:Constitution of North Korea
5863:, it is still considered a
5666:
5631:, the People's Republic of
5627:, the People's Republic of
5597:between 1943 and 1946) and
5477:Mongolian People's Republic
5425:Hungarian People's Republic
5347:People's Republic of Angola
4745:Indochinese Communist Party
3763:Wars of national liberation
2007:Ukrainian People's Republic
1989:Ukrainian People's Republic
1909:Hungarian People's Republic
1768:adopted the term after its
1685:Hungarian People's Republic
1622:Ukrainian People's Republic
1125:Turkish War of Independence
1047:
10:
7733:
7412:Worden, Robert L. (2008).
7052:Wilczynski, Jozef (1981).
7031:. Routledge. p. 194.
7025:Anderson, Ewan W. (2014).
6826:Williams, Raymond (1983).
6764:. Open Court. p. 45.
6493:Cabinets in Eastern Europe
6413:Communism and Its Collapse
6359:Mongolic Elements in Tuvan
6308:. Routledge. p. 296.
5591:Somali Democratic Republic
5587:German Democratic Republic
5516:Romanian People's Republic
5360:People's Republic of Benin
5286:People's Republic of China
5229:Central and Eastern Europe
4872:Marxist schools of thought
4765:Party of Labour of Albania
4735:Communist Party of Vietnam
2030:
1922:People's Republic of Korea
1558:political systems such as
1527:states, mainly within the
1473:following the doctrine of
1180:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
929:The Commonwealth of Oceana
18:
7222:Bulag, Uradyn E. (2010).
7197:PWN Internet Encyklopedia
7079:Busky, Donald F. (2002).
7001:Ethnic Groups of Cambodia
6865:Nation, R. Craig (1992).
6704:Da Graça, John V (2000).
6416:. Routledge. p. 13.
6200:. Routledge. p. 60.
6007:. ABC-CLIO. p. 713.
5947:Magocsi, Paul R. (2010).
5853:Kimilsungism–Kimjongilism
5547:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
3414:Socialism and LGBT rights
2358:Socialist-oriented market
2306:Socialist planned economy
2209:Material balance planning
2033:People's democratic state
1975:Luhansk People's Republic
1937:(1918–1920; unrecognized)
1911:(1918–1919; unrecognized)
1882:Donetsk People's Republic
1870:(1917–1918; unrecognized)
1868:Crimean People's Republic
1700:People's State of Bavaria
1689:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1634:Ukrainian Soviet Republic
1598:Crimean People's Republic
1353:The Emperor's New Clothes
1105:5 October 1910 revolution
1100:French Revolution of 1848
123:Liberty as non-domination
29:People's Republic (novel)
7443:"People's Republic, the"
6931:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6899:Wegs, J. Robert (1996).
6656:. Routledge. p. 8.
6578:Paquette, Laure (2001).
6443:. Springer. p. 21.
6146:. Springer. p. 21.
5879:. However, according to
5785:Freier Volksstaat Bayern
5757:
5742:List of socialist states
5503:Polish People's Republic
4715:Communist Party of India
3714:Socialism in one country
3669:Marxist–Leninist atheism
2353:Socialist market economy
2278:Workers' self-management
2244:Socialism in one country
2091:Age of the Enlightenment
1783:declared the oblasts of
1729:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1587:revolutions of 1917–1923
1195:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1155:1952 Egyptian revolution
133:Political representation
6944:Hughes, Arnold (2015).
6731:Wilczynski, J. (2008).
6605:Lampe, John R. (2000).
6501:10.1057/9781403905215_6
6437:Gjevori, Elvin (2018).
6410:White, Stephen (2002).
6386:Peoples of Eastern Asia
6302:Minahan, James (2013).
6275:Ă…slund, Anders (2009).
6079:Merz, Johannes (1997).
5859:as opposed to orthodox
5530:Tuvan People's Republic
4924:State ideology of China
4850:under communist regimes
4848:Crimes against humanity
4808:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
4780:Workers' Party of Korea
4710:Communist Party of Cuba
4705:Chinese Communist Party
4373:Portuguese Colonial War
4199:The Governance of China
4152:Foundations of Leninism
3699:Protracted people's war
3647:Dialectical materialism
3354:Criticism of capitalism
2365:Participatory economics
2199:Labour-time calculation
2005:(1918–1919; joined the
1935:Kuban People's Republic
1665:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1610:Kuban People's Republic
1175:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
959:Discourse on Inequality
108:Consent of the governed
7707:Country name etymology
6797:. MIT Press. pp.
6524:HajdĂş, JĂłzsef (2011).
5787:), or later simply as
5784:
4740:French Communist Party
4650:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3959:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
3874:Khorloogiin Choibalsan
3359:Criticism of socialism
2311:Decentralized planning
2214:Peer‑to‑peer economics
1801:were annexed by Russia
1793:diplomatic recognition
1712:
1681:Second Polish Republic
1671:was formed in eastern
1492:that usually mentions
59:
7653:"Go Local in Boulder"
7267:10.1353/jod.2018.0042
6677:Webb, Adrian (2008).
6527:Labour Law in Hungary
6042:, pp. 1309–1310.
5071:multi-party democracy
4760:Nepal Communist Party
4383:Nicaraguan Revolution
4019:Mengistu Haile Mariam
3637:Democratic centralism
3627:Collective leadership
1745:, a state within the
1743:Free State of Bavaria
1735:and the paramilitary
1608:. The anti-Bolshevik
1343:Criticism of monarchy
1165:North Yemen civil war
979:The Federalist Papers
274:Federal parliamentary
41:
7528:on 21 September 2018
7325:Lamb, Peter (2015).
7255:Journal of Democracy
6584:. Nova. p. 55.
5925:on December 30, 2019
5821:Free state (Germany)
5256:democratic socialism
5167:workers and peasants
4983:Socialism portal
4959:Communism portal
4378:Black power movement
4348:Non-Aligned Movement
3719:Socialist patriotism
3509:Communism portal
3492:Socialism portal
2184:Industrial democracy
2134:Collective ownership
1650:German Imperial Army
1571:wars of independence
1328:Classical radicalism
1070:Republic of Florence
1009:Democracy in America
168:Separation of powers
143:Public participation
7633:. Brighton, England
7496:The Washington Post
6167:Massey, A. (2011).
5918:Oxford Dictionaries
5913:"People's Republic"
5770:Referred to as the
5727:Democratic republic
5582:democratic republic
5235:, dropped the term
5225:Revolutions of 1989
5156:people's democratic
5150:national-democratic
4971:Politics portal
4877:National Bolshevism
4867:Cult of personality
4403:Revolutions of 1989
4398:Naxalite insurgency
4388:Cultural Revolution
4274:Great Patriotic War
4129:Wojciech Jaruzelski
4089:Nur Muhammad Taraki
3796:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3394:Market abolitionism
3379:Left-libertarianism
2316:Inclusive Democracy
2283:Workplace democracy
2129:Calculation in kind
2111:Socialist economics
2101:Revolutions of 1848
1797:invasion of Ukraine
1781:Russo-Ukrainian War
1770:Al Fateh Revolution
1600:was opposed to the
1548:communist countries
1542:is associated with
1461:, as well as other
1418:Politics portal
1223:Antigua and Barbuda
1170:Zanzibar Revolution
1080:American Revolution
969:The Social Contract
138:Popular sovereignty
7187:"Polska. Historia"
7159:Yup, Xing (2017).
5657:left-wing politics
5600:socialist republic
5162:socialist-oriented
5053:, developments in
5035:Emirate of Bukhara
5023:Russian Revolution
4408:Nepalese Civil War
4368:Great Leap Forward
4296:Chinese Revolution
3969:Kaysone Phomvihane
3684:People's democracy
3622:Collective farming
3399:Marxist philosophy
2219:Production for use
2189:Input–output model
2154:Economic democracy
1725:Kingdom of Bavaria
1693:Kingdom of Hungary
1594:October Revolution
1556:liberal democratic
1513:Russian Revolution
1475:people's democracy
1384:Primus inter pares
1200:Nepalese Civil War
1190:Iranian Revolution
1160:14 July Revolution
1115:Russian Revolution
1110:Chinese Revolution
1060:Republic of Venice
909:Discourses on Livy
60:
7685:people's republic
7470:Enter Stage Right
7428:978-0-8444-1188-0
7203:on 1 October 2006
6847:978-0-19-520469-8
6717:978-1-56159-269-2
6510:978-1-349-41148-1
5799:Bavarian Republic
5737:List of republics
5653:people's republic
5621:People's Republic
5505:(1944; 1952–1989)
5272:people's republic
5252:people's republic
5248:liberal democracy
5201:Congo-Brazzaville
5189:people's republic
5174:communist parties
5019:
5018:
4358:Sino-Soviet split
4264:Spanish Civil War
4184:Guerrilla Warfare
4146:Theoretical works
4064:Władysław Gomułka
4044:Nicolae Ceaușescu
3994:Nikos Zachariadis
3914:Nikita Khrushchev
3894:Palmiro Togliatti
3664:Labor aristocracy
3642:Dialectical logic
3557:
3556:
3349:Communist society
3321:Socialist parties
2580:Saint-Simonianism
2169:Equal opportunity
2159:Economic planning
2096:French Revolution
1713:Volksstaat Bayern
1683:. Meanwhile, the
1540:people's republic
1455:People's republic
1452:
1451:
1395:Republican empire
1368:List of republics
1217:National variants
1145:Spanish Civil War
1085:French Revolution
1065:Republic of Genoa
949:The Spirit of Law
882:Theoretical works
226:Neo-republicanism
44:people's republic
7724:
7717:Socialist states
7702:Communist states
7681:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7649:
7643:
7642:
7640:
7638:
7622:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7596:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7570:
7564:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7544:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7504:
7502:
7487:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7439:
7433:
7432:
7420:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7382:
7376:
7375:
7373:
7371:
7351:
7345:
7344:
7322:
7316:
7315:
7295:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7246:
7240:
7239:
7219:
7213:
7212:
7210:
7208:
7183:
7177:
7176:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7129:
7123:
7122:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7022:
7016:
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6018:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5932:
5930:
5921:. Archived from
5909:
5892:
5885:de-Stalinisation
5861:Marxism–Leninism
5843:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5790:Freistaat Bayern
5779:
5768:
5732:Islamic republic
5711:
5709:Socialism portal
5706:
5705:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5683:
5681:Communism portal
5678:
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5528:
5526:
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5514:
5513:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5474:
5466:(1948–1992/2009)
5462:
5461:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5436:
5435:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5410:
5409:
5397:
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5384:
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5357:
5345:
5344:
5332:(1946–1976) and
5328:
5327:
5310:
5309:
5297:
5296:
5284:
5283:
5260:social democracy
5170:
5140:communist states
5119:socialist states
5055:Marxist–Leninist
5031:Khanate of Khiva
5011:
5004:
4997:
4981:
4980:
4969:
4968:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4914:State capitalism
4338:De-Stalinization
4119:Gennady Zyuganov
4099:Rohana Wijeweera
3954:Klement Gottwald
3949:Valko Chervenkov
3934:Lazar Kaganovich
3610:Central planning
3605:Anti-revisionism
3600:Anti-imperialism
3582:
3572:Marxism–Leninism
3559:
3558:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3521:Organized Labour
3519:
3518:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3490:
3489:
3434:Workers' council
3071:Gracchi Brothers
2595:Social democracy
2338:Market socialism
2326:Project Cybersyn
2254:Soviet democracy
2239:Social ownership
2194:Internationalism
2174:Free association
2144:Common ownership
2060:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2017:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1959:
1958:
1946:
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1853:
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1850:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1707:
1698:In Germany, the
1626:Russian Republic
1552:Marxism–Leninism
1544:socialist states
1525:Marxist–Leninist
1479:sovereign states
1471:socialist states
1467:soviet republics
1459:communist states
1444:
1437:
1430:
1416:
1415:
1400:Republican Party
1378:Peasant republic
1338:Communitarianism
1055:Classical Athens
1050:
1024:
1014:
1004:
994:
984:
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128:Mixed government
62:
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50:
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7605:The Irish Times
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5911:
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5906:
5901:
5896:
5895:
5865:socialist state
5844:
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5827:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5760:
5707:
5700:
5695:Politics portal
5693:
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5291:
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5015:
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4944:
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4939:Totalitarianism
4919:State socialism
4849:
4826:
4818:
4817:
4793:
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4784:
4690:
4682:
4681:
4421:
4413:
4412:
4281:Greek Civil War
4212:
4204:
4203:
4163:
4147:
4139:
4138:
4079:Mathieu Kérékou
3979:Leonid Brezhnev
3944:Bolesław Bierut
3939:Georgi Dimitrov
3924:Josip Broz Tito
3919:Walter Ulbricht
3849:
3841:
3840:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3674:One-party state
3659:under socialism
3658:
3590:
3553:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3484:
3477:
3476:
3447:
3439:
3438:
3429:Socialist state
3424:Socialist Party
3369:Economic system
3334:
3326:
3325:
3311:
3301:
3300:
3066:
3058:
3057:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2445:Democratic road
2380:
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2296:
2288:
2287:
2234:Social dividend
2224:Sharing economy
2124:
2116:
2115:
2086:
2078:
2035:
2029:
2012:
1996:
1994:
1982:
1980:
1968:
1966:
1953:
1942:
1940:
1927:
1914:
1902:
1900:
1887:
1875:
1873:
1860:
1848:
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1828:
1815:
1809:
1747:Weimar Republic
1703:
1583:
1448:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1218:
1210:
1209:
1095:Trienio Liberal
1036:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1002:
992:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
922:
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892:
883:
875:
874:
610:Flynn (Stephen)
495:
487:
486:
327:
319:
318:
244:
236:
235:
191:
183:
182:
178:Social equality
173:Social contract
163:Self-governance
118:Democratization
93:Anti-corruption
88:Anti-monarchism
83:
67:Politics series
58:
54:
52:
48:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7730:
7720:
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7709:
7704:
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7689:
7673:
7672:External links
7670:
7667:
7666:
7644:
7617:
7591:
7579:Foreign Policy
7565:
7539:
7508:
7482:
7456:
7434:
7427:
7404:
7377:
7366:(4): 1289–1305
7346:
7335:
7317:
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7280:
7241:
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7214:
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7044:
7037:
7017:
7010:
6990:
6983:
6963:
6956:
6936:
6918:
6911:
6891:
6878:978-0801480072
6877:
6857:
6846:
6818:
6808:978-0262182348
6807:
6781:
6771:978-0875484495
6770:
6752:
6742:978-0202362281
6741:
6723:
6716:
6696:
6689:
6669:
6662:
6642:
6624:
6617:
6597:
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6402:
6395:
6375:
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6341:
6321:
6314:
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6267:
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6179:
6159:
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6132:
6125:
6105:
6071:
6064:
6044:
6032:
6030:, p. 183.
6020:
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5966:
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5744:
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5734:
5729:
5724:
5722:Decolonization
5719:
5713:
5712:
5698:
5684:
5668:
5665:
5659:, such as the
5648:
5645:
5616:
5613:
5577:
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5550:
5533:
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5480:
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5402:
5389:
5376:
5363:
5350:
5337:
5316:
5315:
5302:
5289:
5267:
5264:
5083:Czechoslovakia
5039:Russian Empire
5017:
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5014:
5013:
5006:
4999:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4973:
4961:
4946:
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4942:
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4936:
4934:Third-Worldism
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4894:
4889:
4887:Post-communism
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4845:
4844:
4843:
4836:Anti-communism
4833:
4827:
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4823:
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4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4794:
4792:Related topics
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
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4747:
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4505:
4500:
4495:
4494:
4493:
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4481:Czechoslovakia
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4456:
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4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
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4224:
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4209:
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4159:
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4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Thomas Sankara
4071:
4066:
4061:
4059:Erich Honecker
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4009:Agostinho Neto
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3974:Khalid Bakdash
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:Võ Nguyên Giáp
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:Maurice Thorez
3886:
3881:
3879:Ehmetjan Qasim
3876:
3871:
3869:Ernst Thälmann
3866:
3861:
3856:
3854:Vladimir Lenin
3850:
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3755:
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3711:
3709:Social fascism
3706:
3704:Self-criticism
3701:
3696:
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3686:
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3676:
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3666:
3661:
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3391:
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3384:Libertarianism
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3335:
3333:Related topics
3332:
3331:
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3323:
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3307:
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1663:In the former
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1509:Russian Empire
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1322:Related topics
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7554:. 5 June 2012
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7552:The Economist
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7492:"Takoma Park"
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6090:(in German).
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4689:Organizations
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4393:Prague Spring
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4134:Todor Zhivkov
4132:
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4109:Harry Pollitt
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4069:Samora Machel
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4040:
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4034:Hardial Bains
4032:
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4027:
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4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
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3992:
3990:
3987:
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3984:Deng Xiaoping
3982:
3980:
3977:
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3929:Mátyás Rákosi
3927:
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3859:Joseph Stalin
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3816:Khrushchevism
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3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
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3768:Unified power
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3689:Popular front
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3452:Related lists
3450:
3449:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Progressivism
3407:
3405:
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2570:Revolutionary
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2505:Laissez-faire
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2259:Strike action
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2164:Equal liberty
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2016:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1993:
1990:
1979:
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1965:
1962:
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1952:
1949:
1939:
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1505:its aftermath
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1185:Metapolitefsi
1183:
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1032:
1031:
1021:
1020:
1019:On Revolution
1016:
1011:
1010:
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1001:
1000:
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991:
990:
989:Rights of Man
986:
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976:
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899:De re publica
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736:
733:
731:
728:
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723:
721:
718:
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713:
711:
708:
706:
705:Jones (Lynne)
703:
701:
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531:
528:
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521:
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508:
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501:
500:Adams (Gerry)
498:
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338:
335:
333:
330:
329:
323:
322:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
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299:Revolutionary
297:
295:
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289:Parliamentary
287:
285:
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280:
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272:
270:
267:
265:
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134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
98:Civil society
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
85:
79:
78:
75:
74:Republicanism
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
51: Current
45:
40:
34:
30:
26:
22:
7684:
7657:. Retrieved
7647:
7635:. Retrieved
7630:
7620:
7608:. Retrieved
7604:
7594:
7582:. Retrieved
7578:
7568:
7556:. Retrieved
7551:
7542:
7530:. Retrieved
7526:the original
7522:Human Events
7521:
7511:
7499:. Retrieved
7495:
7485:
7473:. Retrieved
7469:
7459:
7447:. Retrieved
7437:
7414:
7407:
7395:. Retrieved
7390:
7380:
7368:. Retrieved
7363:
7359:
7349:
7340:
7326:
7320:
7311:
7291:
7283:
7258:
7254:
7244:
7224:
7217:
7205:. Retrieved
7201:the original
7196:
7191:
7181:
7161:
7154:
7134:
7127:
7107:
7101:
7081:
7074:
7054:
7047:
7027:
7020:
7000:
6993:
6973:
6966:
6946:
6939:
6930:
6921:
6901:
6894:
6882:. Retrieved
6867:
6860:
6851:
6833:
6821:
6812:
6792:
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6775:
6761:
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6746:
6732:
6726:
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6699:
6679:
6672:
6652:
6645:
6636:
6627:
6607:
6600:
6580:
6573:
6553:
6546:
6526:
6519:
6492:
6486:
6466:
6459:
6439:
6432:
6412:
6405:
6385:
6378:
6358:
6351:
6331:
6324:
6304:
6297:
6277:
6270:
6258:. Retrieved
6252:
6242:
6230:. Retrieved
6227:The Guardian
6226:
6216:
6196:
6189:
6169:
6162:
6142:
6135:
6115:
6108:
6096:. Retrieved
6091:
6087:
6074:
6054:
6047:
6035:
6023:
6003:
5996:
5976:
5969:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5927:. Retrieved
5923:the original
5916:
5907:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5851:part of the
5846:
5841:
5833:
5828:
5812:
5806:
5788:
5766:
5652:
5650:
5620:
5618:
5615:21st century
5598:
5580:
5578:
5317:
5314:(since 1946)
5301:(since 1975)
5288:(since 1949)
5271:
5269:
5251:
5241:
5236:
5188:
5185:postcolonial
5182:
5172:states. The
5166:
5160:
5154:
5148:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5051:World War II
5049:. Following
5020:
4909:Second World
4623:Turkmenistan
4558:Soviet Union
4498:East Germany
4321:2002–present
4291:Eastern Bloc
4269:World War II
4217:Soviet Union
4094:Alfonso Cano
4049:Gustáv Husák
4039:SanzĹŤ Nosaka
4004:Fidel Castro
3909:Earl Browder
3753:Third Period
2465:Evolutionary
2385:21st-century
2179:Freed market
1841:
1838:(since 1971)
1825:(since 1962)
1810:
1778:
1751:
1736:
1697:
1662:
1658:Soviet Union
1591:
1584:
1550:adhering to
1539:
1537:
1533:Eastern Bloc
1529:Soviet Union
1521:World War II
1498:
1490:constitution
1454:
1453:
1382:
1017:
1007:
997:
987:
977:
967:
957:
947:
937:
927:
917:
907:
897:
887:
700:Jones (Elin)
605:Flynn (Paul)
565:Clarke (Tom)
560:Clark (Katy)
505:Adams (John)
326:Philosophers
293:
103:Civic virtue
65:Part of the
57: Former
43:
7397:17 February
7370:17 February
6884:19 December
6829:"Socialism"
6232:17 February
5857:Kim Il Sung
5651:As a term,
5575:(1945–1963)
5562:(1967–1990)
5532:(1921–1944)
5518:(1947–1965)
5492:(1975–1990)
5479:(1924–1992)
5453:(1920–1925)
5440:(1979–1989)
5427:(1949–1989)
5414:(1987–1991)
5401:(1969–1992)
5388:(1946–1990)
5375:(1920–1925)
5362:(1975–1990)
5349:(1975–1992)
5336:(1976–1991)
5246:, adopting
5221:South Yemen
5183:During the
5178:progressive
5111:North Korea
5101:. In Asia,
4892:Red fascism
4553:South Yemen
4533:North Korea
4426:Afghanistan
4353:Vietnam War
4343:Warsaw Pact
4259:Great Purge
4244:Great Break
4114:Harpal Brar
4054:János Kádár
4024:Kim Il Sung
3999:Che Guevara
3964:Enver Hoxha
3899:Ho Chi Minh
3758:Vanguardism
3679:Partiinost'
3496:WikiProject
3374:French Left
3166:Spiridonova
3065:Politicians
2978:Castoriadis
2658:Saint-Simon
2610:Third World
2605:Syndicalism
2540:Nationalist
2515:Libertarian
2480:Free-market
2343:Lange model
2331:Soviet-type
2301:Communalism
2273:Vanguardism
2229:Spontaneism
2139:Cooperative
2085:Development
2022:(1963–1964)
1963:(1977–2011)
1924:(1945–1946)
1897:(1958–1984)
1733:German Army
1719:during the
1632:(later the
1546:as well as
1538:As a term,
1519:victory in
1501:World War I
1333:Common good
1273:New Zealand
1268:Netherlands
1013:(1835–1840)
983:(1787–1788)
893:(c. 375 BC)
815:Robespierre
590:Etherington
525:Benn (Tony)
494:Politicians
472:Tocqueville
432:Montesquieu
412:Machiavelli
158:Rule of law
153:Res publica
7696:Categories
6040:Smele 2015
6028:Smele 2015
5899:References
5855:policy of
5834:Jamahiriya
5813:Volksstaat
5647:Other uses
5629:Bangladesh
5603:(e.g. the
5585:(e.g. the
5217:Mozambique
5099:Yugoslavia
5065:via multi-
4813:Trotskyism
4798:Bolshevism
4665:Montenegro
4645:Yugoslavia
4633:Uzbekistan
4618:Tajikistan
4593:Kyrgyzstan
4588:Kazakhstan
4568:Azerbaijan
4528:Mozambique
4420:By country
4328:Korean War
4124:Xi Jinping
4084:Siad Barre
4014:LĂşcio Lara
3864:Mao Zedong
3467:Socialists
3462:By country
3344:Capitalism
3226:Mitterrand
3191:Gerhardsen
3136:Liebknecht
3121:Markievicz
3048:Varoufakis
2998:Fotopoulos
2668:Saint-Just
2663:Buonarroti
2648:Campanella
2585:Scientific
2520:Marhaenism
2475:Fourierism
2460:Ecological
2440:Democratic
1774:King Idris
1758:Bangladesh
1652:, but the
1646:Belarusian
1602:Bolsheviks
1564:Bangladesh
1487:republican
1483:democratic
1373:Monarchism
1363:Liberalism
1358:Jacobinism
1048:Gaṇasaṅgha
903:(54–51 BC)
387:Harrington
264:Democratic
254:Capitalist
249:Autonomous
231:Venizelism
216:Khomeinism
7659:2 January
7637:2 January
7631:The Argus
7610:2 January
7584:2 January
7558:2 January
7532:2 January
7501:2 January
7475:2 January
7449:2 January
7393:. Blogger
7275:158078514
6094:: 121–142
5929:2 January
5877:communism
5808:Freistaat
5777:‹See Tfd›
5747:Narodniks
5593:, or the
5180:parties.
5145:communism
5134:socialist
5129:socialist
5059:socialism
4897:Red Scare
4882:New class
4700:Comintern
4660:Macedonia
4603:Lithuania
4450:Cambodia
4316:1989–2002
4311:1976–1989
4306:1949–1976
4237:1982–1991
4232:1964–1982
4227:1953–1964
4222:1927–1953
4029:Chin Peng
3884:JosĂ© DĂaz
3831:Stalinism
3791:Guevarism
3786:Castroism
3741:Socialist
3339:Anarchism
3261:Gorbachev
3111:Malatesta
3106:Bernstein
2883:Pankhurst
2863:Pannekoek
2853:Luxemburg
2808:Plekhanov
2783:Carpenter
2778:Kropotkin
2575:Ricardian
2565:Religious
2560:Reformism
2545:Nkrumaism
2535:Municipal
2435:Communism
2430:Christian
2415:Blanquism
2405:Anarchism
2348:Mutualism
2050:Socialism
1738:Freikorps
1705:‹See Tfd›
1494:socialism
1463:left-wing
1228:Australia
860:Venizelos
850:Spadolini
840:Slaughter
785:McDonnell
750:Mackenzie
695:Jefferson
650:Griffiths
630:de Gaulle
625:Garibaldi
585:Drakeford
477:Warburton
397:Jefferson
392:Honderich
372:Condorcet
259:Christian
221:Nasserism
196:Classical
113:Democracy
7712:Republic
7313:parties.
6098:5 August
5801:and the
5752:Populism
5667:See also
5607:and the
5242:republic
5237:people's
5233:Mongolia
5209:Cambodia
5205:Ethiopia
5124:people's
5079:Bulgaria
5047:Mongolia
5033:and the
4825:See also
4803:Leninism
4675:Slovenia
4573:Byelarus
4523:Mongolia
4503:Ethiopia
4491:Slovakia
4446:Bulgaria
4286:Cold War
4104:Gus Hall
3811:Kádárism
3806:Husakism
3801:Hoxhaism
3780:Variants
3729:Yugoslav
3589:Concepts
3564:a series
3562:Part of
3457:Category
3196:Erlander
3156:Kerensky
3126:Connolly
2983:Thompson
2968:Bookchin
2958:Montseny
2908:Vanzetti
2873:Einstein
2843:Landauer
2748:Saltykov
2743:Lassalle
2703:Proudhon
2485:Gandhian
2470:Feminist
2420:Buddhist
2400:Agrarian
2378:Variants
2042:a series
2040:Part of
1772:against
1762:Zanzibar
1618:Red Army
1298:Scotland
1238:Barbados
889:Republic
805:Prescott
775:Naysmith
765:McKechin
725:La Malfa
720:Khomeini
680:Iorwerth
645:Griffith
620:Gambetta
615:Galloway
600:Ferguson
580:Davidson
575:Cromwell
570:Connolly
550:Campbell
467:Sunstein
452:Rousseau
447:Polybius
382:Franklin
362:Chappell
357:Cattaneo
294:People's
279:Imperial
211:Kemalism
148:Republic
82:Concepts
7207:11 July
6260:12 July
6254:Reuters
5819:), see
5795:Bavaria
5625:Algeria
5095:Romania
5087:Hungary
5075:Albania
5027:Ukraine
4695:Comecon
4655:Croatia
4640:Vietnam
4628:Ukraine
4608:Moldova
4583:Georgia
4578:Estonia
4563:Armenia
4548:Somalia
4543:Romania
4513:Hungary
4508:Grenada
4486:Czechia
4459:1979–92
4454:1975–79
4431:Albania
4211:History
3989:Pol Pot
3836:Titoism
3291:Sánchez
3276:Sankara
3236:Mandela
3221:Kreisky
3211:Allende
3206:Senghor
3201:Douglas
3186:Durruti
3151:Trotsky
3043:Graeber
3023:Hampton
2993:Chomsky
2938:Marcuse
2923:Gramsci
2913:Bordiga
2903:Polanyi
2858:Russell
2848:Berkman
2838:Goldman
2828:Du Bois
2798:Kautsky
2793:Bellamy
2758:Tolstoy
2733:Wallace
2718:Bakunin
2708:Greeley
2698:Blanqui
2678:Fourier
2625:Zionist
2615:Utopian
2555:Popular
2550:Owenism
2530:Marxism
2510:Liberal
2495:Islamic
2455:Ethical
2450:Digital
2425:Chinese
2390:African
2074:Outline
2069:History
1789:Luhansk
1785:Donetsk
1754:Algeria
1717:Bavaria
1673:Galicia
1568:popular
1560:Algeria
1481:with a
1263:Morocco
1253:Jamaica
1248:Ireland
1233:Bahamas
1035:History
855:Taverne
830:Skinner
810:Ritchie
755:Madison
735:Lincoln
685:Jackson
675:Huppert
670:Hopkins
595:Fabiani
555:Chapman
540:BolĂvar
530:Bennett
520:Bartley
510:AtatĂĽrk
422:Mazzini
417:Madison
347:Bentham
337:Baggini
304:Secular
284:Islamic
269:Federal
206:Federal
190:Schools
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5635:, the
5589:, the
5527:
5193:Angola
5109:, and
5091:Poland
4902:Second
4670:Serbia
4613:Russia
4598:Latvia
4538:Poland
4436:Angola
3848:People
3821:Maoism
3724:Soviet
3286:Marcos
3281:Chávez
3271:Corbyn
3246:Manley
3241:DubÄŤek
3231:Nasser
3171:Makhno
3161:Attlee
3146:Martov
3131:Gandhi
3086:Babeuf
3076:Mazdak
3038:Hedges
3018:Ă–calan
3003:Newton
2963:Sartre
2953:Guérin
2948:Orwell
2898:Korsch
2893:Lukács
2878:Keller
2868:Rocker
2813:Ferrer
2768:Morris
2763:Michel
2738:Lavrov
2728:Engels
2713:Herzen
2688:Leroux
2620:Yellow
2525:Market
2500:Jewish
2295:Models
2000:
1986:
1972:
1906:
1879:
1852:
1741:. The
1709:German
1667:, the
1640:. The
1596:. The
1517:Allied
1288:Sweden
1278:Norway
1243:Canada
1023:(1963)
1003:(1794)
993:(1791)
973:(1762)
963:(1755)
953:(1748)
943:(1698)
933:(1656)
923:(1649)
913:(1531)
865:Wilson
835:Slater
825:Skates
780:Mannin
770:Mullin
745:Mackay
710:Juárez
665:HĂ©bert
660:Hatton
655:Harvie
545:Burgon
462:Sidney
457:Sandel
442:Pettit
367:Cicero
332:Arendt
314:Soviet
309:Sister
201:Modern
55:
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7419:(PDF)
7271:S2CID
7195:[
6084:(PDF)
5889:Juche
5873:Juche
5848:Juche
5758:Notes
5641:Korea
5633:China
5197:Benin
5169:'
5103:China
5067:class
4471:Congo
4466:China
4441:Benin
4301:China
3736:State
3472:Songs
3446:Lists
3251:Palme
3101:Bebel
3091:Blanc
3053:Saito
3028:Žižek
3008:Wolff
2943:James
2928:Sacco
2918:Serge
2888:Volin
2833:Gorky
2823:Wells
2818:Dewey
2803:Wilde
2788:Sorel
2773:Jones
2683:Cabet
2653:Paine
2600:State
2590:Sewer
2490:Guild
2268:needs
2123:Ideas
1799:they
1766:Libya
1614:Kuban
1303:Wales
1283:Spain
1258:Japan
845:Smith
820:Sayed
800:Pound
795:Nehru
790:Nandy
760:Magid
740:Lucas
730:Lewis
640:Grévy
635:Greer
535:Black
515:Azaña
437:Paine
407:Locke
377:Crick
352:Bodin
342:Bello
243:Types
33:China
7661:2020
7639:2019
7612:2020
7586:2019
7560:2019
7534:2020
7503:2020
7477:2020
7451:2020
7423:ISBN
7399:2020
7372:2020
7331:ISBN
7302:ISBN
7230:ISBN
7209:2005
7167:ISBN
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6886:2014
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6803:ISBN
6777:all.
6766:ISBN
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6283:ISBN
6262:2024
6234:2020
6202:ISBN
6175:ISBN
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6121:ISBN
6100:2020
6060:ISBN
6009:ISBN
5982:ISBN
5955:ISBN
5931:2020
5811:and
5219:and
5213:Laos
5165:and
5097:and
5061:and
5043:Tuva
4518:Laos
4476:Cuba
3652:Foco
3266:Lula
3181:Nagy
3176:Tito
3141:Blum
3116:Debs
3096:Hong
3081:Roux
3033:West
2988:Ward
2973:Zinn
2723:Marx
2673:Owen
2643:More
2395:Arab
2321:OGAS
1787:and
1760:and
1562:and
1503:and
870:Wood
715:Kane
427:Mill
402:Kant
7298:117
7263:doi
6838:289
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