Takfiri - Knowledge

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government, and publicly anti-JAS Muslim preachers targeted first. This also meant any Muslims killed collaterally were not a concern since they were "guilty" for not having joined his jihad. ... October 2010, ... assassinations targeting Muslim religious leaders, especially Salafists who opposed JAS's religious interpretation, as well as civil servants, became an almost weekly occurrence in northeastern Nigeria. In addition to this, prisons, banks, churches and beer halls also were common targets of attack

2461:(aka Alawiyya) of Syria bigger infidels than even the Jews or Christians in a conference in June 2013 in Cairo (a conference that called for jihad in Syria and was attended by the Grand Imam of al-Azhar). Indications that executions of the enemy may have religious motivation came from an October 2013 video clip where Shiite Islamist fighters executed alleged captured Syrian rebels with the claim by one of the shooters that: "We are performing our taklif and we are not seeking personal vengeance." 5441: 960: 2520: 2506: 949: 2172:, but so was "Egyptian society as a whole" because it was "not fighting the Egyptian government and had thus accepted rule by non-Muslims". Hundreds of members of the group were arrested and Shukri Mustafa was executed but (according to journalist Robin Wright), the group reorganized with thousands of members. Later its ex-members went on to help assassinate Anwar Sadat, and be involved in the 2210:). Starting in April 1998, a series of massacres in villages or neighborhoods killed tens, and sometimes hundreds, of civilians without disregard to the age and sex of victims. Although the government had infiltrated the insurgents and it is thought by many that security forces as well as Islamists were involved in massacres, the GIA amir, Antar Zouabri claimed credit for two massacres ( 1716:, the Mongols should be killed. Ibn Taymiyya wrote that he "was among the strictest of people in forbidding that a specific person be accuse of unbelief, immorality or sin until proof from the Messenger has been established", yet he "regularly accused his opponents of outright unbelief and has become a source of inspiration to many Islamist and even takfiri movements." 1877:. The memory of the menace they had posed to Muslim unity and of the moral challenge generated by their pious idealism still weighed heavily on Muslim political and religious thought, however. Even if the Kharijites could no longer threaten, their ghosts still had to be answered. The Ibadis are the only Kharijite group to surivive into modern times. 1846:(the second Islamic Civil War) when they at one point controlled more territory than any of their rivals. The Kharijites were, in fact, one of the major threats to Ibn al-Zubayr's bid for the caliphate; during this time they controlled Yamama and most of southern Arabia, and captured the oasis town of al-Ta'if. 2453:, for example had successfully "tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis", with the brush of "takfiri". The Sunnis and Shiites antagonism has spread from Syria, Iraq and Lebanon, so that "there have been incidents in Australia, Azerbaijan, Britain, and Egypt". Well-known cleric 2198:

But in addition to the authorities of the jahili system, civilians also were targeted. Unlike the scholars of classical Islam, extremists not only expanded the definition of what constituted an apostate, but enforced its penalty. Along with other traditional socio-economic-ethnic-military-personality

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than Qutb, but "one famous quote" from him "has been seen written on walls and has also appeared repeatedly in IS texts: 'Whoever does not pay the price of jihad, shall pay the price of abstention'". Another source writes that the "roots" of ISIL's "takfiri" ideology "can be found in the Khawarij's

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In addition to takfiring Shia, from about 2003 to 2006 al-Zarqawi expanded "the range of behavior" that could make large number of self-proclaimed Muslims apostates: including "in certain cases, selling alcohol or drugs, wearing Western clothes or shaving one's beard, voting in an election—even for

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In the "early times" of Islam, "charges of apostasy" were also "not unusual, and ... the terms 'unbeliever' and 'apostate' were commonly used in religious polemic" in hopes of silencing the deviant and prodding the lax back to the straight path. Classical manuals of jurisprudence in Islam sometimes

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Second, they agreed that it is the duty of the believers to depose any leader who falls into error. This second principle had profound implications for Kharijite theology. Applying these ideas to the early history of the caliphate, Kharijites only accept Abu Bakr and 'Umar as legitimate caliphs. Of

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may also have been a motive. Niazi declared in a number of post-slaughter speeches from Mosques in Mazar-i-Sharif: "Hazaras are not Muslim, they are Shi’a. They are kofr . The Hazaras killed our force here, and now we have to kill Hazaras. ... You either accept to be Muslims or leave Afghanistan.

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While Qutb declared that the Islamic world had "long ago vanished from existence" and that true Muslims would have to confront "arrogant, mischievous, criminal and degraded people" in the struggle to restore Islam, he had not specifically stated that the self-professed Muslim "authorities of the

1857:. Because of their readiness to declare any opponent as apostate, the extreme Kharijites tended to fragment into small groups. One of the few points that the various Kharijite splinter groups held in common was their view of the caliphate, which differed from other Muslim theories on two points. 2481:

after 2010 ... Shekau, believed that jihad was obligatory and that not actively joining his jihad was tantamount to apostasy. This did not mean Shekau actively killed anyone after he announced jihad and renamed the group "JAS" in 2010. Rather, there was a "priority scale" with Christians, the

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Initiated by a sly Jew, are an apostate sect drowning in worship of the dead, cursing the best companions and wives of the Prophet, spreading doubt on the very basis of the religion (the Qur’ān and the Sunnah), defaming the very honor of the Prophet, and preferring their "twelve" imāms to the

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denigrating Shi’a as "a religious school based on excess and falsehood", but al-Zawahiri (and Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi) also opposed attacks on Shia as a distraction from the more important goal of defeating the "far enemy", the United States. Attacks "on ordinary Shi’a, their mosques, and the

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Takfiris also reject the traditional Muslim duty to obey one's legitimate rulers in all manners that do not contradict the Sharia, as sedition is viewed as a great danger to a nation. However, takfiris consider all political authority that does not abide by their interpretation of Islam to be

2218:), calling the killings an "offering to God" and declaring impious the victims and all Algerians who had not joined its ranks. He declared that "except for those who are with us, all others are apostates and deserving of death," Between 100,000 and 200,000 were ultimately killed in the war. 2088:

Al Qaeda is commonly described as seeking to overthrow the "apostate" regimes in the Middle East and replace them with "true" Islamic governments, and having a "habit" of denouncing Muslims who did not "accept a narrow interpretation" of Sunni Islam as "non-believers and legitimate targets."

5241:—those who declare other Muslims to be apostates—Hizbollah has tarred all shades of the opposition, and indeed sometimes all Sunnis, with the same radicalising brush. It has exaggerated, and thereby exacerbated, the sectarianism of the Syrian opposition as well as its own domestic opponents 1283:, provided legal precautions have been taken (the accused being educated in their error, given a chance to repent, evaluated for mental soundness, etc.). This is true in the case of a self-professed apostates, or "extreme, persistent and aggressive" proponents of religious innovation ( 1948:). Some Muslims (such as the cleric 'Adb al-Qadir 'Awdah) responded by preaching that if the state would not kill apostates then it had "become a duty of individual Moslems" to do so, and gave advice on how to plead in court to avoid punishment after being arrested for such a murder. 1825:

in 657 CE. When 'Ali was faced with a military stalemate and agreed to submit the dispute to arbitration, some of his party withdrew their support from him. "Judgement belongs to God alone" (لاَ حُكْكْ إلَا لِلّهِ) became the slogan of these secessionists. They also called themselves

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according to Jamileh Kadivar based on estimates from Global Terrorism Database, 2020; Herrera, 2019; Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) Human Rights Office, 2014; Ibrahim, 2017; Obeidallah, 2014;

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for its strategy of takfiring Muslim society and going into psychological hijra/exile from it), kidnapped and later killed an Islamic scholar and former Egyptian government minister Muhammad al-Dhahabi. The group's founder, Shukri Mustaf—who had been imprisoned with

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the Iranian New Year", would make a Muslim an unbeliever. Nonetheless, those accused of apostasy were usually left "unmolested", and in general executions for apostasy were "rare in Islamic history", unless the violation was "extreme, persistent and aggressive".

2016:, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing a vanguard modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even death as preparation for 2190:, targeted police, government officials (but also civilians including tourists). In one particularly bloody year (1993), 1106 persons were killed or wounded, and "several senior police officials and their bodyguards were shot dead in daylight ambushes." 1930:), ibn Abdul-Wahhāb makes an explicit takfir of people who invoke or implore for help from dead people (such as the prophet and his family) or, in other words, intercede for themselves with God by seeking intercession from the prophet and his family.) 2277:

mausoleum of their Imams" would "lift the burden from the Americans by diverting the mujahedeen to the Shi’a". What did provoke it to takfir and "legitimize targeting" was the fighting by Muslim soldiers as the allies of the West against Muslims.

2411:, considering their the shrines and these living saints a violation of monotheism. The deadliest attack by ISIL on Sufis, and "the worst terrorist attack in Egypt's modern history", occurred on 24 November 2017, when approximately 40 gunmen 2375:

and taking their women as concubines is a firmly established aspect of the Shariah that if one were to deny or mock, he would be denying or mocking the verses of the Koran and the narrations of the Prophet ... and thereby apostatizing from

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injunction against imprisoning or killing fellow Muslims. Since it is very difficult to overthrow governments without killing their (self-proclaimed) Muslim rulers and officials or any Muslim opposing the Islamists, and since enforcing

2437:(January 2017 issue five) an insurgent Islamic State commander condemned Sufi practices and identified the district where the attack occurred as one of three areas where Sufis live in Sinai that Islamic State intended to "eradicate." 5214: 1545:, the prohibition against killing Muslims is a major impediment against taking power. But if the enemy can be made to be not Muslims but unbelievers claiming to be Muslims, the prohibition is turned into a religious obligation. 2234:, Afghanistan. The Taliban indicated revenge, or ethnic hatred may have been a motivation for the slaughter, but comments by Mullah Niazi, the Taliban commander of the attack and newly installed governor, also indicated that 1837:

These original Kharijites opposed both 'Ali and Mu'awiya, and appointed their own leaders. They were decisively defeated by 'Ali, who was in turn assassinated by a Kharijite. Kharijites engaged in guerilla warfare against the

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declaring that one who wrongly declares another Muslim to be an unbeliever is himself an apostate. Takfirism has been called a "minority ideology" which "advocates the killing of other Muslims declared to be unbelievers".

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In 1974, 100 members of the "Islamic Liberation Organization", led by one Salih Sirriya, stormed the armory of the Military Technical College in Cairo, seizing weapons and vehicles, as part of a plan to kill President

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prophets and even to Allah! ...Thus, the Rāfidah are mushrik apostates who must be killed wherever they are to be found, until no Rāfidī walks on the face of earth, even if the jihād claimants despise such...

4032: 1517:, and consequently completely disengage from it. Podeh also points out that unlike jihadists, takfiri groups make no distinction between the regime and the ordinary population when employing violence. 1324:

is "so serious, and mistakes therein are so grave", that great care is needed, and that if the accused is actually a believing Muslim, then the act of accusing makes the accuser themself guilty of

4339:, American University of Beirut, 1992, p. 244 al-Jihaad al-Islami, Jama'a al Jihaad, and al-Takfir wa al-Hijrah were Egyptian terrorist groups. There was a Jund Allah in Egypt (Ruthven, Malise, 2399:". In a film made by ISIL about the Camp Speicher massacre, a narrator states: "All are apostates who have come from cities of apostates to kill Sunnis here, we have more than 2,000 of them." 2140:

In Qutb's home country of Egypt in the 1980s and 1990s many authorities of "the jahili system" were attacked and killed (along with non-Muslims such as tourists and Christians) by extremists.

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Ironically, the Taliban seemed to have backed off the "Hazaras are not Muslim" approach and were later denounced by the ISIS for their tolerance of Shia. The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine

5221: 2312:". He saw himself as fighting not just the occupying United States military, but what he called "the sects of apostasy" (i.e. Shia Muslims). In September 2005 he declared "all-out war" on 2260:

The Shī’ah are Muslims ... Everyone who says there is no god but Allah and Muhammad is Allah's Messenger is a Muslim. The sects are many and Allah will decide between them on Judgment Day.

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has also been used for "sanctioning violence against leaders of Islamic states" who do not enforce sharia or are otherwise "deemed insufficiently religious". This arbitrary application of

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The Azariqa, considered to be the extreme faction of the Kharijites, controlled parts of western Iran under the Umayyads until they were finally put down in 699 CE. The more moderate

5120: 1944:) abolished as a crime punishable by death in state statutes of law (the West also encouraged establishing laws giving equal rights to women and non-Muslims in violation of 416: 124: 1938:

In the colonial and post-colonial Muslim world the influence and pressure of Western powers meant that not only was apostasy rare in practice, but that it was (contrary to

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provided fairly detailed lists of practices and beliefs that would render a Muslim an apostate that went far beyond infractions of the basic tenets of Islam. For example,

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By the time that Ibn al-Muqaffa' wrote his political treatise early in the 'Abbasid period, the Kharijites were no longer a significant political threat, at least in the

1511:(branding as apostate). However, according to Podeh's formulation, takfiri groups are more extreme, and regard not just some Muslims but the whole of Egyptian society as 2030:, the radical Islamist ideology derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as other members of the Muslim Brotherhood, like 1776:. From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunni and Shiʿa Muslims. Shiʿas believe 1348:

is "used wrongly or unrestrainedly", retaliation could lead down a slippery slope of "discord and sedition" to mutual excommunication and "complete disaster." The Sunnī

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generally refers to a Wahabi Salafi who looks at the world in black-and-white; there are true believers and then there are nonbelievers, with no shades in between. A

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Nedza, Justyna (2016). "The Sum of Its Parts: The State as Apostate in Contemporary Saudi Militant Islamism". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel;

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What to do in a situation where self-professed Muslim(s) disagree with other Muslims on an important doctrinal point is more controversial. In the case of the

4995: 4043: 1865:") can become Caliph and that family or tribal affiliation is inconsequential. The only requirements for leadership are piety and acceptance by the community. 2427:

branch was strongly suspected. On 25 November, the Egyptian public prosecutor's office, citing interviews with survivors, said the attackers brandished the

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law. Conservative Islamists do not support armed struggle against the secular government, whereas jihadist and takfiri groups do, and invoke the concepts of

3141: 3111:. Ashgate Inform Series on Minority Religions and Spiritual Movements. Farnham, UK and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing/Routledge. pp. 81–98. 1688:

According to researcher Trevor Stanley, the precedent "for the declaration of takfir against a leader" came from the medieval Islamic scholar Taqi al-Din

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have used sectarian language to "cast one another" as non-Muslims/infidels, dehumanizing the enemy and intensifying the bloodshed and mayhem. The Shia

411: 119: 1289:). From the 19th century onwards, liberal/modernist/reformist Muslims have complained that this capital punishment is a violation of the principle of 5094: 2385: 1965:

could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers that have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an

1293:, and only those guilty of treason should be executed. Revivalist and conservative Muslims see the capital punishment as a matter of obedience to the 5403:

A Critical Study of the Multiple Identities and Disguises of 'al-Muhajiroun': Exposing the Antics of the Cult Followers of Omar Bakri Muhammad Fustuq

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Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In

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have referred to Ibn Taymiyyah when condemning self-proclaimed Muslims as not being real Muslims. ibn Abd al-Wahhab condemned the practices of

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have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs. Throughout the 20th and 21st centuries, the

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Gibril Haddad, “Quietism and End-Time Reclusion in the Qurʾān and Hadith: Al-Nābulusī and His Book Takmīl Al-Nuʿūt within the ʿuzla Genre,”

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al-Qarawee, Harith Hasan (2016). "The Media, Methods and Messages of the Islamic State's Communication Strategy". In Giusto, Hedwig (ed.).

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dedicates "dozens of pages" were devoted "to attacking and explaining the necessity of killing Shia", who the group refers to by the label

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Sinai during Friday prayers. 311 people were killed and at least 122 injured. While no group claimed responsibility for the attack, the

1386: 521: 4343:, Penguin, 1982, p. 315 ) and Lebanon (mentioned in Radical Islam : Medieval Theology and Modern Politics, 1985 by Emmanuel Sivan). 3268: 2359:, aka ISIL or Daesh, expanded takfir still further. ISIL not only called for the revival of slavery of non-Muslims (specifically of the 2293:), "has been responsible for 27,947 terrorist deaths". The majority of these have been Muslims "because it has regarded them as kafir". 1999:

adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb, the Muslim community has been extinct for several centuries and reverted to

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in 2012 where "up to 200 people" were killed, a splinter group called "Ansaru" left, complaining of the excessive killing of Muslims.

5475: 2935: 2168:, and was now one of Qutb's "most radical" disciples—believed that not only were the Egyptian President and his government officials 825: 213: 5254: 1390: 490: 1377:

but also against rival insurgent Islamist groups (although they are also Salafi-jihadists) and all those who oppose its policy of

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between the Algerian Government and various Islamist rebel groups, takfir was known to be declared by the hardline Islamist GIA (

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Yazidi women and children divided according to the Shariah amongst the fighters of the Islamic State who participated in the

4097: 3116: 2667: 2487: 2368: 2384:(monotheism)". The Taliban were found "to be "a 'nationalist' movement, all too tolerant" of Shia. In 2015 ISIL "pronounced 1853:

Kharijites were longer-lived, continuing to wield political power in North and East Africa and in eastern Arabia during the

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and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and the first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus

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Watts, Michael. 2015. "Insurgent Spaces: Power, Place, and Spectacle in Nigeria" in Merrill, Heather, and Hoffman, Lisa.

1560:), Takfiris condone acts of violence as legitimate methods of achieving religious or political goals. Middle East expert 4653: 4580: 4440: 4291: 4238: 4081: 3980: 3809: 3510: 3470: 3416: 3319: 2721: 2628: 1431: 3568:"Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations". 3535: 1305:; instead, it is frequently carried out by "vigilantes" who believe that they are executing their "individual duty". ( 5279: 682: 470: 1310: 1121:), and this is only done if all the prescribed legal precautions have been taken. Traditionally, the declaration of 5347: 5047: 3636: 2650: 1493:. All three see the government and society sadly lacking in piety and in need of Islamification and restoration of 1479: 5021: 3618: 2760: 2706:. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. 2424: 2309: 2180: 1443: 3152: 2611: 1639:, but Takfiris believe that one who deliberately kills himself whilst attempting to kill a religious enemy is a 5165: 3247: 2756: 2352: 2305: 2207: 981: 5445: 3178: 5468: 1632: 692: 5072: 4737: 3703: 1301:) and protection of the faith. Since the 20th century, capital punishment is seldom applied by the state in 732: 6064: 1992: 1869:'Uthman's caliphate they recognize only the first six years as legitimate, and they reject 'Ali altogether. 1700:. After the Mongols converted to Islam, another cause was sought for the jihad against them. In his famous 1427: 1252: 882: 3306:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 304–326. 5674: 4815:

Stewart, S. (2017, March 9). Can the Islamic State and Al Qaeda find common ground? Stratfor World View.

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Starting in 2013, the ISIL began "encouraging takfir of Muslims deemed insufficiently pure in regard of

6069: 5189: 4911: 4769: 4466: 3967:. Islamic History and Civilization. Vol. 123. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 1–24. 2005:(the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the 1909:(innovation of the religion), and ibn Abd al-Wahhab's followers slew many Muslims for allegedly pagan ( 1886: 1628: 1532:

may serve as a sort of ingenious "legal loophole" for Islamist insurgents, allowing them to bypass the

1459: 802: 465: 279: 81: 3963:(2016). "Introduction". In Adang, Camilla; Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; Schmidtke, Sabine (eds.). 2469:

According to researchers Jacob Zenna and Zacharias Pier, takfir has been a major part of the focus of

1712:(Islamic law), they were not really Muslims, and since non-Muslims who called themselves Muslims were 5679: 4863: 4712: 2594: 2408: 2308:

in Iraq in 1999, is said to have turned "an insurgency against US troops" in Iraq "into a Shia–Sunni

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was successfully assassinated (along with six diplomats) by members of the Tanzim al-Jihad movement.

1612: 1475: 1439: 1374: 1302: 1290: 974: 929: 244: 17: 1101:("unbeliever"), and is described as when "one who is a Muslim is declared impure." An apostate is a 5461: 4823:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 4121: 3665:"Exploring Takfir, Its Origins and Contemporary Use: The Case of Takfiri Approach in Daesh's Media" 3531: 3002:"The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism" 2590: 2256:

quoted "Abdullāh al-Wazīr, the official correspondent of the nationalist Taliban media committee":

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Abdullah El-Faisal Al-Jamayki: A Critical Study of His Statements, Errors and Extremism in Takfeer

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to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shiʿas and the Sunnis during the

614: 4275: 3352:"Modern Extremist Groups and the Division of the World: A Critique from an Islamic Perspective" 2392: 2153: 2094: 2077: 2049: 1874: 1788:(the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to 1758: 1734: 1652: 1525: 1489:, Elie Podeh distinguishes between three groups: conservative Islamists, "jihadi" Muslims, and 1359: 747: 163: 4279: 1034:

who excommunicates one of his/her coreligionists, i.e. who accuses another Muslim of being an

6074: 5604: 4570: 3454: 3276: 3104: 2645: 1162: 1126: 820: 649: 455: 4226: 3223: 3050: 2301: 1656: 1636: 1244: 737: 654: 526: 86: 1016: 8: 4792: 3006: 1991:), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the 917: 867: 66: 4817:

https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/can-islamic-state-and-al-qaeda-find-common-ground

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upon orthodox, self-professed Muslims. Generally, Muslims agree that the declaration of

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Another popular term used by Shiite jihadis for their Sunni enemies has been "takfiri"

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Radical Islamic Fundamentalism: the Ideological and Political Discourse of Sayyid Qutb

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From its inception in 2013 to 2021, directly or through affiliated groups, ISIS (also

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system" were apostates (or whether they should all be killed)—but his followers have.

1528:(such as Jacob Zenna, Zacharias Pier, and Dale Eikmeier) argue that the accusation of 5370: 5321: 4916: 4848: 4649: 4576: 4436: 4305: 4287: 4244: 4234: 4077: 3986: 3976: 3805: 3732: 3690: 3506: 3476: 3466: 3426: 3412: 3375: 3325: 3315: 3243: 3186: 3122: 3112: 3044: 3025: 2976: 2964: 2864: 2727: 2717: 2663: 2659: 2624: 2620: 2454: 2412: 2273: 2215: 2169: 2125: 2116: 2069: 2031: 1987: 1854: 1839: 1815: 1777: 1730: 1713: 1521: 1467: 1463: 1435: 1325: 1276: 1260: 1220: 1216: 1050: 1035: 1027: 922: 852: 787: 752: 727: 707: 619: 580: 556: 305: 257: 218: 203: 179: 136: 131: 76: 38: 5363:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 5314:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 4610: 3838: 3725:"How much Takfir is too much Takfir? The Evolution of Boko Haram's Factionalization" 3594: 3582: 2835: 2272:

Al Qaeda shared some of the takfir beliefs of ISIS, with, for example senior leader

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factors of insurgency, takfir played a part in the bloodshed of extremist violence.

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by Hanafi scholar Shaykhzadeh (d.1667 CE), declared such misdeeds as "to assert the

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Writing in 2014, Aaron Y. Zelin and Phillip Smyth argue that the combatants in the

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During the 1990s, a violent Islamic insurgency in Egypt, primarily perpetrated by

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First, they were principled egalitarians, holding that any pious Muslim ("even an

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Entre menace, censure et liberté: La presse privé algérienne se bat pour survivre

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Passion for Islam : Shaping the Modern Middle East: the Egyptian Experience

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Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir, and the Genocide of Muslims

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The Concept of Belief in Islamic Theology: A Semantic Analysis of Imān and Islām

3142:"Sectarian Twitter Wars: Sunni-Shia Conflict and Cooperation in the Digital Age" 2316:

in Iraq after the Iraqi government offensive on insurgents in the Sunni town of

1548:

Takfiris have also been classified by some scholars as violent offshoots of the

5599: 4515:, English translation published by University of California Press, 1986, p. 93 4177:, Bayrut: Dar al-Kitab al-'Arabi, n.d. 2 volumes; v. 1, pp. 535–538; quoted in 3076: 2602: 2231: 2145: 910: 857: 767: 717: 677: 644: 604: 538: 450: 430: 401: 376: 330: 3972: 3408: 3370: 3351: 3311: 2860: 2712: 6053: 5834: 5374: 5325: 4839: 4822: 3990: 3736: 3681: 3664: 3379: 3329: 3029: 3014:(8: "The Return of Religious Antisemitism?"). Basel, Switzerland: MDPI: 483. 2968: 2949: 2868: 2731: 2538: 2211: 2121: 1689: 1382: 1232: 1174: 1170: 862: 777: 762: 712: 697: 639: 624: 550: 445: 286: 223: 5746: 4982:"Up to 15,000 ISIS victims buried in mass graves in Syria and Iraq – survey" 4286:(2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 102–110. 2252:

to be their brothers and publicly denouncing those who target the Rāfidah:"

1611:

was brought to a more public prominence by the BBC investigative journalist

1474:), "the overwhelming majority" of violent terrorist attacks had occurred in 5516: 5147:"Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says" 5121:"Gunmen in Egypt mosque attack carried Islamic State flag, prosecutor says" 3396: 2606: 2511: 1996: 1843: 1704:, Ibn Taymiyyah reasoned that since the Mongols followed their traditional 1601: 1409: 953: 934: 892: 887: 797: 782: 722: 599: 396: 381: 340: 269: 240: 5070: 4493:. Belgium: FEPS – Foundation for European Progressive Studies. p. 102 2363:

minority group), but takfired any Muslim who disagreed with their policy.

2329: 1680:, to translate the Quran, ... to pay respect to non-Muslims, to celebrate 1446:) who have targeted and killed hundreds of Ahmadi Muslims in the country. 6025: 5888: 5657: 5644: 5571: 5166:"Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack" 3797: 2491: 2165: 2129: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1894: 1850: 1785: 1746: 1561: 1240: 1150: 1106: 877: 772: 757: 634: 563: 5440: 4959: 4943: 3615:"Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan" 3403:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 239–240. 3059: 3020: 3001: 2348:

a Muslim candidate—and being lax about calling other people apostates".

959: 5990: 5870: 5576: 5551: 5526: 5415: 4200: 4160: 3891: 2959: 2699: 2470: 2395:

in Iraq, "when the group murdered more than 1,500 Shi’a army cadets in

2313: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1236: 1185: 1134: 847: 629: 391: 148: 5073:"Egypt hunts for killers after mosque attack leaves at least 235 dead" 4076:(3rd ed.). Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 163–169. 3614: 3441:

Terror's Source: The Ideology of Wahhabi-Salafism and its Consequences

2749: 2486:

The policy led to a schism in the group, and after Shekau ordered an "

2415:

the al-Rawda mosque (associated with the Jaririya Sufi order) near El-

1466:

on civilians is underscored by the fact that as of 2017 (according to

1125:

was used against self-professed Muslims who denied one or more of the

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Adang, Camilla (2001). "Belief and Unbelief: Choice or Destiny?". In

2543: 2450: 2391:

One of ISIL's "most infamous large-scale killings" was the June 2014

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Global Jihadism as a Transnational Movement: A Theoretical Framework

4467:"Transcript | Al Qaeda's New Front | Frontline | PBS" 4192: 4152: 3965:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

3937: 3883: 3304:

Accusations of Unbelief in Islam: A Diachronic Perspective on Takfīr

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and deprives them of religious rights. All religious seminaries and

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Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam".

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In August 1998 the Taliban insurgents slaughtered 8000 mostly Shia

2081: 1906: 1781: 1773: 1725: 1604:. As such, violence against such regimes is considered legitimate. 1352: 1349: 1224: 386: 262: 104: 46: 5453: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4309: 4248: 3480: 3126: 1821:

The Islamic tradition traces the origin of the Kharijities to the

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Abubakar, Aballahhi. 2012. "The media, politics and Boko blitz".

4405:"Comparing Al Qaeda and ISIS: Different goals, different targets" 2928:"Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" 2458: 2227: 2027: 1803: 1754: 1693: 1659:

of the martyrs are absolved when they die in martyrdom, allowing

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Kepel, Gilles; Milelli, Jean-Pierre; Hegghammer, Thomas (2008).

3710:, edited by Efraim Inbar, Bruce Maddy-Weitzman, Routledge, 2013 1663:

for the indiscriminate killing of civilians and non-combatants.

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by Marc Sageman, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004, p. 63

4233:(1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 9–26. 2396: 2372: 2360: 2235: 2006: 1940: 1790: 1709: 1681: 1648: 1592:

illegitimate and therefore apostate; this view closely mirrors

1316:

There is also agreement among Muslims in the case of declaring

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Daesh and the terrorist threat: from the Middle East to Europe

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Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017).

6038: 5970: 5946: 5705: 5581: 5531: 4527:"Jihad Without Rules: The Evolution of al-Takfir wa al-Hijra" 3235: 2416: 2104:) had been in prison with Qutb, and was a "disciple" of his. 2018: 1795: 1762: 1705: 1701: 1553: 1513: 1486: 1417: 1337: 1329: 1114: 1097: 1073: 1058: 311: 299: 251: 61: 5022:"Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?" 4643: 4227:"Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology" 3077:"The Islamic State Exploits Entrenched Anti-Shia Incitement" 2248:(19 January 2016) attacked the Taliban for "considering the 2047:

By the mid 1990s, one list of Qutb-inspired groups included

1842:, but only became a movement to be reckoned with during the 1057:, and potentially a cause of strife and violence within the 6033: 5741: 5736: 5629: 5422:, PhD dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara. 5408:

AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi,

5401:

AbdulHaq al-Ashanti and Abu Ameenah AbdurRahman as-Salafi,

5281:

Hizballah Executing Syrian Prisoners? – Analyzing the Video

5255:"Inside Hezbollah: fighting and dying for a confused cause" 3000:

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Along with Shia, ISIL and to a lesser extent Al-Qaeda have

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for centuries. Since the latter half of the 20th century,

5751: 4175:

al-tashri al-djina'i al-Islam muqaran bi-al-qanun al-wadi

3638:

Islam and the patterns in terrorism and violent extremism

3526: 3524: 3522: 2056:, Jund Allah, al-Jihaad, Tanzim al-Faniyyah al-Askariyyah 1780:

is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnis consider

3641:. Center for strategic and International Studies (CSIS). 2926:

Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.).

2388:—then al-Qaida's affiliate in Syria—an apostate group." 2280: 1198:

main source of insurrection against the early caliphates

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The Middle East: a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years

3238:: Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies at 3060:"Anti-Shiite and Anti-Iranian Discourses in ISIS Texts" 1271:

Traditionally, Muslims have agreed that someone born a

4428: 3704:"Egypt's Struggle against the Militant Islamic Groups" 3519: 1165:

perpetrated against them over the centuries. The term

1041:

Since according to the traditional interpretations of

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2351:Al-Zarqawi was killed in 2006 the successor of the 2037: 1741:in the 7th century CE. The original schism between 5267:those they provocatively and brand "the Takfiris" 4937: 4935: 4379:The War for Muslim Minds : Islam and the West 4132: 3940:. Perspectives on World History and Current Events 3563: 3561: 2582: 2058:—all of which were fighting violent insurgencies. 1503:(regression of Muslims to pre-Islamic ignorance), 1385:and Non-Muslim religious minorities, particularly 5354: 5339: 5305: 5164:Walsh, Declan; Youssef, Nour (24 November 2017). 5010: 4793:"[Letter from al-Zawahiri to al-Zarqawi]" 4220: 4218: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 3898: 3713: 3350:Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki (November 2017). 2990: 2833: 2822: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2679: 2589:Hunwick, Ed; Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Takfīr". In 2431:. 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Jihad as Terrorism". 3168: 1480:"primary victims" of these attacks were Muslims 1400:—who are accused of denying the basic tenet of 5145:Omar Fahmy; Patrick Marke (25 November 2017). 4518: 4477: 4422: 4207: 4006:"Another battle with Islam's 'true believers'" 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 2676: 2588: 1239:, and those of the modern Islamist ideologues 1133:, Islamic denominations and movements such as 5469: 5215:"Lebanon's Hizbollah Turns Eastward to Syria" 4944:"Ideological Infighting in the Islamic State" 4855: 4280:"Radical Islam and Contemporary Jihad Theory" 3952: 3391: 3389: 3175:The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 3098: 3096: 3094: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 1583:according to a literal interpretation of the 1208:has become a "central ideology" of insurgent 982: 5220:. International Crisis Group. Archived from 5163: 4767: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 3645: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3349: 3191:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2999: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2809: 2072:, "jihad's main ideologist," (originally of 534:Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam 5360: 5311: 4790: 4178: 4138: 3869: 3858: 3828:, Oxford University Press 2002, pp. 59–60. 3722: 3452: 3336: 3199: 1328:. There is also a belief shared by various 5476: 5462: 5138: 4768:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (29 January 2016). 4704: 4483: 4396: 3841:. 21 July 2005 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 3386: 3291: 3149:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 3091: 3085:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace 3074: 2910: 2748:Blanchard, Christopher (28 January 2009). 2743: 2741: 2693: 1823:battle between 'Ali and Mu'awiya at Siffin 989: 975: 5427:Al Qaeda: The True Story of Radical Islam 5157: 4904: 4861: 4838: 4589: 4255: 4224: 4098:"Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā'idatuhu" 3763:Parameters: U.S. Army War College Journal 3759:"Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-fascism" 3680: 3634: 3487: 3369: 3019: 2958: 2948: 2936:Journal of Language and Social Psychology 2890: 2747: 2711: 2457:, often branded as "moderate," declared 1933: 826:Liberal and reform movements within Islam 3756: 3364:(4). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 305–335. 2855:(2). Leiden: Brill Publishers: 134–162. 2637: 2464: 2026:government/society, and overthrow them. 1666: 1631:also differ significantly from those of 1266: 5064: 4979: 4912:"Al-Zarqawi declares war on Iraqi Shia" 4820: 4644:Nesroullah Yous; Salima Mellah (2000). 3904: 3826:Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam 3662: 3607: 3401:Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia 3263: 3261: 3259: 3057: 3042: 2817:Salafi-Jihadism: The History of an Idea 2738: 2704:Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements 1920:Risālah Aslu Dīn Al-Islām wa Qā’idatuhu 1464:religiously-motivated terrorist attacks 1255:and mainstream Muslim scholars such as 1169:has also been pejoritavely deployed by 14: 6052: 5252: 5187: 5087: 5019: 4941: 4827:Contemporary Review of the Middle East 4770:"Revealed: Why ISIS Hates the Taliban" 4568: 4562: 4461: 4459: 3669:Contemporary Review of the Middle East 3218: 3139: 2612:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2042: 5457: 4710: 4402: 4231:Routledge Handbook of Political Islam 4071: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4030: 3929: 3625:Contemporary South Asia, 2004. p. 15. 3546:from the original on 16 February 2015 3500: 3395: 3297: 3109:State Responses to Minority Religions 3102: 2925: 2800: 2643: 2281:War in Iraq (2013–2017) and aftermath 2193: 1251:has been denounced as deviant by the 1071:is considered a major forbidden act ( 5040: 4988: 4701:, 21 January (quoted in Willis 1996) 4524: 4274: 4003: 3917:from the original on 11 January 2016 3796: 3530: 3256: 2794: 2783: 2781: 2554: 2357:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2323:The 13th issue of the ISIS magazine 2291:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 2109:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 1885:The 18th-century Islamic revivalist 1449: 1434:has sparked several large riots (in 1414:Second Amendment to its Constitution 5483: 4456: 3935: 3839:"The New Al-Qaeda: Madrid bombings" 3583:"Eight die in Pakistan sect attack" 3443:. Birmingham: Amadeus Books, 2002 . 3140:Siegel, Alexandra (December 2015). 2943:(5–6). Sage Publications: 706–734. 2907:, London: I.B. Tauris, 2002, p. 31 2905:Jihad: the Trail of Political Islam 2755:. fpc.state.gov. Washington, D.C.: 2440: 2402: 2264:as evidence of Taliban wrongdoing. 1969:. He was a prominent leader of the 1880: 1485:Studying the largest Arab country, 1011: 24: 5392: 5020:Specia, Megan (24 November 2017). 4894:"Letter from Zarqawi to bin Laden" 4403:Byman, Daniel L. (29 April 2015). 4060: 3938:"Kufr – Kaffir – Takfir – Takfiri" 2791:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2371:... Enslaving the families of the 2148:and other top Egyptian officials. 2086:Knights under the Prophet's Banner 2084:, paid homage to Qutb in his book 1759:political and religious succession 1692:(1263–1328 CE), who supported the 1655:. According to this doctrine, all 1615:in his 2005 BBC television series 1332:which assert that the practice of 546:Principles of State and Government 522:The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate 25: 6086: 5433: 5188:Zelin, Aaron Y.; Smyth, Phillip. 4821:Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). 3959:Ansari, Hassan; Fierro, Maribel; 3905:Elliott, Andrea (26 March 2006). 3663:Kadivar, Jamileh (May 18, 2020). 3595:"Sect offices closed in Pakistan" 3075:Matthiesen, Toby (21 July 2015). 2878:from the original on 11 July 2019 2778: 2342: 1647:) and therefore goes straight to 1462:, insurgent Islamist groups, and 471:List of Islamic political parties 5439: 5348:Journal of African Media Studies 5253:Miller, Johnathan (April 2014). 5190:"The vocabulary of sectarianism" 4738:"The Massacre in Mazar-i Sharif" 4711:Ajami, Fouad (27 January 2010). 4575:. Rand Corporation. p. 70. 4229:. In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.). 3171:"The Vocabulary of Sectarianism" 2766:from the original on 11 May 2022 2660:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025 2621:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1154 2518: 2504: 2038:Late 20th and early 21st century 1889:and 20th-century Muslim authors 1460:modern Islamic political thought 1336:may be dangerous for the entire 1091:The accusation itself is called 1065:), an ill-founded accusation of 1022:lit. "excommunicational") is an 958: 947: 5292: 5272: 5246: 5207: 5113: 4973: 4886: 4809: 4784: 4730: 4690: 4680: 4662: 4637: 4624: 4603: 4549: 4505: 4384: 4372: 4359: 4346: 4329: 4316: 4167: 4114: 4090: 4024: 3997: 3845: 3831: 3818: 3790: 3777: 3697: 3628: 3433: 3162: 3133: 3036: 2561: 1651:without having to wait for the 1095:, derived from the Arabic word 4980:Shaheen, K. (30 August 2016). 4942:Bunzel, Cole (February 2019). 4896:. January 2004. Archived from 4525:Mili, Hayder (June 29, 2006). 4326:15, no. 2 (2017): pp. 108–109) 3907:"In Kabul, a Test for Shariah" 3757:Eikmeier, Dale (Spring 2007). 3107:. In Kirkham, David M. (ed.). 2757:Congressional Research Service 2221: 2208:Armed Islamic Group of Algeria 1951: 1698:invading Central Asian Mongols 1579:s mission is to re-create the 1105:. In principle, in mainstream 13: 1: 5694:(United Society of Believers) 5444:The dictionary definition of 4862:Anonymous (August 13, 2015). 4600:By Katerina Dalacoura, p. 113 4391:Understanding Terror Networks 3273:Oxford Islamic Studies Online 2549: 2120:view, and in the writings of 2080:), and the current leader of 2022:against what he perceived as 1810:), and therefore deemed them 1719: 1365:, for example, have declared 1192:against both Sunnī and Shīʿa 693:Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani 5367:Journal for Deradicalization 5318:Journal for Deradicalization 4572:Radical Islam in East Africa 4225:Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012). 4012:. The Globe and Mail Opinion 4004:Khan, Sheema (12 May 2018). 3729:Journal for Deradicalization 3578:Harvard Human Rights Journal 2575: 2296: 1993:Middle East and North Africa 1696:in their jihad against the 1406:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 1253:mainstream branches of Islam 7: 6060:Islam-related controversies 5675:Great and abominable church 4634:, Scribner, 2002, pp. 82–83 4611:"Armed Conflict Year Index" 4074:A New Introduction to Islam 3868:(1, pp. 629–637); cited in 3635:Cordesman, Anthony (2017). 3505:. Touchstone. p. 229. 3453:Julie Rajan, V. G. (2015). 3151:. p. 6. Archived from 2819:, Penguin UK (2017), p. 75 2651:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 2497: 2353:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2306:Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad 2267: 2092:Shukri Mustaf, founder of 1928:Clarification of the Doubts 1402:the Finality of Prophethood 1017: 482:Militant Islamism based in 10: 6091: 1979:In the shade of the Qurʾān 1955: 1887:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 1737:with the emergence of the 1723: 1622: 1416:, that Ahmadi Muslims are 1398:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 1139:Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 803:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 466:Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan 125:Salafism by country/region 6024: 5999: 5960: 5939: 5932: 5905: 5887: 5869: 5851: 5833: 5810: 5801: 5781: 5760: 5729: 5722: 5704: 5666: 5643: 5590: 5559: 5550: 5492: 4998:. Vice news. 12 July 2015 4948:Perspectives on Terrorism 4513:Muslim Extremism in Egypt 4432:Al Qaeda in Its Own Words 3973:10.1163/9789004307834_002 3588:30 September 2009 at the 3580:, Vol 16, September 2003. 3573:17 September 2009 at the 3455:"Islamism, Al Qaeda, and 3409:10.4159/9780674039070-007 3371:10.1163/15730255-12314024 3312:10.1163/9789004307834_013 2861:10.1163/15730255-31020044 2803:Contending with Terrorism 2713:10.1163/9789004435544_026 1981:) and his 1966 manifesto 1769:) after the death of the 1507:(God's sovereignty), and 1476:Muslim-majority countries 1426:in Pakistan belonging to 1303:Muslim-majority countries 1291:no compulsion in religion 930:Islam and other religions 883:Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 412:International propagation 120:International propagation 27:Radical Islamist ideology 4868:New York Review of Books 4840:10.1177/2347798920921706 4791:Al-Zawahiri, A. (2005). 4713:"The Furrows of Algeria" 4648:. La Découverte, Paris. 3682:10.1177/2347798920921706 3536:"What ISIS Really Wants" 3058:Ghasemi, Faezeh (2017). 3043:Ghasemi, Faezeh (2020). 2950:10.1177/0261927X19868494 2750:"Islam: Sunnis and Shia" 2473:under the leadership of 2202:In the brutal 1991–2002 2157:(known to the public as 2135: 2098:(known to the public as 1678:createdness of the Quran 1596:on what he perceived as 1428:different sects of Islam 1344:); they believe that if 1155:religious discrimination 574:Governance of the Jurist 3501:Lewis, Bernard (1995). 3103:Uddin, Asma T. (2014). 2801:Brown, Michael (2010). 1761:to the guidance of the 1275:or converting to Islam 683:Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī 5398:Sahih al-Bukhari 4.574 4569:Rabasa, Angel (2009). 4302:10.1525/j.ctv1xxt55.10 4173:'Abd al-Qadir 'Awdah, 4072:Brown, Daniel (2017). 2646:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen 2484: 2393:Camp Speicher massacre 2378: 2340: 2262: 2188:Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya 2111:may be more rooted in 2078:Egyptian Islamic Jihad 1934:Colonial era and after 1757:was disputed over the 1735:early history of Islam 1589: 1526:Middle Eastern studies 1360:terrorist organization 1153:, becoming victims of 748:Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani 164:Islamic fundamentalism 5412:, Jamiah Media, 2011 5405:, Jamiah Media, 2009 4864:"The Mystery of ISIS" 4646:Qui a tué a Bentalha? 4409:Brookings Institution 4031:Hasan, Usama (2012). 3855:, (2002), pp. 47–48. 3046:Anti-Shiism Discourse 2479: 2465:Boko Haram in Nigeria 2409:takfired Sufi Muslims 2365: 2335: 2258: 1905:and other Muslims as 1667:Historical background 1566: 1277:who rejects the faith 1267:Issues and criticisms 1141:have been accused of 1127:basic tenets of Islam 1079:Islamic jurisprudence 1049:) the punishment for 821:Criticism of Islamism 815:Criticism of Islamism 733:Necip Fazıl Kısakürek 650:Hibatullah Akhundzada 5688:(Society of Friends) 4920:. September 14, 2005 4900:on January 20, 2016. 4335:Ahmad S. Moussalli, 3621:16 June 2007 at the 3600:2 April 2012 at the 3051:University of Tehran 2302:Abu Musab al-Zarqawi 1814:for their perceived 1522:political scientists 655:Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi 615:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 572:Islamic Government: 6065:Islam-related slurs 5257:. Channel Four News 4284:Understanding Jihad 4181:Die Welt des Islams 4141:Die Welt des Islams 3872:Die Welt des Islams 3824:Esposito, John L.; 3804:. New York: Crown. 3542:. Washington, D.C. 3439:Oliveti, Vincenzo. 3279:on January 17, 2013 3181:on 1 February 2022. 3021:10.3390/rel10080483 2154:Jama'at al-Muslimin 2151:In 1977, the group 2095:Jama'at al-Muslimin 2074:al-Jihaad al-Islami 2050:al-Jihaad al-Islami 2043:Qutb and insurgents 1924:Kashf ush-Shubuhaat 1442:) and bombings (in 1149:("unbelievers") by 965:Politics portal 918:Islam and modernity 576:("Velayat-e faqih") 558:Ma'alim fi al-Tariq 5288:. 14 October 2013. 5227:on 21 October 2014 5170:The New York Times 5101:. 24 November 2017 5026:The New York Times 4744:. November 1, 1998 4341:Islam in the World 4040:Quiliam Foundation 4010:The Globe and Mail 3911:The New York Times 3706:by Elie Podeh. in 3357:Arab Law Quarterly 3073: • 3056: • 2848:Arab Law Quarterly 2429:Islamic State flag 2230:non-combatants in 2216:Bentalha massacres 2204:Algerian Civil War 2194:Algerian Civil War 2174:Algerian Civil War 1975:Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān 1971:Muslim Brotherhood 1875:Islamic heartlands 1733:dates back to the 1541:is the insurgents 1454:The importance of 1363:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh 1281:capital punishment 1247:. The practice of 1229:ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh 843:Khaled Abu al-Fadl 688:Qazi Hussain Ahmad 673:Abu Hamza al-Masri 501:Sub-Saharan Africa 461:Muslim Brotherhood 436:Iranian Revolution 346:Islamic Golden Age 214:Islamic liberalism 194:Islamic governance 6070:Islamic extremism 6047: 6046: 6020: 6019: 5928: 5927: 5797: 5796: 5700: 5699: 4531:Terrorism Monitor 3961:Schmidtke, Sabine 3936:Stanley, Trevor. 3802:The Devil We Know 3300:Schmidtke, Sabine 3242:. pp. 1–20. 3220:Izutsu, Toshihiko 3118:978-1-4724-1647-6 2696:Cusack, Carole M. 2669:978-90-04-14743-0 2595:van Donzel, E. J. 2555:Explanatory notes 2455:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 2369:Sinjar operations 2274:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2126:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2117:Ibn Abd al-Wahhab 2070:Ayman al-Zawahiri 2032:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1983:Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq 1778:Ali ibn Abi Talib 1731:Islamic extremism 1708:law rather than 1564:has written that 1468:Anthony Cordesman 1450:Takfiri, Khawarij 1261:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 1245:Abul A'la Maududi 1196:, and became the 1129:. Throughout the 1115:scholars of Islam 999: 998: 853:Abdelwahab Meddeb 788:Haji Shariatullah 753:Yusuf al-Qaradawi 738:Abul A'la Maududi 728:Ruhollah Khomeini 708:Rached Ghannouchi 620:Ruhollah Khomeini 527:Rashīd Rīďha 1922 417:by country/region 306:Two-nation theory 258:Islamic terrorism 219:Islamic socialism 204:Islamic democracy 180:Apostasy in Islam 137:Deobandi jihadism 132:Deobandi movement 16:(Redirected from 6082: 5937: 5936: 5861:Grave worshipper 5808: 5807: 5727: 5726: 5695: 5689: 5683: 5680:Latter-Day Saint 5635:Whore of Babylon 5615:Mackerel snapper 5557: 5556: 5513: 5478: 5471: 5464: 5455: 5454: 5443: 5429:, Penguin, 2004 5386: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5358: 5352: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5286:Brown Moses Blog 5276: 5270: 5269: 5264: 5262: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5234: 5232: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5197: 5192:. Foreign Policy 5185: 5174: 5173: 5161: 5155: 5154: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5099:Associated Press 5091: 5085: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5028:. 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P. 2586: 2569: 2565: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2507: 2447:Syrian Civil War 2441:Syrian civil war 2403:Attacks on Sufis 2386:Jabhat al-Nusrat 2160:Takfir wal-Hijra 2101:Takfir wal-Hijra 2054:Takfir wal-Hijra 1881:ibn Abdul-Wahhāb 1763:Muslim community 1674:Madjma' al-Anhur 1653:Day of Judgement 1633:orthodox Muslims 1629:views on suicide 1617:The New Al Qaeda 1578: 1554:Muslim community 1524:and scholars of 1338:Muslim community 1279:is deserving of 1257:Hasan al-Hudaybi 1221:terrorist groups 1182:history of Islam 1131:history of Islam 1059:Muslim community 1020: 1013: 991: 984: 977: 963: 962: 954:Islam portal 952: 951: 950: 836:in North America 793:Hassan Al-Turabi 743:Abul Hasan Nadwi 336:Anti-imperialism 234:Islamic republic 229:Islamic monarchy 209:Islamic feminism 49: 43: 42: 32: 31: 21: 6090: 6089: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6016: 5995: 5956: 5924: 5901: 5883: 5865: 5847: 5829: 5793: 5777: 5768:Self-hating Jew 5756: 5718: 5696: 5693: 5687: 5677: 5662: 5639: 5586: 5546: 5507: 5488: 5482: 5436: 5395: 5393:Further reading 5390: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5359: 5355: 5344: 5340: 5330: 5328: 5310: 5306: 5297: 5293: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5260: 5258: 5251: 5247: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5208: 5195: 5193: 5186: 5177: 5162: 5158: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5119: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5078: 5076: 5069: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5018: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4984:. The Guardian. 4978: 4974: 4964: 4962: 4940: 4933: 4923: 4921: 4910: 4909: 4905: 4892: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4875: 4860: 4856: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4789: 4785: 4775: 4773: 4766: 4757: 4747: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4691: 4679: 4675: 4671:, 31 March 1998 4667: 4663: 4656: 4642: 4638: 4630:Murphy, Caryle 4629: 4625: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4567: 4563: 4559:, 1985, p. 181 4554: 4550: 4540: 4538: 4523: 4519: 4511:Kepel, Gilles, 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4482: 4478: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4377: 4373: 4364: 4360: 4351: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4321: 4317: 4294: 4273: 4256: 4241: 4223: 4208: 4193:10.2307/1570336 4172: 4168: 4153:10.2307/1570336 4137: 4133: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4084: 4070: 4061: 4052: 4050: 4046: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4002: 3998: 3983: 3957: 3953: 3943: 3941: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3903: 3899: 3884:10.2307/1570336 3863: 3859: 3853:Terror's Source 3850: 3846: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3812: 3795: 3791: 3787:, (2002), p. 45 3785:Terror's Source 3782: 3778: 3768: 3766: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3721: 3714: 3702: 3698: 3661: 3646: 3633: 3629: 3623:Wayback Machine 3613:Rahman, Tariq: 3612: 3608: 3602:Wayback Machine 3593: 3590:Wayback Machine 3581: 3575:Wayback Machine 3566: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3529: 3520: 3513: 3499: 3488: 3473: 3451: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3419: 3394: 3387: 3348: 3337: 3322: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3267: 3266: 3257: 3250: 3240:Keio University 3217: 3200: 3184: 3183: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3144: 3138: 3134: 3119: 3101: 3092: 3072: 3055: 3041: 3037: 2998: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2930: 2924: 2911: 2903:Kepel, Gilles; 2902: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2842: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2810: 2799: 2795: 2786: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2752: 2746: 2739: 2724: 2692: 2677: 2670: 2642: 2638: 2631: 2591:Bosworth, C. E. 2587: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2552: 2526:Religion portal 2524: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2475:Abubakar Shekau 2467: 2443: 2405: 2345: 2299: 2283: 2270: 2224: 2196: 2181:President Sadat 2138: 2045: 2040: 1995:and across the 1960: 1954: 1936: 1891:Maulana Maududi 1883: 1863:Ethiopian slave 1855:'Abbasid period 1812:worthy of death 1771:Islamic prophet 1728: 1722: 1669: 1625: 1576: 1550:Salafi movement 1452: 1357:Salafi-jihadist 1330:Muslim scholars 1269: 1223:, particularly 1214:Salafi jihadist 1145:and labeled as 995: 957: 948: 946: 940: 939: 913: 903: 902: 898:Magnus Ranstorp 816: 808: 807: 703:Hassan al-Banna 668: 660: 659: 610:Muammar Gaddafi 595: 587: 586: 573: 516: 508: 507: 441:Jamaat-e-Islami 364: 356: 355: 351:Islamic revival 326: 318: 317: 275:Political Islam 175: 167: 166: 160: 115:Salafi jihadism 110:Salafi movement 100: 92: 91: 57: 45: 44: 36: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6088: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6030: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6015: 6014: 6009: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5943: 5941: 5934: 5930: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5893: 5891: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5839: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5827: 5822: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5799: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5716: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5670: 5668: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5660: 5655: 5649: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5600:Creeping Jesus 5596: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5489: 5481: 5480: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5435: 5434:External links 5432: 5431: 5430: 5423: 5413: 5406: 5399: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5387: 5353: 5338: 5304: 5291: 5271: 5245: 5206: 5175: 5156: 5137: 5112: 5086: 5063: 5052:Anadolu Agency 5039: 5009: 4987: 4972: 4931: 4903: 4885: 4854: 4833:(3): 259–285. 4808: 4783: 4772:. The Diplomat 4755: 4729: 4703: 4689: 4673: 4661: 4655:978-2707133328 4654: 4636: 4623: 4602: 4588: 4582:978-0833046796 4581: 4561: 4555:Wright, Robin 4548: 4517: 4504: 4476: 4455: 4442:978-0674028043 4441: 4421: 4395: 4383: 4371: 4358: 4345: 4328: 4315: 4293:978-0520287327 4292: 4254: 4240:978-1138577824 4239: 4206: 4166: 4131: 4126:islamicweb.com 4113: 4110:on 2014-07-23. 4089: 4083:978-1118953464 4082: 4059: 4023: 3996: 3982:978-9004307834 3981: 3951: 3928: 3897: 3857: 3844: 3830: 3817: 3811:978-0307408648 3810: 3789: 3776: 3749: 3712: 3696: 3675:(3): 259–285. 3644: 3627: 3606: 3557: 3534:(March 2015). 3518: 3512:978-0684832807 3511: 3486: 3472:978-1138221802 3471: 3445: 3432: 3418:978-0674039070 3417: 3385: 3335: 3321:978-9004307834 3320: 3290: 3255: 3248: 3224:"The Infidel ( 3198: 3161: 3158:on 3 May 2023. 3132: 3117: 3090: 3035: 2989: 2909: 2889: 2821: 2815:Shiraz Maher, 2808: 2793: 2777: 2737: 2723:978-9004435544 2722: 2700:Upal, M. Afzal 2675: 2668: 2636: 2630:978-9004161214 2629: 2607:Bearman, P. J. 2580: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2515: 2499: 2496: 2488:urban invasion 2466: 2463: 2442: 2439: 2404: 2401: 2344: 2343:Broader takfir 2341: 2304:, who founded 2298: 2295: 2282: 2279: 2269: 2266: 2232:Mazar-i-Sharif 2223: 2220: 2195: 2192: 2176:and Al-Qaeda. 2146:Anwar El Sadat 2137: 2134: 2107:The Takfir of 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2012:. In order to 1956:Main article: 1953: 1950: 1935: 1932: 1918:(In his books 1882: 1879: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1724:Main article: 1721: 1718: 1668: 1665: 1624: 1621: 1451: 1448: 1369:not only upon 1268: 1265: 1259:(d. 1977) and 997: 996: 994: 993: 986: 979: 971: 968: 967: 942: 941: 938: 937: 932: 927: 926: 925: 914: 911:Related topics 909: 908: 905: 904: 901: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 858:Maryam Namazie 855: 850: 845: 840: 839: 838: 833: 823: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 768:Ata Abu Rashta 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 718:Muhammad Iqbal 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 678:Muhammad Abduh 675: 669: 667:Key ideologues 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 652: 647: 645:House of Thani 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 605:Omar al-Bashir 602: 596: 594:Heads of state 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 567: 560:("Milestones") 554: 542: 530: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 504: 503: 498: 496:Southeast Asia 493: 488: 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3436: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3397:Jalal, Ayesha 3392: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3194: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3165: 3154: 3150: 3143: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2994: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2937: 2929: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2906: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2841: 2839: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2818: 2812: 2805:. p. 89. 2804: 2797: 2790: 2784: 2782: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2640: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2608: 2604: 2601:; Lewis, B.; 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2564: 2560: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2539:Islamofascism 2537: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2513: 2502: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2426: 2425:Wilayat Sinai 2422: 2421:Islamic State 2418: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2377: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2349: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2278: 2275: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2122:Ibn Taymiyyah 2118: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2065: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2014:restore Islam 2011: 2009: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1942: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1915:) practices. 1914: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1878: 1876: 1867: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1804:false Muslims 1801: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1690:Ibn Taymiyyah 1686: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1664: 1662: 1661:carte blanche 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1544: 1543:raison d'être 1540: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1447: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:Shīʿa Muslims 1380: 1376: 1372: 1371:Shīʿa Muslims 1368: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233:Ibn Taymiyyah 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1175:Sunni Muslims 1172: 1171:Shia jihadist 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Sunnī Muslims 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1135:Shīʿa Muslims 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:death penalty 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1009: 1005: 1004: 992: 987: 985: 980: 978: 973: 972: 970: 969: 966: 961: 956: 955: 944: 943: 936: 933: 931: 928: 924: 921: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 907: 906: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 866: 864: 863:Maajid Nawaaz 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 846: 844: 841: 837: 834: 832: 829: 828: 827: 824: 822: 819: 818: 812: 811: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 778:Navvab Safavi 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 763:Tariq Ramadan 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:Safwat Hegazi 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 698:Muhammad Asad 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 640:House of Saud 638: 636: 635:Mohammed Omar 633: 631: 628: 626: 625:Mohamed Morsi 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 591: 590: 582: 581:Khomeini 1970 578: 577: 575: 568: 565: 561: 559: 555: 552: 548: 547: 543: 540: 536: 535: 531: 528: 524: 523: 519: 518: 512: 511: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 483: 481: 480: 479: 478: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 446:Salafist Call 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 408: 405: 403: 400: 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Onwar.com 4557:Sacred Rage 4541:18 December 4497:20 December 4471:www.pbs.org 4448:18 December 4414:18 December 4276:Cook, David 4187:(1/4): 17. 4147:(1/4): 24. 3921:28 November 3731:(11): 288. 3283:18 December 3070:(3): 75–96. 2960:10871/37355 2603:Pellat, Ch. 2222:Afghanistan 2166:Sayyid Qutb 2130:Sayyid Qutb 1963:Sayyid Qutb 1958:Sayyid Qutb 1952:Sayyid Qutb 1895:Sayyid Qutb 1786:First Fitna 1562:Robert Baer 1418:Non-Muslims 1295:Islamic law 1241:Sayyid Qutb 1163:persecution 1107:Sunnī Islam 1081:, with one 1043:Islamic law 1030:denoting a 1012:تَكْفِيرِيّ 878:Bassam Tibi 873:Olivier Roy 773:Rashid Rida 758:Sayyid Qutb 539:Iqbal 1930s 486:MENA region 456:Millî Görüş 6054:Categories 6000:Non-Jewish 5991:Jahiliyyah 5747:Żydokomuna 5577:Nicodemite 5552:Christians 5527:Jahiliyyah 5416:Reza Aslan 5057:2017-11-28 4917:Al Jazeera 4801:10 January 4617:2015-07-11 4367:Milestones 4354:Milestones 4310:2015010201 4249:2011025970 4053:2015-11-17 3604:, BBC News 3592:, BBC News 3481:2014031954 3249:9839154702 3127:2013019344 2882:25 October 2550:References 2471:Boko Haram 1988:Milestones 1743:Kharijites 1739:Kharijites 1720:Kharijites 1598:jahiliyyah 1387:Christians 1355:group and 1237:Ibn Kathir 1186:Kharijites 868:Sam Harris 848:Farag Foda 630:Zia ul-Haq 491:South Asia 392:Madkhalism 367:Scholastic 325:Influences 149:Khomeinism 99:Ideologies 87:Secularism 5897:Bakriyyah 5843:Batiniyya 5835:Isma'ilis 5773:Misnagdim 5761:Reformers 5592:Catholics 5494:Buddhists 5485:Religious 5375:2363-9849 5326:2363-9849 4849:219460446 4369:, p. 150 4278:(2015) . 3991:0929-2403 3851:Oliveti, 3783:Oliveti, 3737:2363-9849 3691:219460446 3427:152941120 3380:1573-0255 3330:0929-2403 3269:"Takfiri" 3222:(2006) . 3064:Discourse 3030:2077-1444 3007:Religions 2982:3 January 2977:195448888 2969:1552-6526 2869:1573-0255 2770:10 August 2732:1874-6691 2576:Citations 2544:Wahhabism 2451:Hizbollah 2310:civil war 2297:Anti-Shia 2179:In 1981, 2170:apostates 2113:Wahhabism 2002:jahiliyah 1967:apologist 1832:martyrdom 1828:al-Shurat 1808:munāfiḳūn 1714:apostates 1607:The term 1581:Caliphate 1509:al-takfir 1500:jahiliyya 1379:enslaving 1217:extremist 1018:takfīriyy 923:Modernism 831:in Europe 564:Qutb 1965 551:Asad 1961 515:Key texts 425:Political 407:Wahhabism 363:Movements 199:Caliphate 77:Economics 18:Takfirism 5625:Romanist 5522:Hinayana 5501:Butprast 5418:(2009), 5239:takfiris 4960:26590504 4698:El Watan 4356:, p. 20 4016:19 April 3915:Archived 3800:(2008). 3769:10 March 3619:Archived 3598:Archived 3586:Archived 3571:Archived 3544:Archived 3302:(eds.). 3187:cite web 2873:Archived 2761:Archived 2702:(eds.). 2609:(eds.). 2534:Deobandi 2498:See also 2459:Nusayris 2413:attacked 2318:Tal Afar 2314:Shi'ites 2268:Al Qaeda 2082:al-Qaeda 1840:Umayyads 1816:apostasy 1796:infidels 1782:Abu Bakr 1774:Muhammad 1726:Khawarij 1627:Takfiri 1478:and the 1470:and the 1423:madrasas 1353:militant 1350:Islamist 1326:apostasy 1307:See also 1225:al-Qaeda 1159:violence 1137:and the 1113:are the 1051:apostasy 1036:apostate 477:Militant 387:Deobandi 263:Jihadism 174:Concepts 105:Islamism 82:Politics 47:Islamism 39:a series 37:Part of 6007:Shegetz 5963:Muslims 5952:Infidel 5940:General 5915:Takfiri 5907:Salafis 5825:Qadiani 5812:Ahmadis 5803:Muslims 5789:Marrano 5782:Cryptos 5730:General 5691:Shakers 5560:General 5537:Infidel 5517:Heathen 5510:Muslims 5447:takfiri 5380:6 March 5331:6 March 5151:Reuters 5125:Reuters 4681:Kepel, 4201:1570336 4161:1570336 3892:1570336 3742:6 March 3049:(PhD). 2648:(ed.). 2434:Rumiyah 2330:Rafidah 2250:Rāfidah 2028:Qutbism 1755:Muslims 1694:Mamluks 1623:Suicide 1609:takfiri 1600:in the 1574:takfiri 1570:takfiri 1491:takfiri 1412:of the 1391:Yazidis 1299:sharīʿa 1210:Wahhabi 1194:Muslims 1180:In the 1167:Takfiri 1053:is the 1047:sharīʿa 1003:Takfiri 372:Barelvi 280:aspects 243: ( 144:Qutbism 72:Culture 67:History 6012:Shiksa 5986:Dhimmi 5981:Zindīq 5976:Giaour 5920:Wahabi 5889:Sunnis 5879:Rafida 5820:Mirzai 5714:Malaun 5706:Hindus 5685:Quaker 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