Takfiri - Knowledge

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government, and publicly anti-JAS Muslim preachers targeted first. This also meant any Muslims killed collaterally were not a concern since they were "guilty" for not having joined his jihad. ... October 2010, ... assassinations targeting Muslim religious leaders, especially Salafists who opposed JAS's religious interpretation, as well as civil servants, became an almost weekly occurrence in northeastern Nigeria. In addition to this, prisons, banks, churches and beer halls also were common targets of attack

2450:(aka Alawiyya) of Syria bigger infidels than even the Jews or Christians in a conference in June 2013 in Cairo (a conference that called for jihad in Syria and was attended by the Grand Imam of al-Azhar). Indications that executions of the enemy may have religious motivation came from an October 2013 video clip where Shiite Islamist fighters executed alleged captured Syrian rebels with the claim by one of the shooters that: "We are performing our taklif and we are not seeking personal vengeance." 5430: 949: 2509: 2495: 938: 2161:, but so was "Egyptian society as a whole" because it was "not fighting the Egyptian government and had thus accepted rule by non-Muslims". Hundreds of members of the group were arrested and Shukri Mustafa was executed but (according to journalist Robin Wright), the group reorganized with thousands of members. Later its ex-members went on to help assassinate Anwar Sadat, and be involved in the 2199:). Starting in April 1998, a series of massacres in villages or neighborhoods killed tens, and sometimes hundreds, of civilians without disregard to the age and sex of victims. Although the government had infiltrated the insurgents and it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved in massacres, the GIA amir, Antar Zouabri claimed credit for two massacres ( 1705:, the Mongols should be killed. Ibn Taymiyya wrote that he "was among the strictest of people in forbidding that a specific person be accuse of unbelief, immorality or sin until proof from the Messenger has been established", yet he "regularly accused his opponents of outright unbelief and has become a source of inspiration to many Islamist and even takfiri movements." 1866:. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to surivive into modern times. 1835:(the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if. 2442:, for example had successfully "tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis", with the brush of "takfiri". The Sunnis and Shiites antagonism has spread from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon, so that "there have been incidents in Australia, Azerbaijan, Britain, and Egypt". Well-known cleric 2187:

But in addition to the authorities of the jahili system, civilians also were targeted. Unlike the scholars of classical Islam, extremists not only expanded the definition of what constituted an apostate, but enforced its penalty. Along with other traditional socio-economic-ethnic-military-personality

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than Qutb, but "one famous quote" from him "has been seen written on walls and has also appeared repeatedly in IS texts: 'Whoever does not pay the price of jihad, shall pay the price of abstention'". Another source writes that the "roots" of ISIL's "takfiri" ideology "can be found in the Khawarij's

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In addition to takfiring Shia, from about 2003 to 2006 al-Zarqawi expanded "the range of behavior" that could make large number of self-proclaimed Muslims apostates: including "in certain cases, selling alcohol or drugs, wearing Western clothes or shaving one's beard, voting in an election—even for

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In the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy" were also "not unusual, and ... the terms 'unbeliever' and 'apostate' were commonly used in religious polemic" in hopes of silencing the deviant and prodding the lax back to the straight path. Classical manuals of jurisprudence in Islam sometimes

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Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of

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may also have been a motive. Niazi declared in a number of post-slaughter speeches from Mosques in Mazar-i-Sharif: "Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shi’a. They are kofr . The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras. ... You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan.

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While Qutb declared that the Islamic world had "long ago vanished from existence" and that true Muslims would have to confront "arrogant, mischievous, criminal and degraded people" in the struggle to restore Islam, he had not specifically stated that the self-professed Muslim "authorities of the

1846:. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points. 2470:

after 2010 ... Shekau, believed that jihad was obligatory and that not actively joining his jihad was tantamount to apostasy. This did not mean Shekau actively killed anyone after he announced jihad and renamed the group "JAS" in 2010. Rather, there was a "priority scale" with Christians, the

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Initiated by a sly Jew, are an apostate sect drowning in worship of the dead, cursing the best companions and wives of the Prophet, spreading doubt on the very basis of the religion (the Qur’ān and the Sunnah), defaming the very honor of the Prophet, and preferring their "twelve" imāms to the

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denigrating Shi’a as "a religious school based on excess and falsehood", but al-Zawahiri (and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi) also opposed attacks on Shia as a distraction from the more important goal of defeating the "far enemy", the United States. Attacks "on ordinary Shi’a, their mosques, and the

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Takfiris also reject the traditional Muslim duty to obey one's legitimate rulers in all manners that do not contradict the Sharia, as sedition is viewed as a great danger to a nation. However, takfiris consider all political authority that does not abide by their interpretation of Islam to be

2207:), calling the killings an "offering to God" and declaring impious the victims and all Algerians who had not joined its ranks. He declared that "except for those who are with us, all others are apostates and deserving of death," Between 100,000 and 200,000 were ultimately killed in the war. 2077:

Al Qaeda is commonly described as seeking to overthrow the "apostate" regimes in the Middle East and replace them with "true" Islamic governments, and having a "habit" of denouncing Muslims who did not "accept a narrow interpretation" of Sunni Islam as "non-believers and legitimate targets."

5230:—those who declare other Muslims to be apostates—Hizbollah has tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis, with the same radicalising brush. It has exaggerated, and thereby exacerbated, the sectarianism of the Syrian opposition as well as its own domestic opponents 1272:, provided legal precautions have been taken (the accused being educated in their error, given a chance to repent, evaluated for mental soundness, etc.). This is true in the case of a self-professed apostates, or "extreme, persistent and aggressive" proponents of religious innovation ( 1937:). Some Muslims (such as the cleric 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) responded by preaching that if the state would not kill apostates then it had "become a duty of individual Moslems" to do so, and gave advice on how to plead in court to avoid punishment after being arrested for such a murder. 1814:

in 657 CE. When 'Ali was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. "Judgement belongs to God alone" (لاَ حُكْكْ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves

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according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014;

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for its strategy of takfiring Muslim society and going into psychological hijra/exile from it), kidnapped and later killed an Islamic scholar and former Egyptian government minister Muhammad al-Dhahabi. The group's founder, Shukri Mustaf—who had been imprisoned with

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the Iranian New Year", would make a Muslim an unbeliever. Nonetheless, those accused of apostasy were usually left "unmolested", and in general executions for apostasy were "rare in Islamic history", unless the violation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive".

2005:, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for 2179:, targeted police, government officials (but also civilians including tourists). In one particularly bloody year (1993), 1106 persons were killed or wounded, and "several senior police officials and their bodyguards were shot dead in daylight ambushes." 1919:), ibn Abdul-Wahhāb makes an explicit takfir of people who invoke or implore for help from dead people (such as the prophet and his family) or, in other words, intercede for themselves with God by seeking intercession from the prophet and his family.) 2266:

mausoleum of their Imams" would "lift the burden from the Americans by diverting the mujahedeen to the Shi’a". What did provoke it to takfir and "legitimize targeting" was the fighting by Muslim soldiers as the allies of the West against Muslims.

2400:, considering their the shrines and these living saints a violation of monotheism. The deadliest attack by ISIL on Sufis, and "the worst terrorist attack in Egypt's modern history", occurred on 24 November 2017, when approximately 40 gunmen 2364:

and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from

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injunction against imprisoning or killing fellow Muslims. Since it is very difficult to overthrow governments without killing their (self-proclaimed) Muslim rulers and officials or any Muslim opposing the Islamists, and since enforcing

2426:(January 2017 issue five) an insurgent Islamic State commander condemned Sufi practices and identified the district where the attack occurred as one of three areas where Sufis live in Sinai that Islamic State intended to "eradicate." 5203: 1534:, the prohibition against killing Muslims is a major impediment against taking power. But if the enemy can be made to be not Muslims but unbelievers claiming to be Muslims, the prohibition is turned into a religious obligation. 2223:, Afghanistan. The Taliban indicated revenge, or ethnic hatred may have been a motivation for the slaughter, but comments by Mullah Niazi, the Taliban commander of the attack and newly installed governor, also indicated that 1826:

These original Kharijites opposed both 'Ali and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by 'Ali, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the

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declaring that one who wrongly declares another Muslim to be an unbeliever is himself an apostate. Takfirism has been called a "minority ideology" which "advocates the killing of other Muslims declared to be unbelievers".

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In 1974, 100 members of the "Islamic Liberation Organization", led by one Salih Sirriya, stormed the armory of the Military Technical College in Cairo, seizing weapons and vehicles, as part of a plan to kill President

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prophets and even to Allah! ...Thus, the Rāfidah are mushrik apostates who must be killed wherever they are to be found, until no Rāfidī walks on the face of earth, even if the jihād claimants despise such...

4021: 1506:, and consequently completely disengage from it. Podeh also points out that unlike jihadists, takfiri groups make no distinction between the regime and the ordinary population when employing violence. 1313:

is "so serious, and mistakes therein are so grave", that great care is needed, and that if the accused is actually a believing Muslim, then the act of accusing makes the accuser themself guilty of

4328:, American University of Beirut, 1992, p. 244 al-Jihaad al-Islami, Jama'a al Jihaad, and al-Takfir wa al-Hijrah were Egyptian terrorist groups. There was a Jund Allah in Egypt (Ruthven, Malise, 2388:". In a film made by ISIL about the Camp Speicher massacre, a narrator states: "All are apostates who have come from cities of apostates to kill Sunnis here, we have more than 2,000 of them." 2129:

In Qutb's home country of Egypt in the 1980s and 1990s many authorities of "the jahili system" were attacked and killed (along with non-Muslims such as tourists and Christians) by extremists.

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Ironically, the Taliban seemed to have backed off the "Hazaras are not Muslim" approach and were later denounced by the ISIS for their tolerance of Shia. The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine

5210: 2301:". He saw himself as fighting not just the occupying United States military, but what he called "the sects of apostasy" (i.e. Shia Muslims). In September 2005 he declared "all-out war" on 2249:

The Shī’ah are Muslims ... Everyone who says there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is Allah's Messenger is a Muslim. The sects are many and Allah will decide between them on Judgment Day.

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has also been used for "sanctioning violence against leaders of Islamic states" who do not enforce sharia or are otherwise "deemed insufficiently religious". This arbitrary application of

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The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate

5109: 1933:) abolished as a crime punishable by death in state statutes of law (the West also encouraged establishing laws giving equal rights to women and non-Muslims in violation of 405: 113: 1927:

In the colonial and post-colonial Muslim world the influence and pressure of Western powers meant that not only was apostasy rare in practice, but that it was (contrary to

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provided fairly detailed lists of practices and beliefs that would render a Muslim an apostate that went far beyond infractions of the basic tenets of Islam. For example,

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By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the

1500:(branding as apostate). However, according to Podeh's formulation, takfiri groups are more extreme, and regard not just some Muslims but the whole of Egyptian society as 2019:, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like 1765:. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. Shiʿas believe 1337:

is "used wrongly or unrestrainedly", retaliation could lead down a slippery slope of "discord and sedition" to mutual excommunication and "complete disaster." The Sunnī

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generally refers to a Wahabi Salafi who looks at the world in black-and-white; there are true believers and then there are nonbelievers, with no shades in between. A

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Nedza, Justyna (2016). "The Sum of Its Parts: The State as Apostate in Contemporary Saudi Militant Islamism". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel;

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What to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) disagree with other Muslims on an important doctrinal point is more controversial. In the case of the

4984: 4032: 1854:") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community. 2416:

branch was strongly suspected. On 25 November, the Egyptian public prosecutor's office, citing interviews with survivors, said the attackers brandished the

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law. Conservative Islamists do not support armed struggle against the secular government, whereas jihadist and takfiri groups do, and invoke the concepts of

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According to researcher Trevor Stanley, the precedent "for the declaration of takfir against a leader" came from the medieval Islamic scholar Taqi al-Din

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have used sectarian language to "cast one another" as non-Muslims/infidels, dehumanizing the enemy and intensifying the bloodshed and mayhem. The Shia

400: 108: 1278:). From the 19th century onwards, liberal/modernist/reformist Muslims have complained that this capital punishment is a violation of the principle of 5083: 2374: 1954:

could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an

1282:, and only those guilty of treason should be executed. Revivalist and conservative Muslims see the capital punishment as a matter of obedience to the 5392:

A Critical Study of the Multiple Identities and Disguises of 'al-Muhajiroun': Exposing the Antics of the Cult Followers of Omar Bakri Muhammad Fustuq

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Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In

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have referred to Ibn Taymiyyah when condemning self-proclaimed Muslims as not being real Muslims. ibn Abd al-Wahhab condemned the practices of

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have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the

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Gibril Haddad, “Quietism and End-Time Reclusion in the Qurʾān and Hadith: Al-Nābulusī and His Book Takmīl Al-Nuʿūt within the ʿuzla Genre,”

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al-Qarawee, Harith Hasan (2016). "The Media, Methods and Messages of the Islamic State's Communication Strategy". In Giusto, Hedwig (ed.).

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dedicates "dozens of pages" were devoted "to attacking and explaining the necessity of killing Shia", who the group refers to by the label

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Sinai during Friday prayers. 311 people were killed and at least 122 injured. While no group claimed responsibility for the attack, the

1375: 510: 4332:, Penguin, 1982, p. 315 ) and Lebanon (mentioned in Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics, 1985 by Emmanuel Sivan). 3257: 2348:, aka ISIL or Daesh, expanded takfir still further. ISIL not only called for the revival of slavery of non-Muslims (specifically of the 2282:), "has been responsible for 27,947 terrorist deaths". The majority of these have been Muslims "because it has regarded them as kafir". 1988:

adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb, the Muslim community has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to

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in 2012 where "up to 200 people" were killed, a splinter group called "Ansaru" left, complaining of the excessive killing of Muslims.

5464: 2924: 2157:, and was now one of Qutb's "most radical" disciples—believed that not only were the Egyptian President and his government officials 814: 202: 5243: 1379: 479: 1366:

but also against rival insurgent Islamist groups (although they are also Salafi-jihadists) and all those who oppose its policy of

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between the Algerian Government and various Islamist rebel groups, takfir was known to be declared by the hardline Islamist GIA (

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Yazidi women and children divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the

4086: 3105: 2656: 2476: 2357: 2373:(monotheism)". The Taliban were found "to be "a 'nationalist' movement, all too tolerant" of Shia. In 2015 ISIL "pronounced 1842:

Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the

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and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus

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Watts, Michael. 2015. "Insurgent Spaces: Power, Place, and Spectacle in Nigeria" in Merrill, Heather, and Hoffman, Lisa.

1549:), Takfiris condone acts of violence as legitimate methods of achieving religious or political goals. Middle East expert 4642: 4569: 4429: 4280: 4227: 4070: 3969: 3798: 3499: 3459: 3405: 3308: 2710: 2617: 1420: 3557:"Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations". 3524: 1294:; instead, it is frequently carried out by "vigilantes" who believe that they are executing their "individual duty". ( 5268: 671: 459: 1299: 1110:), and this is only done if all the prescribed legal precautions have been taken. Traditionally, the declaration of 5336: 5036: 3625: 2639: 1482:. All three see the government and society sadly lacking in piety and in need of Islamification and restoration of 1468: 5010: 3607: 2749: 2695:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. 2413: 2298: 2169: 1432: 3141: 2600: 1628:, but Takfiris believe that one who deliberately kills himself whilst attempting to kill a religious enemy is a 5154: 3236: 2745: 2341: 2294: 2196: 970: 5434: 3167: 5457: 1621: 681: 5061: 4726: 3692: 1290:) and protection of the faith. Since the 20th century, capital punishment is seldom applied by the state in 721: 6053: 1981: 1858:'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether. 1689:. After the Mongols converted to Islam, another cause was sought for the jihad against them. In his famous 1416: 1241: 871: 3295:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 304–326. 5663: 4804:

Stewart, S. (2017, March 9). Can the Islamic State and Al Qaeda find common ground? Stratfor World View.

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Starting in 2013, the ISIL began "encouraging takfir of Muslims deemed insufficiently pure in regard of

6058: 5178: 4900: 4758: 4455: 3956:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–24. 1994:(the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the 1898:(innovation of the religion), and ibn Abd al-Wahhab's followers slew many Muslims for allegedly pagan ( 1875: 1617: 1521:

may serve as a sort of ingenious "legal loophole" for Islamist insurgents, allowing them to bypass the

1448: 791: 454: 268: 70: 3952:(2016). "Introduction". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). 2458:

According to researchers Jacob Zenna and Zacharias Pier, takfir has been a major part of the focus of

1701:(Islamic law), they were not really Muslims, and since non-Muslims who called themselves Muslims were 5668: 4852: 4701: 2583: 2397: 2297:

in Iraq in 1999, is said to have turned "an insurgency against US troops" in Iraq "into a Shia–Sunni

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was successfully assassinated (along with six diplomats) by members of the Tanzim al-Jihad movement.

1601: 1464: 1428: 1363: 1291: 1279: 963: 918: 233: 1090:("unbeliever"), and is described as when "one who is a Muslim is declared impure." An apostate is a 5450: 4812:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 4110: 3654:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 3520: 2991:"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism" 2579: 2245:

quoted "Abdullāh al-Wazīr, the official correspondent of the nationalist Taliban media committee":

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Abdullah El-Faisal Al-Jamayki: A Critical Study of His Statements, Errors and Extremism in Takfeer

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to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shiʿas and the Sunnis during the

603: 4264: 3341:"Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective" 2381: 2142: 2083: 2066: 2038: 1863: 1777:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to 1747: 1723: 1641: 1514: 1478:, Elie Podeh distinguishes between three groups: conservative Islamists, "jihadi" Muslims, and 1348: 736: 152: 4268: 1023:

who excommunicates one of his/her coreligionists, i.e. who accuses another Muslim of being an

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https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/can-islamic-state-and-al-qaeda-find-common-ground

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upon orthodox, self-professed Muslims. Generally, Muslims agree that the declaration of

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Another popular term used by Shiite jihadis for their Sunni enemies has been "takfiri"

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Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb

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From its inception in 2013 to 2021, directly or through affiliated groups, ISIS (also

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system" were apostates (or whether they should all be killed)—but his followers have.

1517:(such as Jacob Zenna, Zacharias Pier, and Dale Eikmeier) argue that the accusation of 5359: 5310: 4905: 4837: 4638: 4565: 4425: 4294: 4276: 4233: 4223: 4066: 3975: 3965: 3794: 3721: 3679: 3495: 3465: 3455: 3415: 3401: 3364: 3314: 3304: 3232: 3175: 3111: 3101: 3033: 3014: 2965: 2953: 2853: 2716: 2706: 2652: 2648: 2613: 2609: 2443: 2401: 2262: 2204: 2158: 2114: 2105: 2058: 2020: 1976: 1843: 1828: 1804: 1766: 1719: 1702: 1510: 1456: 1452: 1424: 1314: 1265: 1249: 1209: 1205: 1039: 1024: 1016: 911: 841: 776: 741: 716: 696: 608: 569: 545: 294: 246: 207: 192: 168: 125: 120: 65: 27: 5352:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 5303:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 4599: 3827: 3714:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 3583: 3571: 2824: 2261:

Al Qaeda shared some of the takfir beliefs of ISIS, with, for example senior leader

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factors of insurgency, takfir played a part in the bloodshed of extremist violence.

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by Hanafi scholar Shaykhzadeh (d.1667 CE), declared such misdeeds as "to assert the

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Writing in 2014, Aaron Y. Zelin and Phillip Smyth argue that the combatants in the

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During the 1990s, a violent Islamic insurgency in Egypt, primarily perpetrated by

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First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an

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Entre menace, censure et liberté: La presse privé algérienne se bat pour survivre

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Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

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Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir, and the Genocide of Muslims

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The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām

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in Iraq after the Iraqi government offensive on insurgents in the Sunni town of

1537:

Takfiris have also been classified by some scholars as violent offshoots of the

5588: 4504:, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 93 4166:, Bayrut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. 2 volumes; v. 1, pp. 535–538; quoted in 3065: 2591: 2220: 2134: 899: 846: 756: 706: 666: 633: 593: 527: 439: 419: 390: 365: 319: 3961: 3397: 3359: 3340: 3300: 2849: 2701: 6042: 5823: 5363: 5314: 4828: 4811: 3979: 3725: 3670: 3653: 3368: 3318: 3018: 3003:(8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI: 483. 2957: 2938: 2857: 2720: 2527: 2200: 2110: 1678: 1371: 1221: 1163: 1159: 851: 766: 751: 701: 686: 628: 613: 539: 434: 275: 212: 5735: 4971:"Up to 15,000 ISIS victims buried in mass graves in Syria and Iraq – survey" 4275:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 102–110. 2241:

to be their brothers and publicly denouncing those who target the Rāfidah:"

1600:

was brought to a more public prominence by the BBC investigative journalist

1463:), "the overwhelming majority" of violent terrorist attacks had occurred in 5505: 5136:"Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says" 5110:"Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says" 3385: 2595: 2500: 1985: 1832: 1693:, Ibn Taymiyyah reasoned that since the Mongols followed their traditional 1590: 1398: 942: 923: 881: 876: 786: 771: 711: 588: 385: 370: 329: 258: 229: 5059: 4482:. Belgium: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. p. 102 2352:

minority group), but takfired any Muslim who disagreed with their policy.

2318: 1669:, to translate the Quran, ... to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate 1435:) who have targeted and killed hundreds of Ahmadi Muslims in the country. 6014: 5877: 5646: 5633: 5560: 5155:"Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack" 3786: 2480: 2154: 2118: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1883: 1839: 1774: 1735: 1550: 1229: 1139: 1095: 866: 761: 746: 623: 552: 5429: 4948: 4932: 3604:"Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan" 3392:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–240. 3048: 3009: 2990: 2337:

a Muslim candidate—and being lax about calling other people apostates".

948: 5979: 5859: 5565: 5540: 5515: 5404: 4189: 4149: 3880: 2948: 2688: 2459: 2384:

in Iraq, "when the group murdered more than 1,500 Shi’a army cadets in

2302: 1739: 1731: 1727: 1225: 1174: 1123: 836: 618: 380: 137: 5062:"Egypt hunts for killers after mosque attack leaves at least 235 dead" 4065:(3rd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 163–169. 3603: 3430:

Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and its Consequences

2738: 2475:

The policy led to a schism in the group, and after Shekau ordered an "

2404:

the al-Rawda mosque (associated with the Jaririya Sufi order) near El-

1455:

on civilians is underscored by the fact that as of 2017 (according to

1114:

was used against self-professed Muslims who denied one or more of the

5885: 5831: 5800: 5761: 2633:

Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: Choice or Destiny?". In

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One of ISIL's "most infamous large-scale killings" was the June 2014

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Global Jihadism as a Transnational Movement: A Theoretical Framework

4456:"Transcript | Al Qaeda's New Front | Frontline | PBS" 4181: 4141: 3954:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

3926: 3872: 3293:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

1409:

and deprives them of religious rights. All religious seminaries and

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In August 1998 the Taliban insurgents slaughtered 8000 mostly Shia

2070: 1895: 1770: 1762: 1714: 1593:. As such, violence against such regimes is considered legitimate. 1341: 1338: 1213: 375: 251: 93: 35: 5442: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4298: 4237: 3469: 3115: 1810:

The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the

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Abubakar, Aballahhi. 2012. "The media, politics and Boko blitz".

4394:"Comparing Al Qaeda and ISIS: Different goals, different targets" 2917:"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" 2447: 2216: 2016: 1792: 1743: 1682: 1648:

of the martyrs are absolved when they die in martyrdom, allowing

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Kepel, Gilles; Milelli, Jean-Pierre; Hegghammer, Thomas (2008).

3699:, edited by Efraim Inbar, Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, Routledge, 2013 1652:

for the indiscriminate killing of civilians and non-combatants.

1541:. Although most Salafis oppose terrorism or violence within the 6000: 5974: 5964: 5908: 5867: 5841: 5808: 5791: 5702: 5673: 5660: 5641: 5608: 5598: 5555: 5498: 5493: 4745: 4382:

by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 63

4222:(1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 9–26. 2385: 2361: 2349: 2224: 1995: 1929: 1779: 1698: 1670: 1637: 1581:

illegitimate and therefore apostate; this view closely mirrors

1305:

There is also agreement among Muslims in the case of declaring

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Daesh and the terrorist threat: from the Middle East to Europe

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Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017).

6027: 5959: 5935: 5694: 5570: 5520: 4516:"Jihad Without Rules: The Evolution of al-Takfir wa al-Hijra" 3224: 2405: 2093:) had been in prison with Qutb, and was a "disciple" of his. 2007: 1784: 1751: 1694: 1690: 1542: 1502: 1475: 1406: 1326: 1318: 1103: 1086: 1062: 1047: 300: 288: 240: 50: 5011:"Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?" 4632: 4216:"Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology" 3066:"The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement" 2237:(19 January 2016) attacked the Taliban for "considering the 2036:

By the mid 1990s, one list of Qutb-inspired groups included

1831:, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the 1046:, and potentially a cause of strife and violence within the 6022: 5730: 5725: 5618: 5411:, PhD dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara. 5397:

AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi,

5390:

AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi,

5270:

Hizballah Executing Syrian Prisoners? – Analyzing the Video

5244:"Inside Hezbollah: fighting and dying for a confused cause" 2989:

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for centuries. Since the latter half of the 20th century,

5740: 4164:

al-tashri al-djina'i al-Islam muqaran bi-al-qanun al-wadi

3627:

Islam and the patterns in terrorism and violent extremism

3515: 3513: 3511: 2045:, Jund Allah, al-Jihaad, Tanzim al-Faniyyah al-Askariyyah 1769:

is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider

3630:. Center for strategic and International Studies (CSIS). 2915:

Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).

2377:—then al-Qaida's affiliate in Syria—an apostate group." 2269: 1187:

main source of insurrection against the early caliphates

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The Middle East: a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

3227:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 3049:"Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts" 1260:

Traditionally, Muslims have agreed that someone born a

4417: 3693:"Egypt's Struggle against the Militant Islamic Groups" 3508: 1154:

perpetrated against them over the centuries. The term

1030:

Since according to the traditional interpretations of

3947: 2604:. Vol. 10. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 1624:. In mainstream Islam, suicide is considered a major 5004: 5002: 3707: 3705: 3094:"A Legal Analysis of Ahmadi Persecution in Pakistan" 2984: 2982: 2825:"The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of 2818: 2816: 2814: 2643:. Vol. I. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. 2490: 5291:, Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. p. 196. 5289:

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2340:Al-Zarqawi was killed in 2006 the successor of the 2026: 1730:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between 5256:those they provocatively and brand "the Takfiris" 4926: 4924: 4368:The War for Muslim Minds : Islam and the West 4121: 3929:. Perspectives on World History and Current Events 3552: 3550: 2571: 2047:—all of which were fighting violent insurgencies. 1492:(regression of Muslims to pre-Islamic ignorance), 1374:and Non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly 5343: 5328: 5294: 5153:Walsh, Declan; Youssef, Nour (24 November 2017). 4999: 4782:"[Letter from al-Zawahiri to al-Zarqawi]" 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 3887: 3702: 3339:Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). 2979: 2822: 2811: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2578:Hunwick, Ed; Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Takfīr". In 2420:. 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Jihad as Terrorism". 3157: 1469:"primary victims" of these attacks were Muslims 1389:—who are accused of denying the basic tenet of 5134:Omar Fahmy; Patrick Marke (25 November 2017). 4507: 4466: 4411: 4196: 3995:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'" 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 2665: 2577: 1228:, and those of the modern Islamist ideologues 1122:, Islamic denominations and movements such as 5458: 5204:"Lebanon's Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria" 4933:"Ideological Infighting in the Islamic State" 4844: 4269:"Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory" 3941: 3380: 3378: 3164:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 3087: 3085: 3083: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 1572:according to a literal interpretation of the 1197:has become a "central ideology" of insurgent 971: 5209:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 5152: 4756: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4249: 4247: 3634: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3338: 3180:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2988: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2798: 2061:, "jihad's main ideologist," (originally of 523:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 5349: 5300: 4779: 4167: 4127: 3858: 3847: 3817:, Oxford University Press 2002, pp. 59–60. 3711: 3441: 3325: 3188: 1317:. There is also a belief shared by various 5465: 5451: 5127: 4757:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (29 January 2016). 4693: 4472: 4385: 3830:. 21 July 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 3375: 3280: 3138:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 3080: 3074:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 3063: 2899: 2737:Blanchard, Christopher (28 January 2009). 2732: 2730: 2682: 1812:battle between 'Ali and Mu'awiya at Siffin 978: 964: 5416:Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam 5146: 4893: 4850: 4827: 4578: 4244: 4213: 4087:"Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā'idatuhu" 3752:Parameters: U.S. Army War College Journal 3748:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-fascism" 3669: 3623: 3476: 3358: 3008: 2947: 2937: 2925:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 2879: 2736: 2700: 2446:, often branded as "moderate," declared 1922: 815:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 3745: 3353:(4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 305–335. 2844:(2). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 134–162. 2626: 2453: 2015:government/society, and overthrow them. 1655: 1620:also differ significantly from those of 1255: 5053: 4968: 4901:"Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia" 4809: 4633:Nesroullah Yous; Salima Mellah (2000). 3893: 3815:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam 3651: 3596: 3390:Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia 3252: 3250: 3248: 3046: 3031: 2806:Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea 2727: 2693:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements 1909:Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā’idatuhu 1453:religiously-motivated terrorist attacks 1244:and mainstream Muslim scholars such as 1158:has also been pejoritavely deployed by 6041: 5241: 5176: 5076: 5008: 4930: 4816:Contemporary Review of the Middle East 4759:"Revealed: Why ISIS Hates the Taliban" 4557: 4551: 4450: 4448: 3658:Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3207: 3128: 2601:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2031: 5446: 4699: 4391: 4220:Routledge Handbook of Political Islam 4060: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4019: 3918: 3614:Contemporary South Asia, 2004. p. 15. 3535:from the original on 16 February 2015 3489: 3384: 3286: 3098:State Responses to Minority Religions 3091: 2914: 2789: 2632: 2270:War in Iraq (2013–2017) and aftermath 2182: 1240:has been denounced as deviant by the 1060:is considered a major forbidden act ( 5029: 4977: 4690:, 21 January (quoted in Willis 1996) 4513: 4263: 3992: 3906:from the original on 11 January 2016 3785: 3519: 3245: 2783: 2772: 2770: 2543: 2346:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2312:The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine 2280:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2098:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1874:The 18th-century Islamic revivalist 1438: 1423:has sparked several large riots (in 1403:Second Amendment to its Constitution 5472: 4445: 3924: 3828:"The New Al-Qaeda: Madrid bombings" 3572:"Eight die in Pakistan sect attack" 3432:. Birmingham: Amadeus Books, 2002 . 3129:Siegel, Alexandra (December 2015). 2932:(5–6). Sage Publications: 706–734. 2896:, London: I.B. Tauris, 2002, p. 31 2894:Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam 2744:. fpc.state.gov. Washington, D.C.: 2429: 2391: 2253:as evidence of Taliban wrongdoing. 1958:. He was a prominent leader of the 1869: 1474:Studying the largest Arab country, 1000: 13: 5381: 5009:Specia, Megan (24 November 2017). 4883:"Letter from Zarqawi to bin Laden" 4392:Byman, Daniel L. (29 April 2015). 4049: 3927:"Kufr – Kaffir – Takfir – Takfiri" 2780:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2360:... Enslaving the families of the 2137:and other top Egyptian officials. 2075:Knights under the Prophet's Banner 2073:, paid homage to Qutb in his book 1748:political and religious succession 1681:(1263–1328 CE), who supported the 1644:. According to this doctrine, all 1604:in his 2005 BBC television series 1321:which assert that the practice of 535:Principles of State and Government 511:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 14: 6075: 5422: 5177:Zelin, Aaron Y.; Smyth, Phillip. 4810:Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). 3948:Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; 3894:Elliott, Andrea (26 March 2006). 3652:Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). 3584:"Sect offices closed in Pakistan" 3064:Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). 2867:from the original on 11 July 2019 2767: 2331: 1636:) and therefore goes straight to 1451:, insurgent Islamist groups, and 460:List of Islamic political parties 5428: 5337:Journal of African Media Studies 5242:Miller, Johnathan (April 2014). 5179:"The vocabulary of sectarianism" 4727:"The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif" 4700:Ajami, Fouad (27 January 2010). 4564:. Rand Corporation. p. 70. 4218:. In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.). 3160:"The Vocabulary of Sectarianism" 2755:from the original on 11 May 2022 2649:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025 2610:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154 2507: 2493: 2027:Late 20th and early 21st century 1878:and 20th-century Muslim authors 1449:modern Islamic political thought 1325:may be dangerous for the entire 1080:The accusation itself is called 1054:), an ill-founded accusation of 1011:lit. "excommunicational") is an 947: 936: 5281: 5261: 5235: 5196: 5102: 4962: 4875: 4798: 4773: 4719: 4679: 4669: 4651: 4626: 4613: 4592: 4538: 4494: 4373: 4361: 4348: 4335: 4318: 4305: 4156: 4103: 4079: 4013: 3986: 3834: 3820: 3807: 3779: 3766: 3686: 3617: 3422: 3151: 3122: 3025: 2550: 1640:without having to wait for the 1084:, derived from the Arabic word 4969:Shaheen, K. (30 August 2016). 4931:Bunzel, Cole (February 2019). 4885:. January 2004. Archived from 4514:Mili, Hayder (June 29, 2006). 4315:15, no. 2 (2017): pp. 108–109) 3896:"In Kabul, a Test for Shariah" 3746:Eikmeier, Dale (Spring 2007). 3096:. In Kirkham, David M. (ed.). 2746:Congressional Research Service 2210: 2197:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria 1940: 1687:invading Central Asian Mongols 1568:s mission is to re-create the 1094:. In principle, in mainstream 1: 5683:(United Society of Believers) 5433:The dictionary definition of 4851:Anonymous (August 13, 2015). 4589:By Katerina Dalacoura, p. 113 4380:Understanding Terror Networks 3262:Oxford Islamic Studies Online 2538: 2109:view, and in the writings of 2069:), and the current leader of 2011:against what he perceived as 1799:), and therefore deemed them 1708: 1354:, for example, have declared 1181:against both Sunnī and Shīʿa 682:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 5356:Journal for Deradicalization 5307:Journal for Deradicalization 4561:Radical Islam in East Africa 4214:Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012). 4001:. The Globe and Mail Opinion 3993:Khan, Sheema (12 May 2018). 3718:Journal for Deradicalization 3567:Harvard Human Rights Journal 2564: 2285: 1982:Middle East and North Africa 1685:in their jihad against the 1395:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1242:mainstream branches of Islam 7: 6049:Islam-related controversies 5664:Great and abominable church 4623:, Scribner, 2002, pp. 82–83 4600:"Armed Conflict Year Index" 4063:A New Introduction to Islam 3857:(1, pp. 629–637); cited in 3624:Cordesman, Anthony (2017). 3494:. Touchstone. p. 229. 3442:Julie Rajan, V. G. (2015). 3140:. p. 6. Archived from 2808:, Penguin UK (2017), p. 75 2640:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 2486: 2342:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2295:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2256: 2081:Shukri Mustaf, founder of 1917:Clarification of the Doubts 1391:the Finality of Prophethood 1006: 471:Militant Islamism based in 10: 6080: 1968:In the shade of the Qurʾān 1944: 1876:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1726:with the emergence of the 1712: 1611: 1405:, that Ahmadi Muslims are 1387:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 1128:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 792:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 455:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 114:Salafism by country/region 6013: 5988: 5949: 5928: 5921: 5894: 5876: 5858: 5840: 5822: 5799: 5790: 5770: 5749: 5718: 5711: 5693: 5655: 5632: 5579: 5548: 5539: 5481: 4987:. Vice news. 12 July 2015 4937:Perspectives on Terrorism 4502:Muslim Extremism in Egypt 4421:Al Qaeda in Its Own Words 3962:10.1163/9789004307834_002 3577:30 September 2009 at the 3569:, Vol 16, September 2003. 3562:17 September 2009 at the 3444:"Islamism, Al Qaeda, and 3398:10.4159/9780674039070-007 3360:10.1163/15730255-12314024 3301:10.1163/9789004307834_013 2850:10.1163/15730255-31020044 2792:Contending with Terrorism 2702:10.1163/9789004435544_026 1970:) and his 1966 manifesto 1758:) after the death of the 1496:(God's sovereignty), and 1465:Muslim-majority countries 1415:in Pakistan belonging to 1292:Muslim-majority countries 1280:no compulsion in religion 919:Islam and other religions 872:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 401:International propagation 109:International propagation 16:Radical Islamist ideology 4857:New York Review of Books 4829:10.1177/2347798920921706 4780:Al-Zawahiri, A. (2005). 4702:"The Furrows of Algeria" 4637:. La Découverte, Paris. 3671:10.1177/2347798920921706 3525:"What ISIS Really Wants" 3047:Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). 3032:Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). 2939:10.1177/0261927X19868494 2739:"Islam: Sunnis and Shia" 2462:under the leadership of 2191:In the brutal 1991–2002 2146:(known to the public as 2124: 2087:(known to the public as 1667:createdness of the Quran 1585:on what he perceived as 1417:different sects of Islam 1333:); they believe that if 1144:religious discrimination 563:Governance of the Jurist 3490:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 3092:Uddin, Asma T. (2014). 2790:Brown, Michael (2010). 1750:to the guidance of the 1264:or converting to Islam 672:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 5387:Sahih al-Bukhari 4.574 4558:Rabasa, Angel (2009). 4291:10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10 4162:'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, 4061:Brown, Daniel (2017). 2635:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 2473: 2382:Camp Speicher massacre 2367: 2329: 2251: 2177:Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya 2100:may be more rooted in 2067:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 1923:Colonial era and after 1746:was disputed over the 1724:early history of Islam 1578: 1515:Middle Eastern studies 1349:terrorist organization 1142:, becoming victims of 737:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 153:Islamic fundamentalism 5401:, Jamiah Media, 2011 5394:, Jamiah Media, 2009 4853:"The Mystery of ISIS" 4635:Qui a tué a Bentalha? 4398:Brookings Institution 4020:Hasan, Usama (2012). 3844:, (2002), pp. 47–48. 3035:Anti-Shiism Discourse 2468: 2454:Boko Haram in Nigeria 2398:takfired Sufi Muslims 2354: 2324: 2247: 1894:and other Muslims as 1656:Historical background 1555: 1266:who rejects the faith 1256:Issues and criticisms 1130:have been accused of 1116:basic tenets of Islam 1068:Islamic jurisprudence 1038:) the punishment for 810:Criticism of Islamism 804:Criticism of Islamism 722:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 639:Hibatullah Akhundzada 5677:(Society of Friends) 4909:. September 14, 2005 4889:on January 20, 2016. 4324:Ahmad S. Moussalli, 3610:16 June 2007 at the 3589:2 April 2012 at the 3040:University of Tehran 2291:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 1803:for their perceived 1511:political scientists 644:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 604:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 561:Islamic Government: 6054:Islam-related slurs 5246:. Channel Four News 4273:Understanding Jihad 4170:Die Welt des Islams 4130:Die Welt des Islams 3861:Die Welt des Islams 3813:Esposito, John L.; 3793:. New York: Crown. 3531:. Washington, D.C. 3428:Oliveti, Vincenzo. 3268:on January 17, 2013 3170:on 1 February 2022. 3010:10.3390/rel10080483 2143:Jama'at al-Muslimin 2140:In 1977, the group 2084:Jama'at al-Muslimin 2063:al-Jihaad al-Islami 2039:al-Jihaad al-Islami 2032:Qutb and insurgents 1913:Kashf ush-Shubuhaat 1431:) and bombings (in 1138:("unbelievers") by 954:Politics portal 907:Islam and modernity 565:("Velayat-e faqih") 547:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 5277:. 14 October 2013. 5216:on 21 October 2014 5159:The New York Times 5090:. 24 November 2017 5015:The New York Times 4733:. November 1, 1998 4330:Islam in the World 4029:Quiliam Foundation 3999:The Globe and Mail 3900:The New York Times 3695:by Elie Podeh. in 3346:Arab Law Quarterly 3062: • 3045: • 2837:Arab Law Quarterly 2418:Islamic State flag 2219:non-combatants in 2205:Bentalha massacres 2193:Algerian Civil War 2183:Algerian Civil War 2163:Algerian Civil War 1964:Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān 1960:Muslim Brotherhood 1864:Islamic heartlands 1722:dates back to the 1530:is the insurgents 1443:The importance of 1352:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh 1270:capital punishment 1236:. The practice of 1218:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh 832:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 677:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 662:Abu Hamza al-Masri 490:Sub-Saharan Africa 450:Muslim Brotherhood 425:Iranian Revolution 335:Islamic Golden Age 203:Islamic liberalism 183:Islamic governance 6059:Islamic extremism 6036: 6035: 6009: 6008: 5917: 5916: 5786: 5785: 5689: 5688: 4520:Terrorism Monitor 3950:Schmidtke, Sabine 3925:Stanley, Trevor. 3791:The Devil We Know 3289:Schmidtke, Sabine 3231:. pp. 1–20. 3209:Izutsu, Toshihiko 3107:978-1-4724-1647-6 2685:Cusack, Carole M. 2658:978-90-04-14743-0 2584:van Donzel, E. J. 2544:Explanatory notes 2444:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 2358:Sinjar operations 2263:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2115:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2106:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2059:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2021:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1972:Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq 1767:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1720:Islamic extremism 1697:law rather than 1553:has written that 1457:Anthony Cordesman 1439:Takfiri, Khawarij 1250:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1234:Abul A'la Maududi 1185:, and became the 1118:. Throughout the 1104:scholars of Islam 988: 987: 842:Abdelwahab Meddeb 777:Haji Shariatullah 742:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 727:Abul A'la Maududi 717:Ruhollah Khomeini 697:Rached Ghannouchi 609:Ruhollah Khomeini 516:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 406:by country/region 295:Two-nation theory 247:Islamic terrorism 208:Islamic socialism 193:Islamic democracy 169:Apostasy in Islam 126:Deobandi jihadism 121:Deobandi movement 6071: 5926: 5925: 5850:Grave worshipper 5797: 5796: 5716: 5715: 5684: 5678: 5672: 5669:Latter-Day Saint 5624:Whore of Babylon 5604:Mackerel snapper 5546: 5545: 5502: 5467: 5460: 5453: 5444: 5443: 5432: 5418:, Penguin, 2004 5375: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5298: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5275:Brown Moses Blog 5265: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5181:. Foreign Policy 5174: 5163: 5162: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5095: 5088:Associated Press 5080: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5069: 5057: 5051: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5024: 5022: 5017:. 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P. 2575: 2558: 2554: 2517: 2512: 2511: 2503: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2436:Syrian Civil War 2430:Syrian civil war 2392:Attacks on Sufis 2375:Jabhat al-Nusrat 2149:Takfir wal-Hijra 2090:Takfir wal-Hijra 2043:Takfir wal-Hijra 1870:ibn Abdul-Wahhāb 1752:Muslim community 1663:Madjma' al-Anhur 1642:Day of Judgement 1622:orthodox Muslims 1618:views on suicide 1606:The New Al Qaeda 1567: 1543:Muslim community 1513:and scholars of 1327:Muslim community 1268:is deserving of 1246:Hasan al-Hudaybi 1210:terrorist groups 1171:history of Islam 1120:history of Islam 1048:Muslim community 1009: 1002: 980: 973: 966: 952: 951: 943:Islam portal 941: 940: 939: 825:in North America 782:Hassan Al-Turabi 732:Abul Hasan Nadwi 325:Anti-imperialism 223:Islamic republic 218:Islamic monarchy 198:Islamic feminism 38: 32: 31: 21: 20: 6079: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6032: 6005: 5984: 5945: 5913: 5890: 5872: 5854: 5836: 5818: 5782: 5766: 5757:Self-hating Jew 5745: 5707: 5685: 5682: 5676: 5666: 5651: 5628: 5575: 5535: 5496: 5477: 5471: 5425: 5384: 5382:Further reading 5379: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5348: 5344: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5299: 5295: 5286: 5282: 5267: 5266: 5262: 5249: 5247: 5240: 5236: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5184: 5182: 5175: 5166: 5151: 5147: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5093: 5091: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5067: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5043: 5035: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5007: 5000: 4990: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4973:. The Guardian. 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4929: 4922: 4912: 4910: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4881: 4880: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4849: 4845: 4803: 4799: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4778: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4755: 4746: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4724: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4698: 4694: 4684: 4680: 4668: 4664: 4660:, 31 March 1998 4656: 4652: 4645: 4631: 4627: 4619:Murphy, Caryle 4618: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4548:, 1985, p. 181 4543: 4539: 4529: 4527: 4512: 4508: 4500:Kepel, Gilles, 4499: 4495: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4432: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4353: 4349: 4340: 4336: 4323: 4319: 4310: 4306: 4283: 4262: 4245: 4230: 4212: 4197: 4182:10.2307/1570336 4161: 4157: 4142:10.2307/1570336 4126: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4096: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3991: 3987: 3972: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3888: 3873:10.2307/1570336 3852: 3848: 3842:Terror's Source 3839: 3835: 3826: 3825: 3821: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3784: 3780: 3776:, (2002), p. 45 3774:Terror's Source 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3744: 3740: 3730: 3728: 3710: 3703: 3691: 3687: 3650: 3635: 3622: 3618: 3612:Wayback Machine 3602:Rahman, Tariq: 3601: 3597: 3591:Wayback Machine 3582: 3579:Wayback Machine 3570: 3564:Wayback Machine 3555: 3548: 3538: 3536: 3518: 3509: 3502: 3488: 3477: 3462: 3440: 3436: 3427: 3423: 3408: 3383: 3376: 3337: 3326: 3311: 3285: 3281: 3271: 3269: 3256: 3255: 3246: 3239: 3229:Keio University 3206: 3189: 3173: 3172: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3133: 3127: 3123: 3108: 3090: 3081: 3061: 3044: 3030: 3026: 2987: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2919: 2913: 2900: 2892:Kepel, Gilles; 2891: 2880: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2831: 2821: 2812: 2803: 2799: 2788: 2784: 2775: 2768: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2713: 2681: 2666: 2659: 2631: 2627: 2620: 2580:Bosworth, C. E. 2576: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2561: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2515:Religion portal 2513: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2464:Abubakar Shekau 2456: 2432: 2394: 2334: 2288: 2272: 2259: 2213: 2185: 2170:President Sadat 2127: 2034: 2029: 1984:and across the 1949: 1943: 1925: 1880:Maulana Maududi 1872: 1852:Ethiopian slave 1844:'Abbasid period 1801:worthy of death 1760:Islamic prophet 1717: 1711: 1658: 1614: 1565: 1539:Salafi movement 1441: 1346:Salafi-jihadist 1319:Muslim scholars 1258: 1212:, particularly 1203:Salafi jihadist 1134:and labeled as 984: 946: 937: 935: 929: 928: 902: 892: 891: 887:Magnus Ranstorp 805: 797: 796: 692:Hassan al-Banna 657: 649: 648: 599:Muammar Gaddafi 584: 576: 575: 562: 505: 497: 496: 430:Jamaat-e-Islami 353: 345: 344: 340:Islamic revival 315: 307: 306: 264:Political Islam 164: 156: 155: 149: 104:Salafi jihadism 99:Salafi movement 89: 81: 80: 46: 34: 33: 25: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6077: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6030: 6025: 6019: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5943: 5938: 5932: 5930: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5864: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5820: 5819: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5805: 5803: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5713: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5699: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5638: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5627: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5589:Creeping Jesus 5585: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5491: 5487: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5469: 5462: 5455: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5424: 5423:External links 5421: 5420: 5419: 5412: 5402: 5395: 5388: 5383: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5342: 5327: 5293: 5280: 5260: 5234: 5195: 5164: 5145: 5126: 5101: 5075: 5052: 5041:Anadolu Agency 5028: 4998: 4976: 4961: 4920: 4892: 4874: 4843: 4822:(3): 259–285. 4797: 4772: 4761:. The Diplomat 4744: 4718: 4692: 4678: 4662: 4650: 4644:978-2707133328 4643: 4625: 4612: 4591: 4577: 4571:978-0833046796 4570: 4550: 4544:Wright, Robin 4537: 4506: 4493: 4465: 4444: 4431:978-0674028043 4430: 4410: 4384: 4372: 4360: 4347: 4334: 4317: 4304: 4282:978-0520287327 4281: 4243: 4229:978-1138577824 4228: 4195: 4155: 4120: 4115:islamicweb.com 4102: 4099:on 2014-07-23. 4078: 4072:978-1118953464 4071: 4048: 4012: 3985: 3971:978-9004307834 3970: 3940: 3917: 3886: 3846: 3833: 3819: 3806: 3800:978-0307408648 3799: 3778: 3765: 3738: 3701: 3685: 3664:(3): 259–285. 3633: 3616: 3595: 3546: 3523:(March 2015). 3507: 3501:978-0684832807 3500: 3475: 3461:978-1138221802 3460: 3434: 3421: 3407:978-0674039070 3406: 3374: 3324: 3310:978-9004307834 3309: 3279: 3244: 3237: 3213:"The Infidel ( 3187: 3150: 3147:on 3 May 2023. 3121: 3106: 3079: 3024: 2978: 2898: 2878: 2810: 2804:Shiraz Maher, 2797: 2782: 2766: 2726: 2712:978-9004435544 2711: 2689:Upal, M. Afzal 2664: 2657: 2625: 2619:978-9004161214 2618: 2596:Bearman, P. J. 2569: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2559: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2504: 2488: 2485: 2477:urban invasion 2455: 2452: 2431: 2428: 2393: 2390: 2333: 2332:Broader takfir 2330: 2293:, who founded 2287: 2284: 2271: 2268: 2258: 2255: 2221:Mazar-i-Sharif 2212: 2209: 2184: 2181: 2165:and Al-Qaeda. 2135:Anwar El Sadat 2126: 2123: 2096:The Takfir of 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2001:. In order to 1945:Main article: 1942: 1939: 1924: 1921: 1907:(In his books 1871: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1713:Main article: 1710: 1707: 1657: 1654: 1613: 1610: 1440: 1437: 1358:not only upon 1257: 1254: 1248:(d. 1977) and 986: 985: 983: 982: 975: 968: 960: 957: 956: 931: 930: 927: 926: 921: 916: 915: 914: 903: 900:Related topics 898: 897: 894: 893: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 847:Maryam Namazie 844: 839: 834: 829: 828: 827: 822: 812: 806: 803: 802: 799: 798: 795: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 757:Ata Abu Rashta 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 707:Muhammad Iqbal 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 667:Muhammad Abduh 664: 658: 656:Key ideologues 655: 654: 651: 650: 647: 646: 641: 636: 634:House of Thani 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 594:Omar al-Bashir 591: 585: 583:Heads of state 582: 581: 578: 577: 574: 573: 556: 549:("Milestones") 543: 531: 519: 506: 503: 502: 499: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 487: 485:Southeast Asia 482: 477: 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3425: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3386:Jalal, Ayesha 3381: 3379: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3240: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3183: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3154: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2985: 2983: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2807: 2801: 2794:. p. 89. 2793: 2786: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2751: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2636: 2629: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2590:; Lewis, B.; 2589: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2570: 2553: 2549: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2528:Islamofascism 2526: 2524: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2491: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2414:Wilayat Sinai 2411: 2410:Islamic State 2407: 2403: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2264: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2130: 2122: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2111:Ibn Taymiyyah 2107: 2103: 2099: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2085: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2054: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2009: 2004: 2003:restore Islam 2000: 1998: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1931: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1904:) practices. 1903: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1856: 1853: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1834: 1830: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:false Muslims 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:Ibn Taymiyyah 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1653: 1651: 1650:carte blanche 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1535: 1533: 1532:raison d'être 1529: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1372:Shīʿa Muslims 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360:Shīʿa Muslims 1357: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1222:Ibn Taymiyyah 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1167: 1165: 1164:Sunni Muslims 1161: 1160:Shia jihadist 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1140:Sunnī Muslims 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:Shīʿa Muslims 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:death penalty 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 998: 994: 993: 981: 976: 974: 969: 967: 962: 961: 959: 958: 955: 950: 945: 944: 933: 932: 925: 922: 920: 917: 913: 910: 909: 908: 905: 904: 901: 896: 895: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 852:Maajid Nawaaz 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 826: 823: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 801: 800: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 767:Navvab Safavi 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 752:Tariq Ramadan 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 703: 702:Safwat Hegazi 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 687:Muhammad Asad 685: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 659: 653: 652: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 629:House of Saud 627: 625: 624:Mohammed Omar 622: 620: 617: 615: 614:Mohamed Morsi 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 586: 580: 579: 571: 570:Khomeini 1970 567: 566: 564: 557: 554: 550: 548: 544: 541: 537: 536: 532: 529: 525: 524: 520: 517: 513: 512: 508: 507: 501: 500: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 472: 470: 469: 468: 467: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 435:Salafist Call 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 407: 404: 402: 399: 398: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 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Retrieved 2692: 2638: 2628: 2599: 2573: 2552: 2501:Islam portal 2474: 2469: 2457: 2433: 2421: 2395: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2355: 2339: 2335: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2289: 2275: 2273: 2260: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2214: 2190: 2186: 2174: 2167: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2128: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2080: 2074: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2049: 2037: 2035: 2012: 2006: 1996: 1989: 1986:Muslim world 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1950: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1899: 1873: 1861: 1837: 1833:Second Fitna 1825: 1816: 1809: 1796: 1788: 1778: 1755: 1718: 1676: 1662: 1659: 1649: 1633: 1615: 1605: 1602:Peter Taylor 1597: 1595: 1591:Muslim world 1586: 1583:Qutb's views 1579: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1501: 1497: 1494:al-hakimiyya 1493: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1473: 1444: 1442: 1410: 1399:Ordinance XX 1397:declares in 1384: 1370:and killing 1364:Sufi Muslims 1355: 1334: 1330: 1322: 1310: 1306: 1304: 1295: 1287: 1273: 1259: 1237: 1194: 1190: 1178: 1177:carried out 1168: 1155: 1135: 1131: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1091: 1085: 1081: 1079: 1072: 1061: 1055: 1051: 1035: 1029: 1017:Islamic term 1004: 991: 990: 989: 934: 924:Islamophobia 882:Shiraz Maher 877:Gilles Kepel 787:Ahmed Yassin 772:Ali Shariati 712:Ali Khamenei 589:Ali Khamenei 560: 558: 546: 533: 521: 509: 465: 464: 413: 412: 371:Ahl-i Hadith 355: 330:Anti-Zionism 299: 287: 280: 259:Pan-Islamism 239: 234:of knowledge 230:Islamization 173: 45:Fundamentals 18: 5647:Holy Roller 5634:Protestants 5561:Jesus freak 5358:(11): 295. 5340:, 4(1): 97. 5309:(11): 294. 5119:25 November 5094:24 November 5068:24 November 5021:19 December 4991:18 December 4954:17 December 4913:October 22, 4867:October 29, 4808:; cited in 4765:26 December 4737:25 December 4731:www.HRW.org 4602:. Onwar.com 4546:Sacred Rage 4530:18 December 4486:20 December 4460:www.pbs.org 4437:18 December 4403:18 December 4265:Cook, David 4176:(1/4): 17. 4136:(1/4): 24. 3910:28 November 3720:(11): 288. 3272:18 December 3059:(3): 75–96. 2949:10871/37355 2592:Pellat, Ch. 2211:Afghanistan 2155:Sayyid Qutb 2119:Sayyid Qutb 1952:Sayyid Qutb 1947:Sayyid Qutb 1941:Sayyid Qutb 1884:Sayyid Qutb 1775:First Fitna 1551:Robert Baer 1407:Non-Muslims 1284:Islamic law 1230:Sayyid Qutb 1152:persecution 1096:Sunnī Islam 1070:, with one 1032:Islamic law 1019:denoting a 1001:تَكْفِيرِيّ 867:Bassam Tibi 862:Olivier Roy 762:Rashid Rida 747:Sayyid Qutb 528:Iqbal 1930s 475:MENA region 445:Millî Görüş 6043:Categories 5989:Non-Jewish 5980:Jahiliyyah 5736:Żydokomuna 5566:Nicodemite 5541:Christians 5516:Jahiliyyah 5405:Reza Aslan 5046:2017-11-28 4906:Al Jazeera 4790:10 January 4606:2015-07-11 4356:Milestones 4343:Milestones 4299:2015010201 4238:2011025970 4042:2015-11-17 3593:, BBC News 3581:, BBC News 3470:2014031954 3238:9839154702 3116:2013019344 2871:25 October 2539:References 2460:Boko Haram 1977:Milestones 1732:Kharijites 1728:Kharijites 1709:Kharijites 1587:jahiliyyah 1376:Christians 1344:group and 1226:Ibn Kathir 1175:Kharijites 857:Sam Harris 837:Farag Foda 619:Zia ul-Haq 480:South Asia 381:Madkhalism 356:Scholastic 314:Influences 138:Khomeinism 88:Ideologies 76:Secularism 5886:Bakriyyah 5832:Batiniyya 5824:Isma'ilis 5762:Misnagdim 5750:Reformers 5581:Catholics 5483:Buddhists 5474:Religious 5364:2363-9849 5315:2363-9849 4838:219460446 4358:, p. 150 4267:(2015) . 3980:0929-2403 3840:Oliveti, 3772:Oliveti, 3726:2363-9849 3680:219460446 3416:152941120 3369:1573-0255 3319:0929-2403 3258:"Takfiri" 3211:(2006) . 3053:Discourse 3019:2077-1444 2996:Religions 2971:3 January 2966:195448888 2958:1552-6526 2858:1573-0255 2759:10 August 2721:1874-6691 2565:Citations 2533:Wahhabism 2440:Hizbollah 2299:civil war 2286:Anti-Shia 2168:In 1981, 2159:apostates 2102:Wahhabism 1991:jahiliyah 1956:apologist 1821:martyrdom 1817:al-Shurat 1797:munāfiḳūn 1703:apostates 1596:The term 1570:Caliphate 1498:al-takfir 1489:jahiliyya 1368:enslaving 1206:extremist 1007:takfīriyy 912:Modernism 820:in Europe 553:Qutb 1965 540:Asad 1961 504:Key texts 414:Political 396:Wahhabism 352:Movements 188:Caliphate 66:Economics 5614:Romanist 5511:Hinayana 5490:Butprast 5407:(2009), 5228:takfiris 4949:26590504 4687:El Watan 4345:, p. 20 4005:19 April 3904:Archived 3789:(2008). 3758:10 March 3608:Archived 3587:Archived 3575:Archived 3560:Archived 3533:Archived 3291:(eds.). 3176:cite web 2862:Archived 2750:Archived 2691:(eds.). 2598:(eds.). 2523:Deobandi 2487:See also 2448:Nusayris 2402:attacked 2307:Tal Afar 2303:Shi'ites 2257:Al Qaeda 2071:al-Qaeda 1829:Umayyads 1805:apostasy 1785:infidels 1771:Abu Bakr 1763:Muhammad 1715:Khawarij 1616:Takfiri 1467:and the 1459:and the 1412:madrasas 1342:militant 1339:Islamist 1315:apostasy 1296:See also 1214:al-Qaeda 1148:violence 1126:and the 1102:are the 1040:apostasy 1025:apostate 466:Militant 376:Deobandi 252:Jihadism 163:Concepts 94:Islamism 71:Politics 36:Islamism 28:a series 26:Part of 5996:Shegetz 5952:Muslims 5941:Infidel 5929:General 5904:Takfiri 5896:Salafis 5814:Qadiani 5801:Ahmadis 5792:Muslims 5778:Marrano 5771:Cryptos 5719:General 5680:Shakers 5549:General 5526:Infidel 5506:Heathen 5499:Muslims 5436:takfiri 5369:6 March 5320:6 March 5140:Reuters 5114:Reuters 4670:Kepel, 4190:1570336 4150:1570336 3881:1570336 3731:6 March 3038:(PhD). 2637:(ed.). 2423:Rumiyah 2319:Rafidah 2239:Rāfidah 2017:Qutbism 1744:Muslims 1683:Mamluks 1612:Suicide 1598:takfiri 1589:in the 1563:takfiri 1559:takfiri 1480:takfiri 1401:of the 1380:Yazidis 1288:sharīʿa 1199:Wahhabi 1183:Muslims 1169:In the 1156:Takfiri 1042:is the 1036:sharīʿa 992:Takfiri 361:Barelvi 269:aspects 232: ( 133:Qutbism 61:Culture 56:History 6001:Shiksa 5975:Dhimmi 5970:Zindīq 5965:Giaour 5909:Wahabi 5878:Sunnis 5868:Rafida 5809:Mirzai 5703:Malaun 5695:Hindus 5674:Quaker 5661:Mormon 5642:Fundie 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