1322:. This is achieved by a public domain waiver statement and a fallback all-permissive license, in case the waiver is not possible. Unlike in the US, where author's moral rights are generally not specifically regulated, in some countries where moral rights are protected separately in law it is not possible to waive those rights, but only the rights related to the exploitation of the work. A solution to this issue (as found in the Creative Commons Zero dedication) is to interpret the license by setting "three different layers of action. First, the right holder waives any copyright and related rights that can be waived in accordance with the applicable law. Secondly, if there are rights that the right holder cannot waive under applicable law, they are licensed in a way that mirrors as closely as possible the legal effect of a waiver. And finally, if there are any rights that the right holders cannot waive or license, they affirm that they will not exercise them and they will not assert any claim with respect to the use of the work, once again within the limits of applicable law. (...) In countries where moral rights exist but where they can be waived or not asserted, they are waived if asserted (e.g. the UK). In countries where they cannot be waived they will remain into full effect in accordance to the applicable law (think of France, Spain or Italy where moral rights cannot be waived)." The same occurs in Switzerland.
1206:, a German art museum, sued Wikimedia Commons in 2016 over photographs uploaded to the database depicting pieces of art in the museum. The museum claimed that the photos were taken by their staff, and that photography within the museum by visitors was prohibited. Therefore, photos taken by the museum, even of material that itself had fallen into the public domain, were protected by copyright law and would need to be removed from the Wikimedia image repository. The court ruled that the photographs taken by the museum would be protected under the German Copyright Act, stating that since the photographer needed to make practical decisions about the photograph that it was protected material. The Wikimedia volunteer was ordered to remove the images from the site, as the museum's policy had been violated when the photos were taken.
1306:. These give authors of works (that would qualify for copyright) the ability to decide which protections they would like to place on their material. As copyright is the default license for new material, Creative Commons licenses offer authors a variety of options to designate their work under whichever license they wish, as long as this does not violate standing copyright law. For example, a CC BY license allows for re-users to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon material, while also agreeing to provide attribution to the author in any of these cases. In 2009 the
55:
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1461:
36:
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performing copyrighted pieces and creating derivative works were not restricted by early copyright laws. Copying was widespread, in compliance with the law, but expansions of those laws intended to benefit literary works and responding to commercial music recording technology's reproducibility have led to stricter rules. Relatively recently, a normative view that copying in music is not desirable and lazy has become popular among professional musicians.
5062:
607:
threatened such expression". Patterson and
Lindberg described the public domain not as a "territory", but rather as a concept: "here are certain materials – the air we breathe, sunlight, rain, space, life, creations, thoughts, feelings, ideas, words, numbers – not subject to private ownership. The materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival." The term
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561:
839:
1442:
1199:. Consequently, in the US, foreign-sourced works and US-sourced works are now treated differently, with foreign-sourced works remaining under copyright regardless of compliance with formalities, while domestically sourced works may be in the public domain if they failed to comply with then-existing formalities requirements—a situation described as odd by some scholars, and unfair by some US-based rightsholders.
816:
file. Musical compositions fall under the same general rules as other works, and anything published before 1925 is considered public domain. Sound recordings, on the other hand, are subject to different rules and are not eligible for public domain status until 2021–2067, depending on the date and location of publishing, unless explicitly released beforehand.
1482:. As of 1 January 2010, there is as Public Domain Day website lists the authors whose works are entering the public domain. There are activities in countries around the world by various organizations all under the banner Public Domain Day, this can help people around the world celebrate works written a while ago.
948:, which became public domain in the US in 1977 and most of the rest of the world in 1995. By 1999, the plays of Shakespeare, all public domain, had been used in more than 420 feature-length films. In addition to straightforward adaptation, they have been used as the launching point for transformative retellings such as
1392:
Because trademarks are registered with governments, some countries or trademark registries may recognize a mark, while others may have determined that it is generic and not allowable as a trademark in that registry. For example, the drug acetylsalicylic acid (2-acetoxybenzoic acid) is better known as
1190:
was applied retroactively, restoring and extending the terms of copyright on material previously in the public domain. Term extensions by the US and
Australia generally have not removed works from the public domain, but rather delayed the addition of works to it. However, the United States moved away
811:
introduced Latin musical notation in the 10th century. This laid the foundation for the preservation of global music in the public domain, a distinction formalized alongside copyright systems in the 17th century. Musicians copyrighted their publications of musical notation as literary writings, but
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A trademark registration may remain in force indefinitely, or expire without specific regard to its age. For a trademark registration to remain valid, the owner must continue to use it. In some circumstances, such as disuse, failure to assert trademark rights, or common usage by the public without
1362:
In most countries, the term of rights for patents is 20 years, after which the invention becomes part of the public domain. In the United States, the contents of patents are considered valid and enforceable for 20 years from the date of filing within the United States or 20 years from the earliest
934:
of a work, as well as other forms of transformation or adaptation. Copyrighted works may not be used for derivative works without permission from the copyright owner, while public domain works can be freely used for derivative works without permission. Artworks that are public domain may also be
815:
US copyright laws distinguish between musical compositions and sound recordings, the former of which refers to melody, notation or lyrics created by a composer or lyricist, including sheet music, and the latter referring to a recording performed by an artist, including a CD, LP, or digital sound
421:
As rights vary by country and jurisdiction, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a country-by-country basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required, gives rise to public-domain
1214:
Works of various governments around the world may be excluded from copyright law and may therefore be considered to be in the public domain in their respective countries. They may also be in the public domain in other countries as well. The legal scholar
Melville Nimmer has written that "it is
1062:
that have never been subject to copyright, are still subject to royalties payable to the state or to an authors' association. The user does not have to seek permission to copy, present or perform the work, but does have to pay the fee. Typically the royalties are directed to support of living
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rights and limitation on ownership. A conceptual definition comes from Lange, who focused on what the public domain should be: "it should be a place of sanctuary for individual creative expression, a sanctuary conferring affirmative protection against the forces of private appropriation that
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project records music in the public domain for the purposes of making the music available to the general public in a high-quality audio format. Online musical archives preserve collections of classical music recorded by
Musopen and offer them for download/distribution as a public service.
577:
Definitions of the boundaries of the public domain in relation to copyright, or intellectual property more generally, regard the public domain as a negative space; that is, it consists of works that are no longer in copyright term or were never protected by copyright law. According to
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equated the expiration of copyright with a work falling "into the sink hole of public domain" and if the public domain receives any attention from intellectual property lawyers it is still treated as little more than that which is left when intellectual property rights, such as
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1183:, to a term extending to 50, then 70, years after the death of the author. The claim that "pre-1929 works are in the public domain" is correct only for published works; unpublished works are under federal copyright for at least the life of the author plus 70 years.
841:
749:
A notable exception is the United States, where every book and tale published before 1929 is in the public domain; US copyrights last for 95 years for books originally published between 1929 and 1978 if the copyright was properly registered and maintained.
548:, expire or are abandoned. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a, "little coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain." Copyright law differs by country, and the American legal scholar
1174:
In the United States, determining whether a work has entered the public domain or is still under copyright depends upon what the law or regulation was at creation, and whether new regulations have grandfathered in certain older works. Because
397:
existed, or by their copyright term having expired. Some works are not covered by a country's copyright laws, and are therefore in the public domain; for example, in the United States, items excluded from copyright include the formulae of
1371:
within a patent, provided the illustrations are essentially line drawings and do not in any substantive way reflect the "personality" of the person drawing them, are not subject to copyright protection. This is separate from the
1426:
in relation to computer products, despite that Hormel's trademark is only registered in reference to food products (a trademark claim is made within a particular field). Such defences have failed in the United
Kingdom.
1743:
Listings of ingredients, as in recipes, labels, or formulas. When a recipe or formula is accompanied by an explanation or directions, the text directions may be copyrightable, but the recipe or formula itself remains
1664:
3403:
2113:
2082:
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1822:
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of copyright expires on the first day of
January, 70 years after the death of the latest living author. The longest copyright term is in Mexico, which has life plus 100 years for all deaths since July 1928.
897:
Enabling low cost access to information without the need to locate the owner or negotiate rights clearance and pay royalties, through for example expired copyrighted works or patents, and non-original data
2849:
Note on the
Meanings of the Term "Public Domain" in the Intellectual Property System with special reference to the Protection of Traditional Knowledge and Traditional Cultural Expressions/Expressions of
492:
meant things that were owned by the municipalities of Rome. When looking at it from a historical perspective, one could say the construction of the idea of "public domain" sprouted from the concepts of
1422:, does not object to informal use of the word "spam" in reference to unsolicited commercial email. However, it has fought attempts by other companies to register names including the word 'spam' as a
840:
1512:
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The observance of a "Public Domain Day" was initially informal; the earliest known mention was in 2004 by
Wallace McLean (a Canadian public domain activist), with support for the idea echoed by
2226:
858:
is public domain in the United States because its theatrical distributor failed to place a copyright indication on the prints, as would have been required to obtain a copyright at that time.
2375:
3542:
1233:
512:
in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by
British and French jurists in the 18th century. Instead of "public domain", they used terms such as
1333:
message. The
Unlicense offers a public domain waiver text with a fallback public domain-like license inspired by permissive licenses but without attribution. Another option is the
2871:
454:, "as a preset system included in the property right system". The Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined "many things that cannot be privately owned" as
418:
is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, in which case use of the work is referred to as "under license" or "with permission".
1453:
expire and works enter into the public domain. This legal transition of copyright works into the public domain usually happens every year on 1 January based on the individual
1141:). Mathematical formulae will therefore generally form part of the public domain, to the extent that their expression in the form of software is not covered by copyright.
4565:
3239:"Validity of the Creative Commons Zero 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication and its usability for bibliographic metadata from the perspective of German Copyright Law"
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Serpent is now completely in the public domain, and we impose no restrictions on its use. This was announced on 21 August at the First AES Candidate Conference.
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Enabling competitive imitation, through for example expired patents and copyright, or publicly disclosed technologies that do not qualify for patent protection.
1274:
An alternative is for copyright holders to issue a license which irrevocably grants as many rights as possible to the general public. Real public domain makes
3215:
1043:(Schedule 6) that requires royalties to be paid for commercial performances, publications and broadcasts of the story of Peter Pan within the UK, as long as
738:
A public-domain book is a book with no copyright, a book that was created without a license, or a book where its copyrights expired or have been forfeited.
4863:
4485:
119:
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Michel, Stefan (1 June 2019). "Digitisation of art in the public domain–museum urges Wikimedia to take down reproductions of out-of-protection artworks".
1195:, which removed from the public domain many foreign-sourced works that had previously not been in copyright in the US for failure to comply with US-based
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reproduced photographically or artistically or used as the basis of new, interpretive works. Works derived from public domain works can be copyrighted.
3238:
4634:
3892:
4215:
2252:
1407:, while aspirin, with a lowercase "a", is not. Bayer lost the trademark in the United States, the UK and France after World War I, as part of the
314:
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4540:
2277:
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3394:
Vollmer, Timothy; Vézina, Brigitte; Miyara, Jocelyn; Benedict, Connor; Wetzler, Jennryn; Hollich, Shanna; Murray, Corrine (27 December 2013).
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569:
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4622:
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1029:
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2824:
350:, or may be inapplicable. Because no one holds the exclusive rights, anyone can legally use or reference those works without permission.
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4602:
4575:
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3058:
1240:, which went into effect in 1978), all works were by default copyright protected and needed to be actively given into public domain by a
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Once works enter into the public domain, derivative works such as adaptations in book and film may increase noticeably, as happened with
104:
2883:
4580:
2167:
1256:. This may even "effectively prohibit any attempt by copyright owners to surrender rights automatically conferred by law, particularly
4530:
4500:
2853:, Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore: Seventeenth Session
1497:
3622:
1137:
The underlying idea that is expressed or manifested in the creation of a work generally cannot be the subject of copyright law (see
5106:
4677:
3857:
3516:
3440:
1348:
license to dedicate content to the public domain, and the Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL) for data.
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2015:
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axiomatic that material in the public domain is not protected by copyright, even when incorporated into a copyrighted work".
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Before 1 March 1989, in the US, works could be easily given into the public domain by just releasing it without an explicit
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Legal traditions differ on whether a work in the public domain can have its copyright restored. In the European Union, the
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Building blocks for the creation of new knowledge, examples include data, facts, ideas, theories, and scientific principle.
237:
139:
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1756:
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1167:, copyright term is based on the life of the author, and extends to 50 or 70 years beyond the death of the author. (See
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2454:
1411:. So many copycat products entered the marketplace during the war that it was deemed generic just three years later.
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are in the public domain. However, translations or new formulations of these works may be copyrighted in themselves.
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A public-domain film is a film that was never under copyright, was released to public domain by its author, or whose
720:
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4612:
4520:
3867:
3489:
1724:
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Determination of whether a copyright has expired depends on an examination of the copyright in its source country.
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623:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
438:, including concepts such as the "commons of the mind", the "intellectual commons", and the "information commons".
269:
94:
3211:
3109:
1144:
Works created before the existence of copyright and patent laws also form part of the public domain. For example,
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4710:
4617:
4201:
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3372:
2097:
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2032:
2005:
1978:
1951:
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217:
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Pamela Samuelson has identified eight "values" that can arise from information and works in the public domain.
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20:
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Access to cultural heritage through information resources such as ancient Greek texts and Mozart's symphonies.
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was defined as "things that could be commonly enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight and ocean." The term
411:
406:); examples include reference implementations of cryptographic algorithms, and the image-processing software
2389:
March Perry; Thomas Margoni (2010). "From music tracks to Google maps: who owns Computer Generated Works?".
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4687:
3967:
2758:
1517:
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1187:
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1138:
987:
982:
527:
The phrase "fall in the public domain" can be traced to mid-19th-century France to describe the end of
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has described the public domain as being "different sizes at different times in different countries".
5033:
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4933:
4181:
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3730:
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2359:
1633:
1341:
124:
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3939:
3337:
1606:
1303:
1249:
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and cooking recipes. Other works are actively dedicated by their authors to the public domain (see
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Promoting the democratic process and values, through news, laws, regulation, and judicial opinion.
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3715:
3315:
939:
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129:
99:
89:
27:
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restrictions and therefore in the public domain. The public domain mark is a combination of the
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did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the concept can be traced back to the ancient
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4773:
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3972:
3847:
3814:
3720:
1601:
1581:
1282:"). There are multiple licenses which aim to release works into the public domain. In 2000 the
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shifted over the course of the 20th century from a fixed-term based on first publication, with
579:
200:
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2592:
2394:
1881:
1248:. Not all legal systems have processes for reliably donating works to the public domain, e.g.
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4725:
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3695:
2724:
2446:
2440:
1534:
1386:
1315:
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46:
1913:"Romans, Roads, and Romantic Creators: Traditions of Public Property in the Information Age"
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980:, one of thousands of derivative works based on the public domain painting. The 2018 film
8:
4903:
4505:
3842:
3710:
3632:
3396:"Creative Commons 4.0 BY and BY-SA licenses approved conformant with the Open Definition"
3036:
2478:. World Intellectual Property Organisation, Kluwer Law International. 1997. p. 313.
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959:
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Promoting education, through the spread of information, ideas, and scientific principles.
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362:
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regime, works that have entered the public domain after their copyright has expired, or
26:
For the content guidelines regarding the use of public domain content on Knowledge, see
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4106:
4010:
3436:
3168:
2541:
2505:
2253:"The National Emergency Library is offering free ebooks — but is it lending or piracy?"
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1932:
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1523:
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1253:
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1072:
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Constructing the canon of children's literature: beyond library walls and ivory towers
1004:
In some countries, certain works may never fully lapse into the public domain. In the
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4419:
4041:
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3351:
3289:
3158:
2990:
2796:
2730:
2696:
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2598:
2548:
2512:
2479:
2450:
2445:. Legal text series; Contemporary Casebook Series (2nd ed.). M. Bender. p.
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2136:
2103:
2072:
2038:
2011:
1984:
1957:
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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the
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may also be interchangeably used with other imprecise or undefined terms such as the
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54:
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can be more granular, including for example uses of works in copyright permitted by
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4121:
4066:
4026:
3907:
3745:
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3105:
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2169:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment
1893:
1854:
1710:
1666:
Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment
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1105:
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591:
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Informal uses of trademarks are not covered by trademark protection. For example,
901:
Promoting public health and safety, through information and scientific principles.
508:
When the first early copyright law was originally established in Britain with the
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in February 2016 2.9 million works (~10% of all works) are listed with the mark.
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Enabling follow-on innovation, through for example expired patents and copyright.
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Public domain: how to find and use copyright-free writings, music, art and more
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are in the public domain either by virtue of their having been created before
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602:. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to
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159:
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Labastida, Ignasi; Margoni, Thomas (2020). "Licensing FAIR Data for Reuse".
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The future of the public domain: identifying the commons in information law
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1882:"Revue juridique de l'Ouest, 2011-1: Les choses communes (Première partie)"
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Janespotting and Beyond: British Heritage Retrovisions Since the Mid-1990s
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1757:"SERPENT - A Candidate Block Cipher for the Advanced Encryption Standard"
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249:
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2759:"Everything you need to know about the 1937 version of 'A Star Is Born'"
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2466:
1936:
1725:"Copyright Protection Not Available for Names, Titles, or Short Phrases"
1513:
Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States
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are in the public domain worldwide as they all died over 100 years ago.
35:
3912:
3735:
3627:
3284:
1912:
1149:
970:
784:
661: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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346:
rights apply. Those rights may have expired, been forfeited, expressly
3380:
1039:) in the United Kingdom, it was granted a special exception under the
4835:
3787:
2931:
2692:"Frame my face to all occasions": Shakespeare's Richard III on screen
2463:
2331:"Copyright Registration of Musical Compositions and Sound Recordings"
1502:
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69:
1403:, with an uppercase A, is still a trademark of the German company
1278:
unnecessary, as no owner/author is required to grant permission ("
787:
make tens of thousands of public domain books available online as
488:
referred to things that were shared by all citizens, and the term
4174:
4071:
3649:
1395:
1363:
date of filing if under 35 USC 120, 121, or 365(c). However, the
1275:
870:
before January 1st, 1929 have been entered in the Public Domain.
820:
619:
541:
434:
2227:"Cover to Cover: Access thousands of books on Project Gutenberg"
1441:
3418:"Open Data Commons Public Domain Dedication and License (PDDL)"
2907:"Improving Access to the Public Domain: the Public Domain Mark"
1415:
1241:
1097:
990:, which is in the public domain due to an unrenewed copyright.
407:
403:
370:
347:
114:
4840:
2879:
2416:. The George Washington University Law School. Archived from
2166:
Graber, Christoph Beat; Nenova, Mira Burri (1 January 2008).
1404:
1302:) has introduced several public-domain-like licenses, called
1283:
1017:
788:
3393:
3051:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
2204:"Copyright Term and the Public Domain in the United States"
1023:
While the copyright has expired for the Peter Pan works by
2475:
Introduction to intellectual property: theory and practice
524:
to describe works that were not covered by copyright law.
3329:
3132:"do What The Fuck you want to Public License Version 1.0"
2388:
1399:
in the United States—a generic term. In Canada, however,
1345:
799:
People have been creating music for millennia. The first
3352:"BSD 0-Clause License (0BSD) Explained in Plain English"
1892:(1). Ecole de Avocats du Grand Quest de Rennes: 59–112.
1218:
1047:(to whom Barrie gave the copyright) continues to exist.
39:
Public domain icon, which is in the public domain itself
2954:(2008). "Judicial Oversight of Copyright Legislation".
2507:
The copyright handbook: what every writer needs to know
1845:
Huang, H. (2009). "On public domain in copyright law".
1560:
List of films in the public domain in the United States
573:, with hand-written corrections for the second edition
1132:
1127:
911:
480:
was defined as things not yet appropriated. The term
4486:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
3155:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
2198:
2196:
2131:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
1635:
The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind
582:
this definition underlines common usage of the term
3661:, internet association on the digital public domain
2975:
Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice
2872:"Creative Commons announces the Public Domain Mark"
1223:
4854:
3694:
3434:Manual of Patent Examining Procedure available at
2540:
2504:
2357:
2128:
2007:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1980:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1953:Copyright law: a handbook of contemporary research
1445:An English logo of the 2023/2024 Public Domain Day
4465:
2817:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48)"
2193:
2060:
2058:
5088:
3261:
2845:
2722:
2353:
2351:
1800:
1798:
1796:
3055:Cornell University Copyright Information Center
2726:The Cambridge companion to literature on screen
2099:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
2068:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
2034:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1808:Rethinking copyright: history, theory, language
1464:Visual created for Public Domain Day. Features
3543:"Happy Public Domain Day! Here's to many more"
3040:, section 13.03(F)(4). Albany: Matthew Bender.
2639:
2410:"L.H.O.O.Q. Internet related Derivative Works"
2055:
1923:(1/2). Duke University School of Law: 89–110.
1663:Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008).
1263:
1163:In most countries that are signatories to the
4451:
4209:
3680:
3597:"Public domain day - in Canada (Lessig Blog)"
3462:Officer, Office of the Chief Communications.
2348:
1956:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 134–135.
1793:
1474:, as it is famously part of the public domain
1385:regard for its intended use, it could become
308:
4491:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
3422:Open Data Commons: legal tools for open data
2723:Cartmell, Deborah; Whelehan, Imelda (2007).
2165:
1662:
1236:Implementation Act of 1988 (and the earlier
422:status for a work in that country. The term
3212:"11/17: Lulan Artisans Textile Competition"
3157:. Yale University Press. pp. 179–204.
3083:", U.S. Copyright Office Circular 3, 2008.
1879:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1449:Public Domain Day is an observance of when
1389:, and therefore part of the public domain.
1329:, published around 2010, has a focus on an
513:
105:Integrated circuit layout design protection
4458:
4444:
4223:
4216:
4202:
3687:
3673:
3536:
3534:
2729:. Cambridge University Press. p. 69.
2358:Guibault, Lucy; Hugenholtz, Bernt (2006).
1337:, released in 2006 and aimed at software.
1318:with law domains which have no concept of
1155:
1120:databases use it, and for instance on the
1030:Peter Pan, or the Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up
626:
315:
301:
3650:Center for the Study of the Public Domain
3308:"The Unlicense: A License for No License"
3283:
2576:. Public Domain Works That Are Modified.
2250:
2003:
1976:
1949:
1498:Center for the Study of the Public Domain
1100:to indicate that a work is free of known
721:Learn how and when to remove this message
3858:Business models for open-source software
3540:
3506:
3330:"Unlicense Yourself: Set Your Code Free"
3236:
3153:Boyle, J. (2008). "A Creative Commons".
2658:Directing Shakespeare: a scholar onstage
2102:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 105.
2071:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 104.
2037:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 102.
2010:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 137.
1983:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 154.
1811:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 103.
1669:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 173.
1620:
1459:
1440:
1076:
837:
559:
34:
16:Works outside the scope of copyright law
3531:
2950:
2791:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. pp.
2784:
2538:
2502:
2438:
2224:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1550:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
1290:. Creative Commons (created in 2002 by
1041:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
974:is a derivative of Leonardo da Vinci's
223:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
5089:
3594:
3567:
3470:from the original on 25 September 2009
3061:from the original on 26 September 2010
2972:
2904:
2756:
2688:
2661:. Ohio University Press. p. 101.
2590:
2574:Stanford Copyright and Fair Use Center
2414:Supplemental material Computer Law 484
2378:from the original on 18 December 2014.
2116:from the original on 19 November 2011.
2085:from the original on 19 November 2011.
2051:from the original on 19 November 2011.
1825:from the original on 19 November 2011.
1652:from the original on 14 February 2015.
1418:, producer of the canned meat product
993:
4439:
4197:
4047:Organization for Transformative Works
3668:
3572:. American University. Archived from
3568:McLean, Wallace J. (1 January 2004).
3218:from the original on 31 December 2016
3152:
2846:WIPO Secretariat (24 November 2010),
2654:
2407:
2126:
2095:
2064:
2030:
1844:
1804:
1631:
1286:was released as a public domain like
1219:Dedicating works to the public domain
1066:
955:Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
807:system, was created 4,000 years ago.
181:Artificial intelligence and copyright
5014:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
3507:McCarthy, Kieren (31 January 2005).
2913:from the original on 14 October 2010
2757:Lenker, Maureen Lee (10 July 2022).
2567:
1910:
1829:
1703:"Works Unprotected by Copyright Law"
1555:List of countries' copyright lengths
1430:
1169:List of countries' copyright lengths
1008:, for example, there is a perpetual
659:adding citations to reliable sources
630:
140:Supplementary protection certificate
4481:Alternative terms for free software
3595:Lessig, Lawrence (1 January 2004).
3509:"Hormel Spam trademark case canned"
3461:
2821:Office of Public Sector Information
2503:Fishman, Stephen (September 2008).
1209:
13:
4821:Python Software Foundation License
3541:Richmond, Shane (1 January 2010).
3443:from the original on 18 April 2015
3406:from the original on 4 March 2016.
3314:. 24 February 2016. Archived from
3112:from the original on 28 April 2013
3102:"About CC0 — "No Rights Reserved""
2225:Preston, Sherry (9 October 2023).
1597:Public domain in the United States
1133:Works not covered by copyright law
1128:Application to copyrightable works
912:Relationship with derivative works
14:
5128:
4884:Definition of Free Cultural Works
4501:Free software project directories
3643:
3545:. Telegraph Blogs. Archived from
3464:"Terms of Use for USPTO Websites"
3340:from the original on 8 July 2018.
2905:Peters, Diane (11 October 2010).
2882:. 12 October 2010. Archived from
2788:The Oxford companion to the Bible
2644:. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 92.
2627:The Guinness Book of Records 1999
2624:
2591:Lundin, Anne H. (2 August 2004).
2580:from the original on 18 May 2016.
2302:
1880:Foures-Diop, Anne-Sophie (2011).
1785:. 28 January 2016. Archived from
594:. However, the usage of the term
586:and equates the public domain to
5071:
5070:
5060:
4521:Open-source software development
3868:Commercial use of copyleft works
3519:from the original on 7 July 2008
2827:from the original on 1 June 2008
2640:Voigts-Virchow, Eckartm (2004).
2336:. United States Copyright Office
2251:Robertson, Adi (31 March 2020).
1344:recommends the Creative Commons
1270:Public-domain-equivalent license
1224:Release without copyright notice
1060:traditional cultural expressions
635:
270:Outline of intellectual property
95:Indigenous intellectual property
53:
5107:Copyright law legal terminology
4879:Debian Free Software Guidelines
4711:Free Software Movement of India
3848:Alternative compensation system
3615:
3588:
3561:
3500:
3482:
3455:
3428:
3410:
3387:
3365:
3344:
3322:
3300:
3255:
3230:
3204:
3179:
3146:
3124:
3094:
3073:
3043:
3025:
3001:
2966:
2944:
2925:
2898:
2864:
2839:
2809:
2778:
2750:
2716:
2682:
2648:
2633:
2618:
2584:
2561:
2532:
2496:
2432:
2401:
2382:
2323:
2296:
2270:
2244:
2218:
2159:
2127:Boyle, James (1 January 2008).
2120:
2089:
2024:
1997:
1970:
1943:
1904:
646:needs additional citations for
4032:Electronic Frontier Foundation
3492:. Hormel Foods. Archived from
3490:"SPAM® Brand and the Internet"
2152:– via Internet Archive.
1873:
1770:
1749:
1717:
1695:
1656:
1455:copyright laws of each country
1246:anti-copyright can call notice
866:has expired. All films in the
21:Public domain (disambiguation)
1:
4869:Contributor License Agreement
4683:Open-source-software movement
4467:Free and open-source software
3873:Commons-based peer production
3741:Legal aspects of file sharing
2570:"Public Domain Trouble Spots"
2439:Leaffer, Marshall A. (1995).
1917:Law and Contemporary Problems
1613:
1592:Public domain image resources
1587:Public Domain Enhancement Act
1379:
1320:dedicating into public domain
1191:from that tradition with the
1014:Authorized King James Version
555:
412:National Institutes of Health
5040:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
4894:The Free Software Definition
3968:Access to Knowledge movement
3599:. Lessig.org. Archived from
3138:. March 2000. Archived from
2956:Northern Kentucky Law Review
2629:. Bantam Books. p. 358.
2364:. Kluwer Law International.
1518:Copyright Term Extension Act
1193:Uruguay Round Agreements Act
1188:Copyright Duration Directive
1045:Great Ormond Street Hospital
7:
4944:Mozilla software rebranding
4909:Permissive software license
3034:, and David Nimmer (1997).
2568:Stim, Rich (4 April 2013).
2442:Understanding copyright law
2305:"The Catholic Encyclopedia"
2282:The University of Edinburgh
2172:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
1485:
1264:Public-domain-like licenses
218:Idea–expression distinction
10:
5133:
4949:Proprietary device drivers
4899:The Open Source Definition
3570:"Happy Public Domain Day!"
2785:Metzger, Bruce M. (2006).
2695:. Braumüller. p. 17.
2597:. Routledge. p. 138.
2547:. Nolo. pp. 124–125.
2408:Stern, Richard H. (2001).
1886:Revue Juridique de l'Ouest
1434:
1355:
1351:
1267:
1070:
997:
988:1937 film of the same name
915:
831:
753:For example: the works of
590:and works in copyright to
441:
353:As examples, the works of
25:
18:
5112:Intellectual property law
5056:
5034:Source-available software
4992:
4934:Digital rights management
4926:
4724:
4701:
4663:
4539:
4473:
4415:
4354:
4293:
4232:
4145:
4094:
4082:Students for Free Culture
4019:
4003:
3996:
3978:Cultural environmentalism
3960:
3935:Prizes instead of patents
3835:
3731:Digital rights management
3703:
3087:26 September 2012 at the
3009:"Copyright Office Basics"
2539:Fishman, Stephen (2008).
2311:. Robert Appleton Company
2189:– via Google Books.
2135:. Yale University Press.
1859:10.1007/s11463-009-0011-6
1847:Frontiers of Law in China
1342:Open Knowledge Foundation
1304:Creative Commons licenses
1112:, with the international
922:Derivative works include
881:Possible values include:
5029:Shared Source Initiative
4826:Shared Source Initiative
4779:Free Software Foundation
4716:Free Software Foundation
4566:Configuration management
4037:Free Software Foundation
3623:"Public Domain Day 2010"
2004:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1977:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1950:Torremans, Paul (2007).
1607:Rule of the shorter term
1314:, which was created for
1197:formalities requirements
873:
855:Night of the Living Dead
827:
794:
733:
4964:SCO/Linux controversies
4168:RiP!: A Remix Manifesto
3878:Electronic sell-through
3773:Monopolies of knowledge
3716:Censorship by copyright
3237:Kreutzer, Till (2011).
2689:Kossak, Saskia (2005).
2096:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2065:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
2031:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
1911:Rose, Carol M. (2003).
1805:Ronan, Deazley (2006).
1376:rights just mentioned.
1335:Zero Clause BSD license
1181:a possible renewal term
1156:Expiration of copyright
940:Frances Hodgson Burnett
627:Public domain by medium
130:Plant genetic resources
100:Industrial design right
90:Geographical indication
28:Knowledge:Public domain
4864:Comparison of licenses
4673:Free software movement
4182:The Internet's Own Boy
3988:Free software movement
3815:software patent debate
3721:Copyright infringement
2655:Homan, Sidney (2004).
1898:10.3406/juro.2011.4336
1759:. 1999. Archived from
1602:Public domain software
1582:Protection of Classics
1475:
1446:
1204:Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen
1148:and the inventions of
1139:idea–expression divide
1085:
859:
741:In most countries the
574:
514:
335:) consists of all the
201:Criticism of copyright
125:Plant breeders' rights
40:
4939:License proliferation
3983:Free-culture movement
3893:Libertarian positions
3888:Free-software license
3853:Anti-copyright notice
3696:Intellectual property
3373:"Conformant Licenses"
2937:12 March 2016 at the
2511:. Nolo. p. 178.
2278:"What is Wikisource?"
1632:Boyle, James (2008).
1535:Free-culture movement
1463:
1444:
1340:In October 2014, the
1238:Copyright Act of 1976
1080:
1056:traditional knowledge
852:The 1968 horror film
851:
563:
344:intellectual property
47:Intellectual property
38:
5024:Open-source hardware
4959:Proprietary software
4954:Proprietary firmware
4655:Formerly open-source
4650:Formerly proprietary
4516:Open-source software
3903:Open-design movement
3276:10.1162/dint_a_00042
3021:on 25 February 2009.
2987:10.1093/jiplp/jpz042
2932:Category:CC-PD-Mark
2909:. Creative Commons.
2823:. 1988. p. 28.
2764:Entertainment Weekly
2206:. Cornell University
1763:on 13 January 2013.
1638:. CSPD. p. 38.
1577:Paying public domain
1409:Treaty of Versailles
1052:paying public domain
928:musical arrangements
805:Music of Mesopotamia
655:improve this article
600:copyright exceptions
505:in early Roman law.
359:Ludwig van Beethoven
19:For other uses, see
4904:Open-source license
4506:Gratis versus libre
3843:All rights reversed
3711:Artificial scarcity
3635:on 14 October 2012.
3496:on 13 October 2009.
3187:"About CC Licenses"
3037:Nimmer on Copyright
3032:Nimmer, Melville B.
2625:Young, Mark (ed.).
1779:"ImageJ Disclaimer"
1683:on 20 December 2014
1545:Freedom of panorama
1000:Perpetual copyright
994:Perpetual copyright
986:is a remake of the
968:. Marcel Duchamp's
960:Troma Entertainment
363:Miguel de Cervantes
355:William Shakespeare
191:Copyright abolition
4161:Good Copy Bad Copy
4107:Alexandra Elbakyan
4011:Copyright Alliance
3603:on 7 November 2011
3377:opendefinition.com
3336:. 4 January 2010.
2886:on 16 October 2010
1524:Eldred v. Ashcroft
1476:
1447:
1280:Permission culture
1254:continental Europe
1094:Public Domain Mark
1086:
1083:Public Domain Mark
1081:Creative Commons'
1073:Public Domain Mark
1067:Public domain mark
860:
834:Public domain film
743:term of protection
575:
531:. The French poet
522:propriété publique
446:Although the term
283:Higher categories:
275:Outline of patents
41:
5084:
5083:
4984:Trusted Computing
4974:Software security
4922:
4921:
4603:Operating systems
4511:Long-term support
4433:
4432:
4420:Public Domain Day
4191:
4190:
4090:
4089:
4042:Open Rights Group
3318:on 24 March 2016.
3264:Data Intelligence
3164:978-0-300-14275-4
2736:978-0-521-61486-3
2702:978-3-7003-1492-9
2668:978-0-8214-1550-4
2604:978-0-8153-3841-3
2554:978-1-4133-0858-7
2518:978-1-4133-0893-8
2485:978-90-411-0938-5
2420:on 19 August 2018
2179:978-1-84844-391-4
2142:978-0-300-13740-8
2109:978-1-84542-282-0
2078:978-1-84542-282-0
2044:978-1-84542-282-0
2017:978-1-84542-487-9
1990:978-1-84542-487-9
1963:978-1-84542-487-9
1818:978-1-84542-282-0
1741:on 5 April 2016.
1676:978-1-84720-921-4
1645:978-0-300-13740-8
1466:Leonardo da Vinci
1451:copyrighted works
1437:Public Domain Day
1431:Public Domain Day
1122:Wikimedia Commons
965:Tromeo and Juliet
945:The Secret Garden
849:
777:Project Gutenberg
731:
730:
723:
705:
503:res universitatis
490:res universitatis
474:res universitatis
400:Newtonian physics
387:Leonardo da Vinci
325:
324:
5124:
5074:
5073:
5064:
4969:Software patents
4852:
4851:
4764:Creative Commons
4623:Web applications
4460:
4453:
4446:
4437:
4436:
4425:Creative Commons
4218:
4211:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4122:Richard Stallman
4067:Public Knowledge
4027:Creative Commons
4001:
4000:
3908:Open music model
3689:
3682:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3637:
3636:
3631:. Archived from
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3400:Creative Commons
3391:
3385:
3384:
3383:on 1 March 2016.
3379:. Archived from
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3304:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3270:(1–2): 199–207.
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3244:. Archived from
3243:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3214:. 17 June 2009.
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3191:Creative Commons
3183:
3177:
3176:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3136:anonscm - Debian
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3106:Creative Commons
3098:
3092:
3081:Copyright Notice
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3047:
3041:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3014:. Archived from
3013:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2948:
2942:
2941:in February 2016
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2802:978-0-1950-46458
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2743:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2709:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2565:
2559:
2558:
2546:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2492:on 6 April 2015.
2488:. Archived from
2470:
2461:
2460:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2371:978-9-0411-24357
2355:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2335:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:. 26 August 2021
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2248:
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2093:
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2001:
1995:
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1974:
1968:
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1908:
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1877:
1871:
1870:
1842:
1827:
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1802:
1791:
1790:
1789:on 5 March 2016.
1783:rsb.info.nih.gov
1774:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:uncopyrightable.
1740:
1734:. Archived from
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1713:on 2 March 2016.
1709:. Archived from
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1679:. Archived from
1660:
1654:
1653:
1629:
1308:Creative Commons
1288:software license
1234:Berne Convention
1230:copyright notice
1210:Government works
1165:Berne Convention
1110:copyright notice
1108:, which acts as
1106:copyright symbol
1090:Creative Commons
850:
801:musical notation
781:Internet Archive
763:Machado de Assis
726:
719:
715:
712:
706:
704:
663:
639:
631:
592:private property
567:own copy of his
550:Pamela Samuelson
519:
410:(created by the
317:
310:
303:
186:Brand protection
120:Peasants' rights
57:
43:
42:
5132:
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5127:
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5121:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5080:
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5019:Open-core model
4994:
4988:
4918:
4856:
4850:
4720:
4697:
4659:
4542:
4535:
4469:
4464:
4434:
4429:
4411:
4350:
4289:
4228:
4222:
4192:
4187:
4154:Steal This Film
4141:
4117:Lawrence Lessig
4086:
4015:
3992:
3956:
3952:Video on demand
3831:
3726:Copyright troll
3699:
3693:
3654:Duke University
3646:
3641:
3640:
3621:
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3616:
3606:
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3593:
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3301:
3260:
3256:
3251:on 25 May 2017.
3248:
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3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3185:
3184:
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3151:
3147:
3142:on 2 June 2013.
3130:
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3100:
3099:
3095:
3089:Wayback Machine
3078:
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3018:
3011:
3007:
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2971:
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2952:Karjala, Dennis
2949:
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2939:Wayback Machine
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1611:
1566:Millar v Taylor
1488:
1480:Lawrence Lessig
1439:
1433:
1382:
1360:
1354:
1292:Lawrence Lessig
1272:
1266:
1226:
1221:
1212:
1177:copyright terms
1158:
1135:
1130:
1075:
1069:
1036:Peter and Wendy
1010:crown copyright
1002:
996:
920:
918:Derivative work
914:
876:
838:
836:
830:
809:Guido of Arezzo
797:
771:Edgar Allan Poe
736:
727:
716:
710:
707:
670:"Public domain"
664:
662:
652:
640:
629:
588:public property
558:
533:Alfred de Vigny
510:Statute of Anne
444:
321:
285:
281:
196:Copyright troll
85:Farmers' rights
65:Authors' rights
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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4568:
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4556:Bioinformatics
4553:
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4149:
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4119:
4114:
4112:Rick Falkvinge
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4077:Shadow library
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4052:The Pirate Bay
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4005:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3973:Anti-copyright
3970:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
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3829:
3824:
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3812:
3807:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3793:Bioprospecting
3785:
3780:
3775:
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3769:
3768:
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3692:
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3677:
3669:
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3662:
3656:
3645:
3644:External links
3642:
3639:
3638:
3614:
3587:
3576:on 3 June 2017
3560:
3549:on 15 May 2012
3530:
3499:
3481:
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3173:j.ctt1npvzg.12
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3000:
2981:(6): 427–429.
2965:
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2381:
2370:
2347:
2322:
2295:
2269:
2243:
2217:
2192:
2178:
2158:
2154:public domain.
2141:
2119:
2108:
2088:
2077:
2054:
2043:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1942:
1903:
1872:
1853:(2): 178–195.
1828:
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1495:
1493:Public records
1489:
1487:
1484:
1435:Main article:
1432:
1429:
1381:
1378:
1358:Term of patent
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1331:anti-copyright
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1157:
1154:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1071:Main article:
1068:
1065:
1033:and the novel
1006:United Kingdom
998:Main article:
995:
992:
983:A Star is Born
932:dramatizations
916:Main article:
913:
910:
909:
908:
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902:
899:
895:
892:
889:
886:
875:
872:
832:Main article:
829:
826:
796:
793:
735:
732:
729:
728:
643:
641:
634:
628:
625:
557:
554:
529:copyright term
443:
440:
391:Georges Méliès
323:
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243:Right to quote
240:
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206:Bioprospecting
203:
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168:Related topics
165:
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135:Related rights
132:
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80:Database right
77:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5129:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5102:Copyright law
5100:
5098:
5097:Public domain
5095:
5094:
5092:
5077:
5069:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5049:
5048:
5047:Revolution OS
5044:
5042:
5041:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5008:GNU Manifesto
5005:
5003:
5000:
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4991:
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4914:Public domain
4912:
4910:
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4709:
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4704:
4703:Organisations
4700:
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4609:
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4599:
4598:Office suites
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4502:
4499:
4497:
4496:Free software
4494:
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4253:
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4227:
4226:public domain
4219:
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4146:Documentaries
4144:
4138:
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4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
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4103:
4102:Cory Doctorow
4100:
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4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4004:Pro-copyright
4002:
3999:
3997:Organizations
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
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3971:
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3859:
3856:
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3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
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3838:
3834:
3828:
3827:Public domain
3825:
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660:
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644:This section
642:
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621:
616:
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614:public sphere
610:
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383:L. Frank Baum
380:
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4062:Pirate Party
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3778:Music piracy
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648:verification
645:
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499:res publicae
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495:res communes
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260:Pirate Party
255:Patent troll
238:Paraphrasing
228:Fair dealing
150:Trade secret
110:Moral rights
32:
5117:Stock media
4979:Tivoization
4618:Video games
4593:Mathematics
4132:Peter Sunde
4127:Peter Suber
3947:Share-alike
3918:Open source
3913:Open patent
3607:25 December
3553:24 December
3523:2 September
3474:30 December
3357:12 February
3312:ostatic.com
3285:2445/150542
3222:30 December
3196:23 November
3065:30 December
2857:28 November
2831:2 September
2231:Star-Herald
2185:30 December
2148:30 December
1300:Eric Eldred
1296:Hal Abelson
1232:. With the
1114:'no' symbol
767:Olavo Bilac
755:Jane Austen
580:James Boyle
478:res nullius
476:. The term
457:res nullius
250:Orphan work
176:Abandonware
145:Trade dress
5091:Categories
4927:Challenges
4645:Commercial
4628:E-commerce
4613:Television
4057:Piratbyrån
3805:biological
3736:Gripe site
3628:MetaFilter
2917:12 October
2890:12 October
2876:The H Open
2340:15 October
2309:New Advent
2303:Otten, J.
2210:15 October
1707:bitlaw.com
1687:27 October
1614:References
1380:Trademarks
1244:statement/
1150:Archimedes
1027:(the play
971:L.H.O.O.Q.
785:Wikisource
711:April 2018
681:newspapers
556:Definition
546:trademarks
4857:standards
4855:Types and
4836:Unlicense
4831:Sleepycat
4665:Community
4224:Years in
3961:Movements
3788:Biopiracy
3294:2641-435X
2995:1747-1532
2770:12 August
2315:6 January
2257:The Verge
1929:0023-9186
1867:153766621
1503:Copyfraud
1471:Mona Lisa
1424:trademark
1327:Unlicense
1250:civil law
1146:the Bible
1118:Europeana
1102:copyright
1096:(PDM) as
1063:artists.
977:Mona Lisa
942:'s novel
864:copyright
570:Principia
538:copyright
452:Roman law
395:copyright
379:Aristotle
375:Confucius
367:Zoroaster
341:exclusive
211:Biopiracy
155:Trademark
75:Copyright
5076:Category
4993:Related
4874:Copyleft
4794:GNU LGPL
4789:GNU AGPL
4754:Beerware
4749:Artistic
4726:Licenses
4693:Advocacy
4640:iOS apps
4581:Wireless
4576:Graphics
4543:packages
4541:Software
4531:Timeline
3940:contests
3928:software
3923:hardware
3863:Copyleft
3836:Concepts
3820:trolling
3810:software
3698:activism
3659:Communia
3517:Archived
3468:Archived
3447:26 April
3441:Archived
3404:Archived
3338:Archived
3216:Archived
3116:23 April
3110:Archived
3085:Archived
3059:Archived
2935:Archived
2911:Archived
2850:Folklore
2825:Archived
2578:Archived
2376:Archived
2114:Archived
2083:Archived
2049:Archived
1937:20059173
1823:Archived
1650:Archived
1508:Copyleft
1486:See also
1367:and any
1276:licenses
1012:for the
604:fair use
565:Newton's
287:Property
233:Fair use
70:Copyleft
5002:Forking
4784:GNU GPL
4678:History
4608:Routing
4571:Drivers
4526:Outline
4474:General
4175:TPB AFK
4072:Sci-Hub
3800:Patents
3751:digital
3580:9 March
2395:1647584
1401:Aspirin
1396:aspirin
1387:generic
1352:Patents
1016:of the
821:Musopen
695:scholar
620:commons
542:patents
442:History
435:commons
5066:Portal
4995:topics
4816:Python
4739:Apache
4688:Events
4588:Health
4561:Codecs
4095:People
3766:videos
3746:Mashup
3704:Issues
3437:"MPEP"
3292:
3171:
3161:
2993:
2962:: 253.
2799:
2742:1 June
2733:
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2699:
2674:1 June
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2524:1 June
2515:
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2393:
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2262:5 July
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2014:
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1960:
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1927:
1865:
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1298:, and
1242:waiver
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1098:symbol
930:, and
789:ebooks
779:, the
697:
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683:
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668:
544:, and
501:, and
448:domain
408:ImageJ
404:waiver
371:Lao Zi
348:waived
115:Patent
4841:WTFPL
4551:Audio
4355:2020s
4294:2010s
4233:2000s
3761:novel
3756:music
3249:(PDF)
3242:(PDF)
3169:JSTOR
3019:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
2880:The H
2334:(PDF)
1933:JSTOR
1863:S2CID
1739:(PDF)
1728:(PDF)
1405:Bayer
1284:WTFPL
1050:In a
1018:Bible
874:Value
828:Films
795:Music
734:Books
702:JSTOR
688:books
4846:zlib
4769:CDDL
4744:APSL
4407:2029
4402:2028
4397:2027
4392:2026
4387:2025
4382:2024
4377:2023
4372:2022
4367:2021
4362:2020
4346:2019
4341:2018
4336:2017
4331:2016
4326:2015
4321:2014
4316:2013
4311:2012
4306:2011
4301:2010
4285:2009
4280:2008
4275:2007
4270:2006
4265:2005
4260:2004
4255:2003
4250:2002
4245:2001
4240:2000
3609:2011
3582:2016
3555:2011
3525:2008
3476:2016
3449:2015
3359:2020
3290:ISSN
3224:2016
3198:2020
3159:ISBN
3118:2013
3067:2016
2991:ISSN
2919:2010
2892:2010
2859:2018
2833:2008
2797:ISBN
2772:2020
2744:2010
2731:ISBN
2710:2010
2697:ISBN
2676:2010
2663:ISBN
2612:2010
2599:ISBN
2549:ISBN
2526:2010
2513:ISBN
2480:ISBN
2451:ISBN
2426:2010
2391:SSRN
2366:ISBN
2342:2018
2317:2022
2290:2024
2264:2024
2238:2024
2212:2018
2187:2016
2174:ISBN
2150:2016
2137:ISBN
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