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2427:) are often large and complex with many interacting parts and elements. In addition, the need for broadband connectivity on a moving vehicle has increased dramatically in the past few years for both commercial and military applications. To accurately predict and deliver high quality of service, SATCOM system designers have to factor in terrain as well as atmospheric and meteorological conditions in their planning. To deal with such complexity, system designers and operators increasingly turn towards computer models of their systems to simulate real-world operating conditions and gain insights into usability and requirements prior to final product sign-off. Modeling improves the understanding of the system by enabling the SATCOM system designer or planner to simulate real-world performance by injecting the models with multiple hypothetical atmospheric and environmental conditions. Simulation is often used in the training of civilian and military personnel. This usually occurs when it is prohibitively expensive or simply too dangerous to allow trainees to use the real equipment in the real world. In such situations, they will spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment yet living a lifelike experience (or at least it is the goal). Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system.
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3372:(written in Shuttle Ground Operations Simulator (SGOS) modeling language) that behave and react like real hardware. During the Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation, engineers command and control hardware via real application software executing in the control consoles – just as if they were commanding real vehicle hardware. However, these real software applications do not interface with real Shuttle hardware during simulations. Instead, the applications interface with mathematical model representations of the vehicle and GSE hardware. Consequently, the simulations bypass sensitive and even dangerous mechanisms while providing engineering measurements detailing how the hardware would have reacted. Since these math models interact with the command and control application software, models and simulations are also used to debug and verify the functionality of application software.
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1247:(HMDs) have small displays that are mounted on headgear worn by the user. These systems are connected directly into the virtual simulation to provide the user with a more immersive experience. Weight, update rates and field of view are some of the key variables that differentiate HMDs. Naturally, heavier HMDs are undesirable as they cause fatigue over time. If the update rate is too slow, the system is unable to update the displays fast enough to correspond with a quick head turn by the user. Slower update rates tend to cause simulation sickness and disrupt the sense of immersion. Field of view or the angular extent of the world that is seen at a given moment
3244:, to study and improve the flow of customer orders through various stages of completion (say, from an initial proposal for providing goods/services through order acceptance and installation). Such simulations can help predict the impact of how improvements in methods might impact variability, cost, labor time, and the number of transactions at various stages in the process. A full-featured computerized process simulator can be used to depict such models, as can simpler educational demonstrations using spreadsheet software, pennies being transferred between cups based on the roll of a die, or dipping into a tub of colored beads with a scoop.
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care to deliver just-in-time service or/and just-in-place. This training consists of 20 minutes of simulated training just before workers report to shift. One study found that just in time training improved the transition to the bedside. The conclusion as reported in
Nishisaki (2008) work, was that the simulation training improved resident participation in real cases; but did not sacrifice the quality of service. It could be therefore hypothesized that by increasing the number of highly trained residents through the use of simulation training, that the simulation training does, in fact, increase patient safety.
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fighting, oil or chemical spill response, earthquake response, law enforcement, municipal firefighting, hazardous material handling, military training, and response to terrorist attack One feature of the simulation system is the implementation of "Dynamic Run-Time Clock," which allows simulations to run a 'simulated' time frame, "'speeding up' or 'slowing down' time as desired" Additionally, the system allows session recordings, picture-icon based navigation, file storage of individual simulations, multimedia components, and launch external applications.
3365:. The firing room used during the simulation is the same control room where real launch countdown operations are executed. As a result, equipment used for real launch countdown operations is engaged. Command and control computers, application software, engineering plotting and trending tools, launch countdown procedure documents, launch commit criteria documents, hardware requirement documents, and any other items used by the engineering launch countdown teams during real launch countdown operations are used during the simulation.
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commonly referenced as a mannequin or
Digital Human Models (DHMs), to mimic the postures, mechanical loads, and performance of a human operator in a simulated environment such as an airplane, automobile, or manufacturing facility. DHMs are recognized as evolving and valuable tool for performing proactive ergonomics analysis and design. The simulations employ 3D-graphics and physics-based models to animate the virtual humans. Ergonomics software uses inverse kinematics (IK) capability for posing the DHMs.
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1218:(BCIs) offer the ability to further increase the level of immersion for virtual simulation users. Lee, Keinrath, Scherer, Bischof, Pfurtscheller proved that naïve subjects could be trained to use a BCI to navigate a virtual apartment with relative ease. Using the BCI, the authors found that subjects were able to freely navigate the virtual environment with relatively minimal effort. It is possible that these types of systems will become standard input modalities in future virtual simulation systems.
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1394:"a health care provider's ability to react prudently in an unexpected situation is one of the most critical factors in creating a positive outcome in medical emergency, regardless of whether it occurs on the battlefield, freeway, or hospital emergency room." Eder-Van Hook (2004) also noted that medical errors kill up to 98,000 with an estimated cost between $ 37 and $ 50 million and $ 17 to $ 29 billion for preventable adverse events dollars per year.
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1299:). They often manifest as motion bases for virtual vehicle simulation such as driving simulators or flight simulators. Motion bases are fixed in place but use actuators to move the simulator in ways that can produce the sensations pitching, yawing or rolling. The simulators can also move in such a way as to produce a sense of acceleration on all axes (e.g., the motion base can produce the sensation of falling).
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1793:, as opposed to other genres of video and computer games, represent or simulate an environment accurately. Moreover, they represent the interactions between the playable characters and the environment realistically. These kinds of games are usually more complex in terms of gameplay. Simulation games have become incredibly popular among people of all ages. Popular simulation games include
1118:. Virtual worlds operate on platforms of integrated software and hardware components. In this manner, the system can accept input from the user (e.g., body tracking, voice/sound recognition, physical controllers) and produce output to the user (e.g., visual display, aural display, haptic display) . Virtual simulations use the aforementioned modes of interaction to produce a sense of
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learner can be guided or trained on how to respond appropriately before continuing to the next emergency segment—this is an aspect that may not be available in the live environment. Some emergency training simulators also allow for immediate feedback, while other simulations may provide a summary and instruct the learner to engage in the learning topic again.
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the ability to enhance good driving or to detect poor practice and to suggest the necessary steps for remedial action. For companies, it provides an opportunity to educate staff in the driving skills that achieve reduced maintenance costs, improved productivity and, most importantly, to ensure the safety of their actions in all possible situations.
588:. Sometimes a clear distinction between the two terms is made, in which simulations require the use of models; the model represents the key characteristics or behaviors of the selected system or process, whereas the simulation represents the evolution of the model over time. Another way to distinguish between the terms is to define simulation as
2529:, especially at the earlier concept and design stages, has the potential of providing substantial benefits. These benefits range from direct cost issues such as reduced prototyping and shorter time-to-market to better performing products and higher margins. However, for some companies, simulation has not provided the expected benefits.
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Computer-generated graphics can be seen in many live-action movies today, especially those of the action genre. Further, computer-generated imagery has almost completely supplanted hand-drawn animation in children's movies which are increasingly computer-generated only. Examples of movies that use computer-generated imagery include
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assume roles in a simulated society, or international relations simulations in which participants engage in negotiations, alliance formation, trade, diplomacy, and the use of force. Such simulations might be based on fictitious political systems, or be based on current or historical events. An example of the latter would be
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Predicting weather conditions by extrapolating/interpolating previous data is one of the real use of simulation. Most of the weather forecasts use this information published by
Weather bureaus. This kind of simulations helps in predicting and forewarning about extreme weather conditions like the path
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Central banks have been using payment system simulations to evaluate things such as the adequacy or sufficiency of liquidity available ( in the form of account balances and intraday credit limits) to participants (mainly banks) to allow efficient settlement of payments. The need for liquidity is also
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Simulations are frequently used in financial training to engage participants in experiencing various historical as well as fictional situations. There are stock market simulations, portfolio simulations, risk management simulations or models and forex simulations. Such simulations are typically based
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More recently, interactive models have been developed that respond to actions taken by a student or physician. Until recently, these simulations were two dimensional computer programs that acted more like a textbook than a patient. Computer simulations have the advantage of allowing a student to make
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One of the largest factors that might impact the ability to have training impact the work of practitioners at the bedside is the ability to empower frontline staff (Stewart, Manges, Ward, 2015). Another example of an attempt to improve patient safety through the use of simulations training is patient
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Patient safety is a concern in the medical industry. Patients have been known to suffer injuries and even death due to management error, and lack of using best standards of care and training. According to
Building a National Agenda for Simulation-Based Medical Education (Eder-Van Hook, Jackie, 2004),
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Military uses for simulation often involve aircraft or armoured fighting vehicles, but can also target small arms and other weapon systems training. Specifically, virtual firearms ranges have become the norm in most military training processes and there is a significant amount of data to suggest this
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include the acquisition of valid sources of information about the relevant selection of key characteristics and behaviors used to build the model, the use of simplifying approximations and assumptions within the model, and fidelity and validity of the simulation outcomes. Procedures and protocols for
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engineers during simulated launch countdown operations. The Space
Shuttle engineering community would participate in a launch countdown integrated simulation before each Shuttle flight. This simulation is a virtual simulation where real people interact with simulated Space Shuttle vehicle and Ground
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simulation models that predict individual player performance have gained popularity. Companies like What If Sports and StatFox specialize in not only using their simulations for predicting game results but how well individual players will do as well. Many people use models to determine whom to start
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To perform stress testing and scenario analysis, the observed data needs to be altered, e.g. some payments delayed or removed. To analyze the levels of liquidity, initial liquidity levels are varied. System comparisons (benchmarking) or evaluations of new netting algorithms or rules are performed by
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In a live-emergency situation, emergency responders do not have time to waste. Simulation-training in this environment provides an opportunity for learners to gather as much information as they can and practice their knowledge in a safe environment. They can make mistakes without risk of endangering
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is a simulation platform for creating dynamic mechanical models built from combinations of rigid and deformable bodies, joints, constraints, and various force actuators. It is specialized for creating biomechanical models of human anatomical structures, with the intention to study their function and
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An automobile simulator provides an opportunity to reproduce the characteristics of real vehicles in a virtual environment. It replicates the external factors and conditions with which a vehicle interacts enabling a driver to feel as if they are sitting in the cab of their own vehicle. Scenarios and
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Simulation is being used to study patient safety, as well as train medical professionals. Studying patient safety and safety interventions in healthcare is challenging, because there is a lack of experimental control (i.e., patient complexity, system/process variances) to see if an intervention made
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Simulations in education are somewhat like training simulations. They focus on specific tasks. The term 'microworld' is used to refer to educational simulations which model some abstract concept rather than simulating a realistic object or environment, or in some cases model a real-world environment
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are used to give the process parameters immediately used for operating chemical plants, such as oil refineries. Simulators are also used for plant operator training. It is called
Operator Training Simulator (OTS) and has been widely adopted by many industries from chemical to oil&gas and to the
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The need for a "uniform mechanism to educate, evaluate, and certify simulation instructors for the health care profession" was recognized by McGaghie et al. in their critical review of simulation-based medical education research. In 2012 the SSH piloted two new certifications to provide recognition
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and/or gloves may be used to capture movements of users body parts. The systems may have sensors incorporated inside them to sense movements of different body parts (e.g., fingers). Alternatively, these systems may have exterior tracking devices or marks that can be detected by external ultrasound,
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or sometimes commercial application programs, before the program is downloaded to the target machine. Since the operation of the computer is simulated, all of the information about the computer's operation is directly available to the programmer, and the speed and execution of the simulation can be
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refers to simulation in which physical objects are substituted for the real thing (some circles use the term for computer simulations modelling selected laws of physics, but this article does not). These physical objects are often chosen because they are smaller or cheaper than the actual object or
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of natural systems or human systems to gain insight into their functioning, as in economics. Simulation can be used to show the eventual real effects of alternative conditions and courses of action. Simulation is also used when the real system cannot be engaged, because it may not be accessible, or
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receivers (commonly known as Sat-Nav's in the commercial world) is by using an RF Constellation
Simulator. A receiver that may, for example, be used on an aircraft, can be tested under dynamic conditions without the need to take it on a real flight. The test conditions can be repeated exactly, and
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Project management simulation is simulation used for project management training and analysis. It is often used as a training simulation for project managers. In other cases, it is used for what-if analysis and for supporting decision-making in real projects. Frequently the simulation is conducted
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Flight simulation also provides an economic advantage over training in an actual aircraft. Once fuel, maintenance, and insurance costs are taken into account, the operating costs of an FSTD are usually substantially lower than the operating costs of the simulated aircraft. For some large transport
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The simulator provides a constructive experience for the novice driver and enables more complex exercises to be undertaken by the more mature driver. For novice drivers, truck simulators provide an opportunity to begin their career by applying best practice. For mature drivers, simulation provides
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method is often used to record the user's movements and translate the captured data into inputs for the virtual simulation. For example, if a user physically turns their head, the motion would be captured by the simulation hardware in some way and translated to a corresponding shift in view within
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Simulation is extensively used for educational purposes. It is used for cases where it is prohibitively expensive or simply too dangerous to allow trainees to use the real equipment in the real world. In such situations they will spend time learning valuable lessons in a "safe" virtual environment
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is used to describe the accuracy of a simulation and how closely it imitates the real-life counterpart. Fidelity is broadly classified as one of three categories: low, medium, and high. Specific descriptions of fidelity levels are subject to interpretation, but the following generalizations can be
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Flight simulation is mainly used to train pilots outside of the aircraft. In comparison to training in flight, simulation-based training allows for practicing maneuvers or situations that may be impractical (or even dangerous) to perform in the aircraft while keeping the pilot and instructor in a
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involves the analysis of virtual products or manual tasks within a virtual environment. In the engineering process, the aim of ergonomics is to develop and to improve the design of products and work environments. Ergonomic simulation utilizes an anthropometric virtual representation of the human,
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are often done to predict the outcome of events and the performance of individual sportspeople. They attempt to recreate the event through models built from statistics. The increase in technology has allowed anyone with knowledge of programming the ability to run simulations of their models. The
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A robotics simulator is used to create embedded applications for a specific (or not) robot without being dependent on the 'real' robot. In some cases, these applications can be transferred to the real robot (or rebuilt) without modifications. Robotics simulators allow reproducing situations that
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Some applications of ergonomic simulation in include analysis of solid waste collection, disaster management tasks, interactive gaming, automotive assembly line, virtual prototyping of rehabilitation aids, and aerospace product design. Ford engineers use ergonomics simulation software to perform
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One organization that has used simulation training for disaster preparedness is CADE (Center for
Advancement of Distance Education). CADE has used a video game to prepare emergency workers for multiple types of attacks. As reported by News-Medical.Net, "The video game is the first in a series of
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Simulator rides are the progeny of military training simulators and commercial simulators, but they are different in a fundamental way. While military training simulators react realistically to the input of the trainee in real time, ride simulators only feel like they move realistically and move
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The first simulation game may have been created as early as 1947 by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann. This was a straightforward game that simulated a missile being fired at a target. The curve of the missile and its speed could be adjusted using several knobs. In 1958, a computer game
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may be used in social science classrooms to illustrate social and political processes in anthropology, economics, history, political science, or sociology courses, typically at the high school or university level. These may, for example, take the form of civics simulations, in which participants
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A common way to conduct these simulations is to replicate the settlement logics of the real payment or securities settlement systems under analysis and then use real observed payment data. In case of system comparison or system development, naturally, also the other settlement logics need to be
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Instructionally, the benefits of emergency training through simulations are that learner performance can be tracked through the system. This allows the developer to make adjustments as necessary or alert the educator on topics that may require additional attention. Other advantages are that the
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The classroom of the future will probably contain several kinds of simulators, in addition to textual and visual learning tools. This will allow students to enter the clinical years better prepared, and with a higher skill level. The advanced student or postgraduate will have a more concise and
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represents one of the most important applications of simulation. This technique represents a valuable tool used by engineers when evaluating the effect of capital investment in equipment and physical facilities like factory plants, warehouses, and distribution centers. Simulation can be used to
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training through simulation. One of the largest challenges is showing that team simulation improves team operational performance at the bedside. Although evidence that simulation-based training actually improves patient outcome has been slow to accrue, today the ability of simulation to provide
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Military simulations, also known informally as war games, are models in which theories of warfare can be tested and refined without the need for actual hostilities. They exist in many different forms, with varying degrees of realism. In recent times, their scope has widened to include not only
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The
Emergency Simulation Program (ESP) at the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT), Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada is another example of an organization that uses simulation to train for emergency situations. ESP uses simulation to train on the following situations: forest fire
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Programmed patients and simulated clinical situations, including mock disaster drills, have been used extensively for education and evaluation. These "lifelike" simulations are expensive, and lack reproducibility. A fully functional "3Di" simulator would be the most specific tool available for
2873:. Many benefits that come from a lower number of test flights like cost and safety improvements are described above, but there are some unique advantages. Having a simulator available allows for faster design iteration cycle or using more test equipment than could be fit into a real aircraft.
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Software tools typically calculate biomechanical properties including individual muscle forces, joint forces and moments. Most of these tools employ standard ergonomic evaluation methods such as the NIOSH lifting equation and Rapid Upper Limb
Assessment (RULA). Some simulations also analyze
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Support Equipment (GSE) hardware. The Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation, also known as S0044, involved countdown processes that would integrate many of the Space Shuttle vehicle and GSE systems. Some of the Shuttle systems integrated in the simulation are the main propulsion system,
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is "the application of the field of 3D computer graphics to special effects". This technology is used for visual effects because they are high in quality, controllable, and can create effects that would not be feasible using any other technology either because of cost, resources or safety.
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Stationary displays can vary from a conventional desktop display to 360-degree wrap-around screens to stereo three-dimensional screens. Conventional desktop displays can vary in size from 15 to 60 inches (380 to 1,520 mm). Wrap around screens is typically used in what is known as a
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scans of patient data to enhance realism. Some medical simulations are developed to be widely distributed (such as web-enabled simulations and procedural simulations that can be viewed via standard web browsers) and can be interacted with using standard computer interfaces, such as the
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Simulation techniques have also been applied to payment and securities settlement systems. Among the main users are central banks who are generally responsible for the oversight of market infrastructure and entitled to contribute to the smooth functioning of the payment systems.
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Petty, M. D. (April 1995). Computer-generated forces in a distributed interactive simulation. In Distributed Interactive Simulation Systems for Simulation and Training in the Aerospace Environment: A Critical Review (Vol. 10280, p. 102800I). International Society for Optics and
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At the University of Québec in Chicoutimi, a research team at the outdoor research and expertise laboratory (Laboratoire d'Expertise et de Recherche en Plein Air – LERPA) specializes in using wilderness backcountry accident simulations to verify emergency response coordination.
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The classroom of the future will also form the basis of a clinical skills unit for continuing education of medical personnel; and in the same way that the use of periodic flight training assists airline pilots, this technology will assist practitioners throughout their career.
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Many medical simulators involve a computer connected to a plastic simulation of the relevant anatomy. Sophisticated simulators of this type employ a life-size mannequin that responds to injected drugs and can be programmed to create simulations of life-threatening emergencies.
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The successful use of simulation, early in the lifecycle, has been largely driven by increased integration of simulation tools with the entire set of CAD, CAM and product-lifecycle management solutions. Simulation solutions can now function across the extended enterprise in a
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Since antiquity, these representations in clay and stone were used to demonstrate clinical features of disease states and their effects on humans. Models have been found in many cultures and continents. These models have been used in some cultures (e.g., Chinese culture) as a
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virtual product design reviews. Using engineering data, the simulations assist evaluation of assembly ergonomics. The company uses Siemen's Jack and Jill ergonomics simulation software in improving worker safety and efficiency, without the need to build expensive prototypes.
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in the actual aircraft may require significant time spent repositioning the aircraft, while in a simulation, as soon as one approach has been completed, the instructor can immediately reposition the simulated aircraft to a location from which the next approach can be begun.
4475:, Guillaume, M. (2010). Robotic hand-held surgical device: evaluation of end-effector's kinematics and development of proof-of-concept prototypes. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Beijing, China.
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are increasingly being developed and deployed to teach therapeutic and diagnostic procedures as well as medical concepts and decision making to personnel in the health professions. Simulators have been developed for training procedures ranging from the basics such as
976:, is often used to execute a program that has to run on some inconvenient type of computer (for example, a newly designed computer that has not yet been built or an obsolete computer that is no longer available), or in a tightly controlled testing environment (see
3222:(DES) is used with the advantages to simulate dynamics in the production system. A production system is very much dynamic depending on variations in manufacturing processes, assembly times, machine set-ups, breaks, breakdowns and small stoppages. There is much
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physiological measures including metabolism, energy expenditure, and fatigue limits Cycle time studies, design and process validation, user comfort, reachability, and line of sight are other human-factors that may be examined in ergonomic simulation packages.
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Simulators like these are mostly used within maritime colleges, training institutions, and navies. They often consist of a replication of a ships' bridge, with the operating console(s), and a number of screens on which the virtual surroundings are projected.
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Simulation training has become a method for preparing people for disasters. Simulations can replicate emergency situations and track how learners respond thanks to a lifelike experience. Disaster preparedness simulations can involve training on how to handle
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a meaningful difference (Groves & Manges, 2017). An example of innovative simulation to study patient safety is from nursing research. Groves et al. (2016) used a high-fidelity simulation to examine nursing safety-oriented behaviors during times such as
898:, which attempts to find analytical solutions enabling the prediction of the behaviour of the system from a set of parameters and initial conditions. Computer simulation is often used as an adjunct to, or substitution for, modeling systems for which simple
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was created by Willy Higginbotham which simulated a tennis game between two players who could both play at the same time using hand controls and was displayed on an oscilloscope. This was one of the first electronic video games to use a graphical display.
1200:: This form of interaction may be used either to interact with agents within the simulation (e.g., virtual people) or to manipulate objects in the simulation (e.g., information). Voice interaction presumably increases the level of immersion for the user.
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studies systems whose states change their values only at discrete times. For example, a simulation of an epidemic could change the number of infected people at time instants when susceptible individuals get infected or when infected individuals recover.
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Niu, J. W., Zhang, X. W., Zhang, X., & Ran, L. H. (December 2010). Investigation of ergonomics in automotive assembly line using Jack. industrial Engineering and Engineering Management (IEEM), 2010 IEEE International Conference on (pp. 1381–1385).
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Immersive disease state simulations allow a doctor or HCP to experience what a disease actually feels like. Using sensors and transducers symptomatic effects can be delivered to a participant allowing them to experience the patients disease state.
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surgery and trauma care. They are also important to help on prototyping new devices for biomedical engineering problems. Currently, simulators are applied to research and develop tools for new therapies, treatments and early diagnosis in medicine.
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Giambiasi, N., Escude, B., & Ghosh, S. (2001). GDEVS: A generalized discrete event specification for accurate modeling of dynamic systems. In Autonomous Decentralized Systems, 2001. Proceedings. 5th International Symposium on (pp. 464–469).
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The simulator will be more than a "living" textbook, it will become an integral a part of the practice of medicine. The simulator environment will also provide a standard platform for curriculum development in institutions of medical education.
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Another application is to evaluate risks related to events such as communication network breakdowns or the inability of participants to send payments (e.g. in case of possible bank failure). This kind of analysis falls under the concepts of
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executes a state transition table (in modern terminology, a computer runs a program) that describes the state transitions, inputs and outputs of a subject discrete-state machine. The computer simulates the subject machine. Accordingly, in
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Groves, Patricia S.; Bunch, Jacinda L.; Cram, Ellen; Farag, Amany; Manges, Kirstin; Perkhounkova, Yelena; Scott-Cawiezell, Jill (19 October 2016). "Priming Patient Safety Through Nursing Handoff Communication: A Simulation Pilot Study".
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aided by simulation models answer questions regarding training techniques such as the effect of fatigue on throwing performance (height of throw) and biomechanical factors of the upper limbs (reactive strength index; hand contact time).
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and other technologies to track Santa) display fake, predetermined location information to users. Another example of these simulations are websites that claim to allow the user to email or send messages to Santa Claus. Websites such as
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in a simplistic way so as to help a learner develop an understanding of the key concepts. Normally, a user can create some sort of construction within the microworld that will behave in a way consistent with the concepts being modeled.
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Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K.; Giannoutakis, Konstantinos M.; Gravvanis, George A.; Endo, Patricia Takako; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Svorobej, Sergej; Lynn, Theo (1 April 2019). "Simulating large vCDN networks: A parallel approach".
747:(or combined simulation) corresponds to a mix between continuous and discrete event simulation and results in integrating numerically the differential equations between two sequential events to reduce the number of discontinuities.
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Bruzzone, A. G., Massei, M., Tremori, A., Longo, F., Nicoletti, L., Poggi, S., ... & Poggio, G. (2014). MS2G: simulation as a service for data mining and crowdsourcing in vulnerability Reduction. Proceedings of WAMS, Istanbul,
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defines synthetic environment as "the counterpart to simulated models of sensors, platforms and other active objects" for "the simulation of the external factors that affect them" while other vendors use the term for more visual,
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A neuromechanical simulator that combines biomechanical and biologically realistic neural network simulation. It allows the user to test hypotheses on the neural basis of behavior in a physically accurate 3-D virtual environment.
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according to prerecorded motion scripts. One of the first simulator rides, Star Tours, which cost $ 32 million, used a hydraulic motion based cabin. The movement was programmed by a joystick. Today's simulator rides, such as
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Ahmed K, Keeling AN, Fakhry M, Ashrafian H, Aggarwal R, Naughton PA, Darzi A, Cheshire N, et al. (January 2010). "Role of Virtual Reality Simulation in Teaching and Assessing Technical Skills in Endovascular Intervention".
1179:: Physical controllers provide input to the simulation only through direct manipulation by the user. In virtual simulations, tactile feedback from physical controllers is highly desirable in a number of simulation environments.
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category airplanes, the operating costs may be several times lower for the FSTD than the actual aircraft. Another advantage is reduced environmental impact, as simulators don't contribute directly to carbon or noise emissions.
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relatively low-risk environment on the ground. For example, electrical system failures, instrument failures, hydraulic system failures, and even flight control failures can be simulated without risk to the crew or equipment.
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Computer simulations allow their users to take models which before were too complex to run, and give them answers. Simulations have proven to be some of the best insights into both play performance and team predictability.
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Simulators have been proposed as an ideal tool for assessment of students for clinical skills. For patients, "cybertherapy" can be used for sessions simulating traumatic experiences, from fear of heights to social anxiety.
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Network and distributed systems have been extensively simulated in other to understand the impact of new protocols and algorithms before their deployment in the actual systems. The simulation can focus on different levels
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Filelis-Papadopoulos, Christos K.; Endo, Patricia Takako; Bendechache, Malika; Svorobej, Sergej; Giannoutakis, Konstantinos M.; Gravvanis, George A.; Tzovaras, Dimitrios; Byrne, James; Lynn, Theo (1 January 2020).
1563:) and rides in theme parks. Although modern simulation is thought to have its roots in training and the military, in the 20th century it also became a conduit for enterprises which were more hedonistic in nature.
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judgments, and also to make errors. The process of iterative learning through assessment, evaluation, decision making, and error correction creates a much stronger learning environment than passive instruction.
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2831:. Using these simulations in a training program allows for the application of theory into a something akin to real life. As with other industries, the use of simulations can be technology or case-study driven.
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and evaluation through actual human input via motion capture technologies. However, motion capture for ergonomics requires expensive equipment and the creation of props to represent the environment or product.
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and competence on manikins. There is also good evidence that procedural simulation improves actual operational performance in clinical settings." However, there is a need to have improved evidence to show that
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series of strategic exercises in Latin America). While many governments make use of simulation, both individually and collaboratively, little is known about the model's specifics outside professional circles.
2819:, for example, is computed from well-defined but not always known (or fixed) inputs. By imitating the performance of the project under evaluation, simulation can provide a distribution of NPV over a range of
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However, the value of simulation interventions to translating to clinical practice are is still debatable. As Nishisaki states, "there is good evidence that simulation training improves provider and team
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A computer simulation (or "sim") is an attempt to model a real-life or hypothetical situation on a computer so that it can be studied to see how the system works. By changing variables in the simulation,
2977:), and evaluate different metrics (network bandwidth, resource consumption, service time, dropped packets, system availability). Examples of simulation scenarios of network and distributed systems are:
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A biomechanics simulator is used to analyze walking dynamics, study sports performance, simulate surgical procedures, analyze joint loads, design medical devices, and animate human and animal movement.
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released the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) which became one of the best selling consoles in video game history. In the 1990s, computer games became widely popular with the release of such game as
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is one which uses more than one computer simultaneously, to guarantee access from/to different resources (e.g. multi-users operating different systems, or distributed data sets); a classical example is
5473:
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Leary SP, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML (June 2006). "Toward the emergence of nanoneurosurgery: part III—nanomedicine: targeted nanotherapy, nanosurgery, and progress toward the realization of nanoneurosurgery".
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Reed, M. P., Faraway, J., Chaffin, D. B., & Martin, B. J. (2006). The HUMOSIM Ergonomics Framework: A new approach to digital human simulation for ergonomic analysis. SAE Technical Paper, 01-2365
2697:, etc. are the outputs of the simulation. The simulated values of these variables of interest are compared for different proposed policy inputs to determine which set of outcomes is most desirable.
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comprehensive method of retraining—or of incorporating new clinical procedures into their skill set—and regulatory bodies and medical institutions will find it easier to assess the proficiency and
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Advances in technology in the 1980s made the computer more affordable and more capable than they were in previous decades, which facilitated the rise of computer such as the Xbox gaming. The first
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An inference is usually done by comparing the benchmark simulation results to the results of altered simulation setups by comparing indicators such as unsettled transactions or settlement delays.
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Tactile tile displays use different types of actuators such as inflatable bladders, vibrators, low-frequency sub-woofers, pin actuators and/or thermo-actuators to produce sensations for the user.
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Conventional headphones offer a portable alternative to stationary speakers. They also have the added advantages of masking real-world noise and facilitate more effective 3D audio sound effects.
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Stationary conventional speaker systems may be used to provide dual or multi-channel surround sound. However, external speakers are not as effective as headphones in producing 3D audio effects.
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High fidelity instrumentation such as instrument panels in virtual aircraft cockpits provides users with actual controls to raise the level of immersion. For example, pilots can use the actual
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include elements to increase the amount of immersion experienced by the riders such as: 3D imagery, physical effects (spraying water or producing scents), and movement through an environment.
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is a simulation which is not stochastic: thus the variables are regulated by deterministic algorithms. So replicated runs from the same boundary conditions always produce identical results.
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Instructors can also provide students with a higher concentration of training tasks in a given period of time than is usually possible in the aircraft. For example, conducting multiple
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Most engineering simulations entail mathematical modeling and computer-assisted investigation. There are many cases, however, where mathematical modeling is not reliable. Simulation of
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In recent years, there has been increasing use of social simulations for staff training in aid and development agencies. The Carana simulation, for example, was first developed by the
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End effector displays can respond to users inputs with resistance and force. These systems are often used in medical applications for remote surgeries that employ robotic instruments.
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Narayan, Roger; Kumta, Prashant; Sfeir, Charles; Lee, Dong-Hyun; Choi, Daiwon; Olton, Dana (October 2004). "Nanostructured ceramics in medical devices: Applications and prospects".
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without simulating propagation and is used in situations where propagation is unwanted. A simulator may imitate only a few of the operations and functions of the unit it simulates.
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Zeigler, B. P., Praehofer, H., & Kim, T. G. (2000) "Theory of Modeling and Simulation: Integrating Discrete Event and Continuous Complex Dynamic Systems", Elsevier, Amsterdam.
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refers to simulation in which we create environment/conditions to identify the cause of equipment failure. This can be the best and fastest method to identify the failure cause.
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Palter VN, Grantcharov TP (2014). "Individualized deliberate practice on a virtual reality simulator improves technical performance of surgical novices in the operating room".
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Shuttle Ground Operations Simulator (SGOS) Summary Description Manual. National Aeronautics and Space Administration KSC Document # KSC-LPS-SGOS-1000, Revision 3 CHG-A, 1995.
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cannot be 'created' in the real world because of cost, time, or the 'uniqueness' of a resource. A simulator also allows fast robot prototyping. Many robot simulators feature
883:) as well as in engineering to gain insight into the operation of those systems. A good example of the usefulness of using computers to simulate can be found in the field of
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optical receivers or electromagnetic sensors. Internal inertial sensors are also available on some systems. The units may transmit data either wirelessly or through cables.
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South, in the passage quoted, was speaking of the differences between a falsehood and an honestly mistaken statement; the difference being that for the statement to be a
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events are replicated with sufficient reality to ensure that drivers become fully immersed in the experience rather than simply viewing it as an educational experience.
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Johnson, K.; McAndrews, J.; Soramäki, K. 'Economizing on Liquidity with Deferred Settlement Mechanisms' (Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review, December 2004)
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Neville Arjani: Examining the Trade-Off between Settlement Delay and Intraday Liquidity in Canada's LVTS: A Simulation Approach (Working Paper 2006–20, Bank of Canada)
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Chaffin, D. B. (2007). Human motion simulation for vehicle and workplace design. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries,17(5), 475–484
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techniques using pseudo-random numbers. Thus replicated runs with the same boundary conditions will each produce different results within a specific confidence band.
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was the first film to use only computer-generated images and by the new millennium computer generated graphics were the leading choice for special effects in films.
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that address science and math education. In social media simulations, participants train communication with critics and other stakeholders in a private environment.
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are an ongoing field of academic study, refinement, research and development in simulations technology or practice, particularly in the work of computer simulation.
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United States Maritime Administration Office of Shipbuilding, Operations, and Research; United States Coast Guard Office of Research and Development (March 1985),
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there is full control over all the test parameters. this is not possible in the 'real-world' using the actual signals. For testing receivers that will use the new
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Math Model Main Propulsion System (MPS) Requirements Document, National Aeronautics and Space Administration KSC Document # KSCL-1100-0522, Revision 9, June 2009.
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Beitler, Matthew T., Harwin, William S., & Mahoney, Richard M. (1996) In Proceedings of the virtual prototyping of rehabilitation aids, RESNA 96, pp. 360–363.
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have been applied to create these virtual medical environments to create an interactive method for learning and application of information in a clinical context.
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There is a wide variety of output hardware available to deliver a stimulus to users in virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them:
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Advances in technology in the 1980s caused 3D simulation to become more widely used and it began to appear in movies and in computer-based games such as Atari's
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are not possible. There are many different types of computer simulation, the common feature they all share is the attempt to generate a sample of representative
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is an imitative representation of a process or system that could exist in the real world. In this broad sense, simulation can often be used interchangeably with
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Nishisaki A, Keren R, Nadkarni V (June 2007). "Does simulation improve patient safety? Self-efficacy, competence, operational performance, and patient safety".
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Davidovitch, L.; A. Parush & A. Shtub (April 2008). "Simulation-based Learning: The Learning-Forgetting-Relearning Process and Impact of Learning History".
1259:: Several different types of audio systems exist to help the user hear and localize sounds spatially. Special software can be used to produce 3D audio effects
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became the first popular film to use computer-generated graphics extensively, integrating the simulated dinosaurs almost seamlessly into live action scenes.
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controls from the real device in a simulated cockpit to help them practice procedures with the actual device in the context of the integrated cockpit system.
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changes. A mathematical model of the economy, having been fitted to historical economic data, is used as a proxy for the actual economy; proposed values of
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G.R. Bennett. The application of virtual prototyping in the development of complex aerospace products. Virtual Prototyping Journal, 1 (1) (1996), pp. 13–20
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Zendejas B; Brydges R; Hamstra SJ; et al. (2013). "State of the evidence on simulation-based training for laparoscopic surgery: A systematic review".
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Kuhl, F., Weatherly, R., & Dahmann, J. (1999). Creating computer simulation systems: an introduction to the high-level architecture. Prentice Hall PTR.
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feedback devices combined with physical simulation routines computed in response to the user's actions. Medical simulations of this sort will often use 3D
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simulations to address bioterrorism, pandemic flu, smallpox, and other disasters that emergency personnel must prepare for." Developed by a team from the
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Such a simulator meets the goals of an objective and standardized examination for clinical competence. This system is superior to examinations that use "
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yet living a lifelike experience (or at least it is the goal). Often the convenience is to permit mistakes during training for a safety-critical system.
3572:—both traditional and modern—may be viewed as simulations of abstracted decision-making for the purpose of training military and political leaders (see
2537:, and include solutions for managing simulation data and processes and ensuring that simulation results are made part of the product lifecycle history.
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There is a wide variety of input hardware available to accept user input for virtual simulations. The following list briefly describes several of them:
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finding and matching in conjunction with compositing real and simulated footage, which has been the bread and butter of the movie artist in and around
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Cayirci, E. (December 2013). Modeling and simulation as a cloud service: a survey. In Simulation Conference (WSC), 2013 Winter (pp. 389–400). IEEE.
3625:...for Distinction Sake, a Deceiving by Words, is commonly called a Lye, and a Deceiving by Actions, Gestures, or Behavior, is called Simulation...
1436:" instrument, allowing women to consult male physicians while maintaining social laws of modesty. Models are used today to help students learn the
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To exercise the launch team's ability to evaluate, prioritize and respond to problems in an integrated manner within a time critical environment.
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Khedher, Hatem; Abd-Elrahman, Emad; Afifi, Hossam; Marot, Michel (2017). "Optimal and Cost Efficient Algorithm for Virtual CDN Orchestration".
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Ibn-Khedher, Hatem; Abd-Elrahman, Emad; Kamal, Ahmed E.; Afifi, Hossam (19 June 2017). "OPAC: An optimal placement algorithm for virtual CDN".
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Davidovitch, L.; A. Parush & A. Shtub (March 2009). "The Impact of Functional Fidelity in Simulator based Learning of Project Management".
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Loveday BP, Oosthuizen GV, Diener BS, Windsor JA (2010). "A randomized trial evaluating a cognitive simulator for laparoscopic appendectomy".
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dependent on the availability and the type of netting procedures in the systems, thus some of the studies have a focus on system comparisons.
6190:"From the floor of the 2012 Chicago Auto Show: Automation World shows how Ford uses the power of simulation « Siemens PLM Software Blog"
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no longer existed during the filming of this 2011–2012 aired series, which was no problem as they created it in virtual cinematography using
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Modeling and simulation of a task can be performed by manually manipulating the virtual human in the simulated environment. Some ergonomics
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is where multiple models, simulators (often defined as federates) interoperate locally, distributed over a network; a classical example is
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Bush, P. M., Gaines, S., Gammoh, F., & Wooden, S. A Comparison of Software Tools for Occupational Biomechanics and Ergonomic Research.
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McGaghie WC, Issenberg SB, Petrusa ER, Scalese RJ (2010). "A critical review of simulation-based medical education research: 2003–2009".
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1241:(CAVE). Stereo three-dimensional screens produce three-dimensional images either with or without special glasses—depending on the design.
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combined with spreading use of computers across all those fields have led to some unification and a more systematic view of the concept.
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Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation. National Aeronautics and Space Administration KSC Document # RTOMI S0044, Revision AF05, 2009.
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3611:...therefore a general custom of simulation (which is this last degree) is a vice, using either of a natural falseness or fearfulness...
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are examples of large-scale urban simulation models that are used by metropolitan planning agencies and military bases for land use and
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Benedettini, O.; Tjahjono, B. (2008). "Towards an improved tool to facilitate simulation modeling of complex manufacturing systems".
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Manges, Kirstin; Scott-Cawiezell, Jill; Ward, Marcia M (2017), "Maximizing Team Performance: The Critical Role of the Nurse Leader",
3218:. Most often this is done using a static spreadsheet with process times and transportation times. For more sophisticated simulations
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is capable of providing high fidelity dynamic models of nearly all chemical plants for operator training and control system testing.
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but can also be a tool used by urban planners to understand how cities are likely to evolve in response to various policy decisions.
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Leinonen (ed.): Simulation studies of liquidity needs, risks and efficiency in payment networks (Bank of Finland Studies E:39/2007)
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1451:(SSH) was formed to become a leader in international interprofessional advances the application of medical simulation in healthcare
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for forecasting involves complicated numeric computer models to predict weather accurately by taking many parameters into account.
2229:. An example of these simulations are websites which claim to allow the user to track Santa Claus. Due to the fact that Santa is a
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in the early 2000s has led to an explosion of movies that would have been impossible to shoot without it. Classic examples are the
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Users may use headsets with boom microphones, lapel microphones or the room may be equipped with strategically located microphones.
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in Encyclopedia of Computer Science, "designing a model of a real or imagined system and conducting experiments with that model".
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To provide procedures to be used in performing failure/recovery testing of the operations performed in the final countdown phase.
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To provide training for system engineers in recognizing, reporting and evaluating system problems in a time critical environment.
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can also be used to detect eye movements so that the system can determine precisely where a user is looking at any given instant.
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predict the performance of an existing or planned system and to compare alternative solutions for a particular design problem.
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character and not a real, living person, it is impossible to provide actual information on his location, and services such as
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may be made about the behaviour of the system. It is a tool to virtually investigate the behaviour of the system under study.
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Harrison, Andrew J (2011). "Throwing and catching movements exhibit post-activation potentiation effects following fatigue".
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5474:"Immediate impact of an intensive one-week laparoscopy training program on laparoscopic skills among postgraduate urologists"
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3334:, flight controls, navigation, and avionics. The high-level objectives of the Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation are:
3269:. It offers a detailed analysis of games through simulated betting lines, projected point totals and overall probabilities.
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is increasingly used to train students and professionals in the art and science of project management. Using simulation for
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commonly used for discrete event simulation. They differ in usability and markets but do often share the same foundation.
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must be known, and the opposite of the truth must have been knowingly uttered. And, from this, to the extent to which a
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is an example of modern, large-scale urban simulators designed for use by urban planners. City simulators are generally
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Bruzzone A.G., Massei M., Simulation-Based Military Training, in Guide to Simulation-Based Disciplines, Vol.1. 315–361.
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3284:. Models are derived and simulations are run from data received from sensors attached to athletes and video equipment.
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It now offers kids and parents personalized messages from Santa, which run from an ASP script that Kerr built himself.
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Simulation is an important feature in engineering systems or any system that involves many processes. For example, in
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it may be dangerous or unacceptable to engage, or it is being designed but not yet built, or it may simply not exist.
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The one thing that's convinced my daughter, more than anything else, that Santa is real is a website, emailSanta.com.
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and other variables. Simulations are also often used to test a financial theory or the ability of a financial model.
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Less theoretically, an interesting application of computer simulation is to simulate computers using computers. In
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Sikora, E.A. (27 July 2010). Space Shuttle Main Propulsion System expert, John F. Kennedy Space Center. Interview.
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H. Leinonen (ed.): Simulation analyses and stress testing of payment networks (Bank of Finland Studies E:42/2009)
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Tsoukalas, Vasilios D.; Papachristos, Dimitrios A.; Tsoumas, Nikolaos K.; Mattheu, Elisabeth C. (1 October 2008).
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5519:"How do we ensure that trainees learn to perform biliary sphincterotomy safely, appropriately, and effectively?"
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Simulations are useful in modeling the flow of transactions through business processes, such as in the field of
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Historically, simulations used in different fields developed largely independently, but 20th-century studies of
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to create the illusion that sound sources are placed within a defined three-dimensional space around the user.
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power industry. This created a safe and realistic virtual environment to train board operators and engineers.
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problems often require both mathematical and physical simulations. In these cases the physical models require
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behaviour will change each simulation according to the set of initial parameters assumed for the environment.
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Many other video games are simulators of some kind. Such games can simulate various aspects of reality, from
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speeds up a simulation's execution by concurrently distributing its workload over multiple processors, as in
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An important medical application of a simulator—although, perhaps, denoting a slightly different meaning of
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McLeod, J. (1968) "Simulation: the Dynamic Modeling of Ideas And Systems with Computers", McGraw-Hill, NYC.
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Modern usage of the term "computer simulation" may encompass virtually any computer-based representation.
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Active models that attempt to reproduce living anatomy or physiology are recent developments. The famous
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Research in future input systems holds a great deal of promise for virtual simulations. Systems such as
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for a model in which a complete enumeration of all possible states would be prohibitive or impossible.
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Chapter 38: Society for Simulation in Healthcare by Raemer, Dan IN: Manual of Simulation in Healthcare
2568:(UIC), the game allows learners to practice their emergency skills in a safe, controlled environment.
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is a simulation where some variable or process is subject to random variations and is projected using
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Fujimoto, R. M. (1990). Parallel discrete event simulation. Communications of the ACM, 33(10), 30–53.
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approaches (e.g. game engines and engagement methods) are integrated with interoperable simulation.
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lives and be given the opportunity to correct their errors to prepare for the real-life emergency.
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provides a current (as of 2012) survey of public projects attempting to simulate some theories in
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Stewart, Greg L; Manges, Kirstin A; Ward, Marcia M (2015). "Empowering Sustained Patient Safety".
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or scripts to generate personalized replies claimed to be from Santa himself based on user input.
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Low – the minimum simulation required for a system to respond to accept inputs and provide outputs
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is to quantify system performance. Common measures of system performance include the following:
1607:. This was followed by the "targeting computer" that young Skywalker turns off in the 1977 film
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Murphy D, Challacombe B, Nedas T, Elhage O, Althoefer K, Seneviratne L, Dasgupta P (May 2007).
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encompasses many large and popular industries such as film, television, video games (including
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and the still increasing power of desktop computers. Today, computer simulation games such as
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thought so highly of South's definition, that he used it in the entry for simulation in his
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can vary from system to system and has been found to affect the user's sense of immersion.
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David J Allerton (November 2002). "The case for flight simulation in general aviation".
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with the help of a model. This definition includes time-independent simulations. Often,
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programming environment developed by Papert is one of the most well-known microworlds.
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Leeb, R.; Lee, F.; Keinrath, C.; Schere, R.; Bischof, H.; Pfurtscheller, G. (2007).
4225:
2903:
is meant for training of ship personnel. The most common marine simulators include:
56:"Simulate" redirects here. For the food technology company also known as NUGGS, see
6819:
6658:
6627:
6584:
6546:
6468:
6411:
6393:
6366:
6350:
6290:
6228:
5823:
5530:
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5337:
5296:
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5210:
5142:
5134:
5091:
5048:
5011:
4964:
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4431:
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in the 1930s. The first modern simulator ride to open at a theme park was Disney's
1806:
1790:
1642:
1609:
1296:
929:
888:
860:
685:
414:
382:
372:
340:
153:
118:
6341:
David J Allerton (December 2010). "The impact of flight simulation in aerospace".
5590:
5230:
4333:
4263:
4200:
where "computer simulation is particularly well suited to address these questions"
6823:
6631:
6588:
6519:
6457:"Marine engineers' training: Educational assessment for an engine room simulator"
6043:
5762:
5618:
5574:
5052:
4968:
4925:
4887:
4340:
4321:
4314:
4302:
4208:
4184:
4020:
3961:
3777:
3739:
3564:
3464:
3023:
running simulations with a fixed set of data and varying only the system setups.
2670:
1441:
1416:
hands-on experience that translates to the operating room is no longer in doubt.
1068:
421:
360:
277:
272:
267:
262:
103:
96:
86:
2869:
There also exist "engineering flight simulators" which are a key element of the
831:
is a computer simulation that can be included in human-in-the-loop simulations.
684:
simulation, in which physical simulations include human operators, such as in a
6943:
6551:
6534:
6430:
5985:"For a Jolly Good Time, Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger, 13 Dec 2006"
5664:
4499:
3918:
3657:
3273:
3200:
3008:
2966:
2741:
2694:
2682:
2662:
2510:
2247:
2220:
1579:
1521:
1385:
drug, a formulation that simulates the active drug in trials of drug efficacy.
1356:
1154:
1139:
1080:
1043:
917:
modeling, multimethod modeling) that makes all the modeling almost effortless.
876:
656:
446:
389:
287:
240:
220:
190:
6354:
6233:
6216:
5827:
5534:
5160:
5016:
4999:
4582:
4565:
4542:
4435:
607:, testing, training, education, and video games. Simulation is also used with
6980:
6748:
6720:
6701:
6639:
6596:
6573:
6560:
6508:
6480:
6362:
6286:
5631:"Video Game Console Timeline – Video Game History – Xbox 360 – TIME Magazine"
5414:
5291:
4847:
4838:
4821:
4790:
4782:
3930:
3616:
3573:
3569:
3331:
3318:
3306:
2970:
2666:
2225:
Several Christmas-themed simulations exist, many of which are centred around
1833:
in 1990 which was the first ride to be done entirely with computer graphics.
1719:
1646:
1407:
1248:
1115:
441:
431:
6741:
6713:
6694:
6422:
6415:
6370:
6294:
4631:
4614:
4295:
3368:
The Space Shuttle vehicle hardware and related GSE hardware is simulated by
2665:, judge the desirability of the effects of proposed policy actions, such as
6831:
6531:
5542:
5499:
5351:
5310:
5222:
5105:
5060:
5025:
4976:
4933:
4895:
4855:
4798:
4743:
4675:
4640:
4591:
4507:
4443:
4212:
4197:
4179:
3630:
3281:
1822:
1761:
1745:
1560:
1485:
1334:
In other simulations, visual components of the procedure are reproduced by
1323:
985:
803:
282:
5156:
823:
High – nearly indistinguishable or as close as possible to the real system
599:
Simulation is used in many contexts, such as simulation of technology for
6662:
6512:
4201:
3834:"simulation, n. meanings, etymology and more | Oxford English Dictionary"
3639:
3214:
is used mainly to examine the effect of improvements or investments in a
2226:
1749:
1603:
1534:
1509:
1168:
1161:
1094:
for training staff to deal with fragile and conflict-affected countries.
933:
660:
637:
409:
355:
255:
210:
39:
5959:"Microsoft pulls plug on potty-mouth Santa, by John Fontana, 4 Dec 2007"
1652:
1060:
training improves learning retention and enhances the learning process.
6472:
5138:
4472:
3258:
2811:
In finance, computer simulations are often used for scenario planning.
2722:
1826:
1767:
1742:
1477:
1319:
1130:
1110:
is a category of simulation that uses simulation equipment to create a
1091:
1011:, simulations of physical processes are often used in conjunction with
993:
914:
853:
643:
589:
367:
335:
307:
225:
215:
205:
6377:
5848:
5567:
5246:"Certified Healthcare Simulation Educator (CHSE) – an update for ASPE"
5096:
3280:
Another way simulations are helping the sports field is in the use of
1728:
sequels and the extensive use of physically impossible camera runs in
27:
Imitation of the operation of a real-world process or system over time
6456:
6397:
4414:
3663:
2553:
2255:
1702:
1632:
1481:
868:
404:
6448:
5000:"Expanding the use of simulation in open vascular surgical training"
4355:"Simulated Pistol Training: The Future of Law Enforcement Training?"
3479:
3385:
3137:
3056:
2597:
2440:
2362:
2275:
2114:
2021:
1910:
6454:
6307:
3809:
2734:
2557:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2087:
eventually assist in the design and planning of medical treatment.
1672:
1666:
1513:
1428:
The first medical simulators were simple models of human patients.
1281:). This type of output is sometimes referred to as force feedback.
1260:
1046:
was one of the first to advocate the value of microworlds, and the
972:
903:
330:
128:
123:
78:
6764:. Gothenburg: Doktorsavhandlingar vid Chalmers tekniska högskola.
6334:
4424:
IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering
3891:
1879:
Queuing and delays caused by material-handling devices and systems
6617:
5931:"Email Santa and get a reply: the website making my kids believe"
3301:
2951:
military but also political and social factors (for example, the
1795:
1566:
1437:
1382:
1368:
1114:
for the user. Virtual simulations allow users to interact with a
872:
864:
820:
Medium – responds automatically to stimuli, with limited accuracy
678:
is a special kind of physical simulation, often referred to as a
6310:"Advantages of Simulators (FSTDs) in Helicopter Flight Training"
6266:
4276:
4249:
1780:
1185:
can be used to capture the users locomotion as they walk or run.
6247:
6062:
6010:
5853:(4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
5789:"Bringing Spidey to Life: Kleiser-Walczak Construction Company"
5200:
4822:"Understanding Nursing Handoffs: Safety Scholarship in Nursing"
3455:
there is no alternative, as the real signals do not yet exist.
3355:
The Shuttle Final Countdown Phase Simulation took place at the
3266:
2230:
1709:
1601:, parts of which were shown on the big screen in the 1976 film
5876:"The technologies NORAD is 'using' to track Santa Claus today"
4721:
2006:
A soldier tests out a heavy-wheeled-vehicle driving simulator.
6893:
6652:
6432:
Guidelines for Simulator-based Marine Pilot Training Programs
4954:
4566:"Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease"
3323:
2917:
2845:
2242:
1595:
was used in the film to simulate objects as early as 1972 in
1476:
and is able to recreate many of the physical findings of the
894:
Traditionally, the formal modeling of systems has been via a
585:
5323:
2509:
Simulation solutions are being increasingly integrated with
1700:
This event transformed the film industry; in 1995, the film
6315:. European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). p. 6.
5813:
5116:
5114:
4484:
3973:
3447:
3262:
2993:
2812:
1618:
1338:
techniques, while touch-based components are reproduced by
1233:: Visual displays provide the visual stimulus to the user.
1209:
796:
is where simulation is accessed as a service over the web.
754:
is a simulation running on a single workstation by itself.
6968:
6762:
Diffusion of Discrete Event Simulation in Swedish Industry
6655:
2017 IEEE 42nd Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN)
5816:
International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology
3860:
6889:
5081:
2700:
1867:
System cycle time (how long it takes to produce one part)
1347:
5111:
4389:
3642:
later faded out and is now only of linguistic interest.
1295:: These displays provide a sense of motion to the user (
4820:
Groves, Patricia S.; Manges, Kirstin (24 August 2017).
1661:
released in the 1970s and early 1980s fell prey to the
1277:: These displays provide a sense of touch to the user (
1018:
5472:
Vlaovic PD, Sargent ER, Boker JR, et al. (2008).
4873:
3917:
White, K. Preston; Ingalls, Ricki G. (December 2015).
2946:
The grenade launcher trains using a computer simulator
1821:
Simulators have been used for entertainment since the
1423:
5849:
Banks, J.; Carson J.; Nelson B.L.; Nicol, D. (2005).
5661:"A Brief, Early History of Computer Graphics in Film"
5272:
3863:"SIMULATION | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary"
3793:
2187:-based simulations with explicit representations for
1653:
Pre-virtual cinematography era (early 1980s to 1990s)
1221:
984:). For example, simulators have been used to debug a
6513:"The science of civil war: What makes heroic strife"
4767:
4121:"Modelling, Simulation & Synthetic Environments"
3257:
simulations are built from a series of mathematical
2525:
or CAE, etc.). The use of simulation throughout the
1125:
800:
Modeling, interoperable simulation and serious games
6107:
6105:
6053:
6051:
5731:"Video Games in the US Market Research | IBISWorld"
5471:
3265:, is a well-known simulation program for all major
1688:are played by millions of people around the world.
6809:
5705:"Simulation – General Information | Open-Site.org"
5250:Association of Standardized Patient Educators News
3607:Historically, the word had negative connotations:
2959:
2560:outbreaks, or other life-threatening emergencies.
1571:
6992:Mathematical and quantitative methods (economics)
5038:
4911:
4031:
4029:
3892:J. Banks; J. Carson; B. Nelson; D. Nicol (2001).
1303:
627:
6978:
6383:
6340:
6272:
6102:
6048:
5440:
5326:"[Equipment and technology in robotics]"
5173:
5123:"A Typology of Simulators for Medical Education"
4563:
1090:, and is now used in a very revised form by the
859:Computer simulation has become a useful part of
49:"Simulator" redirects here. For other uses, see
5268:
5266:
5243:
5237:
4997:
4196:For a popular research project in the field of
3638:However, the connection between simulation and
1844:
6787:Sales Process Engineering: A Personal Workshop
6784:
6217:"The one: A simulation of CAPM market returns"
5902:"EmailSanta.com: How Santa Claus Went Digital"
5772:
5770:
5375:. Archived from the original on 2 October 2011
5367:"In Cybertherapy, Avatars Assist With Healing"
5273:Cooper Jeffery B, Taqueti VR (December 2008).
4653:
4279:International Journal of Engineering Education
4026:
1895:
1567:History of visual simulation in film and games
1551:
5407:
1781:Examples of non-film entertainment simulation
1533:teaching and measurement of clinical skills.
1455:to educators in an effort to meet this need.
561:
6928:to be presented in its stead); and, for the
6778:
5510:
5465:
5434:
5317:
5263:
5194:
4819:
4385:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4334:"Carana," at 'PaxSims' blog, 27 January 2009
3916:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3330:, ground liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen,
1710:Virtual cinematography (early 2000s–present)
1075:series of historical educational games. The
1004:uses variables to stand for unknown values.
932:, simulation has some specialized meanings:
594:computers are used to execute the simulation
5767:
5516:
4612:
4173:
3508:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3414:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3166:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3085:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2626:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2469:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2391:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2352:
2304:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2143:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2050:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1939:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1388:
1000:logic designs before they are constructed.
970:, a type of simulator, typically called an
6967:to be found on the website of the journal
6920:. Thus, it would seem, if a simulation is
5180:. Oxford University Press. pp. 532–.
5120:
3675:List of discrete event simulation software
3296:
2265:
2250:or Santa's former page on the now-defunct
1722:of Neo, Smith and other characters in the
1098:is a useful tool for armed professionals.
568:
554:
85:
6965:Bibliographies containing more references
6550:
6308:European Helicopter Safety Team (EHEST).
6232:
5489:
5341:
5300:
5290:
5167:
5146:
5095:
5015:
4837:
4630:
4581:
4376:
3880:
3528:Learn how and when to remove this message
3434:Learn how and when to remove this message
3186:Learn how and when to remove this message
3105:Learn how and when to remove this message
2646:Learn how and when to remove this message
2489:Learn how and when to remove this message
2423:Modern satellite communications systems (
2411:Learn how and when to remove this message
2324:Learn how and when to remove this message
2163:Learn how and when to remove this message
2070:Learn how and when to remove this message
1959:Learn how and when to remove this message
992:Simulators may also be used to interpret
706:continuous-time rather than discrete-time
6577:Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory
4014:Doc:Tutorials/Physics/BSoD – BlenderWiki
3300:
2994:Payment and securities settlement system
2941:
2886:
2844:
2540:
2500:
1587:
1508:
1210:Current research into user input systems
1129:
1028:
642:
631:
499:Library and information science software
6091:
5899:
5401:
4352:
3923:2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC)
3619:, Of Simulation and Dissimulation, 1597
3576:for an example of such a tradition, or
3375:
1864:Throughput under average and peak loads
14:
6979:
6241:
6214:
5443:"How video games can make you smarter"
4394:. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
4011:SIGGRAPH 2007 | For Attendees | Papers
3974:Sokolowski, J.A.; Banks, C.M. (2009).
2709:, delay lines may be used to simulate
2701:Engineering, technology, and processes
1504:
840:
708:steps, using numerical integration of
494:Geographic information system software
6017:from the original on 7 September 2009
5873:
5364:
4907:
4905:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4763:
4761:
4371:from the original on 10 October 2022.
4362:International Police Training Journal
3978:Principles of Modeling and Simulation
3558:
3040:
1829:in 1987 soon followed by Universal's
1495:
1101:
875:, and human systems in economics and
6924:, then the truth must be known (for
6789:. Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press.
6322:from the original on 10 October 2022
6253:"FAR 121 Subpart N—Training Program"
5928:
5737:from the original on 2 November 2022
5453:from the original on 7 February 2011
5441:Steinberg, Scott (31 January 2011).
5365:Carey, Benedict (22 November 2010).
4564:Couvreur P, Vauthier C (July 2006).
3856:
3854:
3670:List of computer simulation software
3506:adding citations to reliable sources
3473:
3412:adding citations to reliable sources
3379:
3164:adding citations to reliable sources
3131:
3083:adding citations to reliable sources
3050:
2624:adding citations to reliable sources
2591:
2505:Simulation of airflow over an engine
2467:adding citations to reliable sources
2434:
2430:
2389:adding citations to reliable sources
2356:
2302:adding citations to reliable sources
2269:
2141:adding citations to reliable sources
2108:
2048:adding citations to reliable sources
2015:
1937:adding citations to reliable sources
1904:
1870:Use of resource, labor, and machines
1839:The Amazing Adventures of Spider-Man
1831:The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera
1449:Society for Simulation in Healthcare
1088:United Nations Development Programme
1019:Simulation in education and training
794:Modeling and simulation as a service
6759:
6657:. Singapore: IEEE. pp. 61–69.
5900:Ribeiro, Ricky (19 December 2012).
5711:from the original on 9 October 2020
4826:Western Journal of Nursing Research
4771:Western Journal of Nursing Research
4615:""Nano": the new nemesis of cancer"
4461:from the original on 20 March 2020.
4390:Sherman, W.R.; Craig, A.B. (2003).
3861:Cambridge University Press (2023).
3602:
2241:(the former of which claims to use
1888:Effectiveness of scheduling systems
1858:simulation in manufacturing systems
1816:
1785:
1424:History of simulation in healthcare
1079:has also supported the creation of
923:
24:
6949:Dictionary of the English Language
6942:expresses somewhat similar views.
6196:from the original on 24 April 2012
4902:
4862:
4758:
4668:10.1227/01.NEU.0000217016.79256.16
4662:(6): 1009–26, discussion 1009–26.
4315:"Reacting to the Past: STEM Games"
3794:Specific examples & literature
3751:
1239:cave automatic virtual environment
1222:Virtual simulation output hardware
768:Distributed Interactive Simulation
25:
7003:
6958:
6131:"Jack and Process Simulate Human"
5874:Grush, Loren (24 December 2016).
5244:Struijk, Jennie (11 April 2013).
3851:
3342:final countdown phase operations.
2566:University of Illinois at Chicago
2098:
1458:
1126:Virtual simulation input hardware
622:model verification and validation
6882:
6873:
6864:
6855:
6846:
6803:
6753:
6734:
6725:
6706:
6687:
6646:
6539:Journal of Computational Science
6221:The Journal of Wealth Management
5851:Discrete-event system simulation
5663:. 16 August 2002. Archived from
5517:Leung J, Foster E (April 2008).
5422:from the original on 9 June 2009
5215:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03547.x
4736:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05349.x
4296:"Reacting to the Past Home Page"
3982:. John Wiley & Son. p.
3894:Discrete-Event System Simulation
3551:of an active hurricane/cyclone.
3478:
3384:
3229:
3212:Simulation of production systems
3203:to simulate a robot's dynamics.
3136:
3055:
3029:
2596:
2439:
2361:
2274:
2113:
2020:
1999:
1987:
1909:
1891:Effectiveness of control systems
1463:
1015:to optimize control strategies.
940:to refer to what happens when a
636:Human-in-the-loop simulation of
6939:Of Simulation and Dissimulation
6611:
6567:
6525:
6502:
6461:WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs
6386:Principles of flight simulation
6301:
6249:Federal Aviation Administration
6208:
6182:
6173:
6164:
6154:
6145:
6123:
6114:
6077:
6029:
6003:
5961:. Network World. Archived from
5929:Vnuk, Helen (7 December 2017).
5922:
5893:
5867:
5842:
5807:
5781:
5749:
5723:
5697:
5671:
5653:
5623:
5605:
5579:
5561:
5408:Dagger, Jacob (May–June 2008).
5358:
5343:10.4321/s0004-06142007000400004
5075:
5032:
4991:
4948:
4914:Journal of Nursing Care Quality
4813:
4715:
4690:
4647:
4606:
4557:
4514:
4478:
4465:
4408:
4353:Kratzig, Gregory (March 2013).
4346:
4327:
4308:
4289:
4270:
4243:
4218:
4190:
4143:
4113:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4057:
4047:
3272:With the increased interest in
2960:Network and distributed systems
2011:
1572:Early history (1940s and 1950s)
1520:the patient's chest in virtual
1025:Adaptive educational hypermedia
978:Computer architecture simulator
6926:something other than the truth
4038:
4000:
3967:
3947:
3910:
3826:
3453:Galileo (satellite navigation)
2803:Monte Carlo methods in finance
1900:
1315:Clinical healthcare simulators
1304:Clinical healthcare simulators
900:closed form analytic solutions
835:Simulation in failure analysis
628:Classification and terminology
13:
1:
6059:"Emergency Response Training"
5637:. 23 May 2005. Archived from
5447:Cable News Network (CNN Tech)
5410:"The New Game Theory: Update"
4998:Pandey VA, Wolfe JHN (2012).
4471:Zahraee, A.H., Szewczyk, J.,
4392:Understanding Virtual Reality
4264:10.1016/j.compedu.2006.09.003
3820:
3305:Firing Room 1 configured for
3206:
3047:Project management simulation
2764:
1054:Project management simulation
6824:10.1080/14763141.2011.592544
6632:10.1016/j.comnet.2017.04.009
6589:10.1016/j.simpat.2019.01.001
5679:"Computer-generated imagery"
5418:. Vol. 94, no. 3.
5053:10.1097/sla.0000000000000254
4969:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318288c40b
4926:10.1097/NCQ.0000000000000103
4888:10.1016/j.anclin.2007.03.009
3919:"Introduction to simulation"
3896:. Prentice Hall. p. 3.
3768:Computational fluid dynamics
3685:Microarchitecture simulation
3580:for a more recent example).
3553:Numerical weather prediction
3542:Numerical weather prediction
2587:
2556:attacks, natural disasters,
2519:computer-aided manufacturing
2206:
1873:Bottlenecks and choke points
1845:Simulation and manufacturing
1643:wire-frame 3D graphics games
947:theoretical computer science
7:
6085:"Finance & Development"
5987:. Microsoft. Archived from
3705:Pharmacokinetics simulation
3645:
3317:(KSC) to train and certify
3121:
2931:
2849:A military flight simulator
1896:More examples of simulation
1557:Simulation in entertainment
1552:Simulation in entertainment
1077:National Science Foundation
887:. In such simulations, the
649:direct numerical simulation
33:Simulation (disambiguation)
10:
7008:
6552:10.1016/j.jocs.2019.101052
5127:Journal of Digital Imaging
4702:Virtual Anesthesia Machine
4613:Hede S, Huilgol N (2006).
4500:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.09.019
4226:"Universal Turing Machine"
3758:Computational astrophysics
3562:
3539:
3469:
3462:
3446:The only true way to test
3277:in their fantasy leagues.
3233:
3125:
3044:
3033:
2935:
2880:
2838:
2800:
2796:
2544:
2523:computer-aided engineering
2210:
2175:A city simulator can be a
2102:
1970:
1856:Another important goal of
1756:Computer-generated imagery
1593:Computer-generated imagery
1444:system and organ systems.
1366:
1362:
1307:
1183:Omnidirectional treadmills
1022:
885:network traffic simulation
844:
778:High-Performance Computing
51:Simulator (disambiguation)
29:
6384:David J Allerton (2009).
6355:10.1017/S0001924000004231
6234:10.3905/jwm.2017.20.1.126
5828:10.1007/s00170-008-1686-z
5612:History of Computers 1980
5535:10.1007/s11894-008-0038-3
5393:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5174:Richard H. Riley (2008).
5017:10.1016/j.jvs.2012.04.015
4583:10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8
4543:10.1007/s11837-004-0289-x
4436:10.1109/TNSRE.2007.906956
4252:Computers & Education
3458:
3247:
3242:sales process engineering
3236:Sales process engineering
3220:Discrete Event Simulation
2982:Content delivery networks
2913:Cargo handling simulators
2876:
2834:
2513:solutions and processes (
1876:Queuing at work locations
1641:(1984), one of the first
1216:brain–computer interfaces
1190:global positioning system
959:, useful in the study of
717:Discrete-event simulation
704:is a simulation based on
521:Qualitative data analysis
6343:The Aeronautical Journal
6275:The Aeronautical Journal
5756:Link Trainer Restoration
5292:10.1136/qshc.2004.009886
4839:10.1177/0193945917727237
4783:10.1177/0193945916673358
4151:"Synthetic Environments"
3960:10 December 2017 at the
3931:10.1109/WSC.2015.7408292
3815:Simulacra and Simulation
2907:Ship's bridge simulators
2725:may be used to simulate
2693:deficit, the government
2659:Simulations in economics
2353:Communication satellites
1850:Manufacturing simulation
1598:A Computer Animated Hand
1413:crew resource management
1389:Improving patient safety
1134:Motorcycle simulator of
1013:evolutionary computation
957:state transition systems
863:many natural systems in
784:Interoperable simulation
738:Deterministic simulation
38:Not to be confused with
6970:Simulation & Gaming
6785:Paul H. Selden (1997).
6742:Simulation publications
6714:Simulation publications
6695:Simulation publications
6518:2 November 2022 at the
6215:French, Jordan (2017).
5587:"TRON – The 1982 Movie"
4632:10.4103/0973-1482.29829
4339:2 November 2022 at the
4320:10 October 2020 at the
4019:12 October 2007 at the
3763:Computational chemistry
3313:Simulation was used at
3297:Space shuttle countdown
3036:Power system simulation
2895:Bearing resemblance to
2891:A ship bridge simulator
2871:aircraft design process
2829:stochastic asset models
2266:Classroom of the future
2201:transportation planning
1752:since the early 2000s.
1480:examination, including
1198:Voice/sound recognition
1033:Military simulators pdf
982:Platform virtualization
881:computational sociology
788:High-Level Architecture
617:modeling and simulation
6760:Ulf, Eriksson (2005).
6098:Federal Standard 1037C
6042:5 October 2012 at the
5761:5 October 2011 at the
5617:18 August 2009 at the
5573:27 August 2010 at the
5523:Curr Gastroenterol Rep
4724:ANZ Journal of Surgery
4698:"Simulation Portfolio"
3925:. pp. 1741–1755.
3636:
3622:
3310:
3118:using software tools.
2947:
2910:Engine room simulators
2892:
2850:
2707:electrical engineering
2679:open market operations
2506:
2084:biomechanics simulator
1716:virtual cinematography
1665:in 1983, but in 1985,
1525:
1400:change-of-shift report
1143:
1034:
955:is a relation between
761:distributed simulation
752:stand-alone simulation
710:differential equations
676:Interactive simulation
652:
640:
400:Inferential statistics
346:Descriptive statistics
293:Human subject research
5568:Welcome to PONG-Story
4301:16 April 2009 at the
3788:System identification
3773:Computational physics
3745:Simulation hypothesis
3695:Monte Carlo algorithm
3623:
3609:
3360:Launch Control Center
3328:solid rocket boosters
3304:
2945:
2890:
2859:instrument approaches
2848:
2784:permits interactive,
2541:Disaster preparedness
2535:multi-CAD environment
2515:computer-aided design
2504:
2211:Further information:
2103:Further information:
1885:Staffing requirements
1731:The Lord of the Rings
1679:Command & Conquer
1588:1970s and early 1980s
1512:
1472:was developed at the
1245:Head-mounted displays
1133:
1032:
968:computer architecture
961:operational semantics
829:synthetic environment
726:Stochastic simulation
701:Continuous simulation
646:
635:
184:Philosophical schools
44:Emulation (computing)
6663:10.1109/LCN.2017.115
6135:Siemens PLM Software
5163:on 27 November 1999.
5133:(Suppl 1): 194–196.
4488:J Vasc Interv Radiol
4207:6 March 2008 at the
3953:In the words of the
3867:Cambridge Dictionary
3735:Web-based simulation
3633:, South, 1697, p.525
3502:improve this section
3408:improve this section
3376:Satellite navigation
3357:Kennedy Space Center
3315:Kennedy Space Center
3254:computer simulations
3160:improve this section
3079:improve this section
2807:Mathematical finance
2786:real-time simulation
2770:Ergonomic simulation
2750:chemical engineering
2717:caused by an actual
2620:improve this section
2547:Emergency management
2463:improve this section
2385:improve this section
2298:improve this section
2239:Google Santa Tracker
2217:Google Santa Tracker
2191:and transportation.
2137:improve this section
2044:improve this section
1994:Car racing simulator
1933:improve this section
1802:Tiger Woods PGA Tour
1737:The terminal in the
1177:Physical controllers
1073:Reacting to the Past
609:scientific modelling
509:Reference management
459:Scientific modelling
201:Critical rationalism
31:For other uses, see
6908:involves deceptive
6900:involves deceptive
6812:Sports Biomechanics
5795:on 7 September 2009
5557:on 22 January 2009.
5121:Meller, G. (1997).
4535:2004JOM....56j..38N
4202:Folding@home – Main
3730:Training simulation
3725:Simulation language
3715:Rule-based modeling
3710:Roleplay simulation
3653:Computer experiment
3370:mathematical models
3286:Sports biomechanics
2938:Military simulation
2782:simulation software
2754:process simulations
2675:government spending
2252:Windows Live Spaces
1720:digital look-alikes
1659:video game consoles
1505:Computer simulators
1490:electrocardiography
1474:University of Miami
1136:Bienal do Automóvel
1002:Symbolic simulation
847:Computer simulation
841:Computer simulation
810:Simulation fidelity
774:Parallel simulation
668:Physical simulation
647:Visualization of a
489:Argument technology
6473:10.1007/BF03195143
5991:on 24 October 2007
5965:on 13 October 2012
5506:on 3 January 2013.
5372:The New York Times
5139:10.1007/BF03168699
4187:-style simulators.
4161:on 22 January 2008
3955:Simulation article
3783:Molecular dynamics
3700:Network simulation
3311:
3128:Robotics simulator
3041:Project management
2989:Internet of things
2948:
2893:
2883:Maritime simulator
2851:
2746:dynamic similitude
2661:and especially in
2507:
2235:NORAD Tracks Santa
2213:NORAD Tracks Santa
2177:city-building game
2105:Traffic simulation
1882:WIP storages needs
1739:Pan Am (TV series)
1691:In 1993, the film
1526:
1496:Interactive models
1470:"Harvey" mannequin
1373:Placebo in history
1310:Medical simulation
1293:Vestibular display
1144:
1108:virtual simulation
1102:Virtual simulation
1064:Social simulations
1058:project management
1035:
896:mathematical model
653:
641:
605:safety engineering
601:performance tuning
483:Tools and software
427:Secondary research
351:Discourse analysis
58:Simulate (company)
6796:978-0-87389-418-0
6771:978-91-7291-577-0
6672:978-1-5090-6523-3
6620:Computer Networks
6407:978-0-470-75436-8
6251:(25 April 2013).
5860:978-0-13-088702-3
5203:Medical Education
5187:978-0-19-920585-1
5097:10.1111/nuf.12161
4832:(11): 1391–1393.
4777:(11): 1394–1411.
4619:J Cancer Res Ther
4401:978-1-55860-353-0
4008:computer graphics
3993:978-0-470-28943-3
3940:978-1-4673-9743-8
3903:978-0-13-088702-3
3800:Illustris project
3720:Simulated reality
3680:Merger simulation
3597:piloting vehicles
3546:Atmospheric model
3538:
3537:
3530:
3444:
3443:
3436:
3216:production system
3196:
3195:
3188:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3013:scenario analysis
2975:application layer
2897:flight simulators
2817:net present value
2719:transmission line
2711:propagation delay
2687:unemployment rate
2656:
2655:
2648:
2527:product lifecycle
2499:
2498:
2491:
2431:Digital lifecycle
2421:
2420:
2413:
2334:
2333:
2326:
2173:
2172:
2165:
2080:
2079:
2072:
1973:Driving simulator
1969:
1968:
1961:
1811:driving simulator
1805:. There are also
1685:World of Warcraft
1546:standard patients
1381:—is the use of a
1336:computer graphics
1279:haptic technology
942:universal machine
745:Hybrid simulation
694:driving simulator
690:sailing simulator
681:human-in-the-loop
578:
577:
544:Philosophy portal
452:Systematic review
437:Literature review
395:Historical method
378:Social experiment
313:Scientific method
298:Narrative inquiry
149:Interdisciplinary
143:Research strategy
16:(Redirected from
6999:
6953:
6886:
6880:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6862:
6859:
6853:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6782:
6776:
6775:
6757:
6751:
6747:14 July 2012 at
6738:
6732:
6729:
6723:
6719:14 July 2012 at
6710:
6704:
6700:14 July 2012 at
6691:
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6398:10.2514/4.867033
6381:
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6186:
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6177:
6171:
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6162:
6158:
6152:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6137:. Archived from
6127:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6109:
6100:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6081:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6065:on 12 March 2003
6061:. Archived from
6055:
6046:
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6007:
6001:
6000:
5998:
5996:
5981:
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5972:
5970:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5941:
5926:
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5914:
5912:
5906:BizTech Magazine
5897:
5891:
5890:
5888:
5886:
5871:
5865:
5864:
5846:
5840:
5839:
5811:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5800:
5791:. Archived from
5785:
5779:
5774:
5765:
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5747:
5746:
5744:
5742:
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5720:
5718:
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5694:
5692:
5690:
5685:on 24 April 2015
5681:. Archived from
5675:
5669:
5668:
5667:on 17 July 2012.
5657:
5651:
5650:
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5646:
5627:
5621:
5609:
5603:
5602:
5600:
5598:
5589:. Archived from
5583:
5577:
5565:
5559:
5558:
5553:. Archived from
5514:
5508:
5507:
5502:. Archived from
5493:
5469:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5427:
5405:
5399:
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5392:
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5382:
5380:
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5356:
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5345:
5330:Arch. Esp. Urol.
5321:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5294:
5285:(997): 563–570.
5270:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5159:. Archived from
5150:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5099:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5036:
5030:
5029:
5019:
4995:
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4952:
4946:
4945:
4909:
4900:
4899:
4876:Anesthesiol Clin
4871:
4860:
4859:
4841:
4817:
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4765:
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4603:
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4555:
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4469:
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4372:
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4287:
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4240:
4238:
4236:
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4216:
4194:
4188:
4177:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4166:
4157:. Archived from
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4127:. Archived from
4117:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4024:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3981:
3971:
3965:
3951:
3945:
3944:
3914:
3908:
3907:
3889:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3830:
3805:Planet Simulator
3690:Mining simulator
3634:
3620:
3603:Historical usage
3559:Simulation games
3533:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3482:
3474:
3439:
3432:
3428:
3425:
3419:
3388:
3380:
3191:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3140:
3132:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3059:
3051:
2916:Communication /
2901:marine simulator
2841:Flight simulator
2691:balance of trade
2651:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2600:
2592:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2474:
2443:
2435:
2416:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2365:
2357:
2341:of individuals.
2329:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2278:
2270:
2168:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2117:
2109:
2075:
2068:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2024:
2016:
2003:
1991:
1964:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1913:
1905:
1817:Theme park rides
1807:flight simulator
1791:Simulation games
1786:Simulation games
1535:Gaming platforms
1297:motion simulator
1158:the simulation.
1007:In the field of
989:varied at will.
930:computer science
924:Computer science
763:
762:
686:flight simulator
570:
563:
556:
516:Science software
415:Cultural mapping
383:Quasi-experiment
373:Field experiment
341:Content analysis
236:Critical realism
154:Multimethodology
89:
66:
65:
61:
54:
47:
36:
21:
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7006:
7002:
7001:
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6956:
6916:, or deceptive
6887:
6883:
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6530:
6526:
6520:Wayback Machine
6507:
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6096:
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6083:
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6068:
6066:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6044:Wayback Machine
6037:"Net article-."
6035:News-Medical.:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6009:
6008:
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5994:
5992:
5983:
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5937:
5935:MamaMia.com.au/
5927:
5923:
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5763:Wayback Machine
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5619:Wayback Machine
5610:
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5580:
5575:Wayback Machine
5566:
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4377:
4373:(pages missing)
4368:
4357:
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4347:
4341:Wayback Machine
4332:
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4322:Wayback Machine
4313:
4309:
4303:Wayback Machine
4294:
4290:
4285:(2): 333–340(8.
4275:
4271:
4248:
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4234:
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4209:Wayback Machine
4195:
4191:
4185:virtual reality
4178:
4174:
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4149:
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4144:
4134:
4132:
4131:on 21 June 2006
4119:
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4095:
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4086:
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4077:
4072:
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4021:Wayback Machine
4006:For example in
4005:
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3994:
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3962:Wayback Machine
3952:
3948:
3941:
3915:
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3904:
3890:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3859:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3796:
3778:Futures studies
3754:
3752:Fields of study
3749:
3740:Virtual reality
3648:
3635:
3629:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3567:
3565:Simulation game
3561:
3548:
3540:Main articles:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3499:
3483:
3472:
3467:
3465:Train simulator
3461:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3405:
3389:
3378:
3338:To demonstrate
3299:
3250:
3238:
3232:
3209:
3201:physics engines
3192:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3157:
3141:
3130:
3124:
3111:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3076:
3060:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3032:
2996:
2962:
2940:
2934:
2885:
2879:
2843:
2837:
2809:
2801:Main articles:
2799:
2767:
2752:, for example,
2703:
2671:monetary policy
2652:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2617:
2601:
2590:
2549:
2543:
2495:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2460:
2444:
2433:
2417:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2382:
2366:
2355:
2330:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2295:
2279:
2268:
2223:
2209:
2169:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2134:
2118:
2107:
2101:
2076:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2041:
2025:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1995:
1992:
1975:
1965:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1930:
1914:
1903:
1898:
1847:
1819:
1788:
1783:
1712:
1655:
1590:
1574:
1569:
1554:
1507:
1498:
1466:
1461:
1442:musculoskeletal
1426:
1391:
1375:
1367:Main articles:
1365:
1312:
1306:
1224:
1212:
1138:exhibition, in
1128:
1112:simulated world
1104:
1069:Barnard College
1027:
1021:
926:
849:
843:
760:
759:
630:
603:or optimizing,
590:experimentation
574:
538:
537:
484:
476:
475:
422:Phenomenography
361:Autoethnography
326:
318:
317:
278:Grounded theory
273:Critical theory
268:Art methodology
263:Action research
258:
248:
247:
186:
176:
175:
144:
136:
135:
99:
97:Research design
62:
55:
48:
37:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7005:
6995:
6994:
6989:
6975:
6974:
6960:
6959:External links
6957:
6955:
6954:
6944:Samuel Johnson
6881:
6872:
6863:
6854:
6845:
6818:(3): 185–196.
6802:
6795:
6777:
6770:
6752:
6733:
6724:
6705:
6686:
6671:
6645:
6610:
6566:
6524:
6501:
6467:(2): 429–448.
6447:
6421:
6406:
6392:. p. 13.
6376:
6333:
6300:
6265:
6240:
6227:(1): 126–147.
6207:
6181:
6172:
6163:
6153:
6144:
6141:on 8 May 2013.
6122:
6113:
6101:
6090:
6076:
6047:
6028:
6002:
5976:
5950:
5921:
5892:
5866:
5859:
5841:
5822:(1/2): 191–9.
5806:
5780:
5766:
5748:
5722:
5696:
5670:
5652:
5641:on 20 May 2005
5622:
5604:
5593:on 25 May 2009
5578:
5560:
5509:
5464:
5433:
5400:
5357:
5332:(in Spanish).
5316:
5279:Postgrad Med J
5262:
5236:
5193:
5186:
5166:
5110:
5074:
5031:
4990:
4947:
4901:
4861:
4812:
4757:
4730:(9): 588–594.
4714:
4689:
4646:
4605:
4576:(7): 1417–50.
4556:
4513:
4477:
4464:
4430:(4): 473–481.
4407:
4400:
4375:
4345:
4326:
4307:
4288:
4269:
4258:(3): 866–880.
4242:
4217:
4189:
4172:
4142:
4112:
4102:
4093:
4084:
4075:
4066:
4056:
4046:
4037:
4025:
3999:
3992:
3966:
3946:
3939:
3909:
3902:
3879:
3850:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3660:
3658:Grey box model
3655:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3627:
3613:
3604:
3601:
3570:Strategy games
3563:Main article:
3560:
3557:
3536:
3535:
3518:September 2021
3486:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3463:Main article:
3460:
3457:
3442:
3441:
3424:September 2021
3392:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3298:
3295:
3274:fantasy sports
3249:
3246:
3234:Main article:
3231:
3228:
3208:
3205:
3194:
3193:
3176:September 2021
3144:
3142:
3135:
3126:Main article:
3123:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3095:September 2021
3063:
3061:
3054:
3045:Main article:
3042:
3039:
3034:Main article:
3031:
3028:
3009:stress testing
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2967:physical layer
2961:
2958:
2936:Main article:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2924:
2923:ROV simulators
2921:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2881:Main article:
2878:
2875:
2839:Main article:
2836:
2833:
2821:discount rates
2798:
2795:
2766:
2763:
2742:fluid dynamics
2702:
2699:
2695:budget deficit
2683:inflation rate
2663:macroeconomics
2654:
2653:
2636:September 2021
2604:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2586:
2545:Main article:
2542:
2539:
2511:computer-aided
2497:
2496:
2479:September 2021
2447:
2445:
2438:
2432:
2429:
2419:
2418:
2401:September 2021
2369:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2332:
2331:
2314:September 2021
2282:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:use automated
2248:emailSanta.com
2221:emailSanta.com
2208:
2205:
2171:
2170:
2153:September 2021
2121:
2119:
2112:
2100:
2099:City and urban
2097:
2078:
2077:
2060:September 2021
2028:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1986:
1971:Main article:
1967:
1966:
1949:September 2021
1917:
1915:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1846:
1843:
1818:
1815:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1714:The advent of
1711:
1708:
1663:industry crash
1654:
1651:
1647:home computers
1589:
1586:
1580:Tennis for Two
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1553:
1550:
1522:field hospital
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Type of models
1457:
1425:
1422:
1390:
1387:
1364:
1361:
1308:Main article:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1275:Haptic display
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1231:Visual display
1223:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1186:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1155:motion capture
1140:Belo Horizonte
1127:
1124:
1122:for the user.
1103:
1100:
1081:reacting games
1044:Seymour Papert
1023:Main article:
1020:
1017:
936:used the term
925:
922:
877:social science
845:Main article:
842:
839:
825:
824:
821:
818:
657:systems theory
629:
626:
615:Key issues in
576:
575:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
547:
546:
540:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
513:
512:
511:
506:
496:
491:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
468:
467:
466:
456:
455:
454:
449:
447:Scoping review
444:
439:
434:
424:
419:
418:
417:
407:
402:
397:
392:
390:Field research
387:
386:
385:
380:
375:
365:
364:
363:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
288:Historiography
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
259:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
244:
243:
241:Subtle realism
238:
228:
223:
221:Postpositivism
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
196:Constructivism
193:
191:Antipositivism
187:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
173:
168:
167:
166:
156:
151:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:
126:
116:
111:
106:
100:
95:
94:
91:
90:
82:
81:
75:
74:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7004:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6982:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6951:
6950:
6945:
6941:
6940:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6885:
6876:
6867:
6858:
6849:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6825:
6821:
6817:
6813:
6806:
6798:
6792:
6788:
6781:
6773:
6767:
6763:
6756:
6750:
6749:archive.today
6746:
6743:
6737:
6728:
6722:
6721:archive.today
6718:
6715:
6709:
6703:
6702:archive.today
6699:
6696:
6690:
6682:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6614:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6594:
6590:
6586:
6582:
6578:
6570:
6562:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6540:
6536:
6528:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6510:
6509:The Economist
6505:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6434:
6433:
6425:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6403:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6337:
6318:
6311:
6304:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6269:
6254:
6250:
6244:
6235:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6211:
6195:
6191:
6185:
6176:
6167:
6157:
6148:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6126:
6117:
6108:
6106:
6099:
6094:
6086:
6080:
6064:
6060:
6054:
6052:
6045:
6041:
6038:
6032:
6016:
6012:
6006:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5947:
5936:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5907:
5903:
5896:
5881:
5877:
5870:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5845:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5810:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5764:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5736:
5732:
5726:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5684:
5680:
5674:
5666:
5662:
5656:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5626:
5620:
5616:
5613:
5608:
5592:
5588:
5582:
5576:
5572:
5569:
5564:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5468:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5421:
5417:
5416:
5415:Duke Magazine
5411:
5404:
5396:
5390:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5361:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5336:(4): 349–55.
5335:
5331:
5327:
5320:
5312:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5269:
5267:
5251:
5247:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5189:
5183:
5179:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5107:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5084:Nursing Forum
5078:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5047:(3): 443–48.
5046:
5042:
5035:
5027:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5010:(3): 847–52.
5009:
5005:
5001:
4994:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4963:(4): 586–93.
4962:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4908:
4906:
4897:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4882:(2): 225–36.
4881:
4877:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4764:
4762:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4642:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4625:(4): 186–95.
4624:
4620:
4616:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4529:(10): 38–43.
4528:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4397:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4323:
4319:
4316:
4311:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4292:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4246:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4193:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4070:
4060:
4050:
4041:
4032:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4003:
3995:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3970:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3950:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3895:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3626:
3618:
3617:Francis Bacon
3612:
3608:
3600:
3599:(see above).
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:History of Go
3571:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3547:
3543:
3532:
3529:
3521:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3487:This section
3485:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3449:
3438:
3435:
3427:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3393:This section
3391:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3358:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:external tank
3329:
3325:
3320:
3319:Space Shuttle
3316:
3308:
3307:Space Shuttle
3303:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3278:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3237:
3230:Sales process
3227:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3202:
3190:
3187:
3179:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3145:This section
3143:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3109:
3106:
3098:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3064:This section
3062:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3030:Power systems
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:implemented.
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2972:
2971:network layer
2968:
2957:
2954:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2804:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2762:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:Contrast with
2728:
2724:
2721:. Similarly,
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:fiscal policy
2664:
2660:
2650:
2647:
2639:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2605:This section
2603:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2448:This section
2446:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2428:
2426:
2415:
2412:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2370:This section
2368:
2364:
2359:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2328:
2325:
2317:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2283:This section
2281:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2156:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2122:This section
2120:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2074:
2071:
2063:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:This section
2027:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1952:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1918:This section
1916:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:Jurassic Park
1689:
1687:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1564:
1562:
1561:serious games
1558:
1549:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1536:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:Active models
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:In 2002, the
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1409:
1408:self-efficacy
1403:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:Aural display
1255:
1250:
1249:field of view
1246:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:Capture suits
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:Body tracking
1149:
1148:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1116:virtual world
1113:
1109:
1099:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:
969:
964:
962:
958:
954:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
921:
918:
916:
912:
907:
905:
901:
897:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
848:
838:
836:
832:
830:
822:
819:
816:
815:
814:
811:
807:
805:
801:
797:
795:
791:
789:
785:
781:
779:
775:
771:
769:
764:
755:
753:
748:
746:
742:
740:
739:
734:
732:
728:
727:
722:
719:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
673:
670:
669:
664:
662:
658:
650:
645:
639:
634:
625:
623:
618:
613:
610:
606:
602:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
571:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
551:
549:
548:
545:
542:
541:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
514:
510:
507:
505:
504:Bibliometrics
502:
501:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
480:
479:
472:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
442:Meta-analysis
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:Bibliometrics
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
416:
413:
412:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
369:
366:
362:
359:
358:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
328:
322:
321:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
303:Phenomenology
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
257:
252:
251:
242:
239:
237:
234:
233:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
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192:
189:
188:
185:
180:
179:
172:
169:
165:
162:
161:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
140:
139:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
101:
98:
93:
92:
88:
84:
83:
80:
77:
76:
72:
68:
67:
64:
59:
52:
45:
41:
34:
19:
6969:
6947:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6912:, deceptive
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6884:
6875:
6866:
6857:
6848:
6815:
6811:
6805:
6786:
6780:
6761:
6755:
6736:
6727:
6708:
6689:
6654:
6648:
6623:
6619:
6613:
6580:
6576:
6569:
6542:
6538:
6527:
6504:
6492:. Retrieved
6464:
6460:
6450:
6439:, retrieved
6431:
6424:
6385:
6379:
6346:
6342:
6336:
6324:. Retrieved
6303:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6256:. Retrieved
6243:
6224:
6220:
6210:
6198:. Retrieved
6184:
6175:
6166:
6156:
6147:
6139:the original
6134:
6125:
6116:
6093:
6079:
6067:. Retrieved
6063:the original
6031:
6019:. Retrieved
6005:
5993:. Retrieved
5989:the original
5979:
5967:. Retrieved
5963:the original
5953:
5945:
5938:. Retrieved
5934:
5924:
5916:
5909:. Retrieved
5905:
5895:
5883:. Retrieved
5879:
5869:
5850:
5844:
5819:
5815:
5809:
5797:. Retrieved
5793:the original
5783:
5751:
5739:. Retrieved
5725:
5713:. Retrieved
5699:
5687:. Retrieved
5683:the original
5673:
5665:the original
5655:
5643:. Retrieved
5639:the original
5634:
5625:
5607:
5595:. Retrieved
5591:the original
5581:
5563:
5555:the original
5529:(2): 163–8.
5526:
5522:
5512:
5504:the original
5481:
5477:
5467:
5455:. Retrieved
5446:
5436:
5424:. Retrieved
5413:
5403:
5377:. Retrieved
5370:
5360:
5333:
5329:
5319:
5282:
5278:
5253:. Retrieved
5249:
5239:
5209:(1): 50–63.
5206:
5202:
5196:
5176:
5169:
5161:the original
5130:
5126:
5090:(1): 21–29,
5087:
5083:
5077:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5007:
5003:
4993:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4920:(3): 240–6.
4917:
4913:
4879:
4875:
4829:
4825:
4815:
4774:
4770:
4727:
4723:
4717:
4705:. Retrieved
4701:
4692:
4659:
4656:Neurosurgery
4655:
4649:
4622:
4618:
4608:
4573:
4569:
4559:
4526:
4522:
4516:
4494:(1): 55–66.
4491:
4487:
4480:
4467:
4427:
4423:
4410:
4391:
4361:
4348:
4329:
4310:
4291:
4282:
4278:
4272:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4213:Folding@Home
4198:biochemistry
4192:
4175:
4163:. Retrieved
4159:the original
4154:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4129:the original
4124:
4115:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4059:
4049:
4040:
4002:
3977:
3969:
3949:
3922:
3912:
3893:
3872:20 September
3870:. Retrieved
3866:
3843:20 September
3841:. Retrieved
3837:
3828:
3662:
3637:
3631:Robert South
3624:
3610:
3606:
3593:construction
3582:
3568:
3549:
3524:
3515:
3500:Please help
3488:
3445:
3430:
3421:
3406:Please help
3394:
3367:
3363:firing rooms
3354:
3312:
3291:
3282:biomechanics
3279:
3271:
3251:
3239:
3211:
3210:
3197:
3182:
3173:
3158:Please help
3146:
3116:
3101:
3092:
3077:Please help
3065:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2986:Smart cities
2963:
2949:
2926:
2900:
2894:
2868:
2864:
2856:
2852:
2825:
2810:
2791:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2739:
2730:
2704:
2677:, taxation,
2658:
2657:
2642:
2633:
2618:Please help
2606:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2550:
2531:
2508:
2485:
2476:
2461:Please help
2449:
2422:
2407:
2398:
2383:Please help
2371:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2320:
2311:
2296:Please help
2284:
2224:
2174:
2159:
2150:
2135:Please help
2123:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2066:
2057:
2042:Please help
2030:
2012:Biomechanics
1980:
1976:
1955:
1946:
1931:Please help
1919:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1835:
1823:Link Trainer
1820:
1800:
1794:
1789:
1772:
1766:
1762:Finding Nemo
1760:
1754:
1750:film studios
1736:
1730:
1724:
1713:
1701:
1699:
1692:
1690:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1656:
1636:
1626:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1591:
1578:
1575:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1499:
1486:auscultation
1467:
1453:
1446:
1430:
1427:
1418:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1378:
1376:
1333:
1329:
1324:laparoscopic
1314:
1313:
1292:
1274:
1256:
1230:
1225:
1213:
1197:
1176:
1169:Eye trackers
1150:
1145:
1135:
1111:
1107:
1105:
1096:
1085:
1072:
1063:
1062:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1009:optimization
1006:
991:
986:microprogram
971:
965:
950:
937:
927:
919:
913:simulation,
908:
893:
858:
850:
834:
833:
828:
826:
809:
808:
804:serious game
799:
798:
793:
792:
783:
782:
773:
772:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
743:
736:
735:
724:
723:
715:
714:
699:
698:
679:
675:
674:
666:
665:
654:
614:
598:
581:
579:
463:
283:Hermeneutics
171:Quantitative
63:
6583:: 100–114.
6349:: 747–756.
6281:: 607–612.
5885:14 November
5689:28 February
5426:27 February
5379:27 February
5255:27 December
5004:J Vasc Surg
4235:18 December
4230:web.mit.edu
4165:24 December
4135:24 December
3838:www.oed.com
3640:dissembling
3578:Kriegsspiel
3340:firing room
3252:In sports,
2723:dummy loads
2715:phase shift
2669:changes or
2227:Santa Claus
1901:Automobiles
1631:(1980) and
1604:Futureworld
1516:learner is
994:fault trees
934:Alan Turing
911:Monte Carlo
854:predictions
731:Monte Carlo
661:cybernetics
638:outer space
356:Ethnography
256:Methodology
211:Fallibilism
159:Qualitative
129:Referencing
40:Stimulation
6987:Simulation
6981:Categories
6930:simulation
6906:simulation
6545:: 101052.
6416:Q112813340
6371:Q112813532
6295:Q112813480
6200:6 December
5995:9 December
5969:9 December
5484:(1): 1–8.
5457:8 February
4570:Pharm. Res
4473:Paik, J.K.
4364:(5): 5–7.
4110:September.
4064:Photonics.
3821:References
3589:government
3259:algorithms
3207:Production
2920:simulators
2815:-adjusted
2765:Ergonomics
2339:competency
1827:Star Tours
1628:Battlezone
1518:percussing
1478:cardiology
1434:diagnostic
1320:blood draw
1092:World Bank
996:, or test
952:simulation
938:simulation
915:stochastic
582:simulation
531:Statistics
526:Simulation
464:Simulation
405:Interviews
368:Experiment
336:Case study
308:Pragmatism
226:Pragmatism
216:Positivism
206:Empiricism
18:Simulating
6640:1389-1286
6626:: 12–27.
6597:1569-190X
6561:1877-7503
6489:110790495
6481:1654-1642
6363:0001-9240
6287:0001-9240
6021:26 August
5880:The Verge
5836:110079763
5777:simulatr.
5389:cite news
4848:0193-9459
4791:0193-9459
4551:137324362
3664:In silico
3489:does not
3395:does not
3147:does not
3066:does not
2953:Nationlab
2727:impedance
2607:does not
2588:Economics
2554:terrorism
2450:does not
2372:does not
2285:does not
2256:Microsoft
2231:legendary
2207:Christmas
2124:does not
2031:does not
1920:does not
1746:viewpoint
1743:automated
1734:trilogy.
1703:Toy Story
1633:Acornsoft
1616:The film
1610:Star Wars
1482:palpation
1379:simulator
1120:immersion
949:the term
904:scenarios
869:chemistry
802:is where
164:Art-based
6934:simulate
6918:behavior
6914:gestures
6840:38009979
6832:21936288
6745:Archived
6717:Archived
6698:Archived
6681:44243386
6605:67752426
6516:Archived
6412:Wikidata
6367:Wikidata
6317:Archived
6291:Wikidata
6258:28 April
6194:Archived
6040:Archived
6015:Archived
5759:Archived
5735:Archived
5709:Archived
5615:Archived
5571:Archived
5551:41259893
5543:18462603
5500:18402731
5451:Archived
5420:Archived
5352:17626526
5311:19103813
5223:20078756
5106:27194144
5069:43162924
5061:24503910
5041:Ann Surg
5026:22836105
4985:25367431
4977:23407298
4957:Ann Surg
4934:25479238
4896:17574187
4856:28835189
4807:32696412
4799:28322631
4752:43449399
4744:20840399
4684:33235348
4676:16723880
4641:17998702
4592:16779701
4508:20123191
4456:Archived
4452:19998029
4444:18198704
4366:Archived
4337:Archived
4318:Archived
4299:Archived
4205:Archived
4017:Archived
3958:Archived
3810:UltraHLE
3646:See also
3628:—
3614:—
3585:business
3309:launches
3224:software
3122:Robotics
2932:Military
2558:pandemic
2521:or CAM,
2517:or CAD,
2260:programs
2237:and the
2193:UrbanSim
2189:land use
2181:AnyLogic
1774:Iron Man
1673:The Sims
1667:Nintendo
1514:3DiTeams
1353:keyboard
1261:3D audio
1142:, Brazil
973:emulator
861:modeling
672:system.
331:Analysis
124:Argument
114:Question
109:Proposal
79:Research
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