British Empire - Knowledge

4173: 50: 3304: 688: 2560: 3129: 3679: 1991:, passed the following year, abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834, finally bringing the empire into line with the law in the UK (with the exception of the territories administered by the East India Company and Ceylon, where slavery was ended in 1844). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of "apprenticeship". Facing further opposition from abolitionists, the apprenticeship system was abolished in 1838. The British government compensated slave-owners. 413: 1706: 3483: 2199: 943: 16555: 57: 16651: 1476: 2672: 16634: 1815: 4032: 2340: 14047: 89: 16531: 2850: 14057: 1715: 2937: 2040: 16617: 829:, but rising costs soon led English traders to embrace the use of imported African slaves. The enormous wealth generated by slave-produced sugar made Barbados the most successful colony in the Americas, and one of the most densely populated places in the world. This boom led to the spread of sugar cultivation across the Caribbean, financed the development of non-plantation colonies in North America, and accelerated the growth of the 16600: 12126: 3269:" blowing. Their priorities changed to maintaining an extensive zone of British influence and ensuring that stable, non-Communist governments were established in former colonies. In this context, while other European powers such as France and Portugal waged costly and unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact, Britain generally adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies, although violence occurred in 908:. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 per cent in 1650 to around 80 per cent in 1780, and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 per cent to 40 per cent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). The transatlantic slave trade played a pervasive role in British economic life, and became a major economic mainstay for western port cities. Ships registered in 16583: 16543: 2611:. As the dominions gained greater autonomy, they would come to be recognized as distinct realms of the empire with unique customs and symbols of their own. Imperial identity, through imagery such as patriotic artworks and banners, began developing into a form that attempted to be more inclusive by showcasing the empire as a family of newly birthed nations with common roots. 1108: 3265:, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. At first, British politicians believed it would be possible to maintain Britain's role as a world power at the head of a re-imagined Commonwealth, but by 1960 they were forced to recognise that there was an irresistible " 2455:'s 44 per cent shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (equivalent to £480 million in 2023). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. Although Britain controlled the 3400:, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The 4172: 3213:, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States and, ultimately, the 1951 327:, during which Britain relied heavily on its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on its military, financial, and manpower resources. Although the empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after the First World War, Britain was no longer the world's preeminent industrial or military power. 892:

between 1688 and 1712 allowed independent British slave traders to thrive, leading to a rapid escalation in the number of slaves transported. British ships carried a third of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic—approximately 3.5 million Africans—until the abolition of the trade by Parliament in 1807 (see

3062:, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly 1425:) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution. 3634:, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971, instead of 1975 as earlier planned. By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East, including 30,000 in Singapore. The British granted independence to the 2646:

was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the

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During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the colonists' slogan

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and, for a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 percent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land

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in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa. All soon declared war on Germany. While Britain continued to regard Ireland as still within the British Commonwealth, Ireland chose

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on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died. The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule. Later, under direct British rule, commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the

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and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt. On this occasion, he formally claimed the harbour of the island of Newfoundland, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the

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say that the economic and institutional development the British Empire brought resulted in a net benefit to its colonies. Other historians treat its legacy as varied and ambiguous. Public attitudes towards the empire within 21st-century Britain have been broadly positive although sentiment towards

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For Churchill, the entry of the United States into the war was the "greatest joy". He felt that Britain was now assured of victory, but failed to recognise that the "many disasters, immeasurable costs and tribulations lay ahead" in December 1941 would have permanent consequences for the future of

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in 1857, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the company and assumed direct control over India

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Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century" by some historians, around 10 million sq mi (26 million km) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious

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Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations. It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was at risk: Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself, just as his armies had

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The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United

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very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage and its end as a first-rate power, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez

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Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet

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returned to power in Britain under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the

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was granted a monopoly on the supply of slaves to the British colonies in the Caribbean. The company would transport more slaves across the Atlantic than any other, and significantly grew England's share of the trade, from 33 per cent in 1673 to 74 per cent in 1683. The removal of this monopoly

544:(who was the first to use the term "British Empire") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of 3200:

under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.

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later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain's political leaders after Suez where they "went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the

637:, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the 1130:

Great Britain rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, with France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage. Great Britain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire continued the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted until 1714 and was concluded by the

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were provided with a choice to either remain independent or join India or Pakistan. Millions of Muslims crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of

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The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. The company's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War, and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India: the eviction of the French from Egypt (1799), the

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were considered too uncivilised to require treaties, and colonisation brought disease and violence that together with the deliberate dispossession of land and culture were devastating to these peoples. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840, to

4223:, and the growth of transportation by railway and steamship. British colonial architecture, such as in churches, railway stations and government buildings, can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire. The British choice of system of measurement, the 1860:

in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815. Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties: France ceded the

977:, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. Although England eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system and the three 2119:

since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by China in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at

1352:, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. 1196:

In the East Indies, British and Dutch merchants continued to compete in spices and textiles. With textiles becoming the larger trade, by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch. During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were

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to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to

3733:, in which tens of thousands of suspected rebels were interned by the colonial government in detention camps to suppress the rebellion and over 1000 convicts executed, with records systematically destroyed. Throughout the 1960s, the British government took a " 8376: 3058:. Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 2770:

signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1.8 million sq mi (4.7 million km) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as

3923:. The British Parliament had the power to pass laws extending to Canada at Canadian request. Although no longer able to pass any laws that would apply to Australian Commonwealth law, the British Parliament retained the power to legislate for the individual 2742:

against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on

3093:, declaring Britain and the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 3614:'s foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Although Britain granted Kuwait independence in 1961, it continued to maintain a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. On 16 January 1968, a few weeks after the 3066:. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a 3919:, vestigial constitutional links had remained in place. The British Parliament retained the power to amend key Canadian constitutional statutes, meaning that effectively an act of the British Parliament was required to make certain changes to the 1233:, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the 4187:

Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the

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By 1981, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts, the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when

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and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives, UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.

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broke out, during which the territory of the former Mandate was partitioned between Israel and the surrounding Arab states. Amid the fighting, British forces continued to withdraw from Israel, with the last British troops departing from

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Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied

6343: 4273:, whose work greatly influenced imperial historiography during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, differing assessments of the empire's legacy remain relevant to debates over recent history and politics, such as the Anglo-American 3105:

and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. In 1937 the Irish Free State introduced a

1029:, raised the prospect of the unification of France, Spain and their respective colonies, an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe. In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the 794:. Although less financially successful than colonies in the Caribbean, these territories had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far greater numbers of English emigrants, who preferred their temperate climates. 3252:

from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing

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as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their

12116: 1620:. The outcome was a humiliation for Spain, which practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast. This opened the way to British expansion in the area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a 2733:

The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the

2486:" by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from 5903: 1316:

began with a rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the

2866:, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Germany and Japan helped in part by the 8781: 4449: 3799:, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did 5965: 2028:". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and 2063:, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, called the 3391:

The British Mandate in Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of

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had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the

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was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the

470:. He believed he had reached Asia, and there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but did not return; it is unknown what happened to his ships. 1589:

was limited to the trading of goods. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with many trading stations being established, especially in the North. In 1839, the

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in regions around the world. Today it is the primary language of up to 460 million people and is spoken by about 1.5 billion as a first, second or foreign language. Individual and team sports

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in 1997 marked for many, including King Charles III, then Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire", though many British territories that are remnants of the empire still remain.

3518:, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow Sudan was 2143:

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the

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in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily

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Decades, and in some cases centuries, of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that rose from the British Empire. The empire established the use of the

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the empire. The manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power, including, particularly, the

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between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine, and British forces withdrew amid the fighting. The British Mandate for Palestine officially terminated at midnight on 15 May 1948 as the State of

2730:, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state. 14034: 4349: 2870:, for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the 1079:

was a financial disaster for Scotland: a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise. The episode had major political consequences, helping to persuade the government of the

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populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Millions of people moved between British colonies, with large numbers of

3027:. In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The 295:(Latin for "British Peace"). Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its colonies, its dominance of much of world trade, and of its oceans, meant that it effectively 2400:

clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities, including those of the

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which regulated the company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The company's eventual end was precipitated by the

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led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy,

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renounced his and his descendants' claim to the French throne, and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained

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in 1980. Vanuatu's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French-speaking communities, as the islands had been jointly administered as a

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respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916

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of 1979. The agreement saw the British Empire temporarily re-establish the Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980 as a transitionary government to a majority rule

8771: 7106: 3347:) as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate 2463:

and not part of the British Empire. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888

2443:. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the 920:

were responsible for the bulk of British slave trading. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average

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Although England tended to trail behind Portugal, Spain, and France in establishing overseas colonies, it carried out its first modern colonisation, referred to as the

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demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India. In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading

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in 1169. Several people who helped establish the Munster plantations later played a part in the early colonisation of North America, particularly a group known as the

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was enacted, in hopes of strengthening and unifying the Commonwealth: it provided British citizenship and right of entry to all those living within its jurisdiction.

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in 1936, under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. In return, Egypt was assisted in joining the

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While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in

880:. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French, who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent 2708: 3950:

On 1 January 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, was granted full independence. Independence had been delayed due to the opposition of the

2517:" railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral-rich south of the continent. During the 1880s and 1890s, Rhodes, with his privately owned 184:

pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England,

9916: 2377: 3281:. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to 5 million, 3 million of whom were in Hong Kong. 3217:. The war weakened the empire in other ways: undermining Britain's control of politics in India, inflicting long-term economic damage, and irrevocably changing 1265:

to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful

16706: 12250: 4458:, p. 15, chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans.". 4344: 9603: 4288:

have argued against perceptions of the British Empire as a primarily liberalising and modernising enterprise, criticising its widespread use of violence and

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The 1980s saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain. Although granted legislative independence by the

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and Malaya—were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s. Owing to the rapid pace of decolonisation during this period, the cabinet post of

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by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the

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of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. The United Kingdom and 14 other countries, all collectively known as the

13418: 9677: 8357: 2599:, the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of 2460: 1185:

routes. In 1746, the Spanish and British began peace talks, with the King of Spain agreeing to stop all attacks on British shipping; however, in the

771: 4877: 3725:, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. From 1952 the 1844:

The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the

965:'s monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the 3356: 14012:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

3694:, South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of "the wind of change blowing through this continent". Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of 3043: 8499: 16173: 3702:, and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly. To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s—Sudan, the 3599: 3409: 2572: 2278: 1612:

The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area, culminating in the

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had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. Military, economic and colonial tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the

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and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings. It pursued trade concessions in China and Japan, and territory in

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The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice: Navigating Independence and Changing Political Environments

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gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic,

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rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, American

2738:, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 852:—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of 14106: 13457: 11109: 10426: 10095: 4339: 4216: 3405: 2176:. India became the empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown", and was the most important source of Britain's strength. 2076: 2000: 16360: 13147: 13141: 12243: 2921:, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. 2249:

in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and the Middle East led Britain and France to enter the war in support of the

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for official Commonwealth usage. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of

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was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the

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and was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing

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Sheldon, Richard (2009). "Development, Poverty & Famines: The Case of British Empire". In Duffield, Mark; Hewitt, Vernon (eds.).

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Nevertheless, Churchill rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations including the

2226:. This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the "Great Game". As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on 1322: 2575:, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in 3795:

Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the

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the Canadian Constitution. The act ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the

16455: 4247: 3836: 3448:, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the 3240:, the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature. It was decided that the term 2326: 826: 11144:

Pettigrew, William A. (2007). "Free to Enslave: Politics and the Escalation of Britain's Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1688–1714".

10625: 5747: 4169:) to all continents. The British Empire provided refuge for religiously persecuted continental Europeans for hundreds of years. 2293:. For a while, it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective 16435: 13051: 12196: 3827:

opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland,

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was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations and became an independent city-state.

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led the first, starting out in 1792, and a year later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the

1448:, and invaded Canadian territory. In response, Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 239:

resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783. While retaining control of

16445: 16298: 16201: 15983: 15365: 13412: 12236: 12066: 12033: 12000: 11967: 11938: 11916: 11882: 11804: 11773: 11692: 11673: 11654: 11633: 11614: 11584: 11554: 11482: 11425: 11402: 11371: 11350: 11331: 11296: 11269: 11238: 11217: 11182: 11134: 11103: 11070: 11037: 11004: 10968: 10939: 10920: 10899: 10880: 10849: 10816: 10795: 10768: 10741: 10710: 10674: 10638: 10602: 10574: 10539: 10518: 10499: 10420: 10387: 10358: 10327: 10306: 10287: 10256: 10203: 10172: 10151: 10120: 10089: 10068: 10037: 10013: 9979: 9930: 9890: 9857: 9824: 9744: 9704: 9671: 9636: 9597: 9544: 9509: 9480: 9461: 9442: 9406: 9370: 9320: 9297: 9278: 9256: 9234: 9205: 9176: 9138: 9105: 9069: 9036: 9015: 8993: 8967: 8944: 8904: 8810: 8743: 8691: 8581: 7934: 7401: 7262: 7141: 7110: 6990: 6514: 5723: 5693: 5666: 4319: 4278: 3927:. With regard to New Zealand, the British Parliament retained the power to pass legislation applying to New Zealand with the 3897: 3563: 1046: 407: 12039: 12006: 11779: 11377: 11244: 11076: 11010: 10855: 10822: 10608: 10545: 10393: 10043: 9896: 9863: 9830: 9412: 9376: 9144: 9075: 7971: 5627: 16716: 16408: 13750: 13360: 12586: 12210: 12205: 12072: 11973: 11888: 11043: 10974: 10716: 10680: 10333: 10262: 10178: 9985: 9710: 9642: 9111: 8910: 4324: 4254: 3777: 3734: 3498: 3320: 3158: 3063: 2992: 2952: 2635: 1902: 1616:

in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, but when France refused to support Spain it was forced to back down, leading to the

1466: 767: 706:

in 1604 lasted only two years and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies on the Caribbean islands of

666: 638: 575:

by settling it with English and Welsh Protestant settlers. England had already colonised part of the country following the

49: 17: 15889: 4507: 4383:

reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as "British Dependent Territories". The act entered into force on 1 January 1983

813: (1628), but struggled until the "Sugar Revolution" transformed the Caribbean economy in the mid-17th century. Large 16571: 16350: 14621: 13690: 12472: 12357: 12223: 10213:

Koebner, Richard (May 1953). "The Imperial Crown of This Realm: Henry VIII, Constantine the Great, and Polydore Vergil".

9491: 3924: 3707: 1862: 5853: 3943:(effective 3 March 1986) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states, while New Zealand's 3686:(the future Zimbabwe) and the South African mandate of South West Africa (Namibia) had achieved recognised independence. 3533:

that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. Eden infuriated US President

3384:). India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join. That same year, the 16413: 16211: 16166: 16035: 15035: 14475: 13408: 12131: 11526: 4329: 4205: 3737:" policy towards decolonising the empire, leading the white minority government of Southern Rhodesia to enact the 1965 2890: 2330: 2101: 1964: 1946: 1305: 844:

in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the

814: 5623:

Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science

16460: 14679: 13570: 12763: 11715: 11451: 9766: 4111: 2898: 2231: 2227: 2137: 1378:

and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.

1294: 1186: 7652: 4292:

to maintain power. Common criticisms of the empire include the use of detention camps in its colonies, massacres of

702:

England's early efforts at colonisation in the Americas met with mixed success. An attempt to establish a colony in

16450: 16383: 14606: 14201: 13443: 13430: 7783: 5101: 3947:(effective 1 January 1987) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain. 2727: 1968: 1386: 7307: 2679:

By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the

1983:

was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the

16425: 16258: 15661: 14631: 14234: 14099: 13659: 13390: 12228: 12158: 11501: 10996:

Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present

8393:: "approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English". 8340: 8168: 6469: 4123: 4087: 3854: 3530: 3401: 3145: 2840: 2643: 2592: 1665: 801:

initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies. Settlements were successfully established in

482: 463: 14823: 3769: 2603:. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies 16430: 16403: 16248: 14418: 14251: 14189: 13953: 13481: 13095: 12989: 12806: 12490: 9584: 5932: 4071: 3990: 3519: 3123: 3067: 2976: 2930: 2816: 1637: 1593:

announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. On 6 February 1840, Captain

1506: 1382: 1286: 501: 10412:

The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism

4985: 16159: 16099: 14626: 14535: 13763: 13527: 13278: 12719:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 12616: 12548: 4334: 3529:, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on 3444:

majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The

3363:

into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and

3081:

the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the

3051: 2960: 2933:, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom. 2871: 2812: 1649: 1034: 162: 9026: 3140:

was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth; it fought in the

969:, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative 657:

towards the end of the 18th century, has been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".

16589: 16486: 16268: 16094: 15978: 13563: 13013: 12937: 12913: 12907: 12264: 8707:

Howe, Stephen (2010). "Colonising and Exterminating? Memories of Imperial Violence in Britain and France".

4380: 4228: 4107: 4051: 4043: 4036: 4010: 3842: 3803:. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands, including the 3714:, which merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (now the 3453: 3385: 3328: 3137: 3008: 2836: 2518: 2464: 2161: 2018:. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the 1770: 1581:

islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. Initially, interaction between the indigenous

714: (1609) rapidly folded. The first permanent English settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in 592: 403: 371: 355: 133: 94: 12182: 8361: 4869: 3205:. Churchill further added that he did not become Prime Minister to oversee the liquidation of the empire. 3073:

The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the

2642:, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 1241:, led by British officers. The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global 283:" also ensued. The period of relative peace (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global 144:

in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was the

16104: 15141: 14585: 14580: 14196: 13980: 13646: 12496: 12192: 4246:

for legal systems. International commercial contracts are often based on English common law. The British

3998: 3916: 3703: 3515: 3294: 3097:. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and 3094: 3090: 2996: 2968: 2886: 2554: 2115:

From its base in India, the company had been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to

1551: 1318: 9288:

Clegg, Peter (2005). "The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories". In de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk (eds.).

1554:

until 1868. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of the

840:

To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of colonial trade remained in English hands, Parliament

16623: 16521: 14641: 14636: 14092: 13718: 13495: 13469: 13366: 13135: 12214: 10001: 4270: 3452:

within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and

3011:

failed to satisfy the demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the

2832: 2648: 2105: 1988: 1653: 1514: 1406: 1282: 751: 739: 654: 576: 236: 74: 12172: 2683:

and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation".

350:, the damage to British prestige and the British economy helped accelerate the decline of the empire. 16711: 16355: 16062: 15210: 14774: 14611: 14365: 14326: 14009:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 13652: 13608: 13330: 13041: 12716: 12686: 12444: 12150: 3951: 3772:, which resulted in Cyprus being granted independence in 1960. The UK retained the military bases of 3746: 3417: 3173: 3102: 3082: 3024: 2910: 2772: 2723: 2622:. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the 2376:) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the 2169: 1669: 1518: 1385:

had migrated from the new United States following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the

1206: 1002: 896:). To facilitate the shipment of slaves, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as 121: 12219: 9696:

The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor

2482:

of 1884–85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the "

1601:

which is considered to be New Zealand's founding document, despite differing interpretations of the

1381:

The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated

16191: 16020: 15995: 15845: 15504: 15499: 13833: 13541: 13488: 13396: 13354: 13318: 13272: 12887: 12536: 12478: 11725:

Williams, Beryl J. (1966). "The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907".

8958:

Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630

7675: 7251:

Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned

3812: 3663: 3332: 3303: 3098: 3086: 3074: 3000: 2944: 2878: 2608: 2550: 2522: 2156: 1789: 1657: 1633: 1326: 1092: 966: 869: 782:. England's North American holdings were further expanded by the annexation of the Dutch colony of 521: 201: 9331: 8648: 8573: 3359:, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly 16681: 16676: 16238: 16087: 15968: 15509: 15462: 15405: 15104: 15048: 14796: 14616: 14274: 14050: 13882: 13757: 13725: 13706: 13372: 13324: 13266: 12975: 12919: 12295: 12058:

Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair

11542: 11175:

Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752

9392: 8274: 4359: 4115: 4091: 4083: 4055: 4014: 3673: 3502: 3340: 3266: 3162: 3107: 2863: 2859: 2844: 2808: 2692: 2639: 2627: 2604: 2600: 2546: 2471: 2444: 2109: 2093: 1800:

on 1818, the East India Company acquired control of a large majority of the Indian subcontinent.

1793: 1781: 1766: 1758: 1673: 1502: 1337:

into the war tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at

865: 634: 379: 378:. After independence, many former British colonies, along with most of the dominions, joined the 145: 4070:—as their respective head of state. These 15 nations are distinct and equal legal entities: the 3815:

opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The

1632:. On land, expeditions sought to discover a river route to the Pacific for the extension of the 473:

No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the

296: 221: 16691: 16109: 16010: 16005: 15693: 15641: 15561: 15494: 15398: 15383: 15276: 15043: 14997: 14838: 14725: 14440: 14269: 13521: 13502: 13378: 13342: 13114: 13102: 13001: 12881: 12869: 12757: 12712: 12700: 12331: 9922: 8928:

An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest Accounts

5658: 4018: 3928: 3920: 3816: 3796: 3667: 3189: 3141: 3032: 2796: 2780: 2631: 2588: 2542: 2432: 2409: 2306: 2239: 2144: 1762: 1754: 1542: 1470: 1441: 1262: 1249: 1209:, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the 1178: 1068: 1052: 986: 946: 759: 734:

was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's

568: 529: 347: 185: 11703: 11210:

Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–1968

11093: 10410: 10079: 7317: 6980: 5713: 4257:

are diverse and evolving. Two key sites of debate over recent decades have been the impact of

1341:

in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the

16535: 16040: 16000: 15813: 15688: 14752: 14742: 14701: 14672: 14520: 14385: 14060: 13666: 12821: 12598: 12580: 12389: 12320: 11644: 10910: 9659: 9224: 7391: 5585: 4995: 4274: 4075: 4059: 3944: 3886: 3773: 3615: 3181: 2948: 2902: 2800: 2514: 2302: 2298: 2082: 2004: 1952: 1689: 1538: 1358: 1342: 1290: 888: 861: 779: 755: 719: 467: 367: 240: 64: 15928: 618:, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the 16686: 16502: 16206: 16182: 16133: 15963: 15933: 15808: 15739: 15710: 15629: 14963: 14801: 14791: 14575: 14570: 14510: 14445: 14350: 13971: 13789: 13702: 13636: 13614: 13515: 13475: 13384: 13348: 13286: 13211: 12899: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12146: 11572: 9586:

HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II

7926: 7706: 4239: 4197: 4142: 3966: 3651: 3627: 3534: 3449: 2767: 2760: 2748: 2688: 2499: 1984: 1972: 1849: 1621: 1586: 1493: 1398: 1370:

policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the

1309: 981:

of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the

830: 763: 687: 682: 630: 557: 517: 443: 15913: 10509:

Macdonald, Barrie (1994). "Britain". In Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V (eds.).

7216: 2571:

The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839

817:

were first established in the 1640s on Barbados, with assistance from Dutch merchants and

8: 16233: 16216: 15825: 15705: 15671: 15573: 15393: 15388: 15200: 14919: 14855: 14730: 14715: 14540: 14470: 14413: 14330: 14156: 13450: 13253: 13160: 13108: 12995: 12983: 12963: 12951: 12863: 12654: 12566: 4193: 4103: 4099: 3800: 3603: 3433: 3344: 3278: 3249: 3210: 3192:

to commit the country to war. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the

3059: 2926: 2776: 2564: 2483: 2344: 2334: 2294: 2203: 2152: 2148: 1980: 1857: 1724: 1590: 1555: 1313: 1278: 1242: 1202: 1160: 1140: 1080: 1056: 1026: 1018: 982: 897: 798: 775: 715: 678: 642: 486: 439: 418: 375: 308: 280: 252: 213: 125: 15541: 15531: 4042:

Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles. In 1983, the

16657: 15938: 15918: 15901: 15852: 15717: 15526: 15477: 15410: 15328: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15215: 15185: 15077: 14975: 14843: 14818: 14646: 14550: 14334: 14286: 14281: 14184: 14174: 14131: 14123: 13696: 13678: 13618: 13509: 13235: 13197: 13173: 13154: 13045: 12592: 12518: 12484: 12383: 12363: 12289: 11844: 11750: 11742: 11518: 11310: 11302: 11161: 10945: 10563: 10473: 10465: 10226: 9801: 9737:

British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind

9571: 9434:

Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power

9309: 8956: 8749: 7198: 5651: 5093: 5085: 4293: 4235: 4127: 4095: 4079: 4063: 4022: 3940: 3931:'s consent. In 1982, the last legal link between Canada and Britain was severed by the 3870: 3742: 3567: 3542: 3507: 3429: 3360: 3308: 3290: 3237: 3197: 2914: 2756: 2739: 2652: 2615: 2596: 2584: 2576: 2456: 2416:(1854–1902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two 2314: 2310: 2184:

causes and implement new policies, which took until the early 1900s to have an effect.

2025: 1976: 1926: 1866: 1838: 1819: 1641: 1598: 1547: 1432:, as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to 1156: 1127: 1119: 1096: 1009: 937: 727: 692: 646: 435: 387: 383: 362:

movement, in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The

217: 200:. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left 150: 141: 78: 68: 16640: 4672: 4161:

who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread

3077:. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the 1008:

Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant the two countries entered the

16440: 16398: 16393: 16047: 15943: 15879: 15874: 15803: 15700: 15415: 15343: 15338: 15180: 15109: 15092: 15087: 15082: 14882: 14833: 14525: 14500: 14480: 14460: 14450: 14340: 14322: 14291: 14224: 14141: 14115: 14056: 13642: 13260: 13225: 12957: 12845: 12793: 12787: 12771: 12610: 12604: 12554: 12524: 12454: 12177: 12062: 12029: 11996: 11963: 11934: 11912: 11878: 11800: 11769: 11754: 11711: 11688: 11669: 11650: 11629: 11610: 11580: 11550: 11478: 11471: 11447: 11421: 11414: 11398: 11367: 11346: 11327: 11314: 11292: 11265: 11234: 11213: 11188: 11178: 11153: 11130: 11099: 11066: 11033: 11000: 10964: 10935: 10916: 10895: 10876: 10845: 10812: 10791: 10764: 10737: 10706: 10670: 10634: 10598: 10570: 10535: 10514: 10495: 10477: 10416: 10383: 10354: 10323: 10302: 10283: 10252: 10230: 10199: 10168: 10147: 10116: 10085: 10064: 10033: 10009: 9975: 9957: 9926: 9886: 9853: 9820: 9793: 9762: 9740: 9700: 9667: 9632: 9593: 9540: 9505: 9476: 9457: 9438: 9402: 9366: 9316: 9293: 9274: 9266: 9252: 9230: 9201: 9172: 9165: 9134: 9101: 9065: 9032: 9011: 8989: 8963: 8940: 8900: 8806: 8753: 8739: 8687: 8620: 8577: 7930: 7791: 7453: 7397: 7258: 7190: 7147: 7137: 6986: 6510: 5739: 5719: 5689: 5662: 5097: 5077: 5073: 3974: 3962: 3958: 3722: 3607: 3575: 3511: 3445: 3441: 3440:

Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the

3437: 3316: 3298: 3221:

by pushing the Soviet Union and the United States to the centre of the global stage.

3177: 3128: 3055: 3012: 2906: 2788: 2715: 2655:

was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the

2623: 2580: 2479: 2448: 2436: 2413: 2361: 2357: 2297:

in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the

2254: 2129: 2097: 2044: 1870: 1742: 1734: 1685: 1617: 1338: 1234: 1225:

and as a major military and political power in India. France was left control of its

1214: 1164: 1136: 1132: 1115: 1060: 1030: 1022: 974: 962: 674: 650: 459: 451: 229: 177: 16606: 10949: 4183:. Sports developed in Britain or the former empire continue to be viewed and played. 1602: 641:

of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of

16223: 15896: 15683: 15678: 15634: 15621: 15551: 15519: 15514: 15378: 15373: 15355: 15316: 15249: 15232: 15173: 15163: 15158: 15099: 15055: 15025: 14985: 14968: 14951: 14914: 14665: 14515: 14430: 14375: 14345: 14296: 14256: 14239: 14229: 14164: 14136: 14013: 13946: 13938: 13930: 13858: 13769: 13737: 13624: 13424: 13336: 13121: 12647: 12640: 12542: 12427: 12372: 11836: 11734: 11510: 11284: 10696: 10455: 10222: 9947: 9785: 9563: 9532: 9497: 8716: 8610: 8569: 8300: 7922: 7495: 7445: 7246: 5069: 5058:"The City of London and Slavery: Evidence from the First Dock Companies, 1795–1800" 4201: 4134: 3970: 3905: 3858: 3828: 3730: 3678: 3611: 3591: 3580: 3262: 3193: 3133: 2972: 2922: 2918: 2867: 2828: 2792: 2696: 2495: 2452: 2173: 2048: 1681: 1661: 1629: 1625: 1606: 1541:

set sail, arriving in 1788. Unusually, Australia was claimed through proclamation.

1422: 978: 901: 873: 849: 834: 791: 602: 580: 331: 173: 158: 12258: 12201: 4265:

re-evaluate the history of imperialism, and the continued relevance of historians

3912:

contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power.

3408:

into a Jewish and an Arab state. It was immediately followed by the outbreak of a

2408:. Eventually, the Boers established two republics that had a longer lifespan: the 2364:

in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the

370:

on 1 July 1997 symbolised for many the end of the British Empire, though fourteen

16559: 16481: 16114: 16082: 15955: 15923: 15906: 15862: 15857: 15835: 15830: 15788: 15781: 15756: 15616: 15611: 15452: 15333: 15227: 15222: 15190: 15015: 15005: 14899: 14892: 14887: 14872: 14828: 14710: 14696: 14555: 14530: 14318: 14301: 14146: 13966: 13743: 13672: 13463: 13402: 13241: 12925: 12827: 12530: 12056: 12023: 11990: 11957: 11944: 11904: 11872: 11763: 11590: 11560: 11457: 11361: 11228: 11196: 11060: 11027: 10994: 10958: 10839: 10806: 10774: 10747: 10700: 10664: 10592: 10529: 10377: 10364: 10317: 10246: 10162: 10027: 9969: 9941: 9880: 9847: 9814: 9694: 9626: 9396: 9360: 9211: 9128: 9095: 9091: 9059: 8894: 8776: 8679: 8599:"Review: The Imperial History Wars: Debating the British Empire, by Dane Kennedy" 8344: 7963: 5960: 5683: 5621: 4301: 4285: 4266: 4262: 4258: 3982: 3932: 3862: 3711: 3587: 3571: 3393: 3368: 2988: 2656: 2559: 2526: 2510: 2421: 2180: 2125: 2033: 1960: 1956: 1677: 1484: 1449: 1429: 1349: 1258: 1218: 1174: 1014: 841: 822: 743: 696: 670: 537: 494: 474: 412: 343: 324: 264: 15536: 9562:(6). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association: 389–394. 3784:

was amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of

3468:, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union. 1582: 758:

would become the motive for many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous

649:, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the 297:

controlled the economies of, and readily enforced its interests in, many regions

16547: 16057: 16052: 16015: 15990: 15884: 15869: 15840: 15798: 15646: 15606: 15601: 15556: 15482: 15442: 15432: 15422: 15237: 15116: 15010: 14877: 14759: 14505: 14490: 14485: 14465: 14455: 14370: 14313: 14206: 14169: 13851: 13839: 13684: 13300: 13229: 13218: 13007: 12969: 12875: 12839: 12833: 12799: 12337: 11926: 11602: 11496: 11492: 10990: 10023: 9952: 9754: 9622: 9428: 9244: 9193: 8823: 4676: 4305: 4224: 4220: 4138: 3901: 3820: 3781: 3761: 3699: 3610:), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister 3546: 3525:

In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of

3381: 3352: 3336: 3324: 3270: 3258: 3230: 3169: 2980: 2417: 2389: 2262: 2250: 2215: 2211: 2193: 2020: 2015: 1894: 1890: 1828: 1777: 1705: 1594: 1414: 1266: 1182: 1084: 1064: 990: 925: 921: 845: 783: 723: 703: 623: 619: 615: 447: 359: 339: 290: 272: 181: 129: 16151: 11738: 3236:

Union, who now held the balance of global power. In April 1949, following the

2388:, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived— 2198: 1668:. The North West Company sought further exploration and backed expeditions by 97:

underlined in red. Mandates and protected states are shown in a lighter shade.

16670: 16330: 16138: 16025: 15820: 15793: 15766: 15744: 15722: 15489: 15472: 15457: 15301: 15254: 15242: 15168: 15060: 14934: 14929: 14904: 14786: 14601: 14400: 13892: 13712: 12893: 12777: 11192: 11157: 10379:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization

10234: 9961: 9912: 9797: 9501: 9454:

The West and the Third World: trade, colonialism, dependence, and development

9160: 9003: 8624: 8390: 7795: 7457: 7254: 7194: 7151: 5916:

As a result of public pressure apprenticeships were abolished early, in 1838.

5849: 5081: 4289: 4189: 4162: 3909: 3882: 3619: 3397: 3373: 3348: 3196:, which included the statement that "the rights of all peoples to choose the 3078: 3020: 2964: 2956: 2885:, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the 2684: 2660: 2219: 1914: 1628:

which explored the inlets around the Pacific North West, particularly around

1613: 1452:, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. 1402: 1375: 1371: 1210: 1198: 1190: 1076: 818: 787: 726:; the Crown took direct control of the venture in 1624, thereby founding the 509: 505: 320: 316: 300: 225: 209: 56: 15566: 15546: 14071: 11948: 11594: 11514: 11306: 11200: 10444:"The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement – 1920–1922" 9789: 8772:"British people are proud of colonialism and the British Empire, poll finds" 4242:

has served as the template for the governments of many former colonies, and

4227:, continues to be used in some countries in various ways. The convention of 3638:

in 1965 but continued to station a garrison there until 1976, withdrew from

3172:

in June 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the

2039: 1455: 1245:(1756–1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers. 837:

of slaves, sugar and provisions between Africa, the West Indies and Europe.

16325: 16030: 15771: 15761: 15727: 15656: 15651: 15578: 15368: 15350: 15311: 15306: 15286: 15281: 15153: 15146: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15020: 14958: 14939: 14924: 14860: 14560: 14390: 14261: 14179: 13922: 13630: 13191: 13185: 13166: 12931: 12666: 12573: 12512: 12506: 11564: 11461: 10778: 10751: 9432: 9332:"The International Market for Contracts: The Most Attractive Contract Laws" 9215: 4047: 3726: 3695: 3631: 3623: 3538: 3526: 3486: 3482: 3274: 3185: 3153: 3047: 3039: 2719: 2671: 2567:

combining the arms of the dominions to represent their growing significance

2506: 2440: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2349: 2290: 2223: 2133: 2116: 2064: 1853: 1578: 1574: 1534: 1522: 1475: 1418: 1410: 1367: 1230: 1226: 1111: 958: 942: 905: 462:

to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the

189: 137: 117: 113: 93:

Areas of the world that were ever part of the British Empire, with current

16554: 11497:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 10761:

The Eighteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II

10368: 3541:

after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied

3339:) — had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed with 2882: 1814: 1529:

on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of

1428:

Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the

605:

for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the

16465: 16310: 16303: 15749: 15734: 15583: 15296: 15205: 15195: 15121: 14769: 14764: 14545: 14423: 14408: 14380: 14216: 14039: 13535: 13436: 13247: 12851: 12751: 12466: 12460: 11288: 10242: 9097:

The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV

8802: 8643: 8615: 8598: 8561: 7644: 4304:

that killed millions during British rule. Conversely, historians such as

4297: 4243: 4166: 4150: 4067: 3639: 3554: 3477: 3218: 3202: 3016: 2491: 2475: 2381: 2270: 2258: 2235: 2165: 2086: 1898: 1797: 1750: 1738: 1570: 1566: 1445: 1433: 1394: 1374:

of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent

1325:

proclaiming the colonies' sovereignty from the British Empire as the new

1298: 1221:

and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of

1181:

in 1739, Spanish privateers attacked British merchant shipping along the

1005:

to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability.

998: 994: 970: 857: 802: 735: 707: 598: 525: 513: 391: 382:, which has been a free association of independent states since the 1949 363: 351: 304: 205: 12134:

was created from a revision of this article dated 7 March 2014

11095:

Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World

9759:

States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control

9660:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000" 9198:

The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I

8720: 8500:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World" 7799: 7449: 6982:

A New Look at Modern Indian History : From 1707 to The Modern Times

5089: 5057: 4250:

still serves as the highest court of appeal for twelve former colonies.

3101:

were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify

2339: 1727:

in 1765 (left) and 1858 (right) showing British expansion in the region.

497:

Spain into implacable enemies. In 1562, Elizabeth I encouraged the

15776: 15593: 15467: 15427: 15360: 14308: 13312: 13293: 13036: 12815: 12434: 12351: 11868: 11848: 11746: 11522: 11165: 10469: 9805: 7433: 7202: 7178: 4355:

List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom

4158: 4031: 4026: 3936: 3890: 3824: 3559: 2752: 2751:

in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the

2428: 2393: 2286: 2266: 2070: 1910: 1906: 1878: 1845: 1645: 1530: 1510: 1479: 1437: 1363: 1362:, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that 1353: 881: 633:

ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the

561: 478: 455: 423: 276: 268: 154: 88: 9971:

Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion

9575: 8337: 6509:. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press. 4050:

as "British Dependent Territories", and in 2002 they were renamed the

3506:

Middle East in spite of the loss of India. Churchill could not ignore

3376:

until 1937 gained independence the following year in 1948 along with

2849: 2819:

was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.

1918: 16315: 16278: 16273: 15666: 15437: 15321: 15291: 15072: 14946: 14737: 14355: 13958: 12811: 12560: 12344: 10130: 8937:

Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire

8896:

The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980

6451: 6449: 5685:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

4418:, p. 97, "The total population of the Empire was 412 million "; 3691: 3461: 3377: 3327:, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: 2936: 2744: 2680: 2619: 2538: 2369: 2282: 2121: 2060: 2056: 1746: 1559: 1498: 1148: 913: 606: 533: 498: 427: 335: 248: 169:", as the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. 165:

legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "

14084: 11840: 11473:

Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires

11029:

The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective

10460: 10443: 5928: 4281:, as well as Britain's role and identity in the contemporary world. 4054:. Most former British colonies and protectorates are members of the 1714: 1229:

but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British

16283: 15067: 14850: 14808: 14747: 14565: 14360: 13886: 13801: 13080: 13032: 12781: 12708: 12694: 12690: 12660: 12448: 11797:

A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America

9567: 9493:

A Federal Republic: Australia's Constitutional System of Government

7134:

The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century

5688:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. 4350:

Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories

3808: 3750: 3683: 3682:

British decolonisation in Africa. By the end of the 1960s, all but

3635: 3457: 3364: 3307:

About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the

3254: 2940: 2735: 2214:

vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining

2029: 1934: 1886: 1874: 1823: 1569:, known to Europeans due to the 1642 voyage of the Dutch explorer, 1526: 806: 541: 312: 193: 192:

began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the

109: 9167:

Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning

8566:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography

6446: 4219:

led to revolutionary changes in manufacturing, the development of

3721:

Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing

3570:" and another to suggest that the country had become an "American 2675:

A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist

2179:

A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to

1796:

wars resulted in British victories. After the surrender of Peshwa

16320: 14980: 14909: 14865: 14720: 14435: 14246: 13795: 13128: 13088: 12681: 12438: 12397: 11343:

Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America

10932:

Shaping the New World: African Slavery in the Americas, 1500-1888

9554:

Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (1951). "Constitutional Amendment in Canada".

8015: 8013: 7917:

Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015). "Colonial Office".

5956:"Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after" 4176: 4146: 3850: 3845:

in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with

3804: 3643: 3085:. After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the 2804: 2246: 1922: 1169: 1152: 1088: 1072: 950: 909: 853: 747: 731: 711: 614:

return journey to England and was succeeded by his half-brother,

572: 490: 284: 260: 14781: 11909:

Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya

11281:

Principles and Agents: The British Slave Trade and Its Abolition

11230:

The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire

2943:(Seated front) with British and Dominion prime ministers at the 2759:

when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an

2478:

region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa, the

1776:

The East India Company fought three Anglo-Maratha Wars with the

477:, during the last decades of the 16th century. In the meantime, 16288: 14813: 14688: 13805: 13180: 12945: 12723: 12325: 6264: 5715:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

5653:

The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795

5270: 4774: 3995:

special administrative region of the People's Republic of China

3866: 3832: 3757: 3595: 3465: 3413: 3188:

from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask

3046:, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. 2929:

which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920

2894: 2799:. The Dominions themselves acquired mandates of their own: the 2365: 1882: 1222: 1144: 1102: 1021:

in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to

917: 877: 610: 549: 545: 366:

of 1956 confirmed Britain's decline as a global power, and the

256: 244: 10808:

Looking for Blackfellas' Point: An Australian History of Place

10511:

Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century

8061: 8010: 7998: 6374: 5718:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. 5398: 2634:

between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British

2607:. The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the 691:

A 1670 illustration of African slaves working in 17th-century

16565: 15447: 13306: 13028: 12500: 10491:

The History of England from the Accession of James the Second

8738:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 74–87. 8073: 7323: 6661: 5542: 5462: 4200:

to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and

4180: 3785: 3647: 3490: 3422: 3214: 2487: 2385: 2124:

of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the

1238: 810: 553: 8859:"UK more nostalgic for empire than other ex-colonial powers" 8736:

Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present

8456: 8301:"The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982" 7410: 6896: 6603: 6601: 6312: 6216: 6151: 5246: 3035:, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years. 2490:. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the 1656:

by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion,

485:

had declared "that this realm of England is an Empire". The

354:, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved 12857: 11062:

Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture

10912:

English Writing and India, 1600–1920: Colonizing Aesthetics

8828:"Niall Ferguson: What the British Empire did for the world" 8231: 5318: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5128: 4154: 3846: 3765: 2373: 1930: 586: 307:. Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white 197: 14657: 10633:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 8444: 8396: 7964:"The Kenyan school that was once a British detention camp" 6613: 6079: 5850:"Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire?" 4649: 856:

from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the

16293: 8530: 8319: 8121: 8097: 7986: 7898: 7862: 7625: 7553: 7393:

Ethno-political Conflict in Pakistan: The Baloch Movement

7109:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from 7087: 7023: 6999: 6932: 6598: 6562: 6204: 6115: 6055: 6013: 6011: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5001: 4920: 4908: 4834: 4585: 4296:, and famine-response policies. Some scholars, including 3900:, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the 3831:, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed 3224: 1994: 1955:, goods produced by slavery became less important to the 1769:. Following Tipu Sultan's death in the fourth war in the 1609:

versions of the text being the cause of ongoing dispute.

1397:, felt too far removed from the provincial government in 1272: 11577:

The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade

10892:

Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785 - 1820

8518: 8420: 8138: 8136: 7754: 7752: 7601: 7589: 7519: 7517: 6920: 6856: 6786: 6784: 6769: 6649: 6540: 6538: 6362: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6163: 5818: 5198: 5181: 5025: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4798: 4573: 2709:

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

2532: 1107: 989:

ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the

10734:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire

9918:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

9556:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

8432: 8255: 8243: 8203: 8085: 7011: 6944: 6796: 6673: 6410: 6252: 6127: 6043: 5210: 4944: 4764: 4762: 4527: 4525: 4425: 3935:, which was passed by the British parliament, formally 3904:. Britain's successful military response to retake the 2001:

Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815–1860

660: 8408: 7943: 7295: 7283: 7271: 7075: 6422: 6008: 5554: 5474: 5450: 5386: 5374: 5306: 5282: 5152: 5013: 4786: 4711: 4673:"Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578" 4345:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

2913:

ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the

2396:

of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the

2368:. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large 2172:

administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the

1676:. These pushed into the wilderness territories of the 1482:'s mission was to find the alleged southern continent 1040: 931: 512:

against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of

16519: 13911: 13044:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 11260:

Rhodes, R.A.W.; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick (2009).

10061:

The India–China opium trade in the nineteenth century

9008:

The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997

8468: 8191: 8148: 8133: 8109: 8049: 8037: 8025: 7874: 7850: 7826: 7814: 7764: 7749: 7613: 7577: 7565: 7541: 7529: 7514: 7476: 7464: 7371: 7347: 7335: 7179:"The Terms of the Anglo-American Financial Agreement" 7158: 7063: 7051: 6908: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6781: 6757: 6733: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6637: 6625: 6586: 6574: 6535: 6523: 6507:

The king's peace: law and order in the British Empire

6398: 6386: 6324: 6300: 6288: 6276: 6187: 6175: 5996: 4956: 4597: 4549: 4537: 4437: 4309:

the Commonwealth has been one of apathy and decline.

4204:

people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The

3050:

remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the

3015:

ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the

2755:

was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister

2467:, which made the Canal officially neutral territory. 2412:

or Transvaal Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902) and the

2032:, which has been described by some historians as an " 2009:

Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era

1660:, founded the first permanent European settlement in 1177:) to Britain. With the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish 993:

and England. A deal between the two nations left the

434:

The foundations of the British Empire were laid when

10594:

Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands

9271:

The Second World War, The Grand Alliance, Volume III

8986:

From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India

8542: 8480: 7886: 7359: 6884: 6745: 6550: 6434: 6240: 6228: 6103: 6091: 6067: 5880: 5868: 5830: 5806: 5794: 5530: 5486: 5294: 5222: 5169: 5116: 5037: 4759: 4621: 4522: 3630:

troops would be withdrawn from major military bases

2071:

East India Company rule and the British Raj in India

1959:. Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular 1773:, the kingdom became a protectorate of the company. 1237:, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian 11708:

National innovation systems: a comparative analysis

8686:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 14–16, 680. 8684:

Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire

8568:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42. 6721: 6346:. Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 6139: 5438: 5410: 5330: 5258: 5234: 5140: 4973: 4932: 4846: 4822: 4747: 4735: 4723: 4609: 4561: 4397: 2614:The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted 2505:British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted 2257:to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing 2202:British cavalry charging against Russian forces at 1509:, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 876:, which would later form a large proportion of the 11470: 11413: 10562: 10078:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008). 9398:Unfinished Empire, The Global Expansion of Britain 9362:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire 9308: 9164: 8955: 8647: 5650: 4810: 3981:, but the majority of the colony consisted of the 3753:. This was the last British possession in Africa. 3396:seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the 3038:In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British 2853:The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 2494:in 1896 and rebuffed an attempted French invasion 2384:began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of 1517:, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it 825:. At first, sugar was grown primarily using white 626:, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail. 386:. Fifteen of these, including the United Kingdom, 255:, British colonial expansion turned towards Asia, 11259: 9849:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914 9311:The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895 7838: 7136:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 128. 6455: 4066:, voluntarily continue to share the same person— 2055:British imperial strength was underpinned by the 16668: 11547:American Colonies, The Settling of North America 10141: 8649:"Legacy of Violence — the bloody ends of empire" 5404: 4231:has been retained in much of the former empire. 3835:in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A 2858:States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its 2317:of 1904–1905 limited its threat to the British. 1784:ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war 1513:charted the eastern coast while on a scientific 1075:, the colony was abandoned two years later. The 1059:, which established a settlement in 1698 on the 957:At the end of the 16th century, England and the 536:. At the same time, influential writers such as 315:by the 1920s. By the start of the 20th century, 16181: 10299:Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995 10280:Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914 10077: 7916: 7434:"British Citizenship and the Legacy of Empires" 7209: 6033: 5953: 4466: 4464: 3768:against British rule, was ended in 1959 by the 3493:in 1956 revealed Britain's post-war weaknesses. 1505:had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch 1456:Rise of the "Second" British Empire (1783–1815) 1017:to the costly land war in Europe. The death of 973:, an effort focused mainly on two regions: the 11959:British foreign and imperial policy, 1865–1919 11685:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 10194:Knight, Franklin W.; Palmer, Colin A. (1989). 9776:Higman, B. W. (2000). "The Sugar Revolution". 9664:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction 8983: 5276: 4255:approaches to understanding the British Empire 3023:, where repressive measures culminated in the 2877:In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to 2261:(1854–1856), which involved new techniques of 2051:. The caption reads "New crowns for old ones!" 1695: 311:, some of which were formally reclassified as 267:(1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal 132:and its predecessor states. It began with the 16707:States and territories disestablished in 1997 16167: 14673: 14100: 14076: 13571: 12244: 11988: 11663: 10146:(2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. 10142:Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael (2010). 10006:The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction 8925: 7910: 6902: 5657:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 5594:New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 5252: 4863: 4861: 3788:, though the idea had been raised in 1955 of 2356:The Dutch East India Company had founded the 2132:, at that time a minor settlement, and other 1460: 520:. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the 374:that are remnants of the empire remain under 16130:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 14006:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 13989:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13867:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 11989:Hendry, Ian; Dickson, Susan (14 June 2018). 11668:(6th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11642: 11395:International relations in Europe, 1689–1789 10870: 10193: 9553: 9061:Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788 8502:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. 8127: 8019: 7125: 5784: 5707: 5705: 5468: 4461: 4300:, assert that British policies worsened the 4208:changed after the Second World War owing to 3716:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 3042:at the outbreak of the First World War, was 2579:in 1837. This began with the passing of the 2128:, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of 1205:, as the English East India Company and its 1091:into a political and economic one under the 10956: 10627:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 6568: 4340:Territorial evolution of the British Empire 3839:over claims to Belize was left unresolved. 3031:was called off in March 1922 following the 3019:. This led to tension, particularly in the 3007:A similar struggle began in India when the 2699:and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively. 2459:into the 20th century, it was officially a 2077:Presidencies and provinces of British India 1308:", a perceived violation of the guaranteed 1217:in 1757, in which the British defeated the 346:. Despite the final victory of Britain and 288: 16702:States and territories established in 1583 16361:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 16174: 16160: 14680: 14666: 14107: 14093: 13578: 13564: 12251: 12237: 11682: 11623: 11468: 11321: 11278: 11233:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press. 10837: 9451: 8638: 8636: 8634: 8402: 8360:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from 8275:"British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6" 8225: 8004: 7396:. ISSN. Taylor & Francis. p. 78. 6380: 5929:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section XXIV" 5580: 5548: 5031: 4902: 4858: 3545:by threatening to sell US reserves of the 1733:The East India Company fought a series of 1562:for a time the richest city in the world. 1167:. Spain ceded the rights to the lucrative 750:religious separatists, later known as the 426:'s ship used for his second voyage to the 16697:1583 establishments in the British Empire 12021: 11491: 11324:The Routledge companion to decolonization 11172: 11143: 11129:. University of Western Australia Press. 10695: 10527: 10508: 10459: 10081:The Historical Foundations of World Order 9951: 9816:Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition 9692: 9329: 9265: 8892: 8614: 8596: 8574:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.001.0001 8536: 8079: 7921:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 7329: 7093: 7029: 7005: 6679: 5702: 5504: 5204: 5007: 4991: 4431: 4229:driving on the left-hand side of the road 3471: 2726:. This agreement was not divulged to the 2666: 2210:During the 19th century, Britain and the 1189:Britain lost its slave-trading rights in 893: 16244:Decline and legacy of the British Empire 13050:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 12142:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 12125: 11925: 11724: 11643:Trivedi, Harish; Allen, Richard (2000). 11441: 11363:Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856 10758: 10731: 10623: 10590: 10560: 10484: 9734: 9489: 9427: 9249:The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry 8934: 8822: 8524: 8462: 8426: 8166: 8091: 7949: 7704: 7607: 7595: 7416: 7313: 7176: 6926: 6878: 6862: 6775: 6655: 6619: 6318: 6222: 6157: 6037: 5947: 5711: 5642: 5619: 5432: 5368: 5324: 5312: 5216: 5163: 5134: 5019: 4840: 4603: 4555: 4531: 4474: 4419: 4415: 4403: 4171: 4030: 3954:, who had preferred British protection. 3677: 3481: 3351:for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing 3302: 3284: 3176:on 7 April 1941. British Prime Minister 3127: 2935: 2909:against the British administration. The 2848: 2670: 2558: 2338: 2197: 2038: 1813: 1810:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1474: 1122:as both a military and commercial power. 1106: 941: 686: 587:English overseas possessions (1583–1707) 411: 15954: 11955: 11931:Colossus: The Price of America's Empire 11794: 11666:British government and the constitution 11392: 11025: 10871:Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001). 10804: 10241: 10212: 10029:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 10000: 9911: 9621: 9531:Games, Alison (2002). Armitage, David; 9358: 9243: 9126: 9002: 8953: 8926:Anderson, Adam; Combe, William (1801). 8733: 8631: 8474: 8438: 8261: 8249: 8237: 8209: 7217:"What's a little debt between friends?" 7131: 7017: 6950: 6169: 6121: 6061: 6002: 5648: 5560: 5524: 5428: 5380: 5192: 4967: 4804: 4780: 4701: 4667: 4579: 4543: 4486: 4443: 4422:, p. 241, "" 1 791 020". 4248:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 3977:had been respectively ceded to Britain 3745:that lasted until the British-mediated 3432:in the Second World War, anti-Japanese 1940: 1001:archipelago to the Netherlands and the 14: 16669: 14035:Historical flags of the British Empire 14019:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 12054: 11903: 11825:"Brunei on the Morrow of Independence" 11704:"National Innovation Systems: Britain" 11701: 11571: 11541: 11226: 11124: 11091: 11058: 10989: 10960:The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922 10929: 10785: 10315: 10198:. University of North Carolina Press. 10110: 9939: 9775: 9753: 9725: 9391: 9346:from the original on 25 September 2020 9222: 9057: 8765: 8763: 8678: 8554: 8450: 8414: 8221: 7856: 7431: 7427: 7425: 7301: 7289: 7277: 7081: 6428: 6368: 6085: 6029: 6017: 5874: 5772: 5768: 5576: 5520: 5508: 5480: 5348: 5300: 5228: 5122: 5055: 4926: 4914: 4898: 4867: 4655: 4591: 4470: 3957:In September 1982 the Prime Minister, 3898:Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands 3739:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 3710:was abolished in 1966, along with the 3225:Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997) 2187: 1995:Britain's imperial century (1815–1914) 1848:, which won a decisive victory over a 1648:, reaching the ocean near present-day 1597:and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the 1273:Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies 1199:several outbreaks of military conflict 1173:(permission to sell African slaves in 454:in overseas exploration, commissioned 442:were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King 397: 212:. Britain became a major power in the 167:the empire on which the sun never sets 16155: 14661: 14114: 14088: 14075: 13910: 13822: 13559: 13068: 12740: 12415: 12308: 12232: 11867: 11855:from the original on 15 November 2020 11822: 11761: 11664:Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (2007). 11601: 11529:from the original on 19 November 2018 11411: 11359: 11340: 10908: 10788:Tea: the drink that changed the world 10666:Northern Ireland: Crisis and Conflict 10662: 10650:from the original on 11 November 2020 10611:from the original on 12 December 2019 10408: 10396:from the original on 22 February 2017 10375: 10348: 10319:The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset 10160: 10058: 10022: 9943:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 9845: 9833:from the original on 11 February 2017 9812: 9582: 9537:The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800 9530: 9518:from the original on 20 February 2021 9306: 9287: 9192: 9090: 9024: 8939:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8913:from the original on 14 December 2011 8856: 8769: 8660:from the original on 10 December 2022 8560: 8548: 8506:from the original on 16 December 2013 8325: 8197: 8154: 8142: 8115: 8103: 8067: 8055: 8043: 8031: 7992: 7904: 7892: 7880: 7868: 7832: 7820: 7770: 7758: 7739: 7735: 7686:from the original on 19 December 2018 7673: 7631: 7619: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7535: 7523: 7482: 7470: 7383: 7377: 7365: 7353: 7341: 7245: 7164: 7069: 7057: 7045: 7041: 6972: 6966: 6962: 6938: 6914: 6890: 6874: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6814: 6790: 6763: 6751: 6739: 6715: 6703: 6691: 6643: 6631: 6607: 6592: 6580: 6556: 6544: 6529: 6467: 6440: 6416: 6404: 6392: 6330: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6210: 6198: 6181: 6145: 6133: 6097: 5990: 5968:from the original on 12 December 2019 5886: 5856:from the original on 26 November 2016 5836: 5824: 5812: 5800: 5788: 5681: 5675: 5600:from the original on 20 December 2008 5572: 5536: 5492: 5456: 5444: 5416: 5392: 5364: 5352: 5336: 5288: 5264: 5240: 5175: 5146: 5043: 4979: 4950: 4938: 4880:from the original on 12 February 2012 4852: 4828: 4816: 4792: 4768: 4753: 4741: 4729: 4717: 4705: 4643: 4639: 4627: 4615: 4567: 4490: 4455: 4320:List of British Empire-related topics 3642:in 1967, and granted independence to 3152:Britain's declaration of war against 2803:gained South West Africa (modern-day 2533:Changing status of the white colonies 2498:in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an 2474:and Portuguese activity in the lower 1047:Scottish colonization of the Americas 868:(HBC), granting it a monopoly on the 556:, and France had begun to settle the 408:Scottish colonization of the Americas 27:Territory ruled by the United Kingdom 16572: 12206:University of Michigan Museum of Art 11283:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 11207: 11098:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10889: 10129: 9967: 9878: 9609:from the original on 26 October 2016 9330:Cuniberti, Gilles (8 October 2014). 9159: 8706: 8642: 8382: 7974:from the original on 3 December 2019 7961: 7927:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001 7844: 7743: 7655:from the original on 3 February 2012 7239: 6985:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 319. 6504: 6461: 6109: 6073: 5986: 5954:Sanchez Manning (24 February 2013). 5630:from the original on 14 January 2023 4325:Historiography of the British Empire 3331:. India's major political party—the 2651:was defeated for similar reasons. A 1537:, and in 1787 the first shipment of 1348:The loss of such a large portion of 742:were largely unsuccessful. In 1620, 667:British colonisation of the Americas 661:Americas, Africa and the slave trade 466:, and made landfall on the coast of 464:first voyage of Christopher Columbus 458:to lead an expedition to discover a 263:. After the defeat of France in the 16722:Historical transcontinental empires 16351:Black and Asian Studies Association 14622:History of the Mediterranean region 13846:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 12689:. British Cameroons is now part of 12224:Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery 12075:from the original on 3 January 2014 12009:from the original on 15 August 2021 11891:from the original on 3 January 2014 11823:Brown, Derek E. (1 February 1984). 11687:. University College London Press. 11380:from the original on 16 August 2021 11079:from the original on 14 August 2021 11046:from the original on 3 January 2014 11013:from the original on 16 August 2021 10977:from the original on 3 January 2014 10719:from the original on 3 January 2014 10683:from the original on 3 January 2014 10548:from the original on 17 August 2021 10441: 10296: 10277: 10265:from the original on 3 January 2014 10181:from the original on 3 January 2014 10046:from the original on 23 August 2021 9988:from the original on 3 January 2014 9866:from the original on 15 August 2021 9713:from the original on 3 January 2014 9645:from the original on 3 January 2014 9470: 9290:Extended Statehood in the Caribbean 9147:from the original on 16 August 2021 9114:from the original on 3 January 2014 9078:from the original on 18 August 2021 8760: 8700: 8167:Trumbull, Robert (1 January 1984). 7717:from the original on 30 August 2017 7422: 7389: 6802: 6727: 6667: 6486:from the original on 13 August 2023 6049: 5906:from the original on 15 August 2021 3735:No independence until majority rule 3708:Secretary of State for the Colonies 3117: 2822: 2502:, but a British colony in reality. 2451:bought the indebted Egyptian ruler 2327:History of South Africa (1815–1910) 2269:fought between Britain and another 1803: 1159:and allowed Britain to control the 1041:Scottish attempt to expand overseas 1037:, which lasted for thirteen years. 932:Rivalry with other European empires 24: 12705:unilaterally declared independence 12400:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 12112: 11815: 11782:from the original on 24 March 2021 11112:from the original on 18 April 2021 10825:from the original on 18 April 2021 10429:from the original on 18 April 2021 10227:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1953.tb02124.x 10098:from the original on 18 April 2021 9680:from the original on 1 August 2020 9657: 9452:Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (1999). 9415:from the original on 18 April 2021 8486: 8169:"Borneo Sultanate Now Independent" 7676:"1956: Suez and the end of empire" 4683:from the original on 21 March 2021 4506:. The Commonwealth. Archived from 4330:Demographics of the British Empire 4206:demographics of the United Kingdom 3985:, which had been acquired under a 3566:(MP) to describe it as "Britain's 2766:Under the terms of the concluding 2702: 2509:, pioneer of British expansion in 2461:vassal state of the Ottoman Empire 2331:History of Egypt under the British 1947:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 1761:were followed by victories in the 1405:as a separate colony in 1784. The 1306:No taxation without representation 1103:"First" British Empire (1707–1783) 864:incorporated by royal charter the 786:in 1664, following the capture of 609:with the intention of engaging in 247:) and territories in and near the 25: 16733: 16366:National Black Police Association 13912:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 13891:Occupied by Argentina during the 13823: 13069: 12089: 12042:from the original on 27 July 2020 11626:Leisure and recreation management 10957:O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2004). 10569:. University of Minnesota Press. 9899:from the original on 27 July 2020 9882:A History of the English Language 9045:from the original on 9 March 2013 8869:from the original on 25 June 2022 8838:from the original on 29 June 2022 8784:from the original on 28 June 2022 8597:Middleton, Alex (6 August 2019). 8307:from the original on 1 April 2019 8281:from the original on 1 April 2019 8179:from the original on 15 July 2020 7674:Brown, Derek E. (14 March 2001). 7502:from the original on 29 June 2019 7227:from the original on 10 June 2010 6978: 5750:from the original on 23 June 2022 4870:"Slavery and Economy in Barbados" 3657: 2695:in 1902 and with its old enemies 2096:from the Netherlands (1811), the 1869:(which it had occupied in 1798), 1672:, starting in 1797, and later by 388:retain the same person as monarch 16649: 16632: 16615: 16598: 16581: 16553: 16541: 16529: 14607:Bibliography of European history 14202:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 14055: 14046: 14045: 13458:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12124: 11992:British Overseas Territories Law 11976:from the original on 13 May 2011 11247:from the original on 11 May 2021 10858:from the original on 14 May 2015 10841:A Concise History of New Zealand 10336:from the original on 13 May 2011 9662:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). 9379:from the original on 14 May 2015 8984:Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004). 8850: 8816: 8796: 8727: 8672: 8590: 8492: 8350: 8331: 8293: 8267: 8215: 8160: 7955: 7776: 7729: 7698: 7667: 7637: 7488: 7170: 7107:"Celebrating thecommonwealth@60" 7099: 7035: 6956: 6868: 6498: 6336: 6023: 5980: 5935:from the original on 24 May 2008 5104:from the original on 8 June 2022 5074:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00400.x 4868:Watson, Karl (2 February 2011). 4373: 4120:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3876: 2763:to co-ordinate imperial policy. 2320: 2014:international rival, other than 1963:. With support from the British 1713: 1704: 1688:on the Pacific Coast, expanding 1565:During his voyage, Cook visited 1467:History of Australia (1788–1850) 1033:against Spain and France in the 778:and Connecticut (1639) for 516:with the aim of establishing an 176:in the 15th and 16th centuries, 87: 55: 48: 14632:History of Western civilization 14235:Christianity in the Middle Ages 11706:. In Nelson, Richard R. (ed.). 11502:International Studies Quarterly 11127:The Dutch down under, 1606–2006 10934:. University of Toronto Press. 10702:Scotland: The Story of a Nation 10137:. Macmillan Publishing Company. 10084:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9940:Hunter, William Wilson (1907), 8857:Booth, Robert (11 March 2020). 7962:Zane, Damian (27 August 2019). 7919:A Dictionary of British History 7705:Reynolds, Paul (24 July 2006). 7496:"The British Army in Palestine" 6456:Rhodes, Wanna & Weller 2009 5921: 5892: 5842: 5778: 5762: 5732: 5620:Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1891). 5613: 5566: 5514: 5498: 5422: 5358: 5342: 5049: 4892: 4695: 4661: 4633: 3760:, a guerrilla war waged by the 3460:, but in 1965 Chinese-majority 3180:successfully lobbied President 2899:Irish independence was declared 2841:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 2593:British North America Act, 1867 1822:in 1815 ended in the defeat of 1255:ceding of New France to Britain 740:attempts to settle Newfoundland 483:Statute in Restraint of Appeals 475:reign of Queen Elizabeth I 303:. It also came to dominate the 14476:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 14419:Christianity in the modern era 14190:Christianity in late antiquity 13954:Australian Antarctic Territory 12810:since 1965 (before as part of 12807:British Indian Ocean Territory 12693:, while Tanganyika is part of 12324:since 1960 (before as part of 11956:Goodlad, Graham David (2000). 11444:Navies in Modern World History 11420:. Cambridge University Press. 11146:The William and Mary Quarterly 11092:Pestan, Carla Gardina (2009). 10875:. Cambridge University Press. 10844:. Cambridge University Press. 10736:. Cambridge University Press. 10534:. Cambridge University Press. 10531:A Concise History of Australia 10513:. University of Hawaii Press. 10164:Ireland and the British Empire 9885:. Cambridge University Press. 9852:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9819:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9761:. Princeton University Press. 9496:. Cambridge University Press. 9475:. Cambridge University Press. 9229:. Asian Educational Services. 9127:Buckner, Phillip, ed. (2008). 9031:. Cambridge University Press. 8962:. Cambridge University Press. 8885: 8770:Stone, Jon (21 January 2016). 6468:Kelly, Ralph (8 August 2017). 5626:. Hopkins Press. p. 335. 5431:, pp. 8, 30–34, 389–392; 4496: 4480: 4409: 3991:Sino-British Joint Declaration 3807:, in the 1970s and 1980s, but 3416:declared independence and the 3124:British Empire in World War II 2925:, consisting of six of the 32 1287:Decolonization of the Americas 368:handover of Hong Kong to China 13: 1: 14627:History of the European Union 11795:Zolberg, Aristide R. (2006). 11416:British Imperialism 1750–1970 10838:Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). 10322:. Pearson Education Limited. 9846:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2007). 9130:Canada and the British Empire 8603:The English Historical Review 4390: 4335:Economy of the British Empire 4198:South Asian people emigrating 3776:as sovereign base areas. The 3741:from Britain, resulting in a 2887:1918 British general election 2693:formed an alliance with Japan 2525:territories named after him, 2380:. British immigration to the 2043:An 1876 political cartoon of 1975:in 1807, which abolished the 1295:History of Canada (1763–1867) 1161:Atlantic entry and exit point 1083:of the merits of turning the 1035:War of the Spanish Succession 446:, following the successes of 128:ruled or administered by the 16487:Multicultural London English 12265:British Overseas Territories 12202:Collection: "British Empire" 12183:Resources in other libraries 12022:Hollowell, Jonathan (1992). 11768:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11322:Rothermund, Dietmar (2006). 11032:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11026:Parsons, Timothy H. (1999). 10759:——, ed. (1998). 10732:Marshall, P.J., ed. (1996). 10448:The Journal of Asian Studies 10351:The British Empire 1558–1995 10251:. Harvard University Press. 8564:(1999). Winks, Robin (ed.). 7183:The American Economic Review 5405:Kelley & Trebilcock 2010 4381:British Nationality Act 1981 4052:British Overseas Territories 4044:British Nationality Act 1981 4037:British Overseas Territories 4011:British Overseas Territories 3843:British Overseas Territories 3770:London and Zürich Agreements 3698:that France was fighting in 3250:a US$ 3.75 billion loan 3009:Government of India Act 1919 2947:. Standing (left to right): 2862:and instead signed the 1922 2837:Indian independence movement 2775:. Britain gained control of 2630:, and had suffered a severe 2519:British South Africa Company 2465:Convention of Constantinople 2281:in 1876 and Russia annexing 2242:was a disaster for Britain. 2162:Government of India Act 1858 2098:acquisition of Penang Island 1826:and marked the beginning of 1771:Siege of Seringapatam (1799) 953:, India was founded in 1639. 655:American War of Independence 622:on the coast of present-day 593:English overseas possessions 404:English overseas possessions 358:in 1947 as part of a larger 237:American War of Independence 95:British Overseas Territories 7: 16717:Former countries in Ireland 14687: 14586:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14197:Crisis of the Third Century 13981:British Antarctic Territory 13691:Western Pacific Territories 13585: 12061:. Oxford University Press. 11710:. Oxford University Press. 11624:Torkildsen, George (2005). 11264:. Oxford University Press. 11212:. Oxford University Press. 10763:. Oxford University Press. 10597:. Oxford University Press. 10565:The Commonwealth of Nations 10561:McIntyre, W. David (1977). 10442:Low, D.A. (February 1966). 10415:. Oxford University Press. 10353:. Oxford University Press. 10349:Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1996). 10167:. Oxford University Press. 10115:. Oxford University Press. 10111:Joseph, William A. (2010). 9946:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9778:The Economic History Review 9226:Delhi, the Capital of India 9200:. Oxford University Press. 9133:. Oxford University Press. 9100:. Oxford University Press. 8338:The Commonwealth – About Us 6034:Johnston & Reisman 2008 5062:The Economic History Review 4312: 3993:, Hong Kong would become a 3917:Statute of Westminster 1931 3690:Macmillan gave a speech in 3406:plan to partition Palestine 3319:government, elected at the 3091:Balfour Declaration of 1926 3044:granted formal independence 2583:in 1840, which created the 2555:Independence of New Zealand 2024:, and a foreign policy of " 1696:Continued conquest in India 1533:for the establishment of a 1323:Declaration of Independence 1319:Second Continental Congress 1261:under British control) and 1063:. Besieged by neighbouring 894:§ Abolition of slavery 10: 16738: 16414:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 14642:Military history of Europe 14637:Maritime history of Europe 13719:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 13136:British Arctic Territories 12416: 12309: 12215:Metropolitan Museum of Art 11683:Vandervort, Bruce (1998). 11579:. Picador, Phoenix/Orion. 11279:Richardson, David (2022). 10528:Macintyre, Stuart (2009). 9730:. The Johns Hopkins Press. 9171:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 8805:. Development as Freedom. 8358:"Head of the Commonwealth" 7645:"Suez Crisis: Key players" 7253:(1st ed.). New York: 5931:. pdavis. 28 August 1833. 4212:from its former colonies. 4008: 3880: 3671: 3661: 3622:and his Defence Secretary 3475: 3288: 3228: 3121: 2833:Irish revolutionary period 2826: 2773:League of Nations mandates 2706: 2647:break-up of the empire. A 2536: 2500:Anglo-Egyptian condominium 2324: 2191: 2080: 2074: 1998: 1944: 1837:overrun many countries of 1807: 1654:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1464: 1461:Exploration of the Pacific 1407:Constitutional Act of 1791 1283:American Revolutionary War 1276: 1259:French-speaking population 1044: 1003:textiles industry of India 935: 746:was founded as a haven by 664: 590: 577:Norman invasion of Ireland 401: 75:Flag of the United Kingdom 16495: 16474: 16374: 16356:Black Equity Organisation 16341: 16257: 16190: 16123: 16075: 15592: 14996: 14695: 14612:Genetic history of Europe 14594: 14399: 14215: 14155: 14122: 14082: 14077:Links to related articles 14030: 13999: 13959:Commonwealth of Australia 13917: 13906: 13877: 13829: 13818: 13784: 13591: 13555: 13361:Newfoundland and Labrador 13075: 13064: 13042:League of Nations mandate 13023: 12747: 12736: 12717:Lancaster House Agreement 12687:League of Nations mandate 12676: 12422: 12411: 12315: 12304: 12271: 12220:"Empire through the Lens" 12211:The New British Galleries 12178:Resources in your library 11995:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11762:Young, Harold A. (2020). 11739:10.1017/S0018246X00026698 11469:Springhall, John (2001). 10909:Nayar, Pramod K. (2008). 10786:Martin, Laura C. (2007). 10376:Louis, Wm. Roger (2006). 10316:Levine, Philippa (2007). 9592:. The Stationery Office. 9336:Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus 9307:Combs, Jerald A. (2008). 9028:Britain and the Dominions 8954:Andrews, Kenneth (1984). 8899:. Yale University Press. 8893:Abernethy, David (2000). 8385:, p. 424, chapter 9 8343:27 September 2013 at the 6903:Turpin & Tomkins 2007 6670:, pp. 23–29, 35, 60. 6273:, pp. 168, 186, 243. 5852:. The Abolition Project. 5682:Innis, Harold A (2001) . 5253:Anderson & Combe 1801 4004: 3747:Lancaster House Agreement 3404:subsequently voted for a 3174:German invasion of Greece 2931:Government of Ireland Act 2911:Irish War of Independence 2470:With competitive French, 2301:. The destruction of the 1901:, while the Danish ceded 1409:created the provinces of 1126:The 18th century saw the 1055:granted a charter to the 776:tolerant of all religions 774: (1636) as a colony 146:largest empire in history 86: 45: 34: 16202:First Africans in London 13489:Turks and Caicos Islands 12796:(protectorate) 1907–1949 12741: 12368:(integrated into the UK) 12028:. Blackwell Publishing. 11702:Walker, William (1993). 10669:. Taylor & Francis. 10624:Maddison, Angus (2001). 10278:Lee, Stephen J. (1994). 10144:The Making of the Mosaic 9735:Heinlein, Frank (2002). 9693:Goldstein, Erik (1994). 9502:10.1017/CBO9781139084932 9490:Galligan, Brian (1995). 9471:Fox, Gregory H. (2008). 9456:. Blackwell Publishing. 9292:. Rozenberg Publishers. 9273:. Cassell & Co Ltd. 9058:Broome, Richard (2010). 8935:Anderson, David (2005). 8070:, pp. 401, 427–429. 8020:Knight & Palmer 1989 7498:. National Army Museum. 5785:Trivedi & Allen 2000 5712:Naravane, M. S. (2014). 5469:Mulligan & Hill 2001 4783:, pp. 316, 324–326. 4504:"The London Declaration" 4366: 3849:in 1970 and ending with 3813:Turks and Caicos Islands 3790:integration with Britain 3729:saw the eight-year long 3664:Decolonisation of Africa 3616:devaluation of the pound 3583:from Argentina in 1982. 3333:Indian National Congress 3244:should formally replace 3087:1926 Imperial Conference 3075:1923 Imperial Conference 3029:non-cooperation movement 2945:1926 Imperial Conference 2609:1907 Imperial Conference 2551:Irish Home Rule movement 2352:spanning "Cape to Cairo" 2245:When Russia invaded the 1979:in the empire. In 1808, 1889:; the Netherlands ceded 1634:North American fur trade 1573:. Cook claimed both the 1327:United States of America 1093:Kingdom of Great Britain 967:Dutch East India Company 334:, Britain's colonies in 16239:Race Relations Act 1965 14617:History of Christianity 13772:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 13597:18th and 19th centuries 13413:Queen Charlotte Islands 13373:North-Western Territory 13345:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 12948:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 12613:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 12296:Commonwealth of Nations 11607:British India 1600–1828 11515:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 11227:Porter, Andrew (1998). 11173:—— (2013). 10890:Mori, Jennifer (2014). 10591:—— (2016). 10297:—— (1996). 9790:10.1111/1468-0289.00158 9728:Southeast Asia Tomorrow 9726:Gurtov, Melvin (1970). 9473:Humanitarian Occupation 9359:Dalziel, Nigel (2006). 8347:; Online September 2014 7784:"An affair to remember" 7432:Mycock, Andrew (2009). 7177:Rosenson, Alex (1947). 7132:Parsons, T. H. (2014). 6470:"A flag for the Empire" 5744:Encyclopædia Britannica 5649:Pethick, Derek (1980). 5068:(2): 432–433, 459–461. 4360:British overseas cities 4240:parliamentary democracy 4157:were exported. British 4056:Commonwealth of Nations 4015:Commonwealth of Nations 3674:Wind of Change (speech) 3386:British Nationality Act 3315:The pro-decolonisation 3295:1947–1949 Palestine war 3108:republican constitution 3083:1923 Treaty of Lausanne 2905:simultaneously began a 2864:Washington Naval Treaty 2860:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 2845:Commonwealth of Nations 2747:. Canadians viewed the 2628:Irish Rebellion of 1798 2601:international relations 2547:Federation of Australia 1951:With the advent of the 1782:First Anglo-Maratha War 1366:should replace the old 1250:Treaty of Paris of 1763 985:of 1688 when the Dutch 975:East Indies archipelago 961:began to challenge the 768:English Roman Catholics 380:Commonwealth of Nations 287:was later described as 14441:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 13522:West Indies Federation 12711:) and continued as an 12294:Current member of the 12120: 12096:Listen to this article 11727:The Historical Journal 11393:Shennan, J.H. (1995). 11366:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11360:Royle, Trevor (2000). 11125:Peters, Nonja (2006). 11059:Pascoe, Bruce (2018). 10805:McKenna, Mark (2002). 10135:The Honourable Company 9974:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9923:Kodansha International 9879:Hogg, Richard (2008). 9631:. Simon and Schuster. 9539:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8303:. legislation.gov.uk. 8277:. legislation.gov.uk. 4210:immigration to Britain 4184: 4039: 4019:English-speaking world 3929:New Zealand Parliament 3837:dispute with Guatemala 3817:British Virgin Islands 3797:West Indies Federation 3687: 3668:Decolonization of Asia 3494: 3489:'s decision to invade 3472:Suez and its aftermath 3312: 3149: 3095:Statute of Westminster 3033:Chauri Chaura incident 3004: 2997:William Mackenzie King 2891:independent parliament 2854: 2676: 2667:World wars (1914–1945) 2589:Responsible government 2568: 2543:Canadian Confederation 2410:South African Republic 2362:southern tip of Africa 2353: 2307:Imperial Japanese Navy 2240:First Anglo-Afghan War 2207: 2145:Regulating Act of 1773 2052: 2047:making Queen Victoria 2016:Russia in Central Asia 1833: 1755:First Anglo-Mysore war 1543:Indigenous Australians 1489: 1471:History of New Zealand 1442:United States Congress 1401:, so London split off 1393:valleys, then part of 1123: 1053:Parliament of Scotland 954: 846:United Dutch Provinces 699: 560:area, later to become 487:Protestant Reformation 431: 289: 16389:Antiguan and Barbudan 16100:Medieval great powers 14521:Industrial Revolution 13444:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12715:state until the 1979 12321:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 12197:the National Archives 12119: 12055:McLean, Iain (2001). 11646:Literature and Nation 11442:Sondhaus, L. (2004). 11412:Smith, Simon (1998). 11262:Comparing Westminster 10930:Nellis, Eric (2013). 10790:. Tuttle Publishing. 10409:Louis, Roger (1986). 10161:Kenny, Kevin (2006). 9968:Hyam, Ronald (2002). 9813:Hinks, Peter (2007). 9784:(2). Wiley: 213–236. 9628:Churchill and America 9223:Capper, John (1997). 9064:. Allen & Unwin. 8754:10.7722/j.ctt81pqr.10 7707:"Suez: End of empire" 7438:Parliamentary Affairs 7257:. pp. 321, 341. 4259:post-colonial studies 4217:innovation in Britain 4215:In the 19th century, 4175: 4112:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4060:voluntary association 4046:renamed the existing 4034: 3987:99-year lease in 1898 3945:Constitution Act 1986 3921:Canadian Constitution 3887:Handover of Hong Kong 3774:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3681: 3672:Further information: 3510:'s new revolutionary 3499:1951 general election 3485: 3418:1948 Arab-Israeli War 3321:1945 general election 3306: 3285:Initial disengagement 3229:Further information: 3203:British Indian Empire 3182:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3131: 3052:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 2977:Union of South Africa 2939: 2903:Irish Republican Army 2852: 2801:Union of South Africa 2724:Sykes–Picot Agreement 2674: 2649:second Home Rule bill 2562: 2390:independent republics 2342: 2303:Imperial Russian Navy 2299:Anglo-Russian Entente 2201: 2168:, where an appointed 2083:Company rule in India 2042: 2005:Industrial Revolution 1989:Slavery Abolition Act 1953:Industrial Revolution 1817: 1757:and stalemate in the 1690:British North America 1558:, making its capital 1478: 1291:British North America 1187:1750 Treaty of Madrid 1155:. Gibraltar became a 1110: 945: 889:Royal African Company 887:Two years later, the 872:in the area known as 815:sugarcane plantations 760:trans-Atlantic voyage 756:religious persecution 722:, and managed by the 690: 643:joint-stock companies 510:slave-raiding attacks 415: 342:were occupied by the 241:British North America 65:Flag of Great Britain 16207:Atlantic slave trade 16183:Black British people 16110:European colonialism 16095:Ancient great powers 14576:European debt crisis 14571:European integration 14511:Age of Enlightenment 14351:Republic of Florence 13972:Realm of New Zealand 13970:(transferred to the 13957:(transferred to the 13790:Realm of New Zealand 13391:Prince Edward Island 13269:1671–1816, 1833–1960 12151:More spoken articles 11962:. Psychology Press. 11649:. Psychology Press. 11341:Russo, Jean (2012). 11289:10.2307/j.ctv240ddz3 10950:10.3138/j.ctv2gmhh15 10663:Magee, John (1974). 10196:The Modern Caribbean 10059:Janin, Hunt (1999). 9739:. Psychology Press. 9583:Gapes, Mike (2008). 9025:Brock, W.R. (2011). 6350:on 15 September 2010 6036:, pp. 508–510; 5902:. Historic England. 5900:"Slavery After 1807" 4658:, pp. 119, 123. 4192:, with the founding 4139:developed in Britain 3967:Convention of Peking 3751:Republic of Zimbabwe 3652:United Arab Emirates 3628:British Armed Forces 3564:Member of Parliament 3535:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3520:granted independence 3450:Federation of Malaya 3434:resistance movements 3242:Commonwealth country 2807:), Australia gained 2768:Treaty of Versailles 2761:Imperial War Cabinet 2749:Battle of Vimy Ridge 2689:Imperial German Navy 2659:leading to the 1916 2523:occupied and annexed 2295:spheres of influence 1985:West India Committee 1941:Abolition of slavery 1937:to the Netherlands. 1850:French Imperial Navy 1652:. This preceded the 1310:Rights of Englishmen 1257:(leaving a sizeable 1025:, a grandson of the 866:Hudson's Bay Company 831:Atlantic slave trade 790:, which was renamed 683:Atlantic slave trade 631:James VI of Scotland 601:granted a patent to 558:Saint Lawrence River 518:Atlantic slave trade 444:Henry VII of England 372:overseas territories 134:overseas possessions 18:First British Empire 16375:Ethnic and national 16234:Bristol Bus Boycott 16105:Modern great powers 14541:Revolutions of 1848 14471:Early modern France 14252:Anglo-Saxon England 14157:Classical antiquity 14003:Since 2009 part of 13895:of April–June 1982. 13482:Trinidad and Tobago 13096:Antigua and Barbuda 12996:Straits Settlements 11208:Pham, P.L. (2010). 11177:. UNC Press Books. 10873:Ecological pioneers 10215:Historical Research 9755:Herbst, Jeffrey Ira 9658:Go, Julian (2007). 9533:Braddick, Michael J 8721:10.3917/hp.011.0012 8465:, pp. 238–240. 8453:, pp. 187–188. 8328:, pp. 145–147. 8240:, pp. 654–655. 8106:, pp. 624–625. 8082:, pp. 171–191. 8007:, pp. 100–102. 7995:, pp. 618–621. 7907:, pp. 427–433. 7871:, pp. 370–371. 7634:, pp. 161–163. 7562:, pp. 339–340. 7419:, pp. 355–356. 7332:, pp. 148–150. 6941:, pp. 313–314. 6805:, pp. 241–259. 6610:, pp. 494–495. 6505:Ford, Lisa (2021). 6383:, pp. 169–183. 6321:, pp. 230–233. 6225:, pp. 360–373. 6160:, pp. 133–134. 6088:, pp. 146–148. 6052:, pp. 254–257. 5827:, pp. 115–118. 5740:"Battle of Wadgaon" 5551:, pp. 145–149. 5327:, pp. 312–223. 5277:Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004 5137:, pp. 440–464. 5056:Draper, N. (2008). 4929:, pp. 225–226. 4917:, pp. 224–225. 4594:, pp. 155–158. 4477:, pp. 156–157. 4284:Historians such as 4088:Antigua and Barbuda 4064:Commonwealth realms 3908:during the ensuing 3871:Commonwealth realms 3857:with France. Fiji, 3801:Trinidad and Tobago 3718:) in October 1968. 3522:on 1 January 1956. 3516:taken power in 1952 3512:government of Egypt 3402:UN General Assembly 3380:(formerly known as 3345:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3329:Indian independence 3060:Balfour Declaration 2616:political campaigns 2565:British Empire flag 2484:Scramble for Africa 2345:The Rhodes Colossus 2335:Scramble for Africa 2188:Rivalry with Russia 2164:, establishing the 2153:Charter Act of 1813 1981:Sierra Leone Colony 1905:. Britain returned 1858:Battle of Trafalgar 1794:Third Anglo-Maratha 1778:Maratha Confederacy 1743:Sultanate of Mysore 1725:Indian subcontinent 1638:Alexander Mackenzie 1591:New Zealand Company 1556:Victorian gold rush 1314:American Revolution 1279:American Revolution 1248:The signing of the 1203:Indian subcontinent 1179:War of Jenkins' Ear 1157:critical naval base 1095:established by the 1081:Kingdom of Scotland 1057:Company of Scotland 1019:Charles II of Spain 983:Glorious Revolution 833:, particularly the 799:British West Indies 766:was established by 679:British West Indies 645:, most notably the 569:Munster Plantations 530:laden with treasure 398:Origins (1497–1583) 376:British sovereignty 299:, such as Asia and 281:Scramble for Africa 253:British West Indies 214:Indian subcontinent 149:area. As a result, 16466:Other black groups 16342:Civic and economic 14647:Crusading movement 14551:Russian Revolution 14386:Hundred Years' War 14282:Maritime republics 14185:Early Christianity 14175:Hellenistic period 14132:Paleolithic Europe 13155:Cape Breton Island 13046:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 12888:Unfederated States 12703:Southern Rhodesia 12290:Commonwealth realm 12121: 12025:Britain Since 1945 11829:Far Eastern Survey 11495:(September 1997). 11446:. Reaktion Books. 11065:. Magabala Books. 10999:. Modern Library. 9953:2027/uc1.$ b196576 9267:Churchill, Winston 9245:Cervero, Robert B. 8988:. Orient Longman. 8709:Histoire Politique 8616:10.1093/ehr/cez128 8173:The New York Times 6477:The Flag Institute 5507:, pp. 33–34; 4953:, pp. 33, 43. 4379:Schedule 6 of the 4294:indigenous peoples 4244:English common law 4236:Westminster system 4185: 4040: 4023:Westminster system 3941:Australia Act 1986 3688: 3543:financial leverage 3508:Gamal Abdul Nasser 3503:Conservative Party 3495: 3430:surrender of Japan 3313: 3309:partition of India 3291:Partition of India 3238:London Declaration 3198:form of government 3150: 3005: 2915:Anglo-Irish Treaty 2889:, to establish an 2855: 2811:, and New Zealand 2757:David Lloyd George 2740:Gallipoli Campaign 2677: 2605:federating in 1901 2597:British Parliament 2585:Province of Canada 2569: 2457:Khedivate of Egypt 2354: 2315:Russo-Japanese War 2311:Battle of Tsushima 2208: 2181:widespread famines 2053: 2026:splendid isolation 1927:Danish West Indies 1839:continental Europe 1834: 1820:Battle of Waterloo 1642:North West Company 1599:Treaty of Waitangi 1550:until 1853 and to 1503:coast of Australia 1490: 1444:declared war, the 1207:French counterpart 1147:, and from Spain, 1124: 1120:East India Company 1114:'s victory at the 1097:Acts of Union 1707 1071:, and affected by 955: 938:East India Company 928:was one in seven. 878:Dominion of Canada 780:Congregationalists 728:Colony of Virginia 700: 647:East India Company 639:English settlement 571:, in 16th century 522:Anglo-Spanish Wars 432: 384:London Declaration 218:East India Company 151:its constitutional 16517: 16516: 16511: 16510: 16384:African-Caribbean 16149: 16148: 16071: 16070: 16036:Polish–Lithuanian 15211:Gurjara-Pratihara 14655: 14654: 14581:COVID-19 pandemic 14526:French Revolution 14501:Habsburg monarchy 14481:Cossack Hetmanate 14461:Portuguese Empire 14451:Absolute monarchy 14446:Thirty Years' War 14341:Holy Roman Empire 14266:Bulgarian Empire 14225:Early Middle Ages 14142:Bronze Age Europe 14116:History of Europe 14069: 14068: 14026: 14025: 13902: 13901: 13834:Providence Island 13814: 13813: 13779: 13778: 13647:Western Australia 13615:Van Diemen's Land 13551: 13550: 13528:Associated States 13226:Columbia District 13060: 13059: 12914:Manila and Cavite 12732: 12731: 12611:Southern Rhodesia 12605:South-West Africa 12555:Northern Rhodesia 12467:Cape of Good Hope 12407: 12406: 12284:Current territory 12159:Library resources 12117: 12068:978-0-1982-9529-7 12035:978-0-6312-0968-3 12002:978-1-5099-1871-3 11969:978-0-4152-0338-8 11940:978-1-5942-0013-7 11918:978-0-8050-8001-8 11884:978-0-6709-1137-0 11874:The Indian Mutiny 11806:978-0-6740-2218-8 11775:978-1-4985-8695-5 11694:978-1-8572-8486-7 11675:978-0-5216-9029-4 11656:978-0-4152-1207-6 11635:978-0-4153-0995-0 11616:978-1-1131-4290-0 11586:978-0-7538-2056-8 11556:978-0-1420-0210-0 11484:978-0-3337-4600-4 11427:978-3-1258-0640-5 11404:978-0-4150-7780-4 11373:978-1-4039-6416-8 11352:978-1-4214-0694-7 11333:978-0-4153-5632-9 11298:978-0-3002-5043-5 11271:978-0-1995-6349-4 11240:978-0-1992-4678-6 11219:978-0-1995-8036-1 11184:978-1-4696-1181-5 11136:978-1-9206-9475-3 11105:978-0-8122-4150-1 11072:978-1-9257-6895-4 11039:978-0-8476-8825-8 11006:978-0-8129-6761-6 10970:978-0-4153-2611-7 10941:978-1-4426-0555-8 10922:978-1-1341-3150-1 10901:978-1-3178-9189-5 10882:978-0-5218-1103-3 10851:978-0-5215-4228-9 10818:978-0-8684-0644-2 10797:978-0-8048-3724-8 10770:978-0-1992-4677-9 10743:978-0-5210-0254-7 10712:978-0-8021-3932-0 10697:Magnusson, Magnus 10676:978-0-7100-7947-3 10640:978-9-2641-8608-8 10604:978-0-1925-1361-8 10576:978-0-8166-0792-1 10541:978-0-5215-1608-2 10520:978-0-8248-1597-4 10501:978-0-1404-3133-9 10422:978-0-1982-2960-5 10389:978-1-8451-1347-6 10360:978-0-1987-3134-4 10329:978-0-5824-7281-5 10308:978-0-4151-3102-5 10289:978-0-4150-9006-3 10258:978-0-6740-2584-4 10205:978-0-8078-1825-1 10174:978-0-1992-5184-1 10153:978-0-8020-9536-7 10122:978-0-1953-3530-9 10113:Politics in China 10091:978-9-0474-2393-5 10070:978-0-7864-0715-6 10039:978-0-3121-6985-5 10015:978-0-1996-0541-5 9981:978-0-7134-3089-9 9932:978-4-7700-1703-1 9892:978-0-5216-6227-7 9859:978-0-3133-3404-7 9826:978-0-3133-3143-5 9746:978-0-7146-5220-7 9706:978-0-7146-4559-9 9673:978-9-0041-5174-1 9638:978-0-7432-9122-4 9599:978-0-2155-2150-7 9546:978-0-3339-6341-8 9511:978-1-1390-8493-2 9482:978-0-5218-5600-3 9463:978-0-6311-9439-2 9444:978-0-4650-2329-5 9408:978-1-8461-4089-1 9372:978-0-1410-1844-7 9322:978-0-7656-2056-9 9299:978-9-0517-0686-4 9280:978-0-3049-2114-0 9258:978-1-5596-3591-2 9236:978-8-1206-1282-2 9207:978-0-1992-4676-2 9178:978-0-8711-3971-9 9140:978-0-1992-7164-1 9107:978-0-1992-4679-3 9071:978-1-7417-6554-0 9038:978-1-1076-8833-9 9017:978-0-2240-6222-0 8995:978-8-1250-2596-2 8969:978-0-5212-7698-6 8946:978-0-297-84719-9 8906:978-0-3000-9314-8 8811:978-0-3857-2027-4 8745:978-1-8470-1011-7 8693:978-0-3072-7242-3 8646:(17 March 2022). 8583:978-0-1982-0566-1 8489:, pp. 92–94. 8387:English Worldwide 8128:Gérin-Lajoie 1951 8022:, pp. 14–15. 7936:978-0-1917-5802-7 7450:10.1093/pa/gsp035 7403:978-1-000-72992-4 7264:978-0-0600-8381-6 7247:Davis, Kenneth C. 7143:978-1-4422-3529-8 6992:978-93-5501-683-6 6622:, pp. 78–79. 6516:978-0-6742-4907-3 6419:, pp. 28–29. 6371:, pp. 71–72. 6261:, pp. 85–86. 6136:, pp. 50–57. 6124:, pp. 44–46. 6064:, pp. 88–91. 5725:978-8-1313-0034-3 5695:978-0-8020-8196-4 5668:978-0-8889-4279-1 5590:nzhistory.govt.nz 5527:, pp. 28–29. 5471:, pp. 20–23. 5459:, pp. 20–21. 5395:, pp. 46–48. 5291:, pp. 18–19. 5279:, pp. 49–52. 5195:, pp. 11–17. 4843:, pp. 72–73. 4807:, pp. 20–22. 4795:, pp. 15–20. 4720:, pp. 63–64. 4582:, pp. 29–52. 4275:invasions of Iraq 3999:handover ceremony 3975:Kowloon Peninsula 3963:Treaty of Nanking 3959:Margaret Thatcher 3925:Australian states 3731:Mau Mau rebellion 3723:Southern Rhodesia 3618:, Prime Minister 3576:Margaret Thatcher 3446:Malayan Emergency 3438:Malaysian Chinese 3425:on 30 June 1948. 3299:Malayan Emergency 3211:Fall of Singapore 3178:Winston Churchill 3068:Jewish insurgency 3056:League of Nations 3025:Amritsar Massacre 3013:Ghadar conspiracy 2995:), seated right: 2716:German New Guinea 2640:William Gladstone 2624:Act of Union 1800 2480:Berlin Conference 2449:Benjamin Disraeli 2437:Mediterranean Sea 2414:Orange Free State 2378:Flanders Campaign 2358:Dutch Cape Colony 2255:Crimean Peninsula 2045:Benjamin Disraeli 1753:. Defeats in the 1735:Anglo-Mysore wars 1686:Strait of Georgia 1618:Nootka Convention 1587:European settlers 1552:Western Australia 1391:Saint Croix river 1359:Wealth of Nations 1235:Presidency Armies 1215:Battle of Plassey 1137:Philip V of Spain 1133:Treaty of Utrecht 1116:Battle of Plassey 1061:Isthmus of Panama 1031:Holy Roman Empire 1023:Philip V of Spain 987:William of Orange 963:Portuguese Empire 827:indentured labour 823:Portuguese Brazil 809: (1627) and 710: (1605) and 693:colonial Virginia 675:Thirteen Colonies 651:Thirteen Colonies 460:northwest passage 416:A replica of the 390:, currently King 230:Battle of Plassey 102: 101: 16:(Redirected from 16729: 16712:Overseas empires 16662: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16645: 16644:from Wikiversity 16637: 16636: 16635: 16628: 16620: 16619: 16618: 16611: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16594: 16586: 16585: 16584: 16574: 16558: 16557: 16546: 16545: 16544: 16534: 16533: 16532: 16525: 16176: 16169: 16162: 16153: 16152: 15952: 15951: 15617:Austro-Hungarian 15317:Chagatai Khanate 14682: 14675: 14668: 14659: 14658: 14516:Great Divergence 14431:Age of Discovery 14376:Late Middle Ages 14346:High Middle Ages 14257:Byzantine Empire 14240:Christianization 14230:Migration Period 14165:Classical Greece 14137:Neolithic Europe 14109: 14102: 14095: 14086: 14085: 14073: 14072: 14059: 14049: 14048: 14014:Antarctic Treaty 13975: 13962: 13947:Falkland Islands 13939:Tristan da Cunha 13931:Ascension Island 13908: 13907: 13859:Falkland Islands 13820: 13819: 13788:Now part of the 13660:Pitcairn Islands 13625:Auckland Islands 13594: 13593: 13580: 13573: 13566: 13557: 13556: 13542:Windward Islands 13496:Vancouver Island 13273:MassachusettsBay 13142:British Columbia 13066: 13065: 12882:Federated States 12738: 12737: 12648:Tristan da Cunha 12617:Southern Nigeria 12549:Northern Nigeria 12428:Ascension Island 12413: 12412: 12369: 12306: 12305: 12280:Former territory 12277: 12253: 12246: 12239: 12230: 12229: 12141: 12139: 12128: 12127: 12118: 12108: 12106: 12102: 12097: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12018: 12016: 12014: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11952: 11922: 11905:Elkins, Caroline 11900: 11898: 11896: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11810: 11799:. 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Island Press. 9240: 9219: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9170: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9123: 9121: 9119: 9092:Brown, Judith M. 9087: 9085: 9083: 9054: 9052: 9050: 9021: 9010:. Random House. 8999: 8980: 8978: 8976: 8961: 8950: 8931: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8845: 8843: 8820: 8814: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8767: 8758: 8757: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8704: 8698: 8697: 8680:Elkins, Caroline 8676: 8670: 8669: 8667: 8665: 8651: 8640: 8629: 8628: 8618: 8609:(568): 773–775. 8594: 8588: 8587: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8380: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8354: 8348: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8317: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8241: 8235: 8229: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8184: 8164: 8158: 8152: 8146: 8140: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8083: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7979: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7914: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7798:. Archived from 7790:. 27 July 2006. 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7747: 7738:, pp. 342; 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7671: 7665: 7664: 7662: 7660: 7651:. 21 July 2006. 7641: 7635: 7629: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7533: 7527: 7521: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7408: 7407: 7390:Zeb, R. (2019). 7387: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7351: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7327: 7321: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7174: 7168: 7162: 7156: 7155: 7129: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7113:on 4 August 2009 7103: 7097: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7039: 7033: 7027: 7021: 7015: 7009: 7003: 6997: 6996: 6979:Mehta, B.L.G.A. 6976: 6970: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6818: 6812: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6779: 6773: 6767: 6761: 6755: 6749: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6707: 6701: 6695: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6671: 6665: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6542: 6533: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6485: 6474: 6465: 6459: 6458:, pp. 5–15. 6453: 6444: 6438: 6432: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6340: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6298: 6292: 6286: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6220: 6214: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6172:, pp. 1–12. 6167: 6161: 6155: 6149: 6143: 6137: 6131: 6125: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6053: 6047: 6041: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5951: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5792: 5782: 5776: 5766: 5760: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5679: 5673: 5672: 5656: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5617: 5611: 5609: 5607: 5605: 5570: 5564: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5518: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5483:, pp. 5–23. 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5362: 5356: 5346: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5053: 5047: 5041: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5010:, pp. 3–38. 5005: 4999: 4989: 4983: 4977: 4971: 4965: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4865: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4766: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4665: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4484: 4478: 4468: 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4423: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4384: 4377: 4302:famines in India 4261:, which seek to 4202:Overseas Chinese 4194:settler colonist 4179:being played in 4135:English language 4108:Papua New Guinea 4068:King Charles III 3971:Hong Kong Island 3906:Falkland Islands 3859:Papua New Guinea 3829:British Honduras 3612:Harold Macmillan 3581:Falkland Islands 3558:wounded British 3357:Lord Mountbatten 3263:anti-imperialism 3194:Atlantic Charter 3134:Second World War 3118:Second World War 3110:renaming itself 3064:revolted in 1936 2987:). Seated left: 2985:Irish Free State 2973:J. B. M. Hertzog 2923:Northern Ireland 2919:Irish Free State 2868:Great Depression 2829:Interwar Britain 2823:Inter-war period 2577:armed rebellions 2174:Empress of India 2170:governor-general 2157:Indian Rebellion 2151:of 1784 and the 2149:Pitt's India Act 2130:Hong Kong Island 2108:(1824), and the 2049:Empress of India 1961:slave rebellions 1804:Wars with France 1717: 1708: 1682:Interior Plateau 1662:British Columbia 1630:Vancouver Island 1626:George Vancouver 1622:naval expedition 1535:penal settlement 1415:English speaking 1243:Seven Years' War 1118:established the 979:Anglo-Dutch Wars 850:Anglo-Dutch Wars 835:triangular trade 724:Virginia Company 635:Treaty of London 603:Humphrey Gilbert 581:West Country Men 526:Elizabeth I 332:Second World War 309:settler colonies 294: 174:Age of Discovery 91: 59: 52: 32: 31: 21: 16737: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16667: 16666: 16665: 16661:from Wikivoyage 16655: 16650: 16648: 16638: 16633: 16631: 16627:from Wikisource 16621: 16616: 16614: 16604: 16599: 16597: 16587: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16573:sister projects 16570:at Knowledge's 16564: 16552: 16542: 16540: 16530: 16528: 16520: 16518: 16513: 16512: 16507: 16491: 16482:British English 16470: 16376: 16370: 16343: 16337: 16289:British hip hop 16260: 16253: 16218:Empire Windrush 16193: 16186: 16180: 16150: 16145: 16134:American Empire 16119: 16115:African empires 16067: 15950: 15642:Central African 15588: 15406:Romano-Germanic 14992: 14726:Middle Assyrian 14699: 14691: 14686: 14656: 14651: 14590: 14556:Interwar period 14531:Napoleonic Wars 14395: 14366:Mongol invasion 14319:Crown of Aragon 14211: 14151: 14147:Iron Age Europe 14118: 14113: 14078: 14070: 14065: 14022: 13995: 13969: 13967:Ross Dependency 13956: 13913: 13898: 13873: 13825: 13810: 13780: 13775: 13731: 13726:Solomon Islands 13673:North Australia 13653:South Australia 13609:New South Wales 13587: 13584: 13547: 13267:Leeward Islands 13071: 13056: 13019: 12926:Muscat and Oman 12743: 12728: 12672: 12418: 12403: 12367: 12311: 12300: 12275: 12267: 12257: 12189: 12188: 12187: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12155: 12154: 12143: 12137: 12135: 12132:This audio file 12129: 12122: 12113: 12110: 12104: 12100: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12087: 12078: 12076: 12069: 12045: 12043: 12036: 12012: 12010: 12003: 11979: 11977: 11970: 11941: 11927:Ferguson, Niall 11919: 11894: 11892: 11885: 11858: 11856: 11841:10.2307/2644439 11818: 11816:Further reading 11813: 11807: 11785: 11783: 11776: 11718: 11695: 11676: 11657: 11636: 11617: 11603:Tilby, A. Wyatt 11587: 11557: 11532: 11530: 11493:Taagepera, Rein 11485: 11454: 11432: 11430: 11428: 11405: 11383: 11381: 11374: 11353: 11334: 11299: 11272: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11220: 11185: 11137: 11115: 11113: 11106: 11082: 11080: 11073: 11049: 11047: 11040: 11016: 11014: 11007: 10991:Pagden, Anthony 10980: 10978: 10971: 10942: 10923: 10902: 10883: 10861: 10859: 10852: 10828: 10826: 10819: 10798: 10771: 10744: 10722: 10720: 10713: 10705:. Grove Press. 10686: 10684: 10677: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10641: 10630: 10614: 10612: 10605: 10581: 10579: 10577: 10551: 10549: 10542: 10521: 10502: 10461:10.2307/2051326 10432: 10430: 10423: 10399: 10397: 10390: 10382:. I.B. Tauris. 10361: 10339: 10337: 10330: 10309: 10290: 10268: 10266: 10259: 10206: 10184: 10182: 10175: 10154: 10123: 10101: 10099: 10092: 10071: 10049: 10047: 10040: 10024:James, Lawrence 10016: 10002:Jackson, Ashley 9991: 9989: 9982: 9933: 9902: 9900: 9893: 9869: 9867: 9860: 9836: 9834: 9827: 9769: 9747: 9716: 9714: 9707: 9683: 9681: 9674: 9648: 9646: 9639: 9623:Gilbert, Martin 9612: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9589: 9547: 9521: 9519: 9512: 9483: 9464: 9445: 9437:. Basic Books. 9429:Ferguson, Niall 9418: 9416: 9409: 9382: 9380: 9373: 9349: 9347: 9323: 9315:. M.E. Sharpe. 9300: 9281: 9259: 9237: 9208: 9194:Canny, Nicholas 9183: 9181: 9179: 9150: 9148: 9141: 9117: 9115: 9108: 9081: 9079: 9072: 9048: 9046: 9039: 9018: 8996: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8947: 8916: 8914: 8907: 8888: 8883: 8882: 8872: 8870: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8839: 8832:The Independent 8826:(3 June 2004). 8824:Ferguson, Niall 8821: 8817: 8801: 8797: 8787: 8785: 8777:The Independent 8768: 8761: 8746: 8732: 8728: 8705: 8701: 8694: 8677: 8673: 8663: 8661: 8654:Financial Times 8641: 8632: 8595: 8591: 8584: 8559: 8555: 8547: 8543: 8535: 8531: 8523: 8519: 8509: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8485: 8481: 8473: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8403:Torkildsen 2005 8401: 8397: 8381: 8377: 8367: 8365: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8345:Wayback Machine 8336: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8310: 8308: 8299: 8298: 8294: 8284: 8282: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8260: 8256: 8248: 8244: 8236: 8232: 8226:Rothermund 2006 8224:, p. 355; 8220: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8182: 8180: 8165: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8086: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8011: 8005:Springhall 2001 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7977: 7975: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7915: 7911: 7903: 7899: 7891: 7887: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7855: 7851: 7843: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7819: 7815: 7805: 7803: 7782: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7750: 7742:, p. 105; 7734: 7730: 7720: 7718: 7703: 7699: 7689: 7687: 7672: 7668: 7658: 7656: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7630: 7626: 7618: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7594: 7590: 7582: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7558: 7554: 7546: 7542: 7534: 7530: 7522: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7494: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7430: 7423: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7376: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7312: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7265: 7244: 7240: 7230: 7228: 7223:. 10 May 2006. 7215: 7214: 7210: 7175: 7171: 7163: 7159: 7144: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044:, p. 337; 7040: 7036: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6993: 6977: 6973: 6965:, p. 316; 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6833: 6825: 6821: 6813: 6809: 6801: 6797: 6789: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6579: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6543: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6483: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6454: 6447: 6439: 6435: 6427: 6423: 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6381:Vandervort 1998 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6353: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6329: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6269: 6265: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6233: 6229: 6221: 6217: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6156: 6152: 6144: 6140: 6132: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6108: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6056: 6048: 6044: 6032:, p. 332; 6028: 6024: 6016: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5961:The Independent 5952: 5948: 5938: 5936: 5927: 5926: 5922: 5909: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5783: 5779: 5771:, p. 203; 5767: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5738: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5710: 5703: 5696: 5680: 5676: 5669: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5618: 5614: 5603: 5601: 5584: 5581:Mein Smith 2005 5579:, p. 579; 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5549:Fieldhouse 1999 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5499: 5491: 5487: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5427: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367:, p. 119; 5363: 5359: 5347: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5199: 5191: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5153: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5121: 5117: 5107: 5105: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5032:Richardson 2022 5030: 5026: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5002: 4990: 4986: 4978: 4974: 4966: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4903:Richardson 2022 4901:, p. 224; 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4866: 4859: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4835: 4827: 4823: 4815: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4775: 4767: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4728: 4724: 4716: 4712: 4704:, p. 188; 4700: 4696: 4686: 4684: 4671: 4670:, p. 187; 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4638: 4634: 4630:, pp. 4–8. 4626: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4578: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4554: 4550: 4542: 4538: 4530: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4489:, p. 660; 4485: 4481: 4469: 4462: 4454: 4450: 4446:, pp. 5–6. 4442: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4414: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4387: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4315: 4286:Caroline Elkins 4267:Ronald Robinson 4225:imperial system 4221:factory systems 4141:, particularly 4124:Solomon Islands 4029: 4009:Main articles: 4007: 3983:New Territories 3933:Canada Act 1982 3893: 3879: 3863:Solomon Islands 3712:Colonial Office 3676: 3670: 3662:Main articles: 3660: 3626:announced that 3480: 3474: 3456:joined to form 3394:Jewish refugees 3369:princely states 3361:partition India 3301: 3289:Main articles: 3287: 3261:prevailed over 3233: 3227: 3159:legally neutral 3126: 3120: 2989:Stanley Baldwin 2917:, creating the 2881:led the MPs of 2879:Irish home rule 2872:British economy 2847: 2827:Main articles: 2825: 2728:Sharif of Mecca 2711: 2705: 2703:First World War 2669: 2657:First World War 2557: 2537:Main articles: 2535: 2511:Southern Africa 2422:Second Boer War 2337: 2325:Main articles: 2323: 2265:, was the only 2253:and invade the 2247:Ottoman Balkans 2196: 2190: 2126:First Opium War 2110:defeat of Burma 2094:capture of Java 2089: 2079: 2073: 2034:Informal Empire 2011: 1997: 1973:Slave Trade Act 1957:British economy 1949: 1943: 1929:to Denmark and 1812: 1806: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1698: 1678:Rocky Mountains 1585:population and 1519:New South Wales 1485:Terra Australis 1473: 1465:Main articles: 1463: 1458: 1450:Treaty of Ghent 1430:Napoleonic Wars 1423:French-speaking 1350:British America 1329:. The entry of 1301: 1277:Main articles: 1275: 1219:Nawab of Bengal 1175:Spanish America 1105: 1049: 1043: 1015:military budget 1010:Nine Years' War 947:Fort St. George 940: 934: 754:. Fleeing from 697:British America 685: 671:British America 665:Main articles: 663: 595: 589: 538:Richard Hakluyt 410: 400: 344:Empire of Japan 325:First World War 265:Napoleonic Wars 140:established by 98: 82: 72: 61: 60: 53: 41: 40: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16735: 16725: 16724: 16719: 16714: 16709: 16704: 16699: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16682:Former empires 16679: 16677:British Empire 16664: 16663: 16646: 16629: 16612: 16610:from Wikiquote 16595: 16568:British Empire 16566: 16563: 16562: 16550: 16538: 16536:British Empire 16515: 16514: 16509: 16508: 16506: 16505: 16499: 16497: 16493: 16492: 16490: 16489: 16484: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16471: 16469: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16446:Sierra Leonean 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16417: 16416: 16411: 16409:Montserratians 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16380: 16378: 16372: 16371: 16369: 16368: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16347: 16345: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16335: 16334: 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16313: 16308: 16307: 16306: 16296: 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15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15654: 15644: 15639: 15638: 15637: 15632: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15598: 15596: 15590: 15589: 15587: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15571: 15570: 15569: 15564: 15559: 15554: 15549: 15544: 15539: 15529: 15524: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15487: 15486: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15425: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15413: 15403: 15402: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15347: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15326: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15273: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15247: 15246: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15220: 15219: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15177: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15156: 15151: 15150: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15114: 15113: 15112: 15107: 15097: 15096: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15080: 15070: 15065: 15064: 15063: 15053: 15052: 15051: 15046: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15008: 15002: 15000: 14998:Post-classical 14994: 14993: 14991: 14990: 14989: 14988: 14978: 14973: 14972: 14971: 14966: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14944: 14943: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14896: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14863: 14853: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14805: 14804: 14799: 14797:Middle Kingdom 14794: 14784: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14757: 14756: 14755: 14753:Neo-Babylonian 14750: 14745: 14743:Old Babylonian 14735: 14734: 14733: 14728: 14718: 14713: 14707: 14705: 14693: 14692: 14685: 14684: 14677: 14670: 14662: 14653: 14652: 14650: 14649: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14619: 14614: 14609: 14604: 14598: 14596: 14592: 14591: 14589: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14506:Russian Empire 14503: 14498: 14496:British Empire 14493: 14491:Dutch Republic 14488: 14486:Swedish Empire 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14466:Spanish Empire 14463: 14458: 14456:Ottoman Empire 14453: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14427: 14426: 14416: 14411: 14405: 14403: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14393: 14388: 14383: 14378: 14373: 14371:Serbian Empire 14368: 14363: 14358: 14353: 14348: 14343: 14338: 14316: 14311: 14306: 14305: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14279: 14278: 14277: 14272: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14243: 14242: 14232: 14227: 14221: 14219: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14207:Late antiquity 14204: 14199: 14194: 14193: 14192: 14182: 14177: 14172: 14170:Roman Republic 14167: 14161: 14159: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14134: 14128: 14126: 14120: 14119: 14112: 14111: 14104: 14097: 14089: 14083: 14080: 14079: 14067: 14066: 14064: 14063: 14053: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14024: 14023: 14021: 14020: 14017: 14010: 14000: 13997: 13996: 13994: 13993: 13985: 13977: 13964: 13951: 13943: 13935: 13927: 13918: 13915: 13914: 13904: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13897: 13896: 13889: 13878: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13863: 13855: 13849: 13843: 13840:Willoughbyland 13837: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13816: 13815: 13812: 13811: 13809: 13808: 13798: 13792: 13785: 13782: 13781: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13754: 13747: 13741: 13734: 13732: 13730: 13729: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13700: 13694: 13688: 13682: 13676: 13670: 13664: 13656: 13650: 13640: 13634: 13628: 13622: 13612: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13583: 13582: 13575: 13568: 13560: 13553: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13539: 13533: 13532: 13531: 13519: 13513: 13507: 13503:Virgin Islands 13499: 13493: 13485: 13479: 13473: 13470:South Carolina 13467: 13461: 13454: 13447: 13440: 13434: 13428: 13422: 13416: 13406: 13400: 13394: 13388: 13382: 13376: 13370: 13367:North Carolina 13364: 13358: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13310: 13304: 13301:Mosquito Coast 13298: 13290: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13270: 13264: 13257: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13233: 13230:Oregon Country 13223: 13219:Cayman Islands 13215: 13209: 13208: 13207: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13177: 13170: 13164: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13150: 13139: 13133: 13125: 13118: 13112: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13062: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13055: 13054: 13048: 13039: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13011: 13008:Trucial States 13005: 12999: 12993: 12987: 12981: 12980: 12979: 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12942: 12941: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12897: 12891: 12885: 12873: 12867: 12861: 12855: 12849: 12843: 12837: 12831: 12825: 12819: 12803: 12797: 12791: 12785: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12767: 12755: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12734: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12720: 12701:Self-governing 12698: 12684: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12671: 12670: 12664: 12658: 12652: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12608: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12584: 12578: 12570: 12564: 12558: 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12476: 12473:Central Africa 12470: 12464: 12458: 12452: 12442: 12432: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12409: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12393: 12387: 12378: 12377: 12376: 12361: 12358:Ionian Islands 12355: 12349: 12341: 12335: 12329: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12298: 12292: 12286: 12281: 12278: 12272: 12269: 12268: 12261:British Empire 12256: 12255: 12248: 12241: 12233: 12227: 12226: 12217: 12208: 12199: 12193:British Empire 12186: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12169: 12168: 12164:British Empire 12157: 12156: 12144: 12130: 12123: 12111: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090:External links 12088: 12086: 12085: 12067: 12052: 12034: 12019: 12001: 11986: 11968: 11953: 11939: 11923: 11917: 11901: 11883: 11865: 11835:(2): 201–208. 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11805: 11792: 11774: 11759: 11733:(3): 360–373. 11722: 11716: 11699: 11693: 11680: 11674: 11661: 11655: 11640: 11634: 11621: 11615: 11609:. BiblioLife. 11599: 11585: 11569: 11555: 11539: 11509:(3): 475–504. 11489: 11483: 11466: 11452: 11439: 11426: 11409: 11403: 11390: 11372: 11357: 11351: 11338: 11332: 11319: 11297: 11276: 11270: 11257: 11239: 11224: 11218: 11205: 11183: 11170: 11141: 11135: 11122: 11104: 11089: 11071: 11056: 11038: 11023: 11005: 10987: 10969: 10954: 10940: 10927: 10921: 10906: 10900: 10887: 10881: 10868: 10850: 10835: 10817: 10811:. UNSW Press. 10802: 10796: 10783: 10769: 10756: 10742: 10729: 10711: 10693: 10675: 10660: 10639: 10621: 10603: 10588: 10575: 10558: 10540: 10525: 10519: 10506: 10500: 10482: 10454:(2): 241–259. 10439: 10421: 10406: 10388: 10373: 10359: 10346: 10328: 10313: 10307: 10294: 10288: 10275: 10257: 10239: 10210: 10204: 10191: 10173: 10158: 10152: 10139: 10127: 10121: 10108: 10090: 10075: 10069: 10056: 10038: 10020: 10014: 9998: 9980: 9965: 9937: 9931: 9913:Hopkirk, Peter 9909: 9891: 9876: 9858: 9843: 9825: 9810: 9773: 9767: 9751: 9745: 9732: 9723: 9705: 9690: 9672: 9655: 9637: 9619: 9598: 9580: 9568:10.2307/137699 9551: 9545: 9528: 9510: 9487: 9481: 9468: 9462: 9449: 9443: 9425: 9407: 9389: 9371: 9356: 9327: 9321: 9304: 9298: 9285: 9279: 9263: 9257: 9241: 9235: 9220: 9206: 9196:, ed. (1998). 9190: 9177: 9161:Burk, Kathleen 9157: 9139: 9124: 9106: 9088: 9070: 9055: 9037: 9022: 9016: 9004:Brendon, Piers 9000: 8994: 8981: 8968: 8951: 8945: 8932: 8923: 8905: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8849: 8815: 8795: 8759: 8744: 8726: 8699: 8692: 8671: 8630: 8589: 8582: 8553: 8541: 8539:, p. 455. 8537:Cuniberti 2014 8529: 8527:, p. 307. 8517: 8491: 8479: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8441:, p. 135. 8431: 8429:, p. 286. 8419: 8417:, p. 185. 8407: 8405:, p. 347. 8395: 8375: 8364:on 6 July 2010 8349: 8330: 8318: 8292: 8266: 8264:, p. 660. 8254: 8252:, p. 656. 8242: 8230: 8228:, p. 100. 8214: 8212:, p. 654. 8202: 8200:, p. 202. 8190: 8159: 8157:, p. 689. 8147: 8145:, p. 594. 8132: 8120: 8118:, p. 629. 8108: 8096: 8084: 8080:Macdonald 1994 8072: 8060: 8058:, p. 622. 8048: 8046:, p. 428. 8036: 8034:, p. 128. 8024: 8009: 7997: 7985: 7954: 7942: 7935: 7909: 7897: 7885: 7883:, p. 616. 7873: 7861: 7849: 7837: 7835:, p. 586. 7825: 7823:, p. 106. 7813: 7775: 7773:, p. 585. 7763: 7761:, p. 343. 7748: 7746:, p. 602. 7728: 7697: 7666: 7636: 7624: 7622:, p. 583. 7612: 7610:, p. 356. 7600: 7598:, p. 355. 7588: 7586:, p. 581. 7576: 7574:, p. 572. 7564: 7552: 7550:, p. 396. 7540: 7538:, p. 364. 7528: 7526:, p. 335. 7513: 7487: 7485:, p. 328. 7475: 7473:, p. 327. 7463: 7444:(2): 339–355. 7421: 7409: 7402: 7382: 7380:, p. 325. 7370: 7358: 7356:, p. 322. 7346: 7344:, p. 330. 7334: 7330:Abernethy 2000 7322: 7306: 7304:, p. 366. 7294: 7292:, p. 343. 7282: 7280:, p. 193. 7270: 7263: 7238: 7208: 7189:(1): 178–187. 7169: 7167:, p. 331. 7157: 7142: 7124: 7098: 7096:, p. 146. 7094:Abernethy 2000 7086: 7084:, p. 340. 7074: 7072:, p. 316. 7062: 7060:, p. 460. 7050: 7048:, p. 319. 7034: 7032:, p. 540. 7030:Churchill 1950 7022: 7020:, p. 244. 7010: 7008:, p. 539. 7006:Churchill 1950 6998: 6991: 6971: 6969:, p. 513. 6955: 6953:, p. 234. 6943: 6931: 6929:, p. 122. 6919: 6917:, p. 300. 6907: 6895: 6883: 6881:, p. 186. 6877:, p. 68; 6867: 6865:, p. 187. 6855: 6853:, p. 271. 6843: 6841:, p. 101. 6831: 6829:, p. 292. 6819: 6817:, p. 104. 6807: 6795: 6793:, p. 416. 6780: 6778:, p. 330. 6768: 6766:, p. 108. 6756: 6744: 6742:, p. 143. 6732: 6730:, p. 305. 6720: 6718:, p. 303. 6708: 6706:, p. 294. 6696: 6694:, p. 302. 6684: 6680:Goldstein 1994 6672: 6660: 6658:, p. 315. 6648: 6646:, p. 278. 6636: 6634:, p. 277. 6624: 6612: 6597: 6595:, p. 275. 6585: 6583:, p. 667. 6573: 6561: 6549: 6547:, p. 315. 6534: 6532:, p. 213. 6522: 6515: 6497: 6460: 6445: 6433: 6431:, p. 187. 6421: 6409: 6407:, p. 215. 6397: 6395:, p. 298. 6385: 6373: 6361: 6335: 6333:, p. 274. 6323: 6311: 6309:, p. 718. 6299: 6297:, p. 256. 6287: 6285:, p. 255. 6275: 6263: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6201:, p. 182. 6186: 6184:, p. 181. 6174: 6162: 6150: 6138: 6126: 6114: 6112:, p. 393. 6102: 6090: 6078: 6076:, p. 178. 6066: 6054: 6042: 6022: 6020:, p. 401. 6007: 5995: 5979: 5946: 5920: 5891: 5889:, p. 129. 5879: 5867: 5841: 5839:, p. 165. 5829: 5817: 5815:, p. 151. 5805: 5803:, p. 152. 5793: 5787:, p. 30; 5777: 5761: 5731: 5724: 5701: 5694: 5674: 5667: 5641: 5612: 5586:"Waitangi Day" 5583:, p. 49; 5575:, p. 45; 5565: 5563:, p. 320. 5553: 5541: 5539:, p. 159. 5529: 5513: 5505:Macintyre 2009 5497: 5495:, p. 142. 5485: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5435:, p. 388. 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5383:, p. 496. 5373: 5371:, p. 585. 5357: 5355:, p. 120. 5351:, p. 91; 5341: 5329: 5317: 5305: 5293: 5281: 5269: 5257: 5255:, p. 277. 5245: 5233: 5221: 5219:, p. 509. 5209: 5207:, p. 531. 5205:Magnusson 2003 5197: 5180: 5178:, p. 441. 5168: 5151: 5139: 5127: 5115: 5048: 5046:, p. 228. 5036: 5024: 5012: 5008:Pettigrew 2007 5000: 4992:Pettigrew 2013 4984: 4972: 4955: 4943: 4931: 4919: 4907: 4891: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4771:, p. 221. 4758: 4746: 4734: 4722: 4710: 4694: 4677:Avalon Project 4660: 4648: 4632: 4620: 4608: 4596: 4584: 4572: 4560: 4548: 4536: 4521: 4510:on 6 July 2010 4495: 4493:, p. 594. 4479: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4434:, p. 502. 4432:Taagepera 1997 4424: 4408: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4306:Niall Ferguson 4290:emergency laws 4271:John Gallagher 4072:United Kingdom 4048:Crown Colonies 4006: 4003: 3902:Spanish Empire 3878: 3875: 3821:Cayman Islands 3659: 3658:Wind of change 3656: 3562:, leading one 3560:national pride 3476:Main article: 3473: 3470: 3428:Following the 3382:British Ceylon 3337:Mahatma Gandhi 3325:Clement Attlee 3286: 3283: 3267:wind of change 3259:anti-communism 3231:Decolonization 3226: 3223: 3170:Fall of France 3122:Main article: 3119: 3116: 3048:British troops 2993:United Kingdom 2981:W. T. Cosgrave 2927:Irish counties 2824: 2821: 2707:Main article: 2704: 2701: 2668: 2665: 2644:Home Rule bill 2636:Prime minister 2534: 2531: 2447:government of 2435:, linking the 2420:following the 2418:Boer Republics 2322: 2319: 2275:Pax Britannica 2271:imperial power 2263:modern warfare 2251:Ottoman Empire 2216:Ottoman Empire 2212:Russian Empire 2194:The Great Game 2192:Main article: 2189: 2186: 2075:Main article: 2072: 2069: 2021:Pax Britannica 1996: 1993: 1945:Main article: 1942: 1939: 1885:; Spain ceded 1863:Ionian Islands 1829:Pax Britannica 1808:Main article: 1805: 1802: 1739:Southern India 1722: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1670:David Thompson 1595:William Hobson 1494:transportation 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1343:Peace of Paris 1335:Spanish forces 1274: 1271: 1267:maritime power 1183:Triangle Trade 1104: 1101: 1085:personal union 1045:Main article: 1042: 1039: 1027:King of France 991:Dutch Republic 936:Main article: 933: 930: 926:Middle Passage 922:mortality rate 819:Sephardic Jews 805: (1624), 784:New Netherland 770: (1634), 662: 659: 624:North Carolina 620:Roanoke Colony 616:Walter Raleigh 591:Main article: 588: 585: 399: 396: 360:decolonisation 340:Southeast Asia 291:Pax Britannica 273:Southeast Asia 206:colonial power 130:United Kingdom 108:comprised the 106:British Empire 100: 99: 92: 84: 83: 62: 54: 47: 46: 43: 42: 38:British Empire 36: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16734: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16703: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16692:Victorian era 16690: 16688: 16685: 16683: 16680: 16678: 16675: 16674: 16672: 16660: 16659: 16658:Travel guides 16647: 16643: 16642: 16630: 16626: 16625: 16613: 16609: 16608: 16596: 16592: 16591: 16579: 16578: 16575: 16569: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16549: 16539: 16537: 16527: 16526: 16523: 16504: 16503:Black Britons 16501: 16500: 16498: 16494: 16488: 16485: 16483: 16480: 16479: 16477: 16473: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16385: 16382: 16381: 16379: 16377:sub-divisions 16373: 16367: 16364: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16340: 16332: 16331:Drum and bass 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16312: 16309: 16305: 16302: 16301: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16271: 16270: 16267: 16266: 16264: 16262: 16259:Black British 16256: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16228: 16226: 16222: 16221: 16220: 16219: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16195: 16192:Black British 16189: 16184: 16177: 16172: 16170: 16165: 16163: 16158: 16157: 16154: 16140: 16139:Soviet empire 16137: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16124:Miscellaneous 16122: 16116: 16113: 16111: 16108: 16106: 16103: 16101: 16098: 16096: 16093: 16089: 16086: 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15723:German Empire 15721: 15720: 15719: 15716: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15703: 15702: 15699: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15686: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15649: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15627: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15595: 15591: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15575: 15572: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15545: 15543: 15540: 15538: 15535: 15534: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15492: 15491: 15488: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15463:Turco-Persian 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15424: 15421: 15417: 15414: 15412: 15409: 15408: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15371: 15370: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15330: 15327: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15248: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15224: 15221: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15203: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15119: 15118: 15115: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15102: 15101: 15098: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15079: 15076: 15075: 15074: 15071: 15069: 15066: 15062: 15059: 15058: 15057: 15054: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15009: 15007: 15004: 15003: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14987: 14984: 14983: 14982: 14979: 14977: 14974: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14961: 14960: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14948: 14945: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14875: 14874: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14821: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14789: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14762: 14761: 14758: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14740: 14739: 14736: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14723: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14708: 14706: 14703: 14698: 14694: 14690: 14683: 14678: 14676: 14671: 14669: 14664: 14663: 14660: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14618: 14615: 14613: 14610: 14608: 14605: 14603: 14602:Art of Europe 14600: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14425: 14422: 14421: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14406: 14404: 14402: 14401:Modern period 14398: 14392: 14389: 14387: 14384: 14382: 14379: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14336: 14332: 14328: 14324: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14310: 14307: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14241: 14238: 14237: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14228: 14226: 14223: 14222: 14220: 14218: 14214: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14160: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14129: 14127: 14125: 14121: 14117: 14110: 14105: 14103: 14098: 14096: 14091: 14090: 14087: 14081: 14074: 14062: 14058: 14054: 14052: 14044: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14032: 14029: 14018: 14015: 14011: 14008: 14007: 14002: 14001: 13998: 13991: 13990: 13986: 13983: 13982: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13965: 13960: 13955: 13952: 13949: 13948: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13920: 13919: 13916: 13909: 13905: 13894: 13893:Falklands War 13890: 13888: 13884: 13880: 13879: 13876: 13869: 13868: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13856: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13824:South America 13821: 13817: 13807: 13803: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13791: 13787: 13786: 13783: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13755: 13752: 13748: 13745: 13742: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13733: 13727: 13723: 13720: 13717: 13714: 13713:Union Islands 13711: 13708: 13704: 13701: 13698: 13695: 13692: 13689: 13686: 13683: 13680: 13677: 13674: 13671: 13668: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13657: 13654: 13651: 13648: 13644: 13641: 13638: 13635: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13616: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13606: 13604: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13595: 13590: 13581: 13576: 13574: 13569: 13567: 13562: 13561: 13558: 13554: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13529: 13526: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13517: 13514: 13511: 13508: 13505: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13494: 13491: 13490: 13486: 13483: 13480: 13477: 13474: 13471: 13468: 13465: 13462: 13459: 13455: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13441: 13438: 13435: 13432: 13429: 13426: 13425:Rupert's Land 13423: 13420: 13417: 13414: 13410: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13385:Paulet affair 13383: 13380: 13377: 13374: 13371: 13368: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13353: 13350: 13347: 13344: 13341: 13338: 13335: 13332: 13331:New Hampshire 13329: 13326: 13323: 13320: 13319:New Brunswick 13317: 13314: 13311: 13308: 13305: 13302: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13291: 13288: 13285: 13280: 13277: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13255: 13252: 13249: 13246: 13243: 13240: 13237: 13234: 13231: 13227: 13224: 13221: 13220: 13216: 13213: 13210: 13205: 13202: 13199: 13196: 13193: 13190: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13171: 13168: 13165: 13162: 13159: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13137: 13134: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13123: 13119: 13116: 13113: 13110: 13107: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13093: 13090: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13078: 13077: 13074: 13070:North America 13067: 13063: 13053: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13015: 13012: 13009: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12994: 12991: 12990:South Vietnam 12988: 12985: 12982: 12977: 12974: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12965: 12962: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12947: 12944: 12939: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12915: 12912: 12909: 12906: 12901: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12844: 12841: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12813: 12809: 12808: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12789: 12786: 12783: 12779: 12776: 12773: 12770: 12765: 12762: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12739: 12735: 12725: 12721: 12718: 12714: 12710: 12706: 12702: 12699: 12696: 12692: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12679: 12678: 12675: 12668: 12665: 12662: 12659: 12656: 12653: 12650: 12649: 12645: 12642: 12639: 12636: 12633: 12630: 12627: 12624: 12621: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12609: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12597: 12594: 12591: 12588: 12585: 12582: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12571: 12568: 12565: 12562: 12559: 12556: 12553: 12550: 12547: 12544: 12541: 12538: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12523: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12511: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12440: 12436: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12424: 12421: 12414: 12410: 12399: 12396: 12391: 12388: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12374: 12371: 12370: 12365: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12336: 12333: 12330: 12327: 12323: 12322: 12318: 12317: 12314: 12307: 12303: 12297: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12279: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12254: 12249: 12247: 12242: 12240: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12225: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12194: 12191: 12190: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12152: 12148: 12133: 12074: 12070: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12053: 12041: 12037: 12031: 12027: 12026: 12020: 12008: 12004: 11998: 11994: 11993: 11987: 11975: 11971: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11911:. Owl Books. 11910: 11906: 11902: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11875: 11870: 11866: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11826: 11821: 11820: 11808: 11802: 11798: 11793: 11781: 11777: 11771: 11767: 11766: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11719: 11717:0-1950-7617-6 11713: 11709: 11705: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11686: 11681: 11677: 11671: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11628:. Routledge. 11627: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11600: 11596: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11570: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11552: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11528: 11524: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11498: 11494: 11490: 11486: 11480: 11475: 11474: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11453:1-8618-9202-0 11449: 11445: 11440: 11429: 11423: 11418: 11417: 11410: 11406: 11400: 11397:. Routledge. 11396: 11391: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11364: 11358: 11354: 11348: 11345:. JHU Press. 11344: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11326:. Routledge. 11325: 11320: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11277: 11273: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11246: 11242: 11236: 11232: 11231: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11171: 11167: 11163: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11142: 11138: 11132: 11128: 11123: 11111: 11107: 11101: 11097: 11096: 11090: 11078: 11074: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11057: 11045: 11041: 11035: 11031: 11030: 11024: 11012: 11008: 11002: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10988: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10963:. Routledge. 10962: 10961: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10928: 10924: 10918: 10915:. Routledge. 10914: 10913: 10907: 10903: 10897: 10894:. Routledge. 10893: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10869: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10836: 10824: 10820: 10814: 10810: 10809: 10803: 10799: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10766: 10762: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10739: 10735: 10730: 10718: 10714: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10694: 10682: 10678: 10672: 10668: 10667: 10661: 10646: 10642: 10636: 10629: 10628: 10622: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10596: 10595: 10589: 10578: 10572: 10567: 10566: 10559: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10533: 10532: 10526: 10522: 10516: 10512: 10507: 10503: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10453: 10449: 10445: 10440: 10428: 10424: 10418: 10414: 10413: 10407: 10395: 10391: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10362: 10356: 10352: 10347: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10320: 10314: 10310: 10304: 10301:. Routledge. 10300: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10282:. Routledge. 10281: 10276: 10264: 10260: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10221:(73): 29–52. 10220: 10216: 10211: 10207: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10180: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10118: 10114: 10109: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10076: 10072: 10066: 10063:. McFarland. 10062: 10057: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10025: 10021: 10017: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9987: 9983: 9977: 9973: 9972: 9966: 9963: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9938: 9934: 9928: 9924: 9920: 9919: 9914: 9910: 9898: 9894: 9888: 9884: 9883: 9877: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9850: 9844: 9832: 9828: 9822: 9818: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9774: 9770: 9768:0-6910-1027-7 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9738: 9733: 9729: 9724: 9712: 9708: 9702: 9699:. Routledge. 9698: 9697: 9691: 9679: 9675: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9656: 9644: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9624: 9620: 9605: 9601: 9595: 9588: 9587: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9529: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9478: 9474: 9469: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9450: 9446: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9430: 9426: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9394: 9390: 9378: 9374: 9368: 9364: 9363: 9357: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9328: 9324: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9180: 9174: 9169: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9131: 9125: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9098: 9093: 9089: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9063: 9062: 9056: 9044: 9040: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9023: 9019: 9013: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8997: 8991: 8987: 8982: 8971: 8965: 8960: 8959: 8952: 8948: 8942: 8938: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8898: 8897: 8891: 8890: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8829: 8825: 8819: 8812: 8808: 8804: 8799: 8783: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8766: 8764: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8737: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8703: 8695: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8593: 8585: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8551:, p. 20. 8550: 8545: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8525:Ferguson 2002 8521: 8505: 8501: 8495: 8488: 8483: 8476: 8471: 8464: 8463:Marshall 1996 8459: 8452: 8447: 8440: 8435: 8428: 8427:Marshall 1996 8423: 8416: 8411: 8404: 8399: 8392: 8391:David Crystal 8388: 8384: 8379: 8363: 8359: 8353: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8334: 8327: 8322: 8306: 8302: 8296: 8280: 8276: 8270: 8263: 8258: 8251: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8227: 8223: 8218: 8211: 8206: 8199: 8194: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8151: 8144: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8124: 8117: 8112: 8105: 8100: 8094:, p. 35. 8093: 8092:McIntyre 2016 8088: 8081: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8057: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7958: 7951: 7950:Anderson 2005 7946: 7938: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7920: 7913: 7906: 7901: 7895:, p. 46. 7894: 7889: 7882: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7859:, p. 42. 7858: 7853: 7846: 7841: 7834: 7829: 7822: 7817: 7802:on 8 May 2016 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7788:The Economist 7785: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7753: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7701: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7640: 7633: 7628: 7621: 7616: 7609: 7608:Ferguson 2002 7604: 7597: 7596:Ferguson 2002 7592: 7585: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7561: 7556: 7549: 7544: 7537: 7532: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7484: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7428: 7426: 7418: 7417:McIntyre 1977 7413: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7386: 7379: 7374: 7368:, p. 67. 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7314:Heinlein 2002 7310: 7303: 7298: 7291: 7286: 7279: 7274: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7255:HarperCollins 7252: 7248: 7242: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7173: 7166: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7112: 7108: 7102: 7095: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7043: 7038: 7031: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6994: 6988: 6984: 6983: 6975: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6927:Galligan 1995 6923: 6916: 6911: 6905:, p. 48. 6904: 6899: 6893:, p. 69. 6892: 6887: 6880: 6879:McIntyre 1977 6876: 6871: 6864: 6863:McIntyre 1977 6859: 6852: 6847: 6840: 6835: 6828: 6823: 6816: 6811: 6804: 6799: 6792: 6787: 6785: 6777: 6776:Ferguson 2002 6772: 6765: 6760: 6754:, p. 95. 6753: 6748: 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6656:Ferguson 2002 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6620:Marshall 1996 6616: 6609: 6604: 6602: 6594: 6589: 6582: 6577: 6570: 6565: 6559:, p. 92. 6558: 6553: 6546: 6541: 6539: 6531: 6526: 6518: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6443:, p. 30. 6442: 6437: 6430: 6425: 6418: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6349: 6345: 6339: 6332: 6327: 6320: 6319:Ferguson 2002 6315: 6308: 6303: 6296: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6267: 6260: 6255: 6249:, p. 85. 6248: 6243: 6237:, p. 47. 6236: 6231: 6224: 6223:Williams 1966 6219: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6183: 6178: 6171: 6166: 6159: 6158:Marshall 1996 6154: 6147: 6142: 6135: 6130: 6123: 6118: 6111: 6106: 6100:, p. 28. 6099: 6094: 6087: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6058: 6051: 6046: 6039: 6038:Sondhaus 2004 6035: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6012: 6004: 5999: 5993:, p. 71. 5992: 5989:, p. 1; 5988: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5950: 5934: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5888: 5883: 5877:, p. 14. 5876: 5871: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5791:, p. 64. 5790: 5786: 5781: 5775:, p. 28. 5774: 5770: 5765: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5706: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5654: 5645: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5616: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5533: 5526: 5522: 5517: 5511:, p. 18. 5510: 5506: 5501: 5494: 5489: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5447:, p. 20. 5446: 5441: 5434: 5433:Marshall 1998 5430: 5425: 5419:, p. 28. 5418: 5413: 5407:, p. 43. 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5369:Marshall 1998 5366: 5361: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5339:, p. 92. 5338: 5333: 5326: 5325:Marshall 1996 5321: 5315:, p. 84. 5314: 5313:Ferguson 2002 5309: 5303:, p. 91. 5302: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5278: 5273: 5267:, p. 17. 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5243:, p. 58. 5242: 5237: 5231:, p. 90. 5230: 5225: 5218: 5217:Macaulay 1848 5213: 5206: 5201: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5177: 5172: 5166:, p. 19. 5165: 5164:Ferguson 2002 5160: 5158: 5156: 5149:, p. 13. 5148: 5143: 5136: 5135:Marshall 1998 5131: 5125:, p. 30. 5124: 5119: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5034:, p. 23. 5033: 5028: 5022:, p. 62. 5021: 5020:Ferguson 2002 5016: 5009: 5004: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4982:, p. 37. 4981: 4976: 4970:, p. 25. 4969: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4941:, p. 32. 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4916: 4911: 4905:, p. 24. 4904: 4900: 4895: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4864: 4862: 4855:, p. 17. 4854: 4849: 4842: 4841:Ferguson 2002 4837: 4831:, p. 40. 4830: 4825: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4801: 4794: 4789: 4782: 4777: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4756:, p. 71. 4755: 4750: 4744:, p. 34. 4743: 4738: 4732:, p. 70. 4731: 4726: 4719: 4714: 4708:, p. 63. 4707: 4703: 4698: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4642:, p. 7; 4641: 4636: 4629: 4624: 4618:, p. 62. 4617: 4612: 4605: 4604:Ferguson 2002 4600: 4593: 4588: 4581: 4576: 4570:, p. 35. 4569: 4564: 4557: 4556:Ferguson 2002 4552: 4546:, p. 45. 4545: 4540: 4533: 4532:Ferguson 2002 4528: 4526: 4509: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4476: 4475:Marshall 1996 4473:, p. 8; 4472: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4452: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4428: 4421: 4420:Maddison 2001 4417: 4416:Maddison 2001 4412: 4405: 4404:Ferguson 2002 4400: 4396: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4310: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190:British Isles 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4163:Protestantism 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4038: 4035:The fourteen 4033: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3979:in perpetuity 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3910:Falklands War 3907: 3903: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883:Falklands War 3877:End of empire 3874: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3778:Mediterranean 3775: 3771: 3767: 3764:organisation 3763: 3762:Greek Cypriot 3759: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3620:Harold Wilson 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3547:British pound 3544: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3374:British India 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3349:Islamic state 3346: 3342: 3341:Muslim League 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3142:North African 3139: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079:Chanak Crisis 3076: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3021:Punjab region 3018: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965:Stanley Bruce 2962: 2958: 2957:Gordon Coates 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2907:guerrilla war 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2813:Western Samoa 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2737: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2662: 2661:Easter Rising 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2573:Durham Report 2566: 2561: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2515:Cape to Cairo 2513:, to urge a " 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453:Isma'il Pasha 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2431:opened under 2430: 2425: 2424:(1899–1902). 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392:, during the 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2321:Cape to Cairo 2318: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2220:Qajar dynasty 2217: 2213: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2185: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1987:decline. The 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1915:French Guiana 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856:fleet at the 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1716: 1707: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1666:Fort St. John 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Nootka Crisis 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1453: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436:men into the 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:New Brunswick 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376:United States 1373: 1372:protectionism 1369: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1231:client states 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1211:Mughal Empire 1208: 1204: 1200: 1194: 1192: 1191:Latin America 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1165:Mediterranean 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1129: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1077:Darien scheme 1074: 1070: 1067:colonists of 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1051:In 1695, the 1048: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 952: 948: 944: 939: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 874:Rupert's Land 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 848:—a series of 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 795: 793: 789: 788:New Amsterdam 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 698: 694: 689: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 627: 625: 621: 617: 612: 608: 604: 600: 594: 584: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 524:intensified, 523: 519: 515: 511: 508:to engage in 507: 506:Francis Drake 503: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 429: 425: 421: 420: 414: 409: 405: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 328: 326: 322: 321:United States 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 301:Latin America 298: 293: 292: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 233: 231: 227: 226:Mughal Bengal 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:North America 207: 204:the dominant 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 147: 143: 139: 138:trading posts 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 118:protectorates 115: 111: 107: 96: 90: 85: 80: 76: 70: 66: 58: 51: 44: 39: 33: 30: 19: 16656: 16639: 16622: 16605: 16593:from Commons 16588: 16567: 16243: 16224: 16217: 16212:Abolitionism 15973: 15890:Contemporary 15740:Indo-Persian 15728:Nazi Germany 15672:Contemporary 15574:Vijayanagara 15473:Great Seljuk 15384:Thessalonica 15312:Golden Horde 14952:Carthaginian 14731:Neo-Assyrian 14716:Neo-Sumerian 14561:World War II 14495: 14414:Early modern 14391:Kalmar Union 14262:Papal States 14180:Roman Empire 14004: 13987: 13979: 13945: 13937: 13929: 13923:Saint Helena 13921: 13865: 13857: 13707:Cook Islands 13658: 13631:New Hebrides 13600:20th century 13516:West Florida 13501: 13487: 13419:Rhode Island 13397:Pennsylvania 13355:Newfoundland 13292: 13217: 13167:East Florida 13138:16th c.–1880 13127: 13079: 12976:Crown Colony 12964:Pulo Condore 12938:Crown Colony 12932:North Borneo 12805: 12764:Protectorate 12713:unrecognised 12707:in 1965 (as 12646: 12599:South Africa 12587:Sierra Leone 12574:Saint Helena 12572: 12567:Orange River 12445:Bechuanaland 12426: 12384:Protectorate 12343: 12319: 12283: 12263:and Current 12260: 12173:Online books 12163: 12077:. 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Retrieved 4508:the original 4498: 4487:Brendon 2007 4482: 4451: 4444:Jackson 2013 4439: 4427: 4411: 4399: 4375: 4283: 4253:Historians' 4252: 4233: 4214: 4186: 4159:missionaries 4132: 4041: 3978: 3956: 3949: 3914: 3894: 3841: 3794: 3755: 3727:Kenya Colony 3720: 3696:colonial war 3689: 3632:East of Suez 3624:Denis Healey 3585: 3552: 3539:Soviet Union 3527:Anthony Eden 3524: 3496: 3454:North Borneo 3442:Muslim Malay 3427: 3390: 3353:civil unrest 3314: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3207: 3186:military aid 3167: 3154:Nazi Germany 3151: 3111: 3103:British laws 3099:Newfoundland 3072: 3040:protectorate 3037: 3017:Rowlatt Acts 3006: 2953:Newfoundland 2876: 2856: 2765: 2732: 2720:German Samoa 2712: 2678: 2613: 2581:Act of Union 2570: 2507:Cecil Rhodes 2504: 2492:Mahdist Army 2469: 2445:Conservative 2441:Indian Ocean 2433:Napoleon III 2427:In 1869 the 2426: 2406:Zulu Kingdom 2402:Sotho people 2398:Voortrekkers 2355: 2350:Cecil Rhodes 2343: 2291:Turkmenistan 2274: 2244: 2224:Qing dynasty 2209: 2178: 2160:through the 2142: 2134:treaty ports 2114: 2090: 2065:All Red Line 2054: 2019: 2012: 1971:enacted the 1965:abolitionist 1950: 1854:Spanish Navy 1843: 1835: 1827: 1785: 1775: 1732: 1723:Maps of the 1674:Simon Fraser 1611: 1564: 1523:Joseph Banks 1492:Since 1718, 1491: 1483: 1427: 1419:Lower Canada 1411:Upper Canada 1380: 1368:mercantilist 1357: 1347: 1302: 1247: 1195: 1168: 1141:Newfoundland 1128:newly united 1125: 1112:Robert Clive 1050: 1007: 959:Dutch Empire 956: 906:Bunce Island 898:James Island 886: 839: 796: 772:Rhode Island 701: 628: 596: 566: 502:John Hawkins 472: 468:Newfoundland 433: 417: 356:independence 329: 234: 171: 124:, and other 105: 103: 79:1801–present 37: 29: 16687:Imperialism 16304:Lovers rock 15478:Khwarezmian 15411:Carolingian 15216:Rashtrakuta 14920:Shaishunaga 14819:Hellenistic 14802:New Kingdom 14792:Old Kingdom 14546:World War I 14536:Nationalism 14424:Reformation 14409:Renaissance 14381:Black Death 14314:Kievan Rus' 14217:Middle Ages 14040:Anglosphere 13758:New Zealand 13667:New Zealand 13536:West Jersey 13451:Saint Lucia 13437:Saint Kitts 13431:Saint Croix 13411:1763–1791* 13379:Nova Scotia 13325:New England 13281:, 1691–1776 13248:East Jersey 13236:Connecticut 13115:Bay Islands 13002:Transjordan 12920:Mesopotamia 12758:Afghanistan 12752:Aden Colony 12537:Niger Coast 12503:) 1874–1957 12479:East Africa 12461:Cape Colony 12451:) 1884–1966 12441:) 1868–1966 12013:29 November 11933:. Penguin. 11877:. Penguin. 11869:David, Saul 11859:15 November 11549:. Penguin. 11533:28 December 11152:(1): 3–38. 10615:12 February 10494:. Penguin. 9613:21 November 9419:26 November 9401:. Penguin. 9365:. Penguin. 8930:. J Archer. 8886:Works cited 8510:16 December 8451:Walker 1993 8415:Pestan 2009 8222:Joseph 2010 7978:24 November 7857:Gurtov 1970 7721:19 December 7690:19 December 7302:Darwin 2012 7290:Darwin 2012 7278:Levine 2007 7231:20 November 7082:Darwin 2012 6429:Porter 1998 6369:Herbst 2000 6086:Martin 2007 6030:Porter 1998 6018:Porter 1998 5972:11 February 5910:24 November 5875:Porter 1998 5860:31 December 5773:Capper 1997 5769:Hunter 1907 5604:13 December 5577:Porter 1998 5521:Pascoe 2018 5509:Broome 2010 5481:Peters 2006 5349:Pagden 2003 5301:Pagden 2003 5229:Pagden 2003 5123:Nellis 2013 4927:Higman 2000 4915:Higman 2000 4899:Higman 2000 4874:BBC History 4656:Taylor 2001 4592:Thomas 1997 4471:Porter 1998 4298:Amartya Sen 4279:Afghanistan 4167:Anglicanism 4165:(including 4151:lawn tennis 4116:Saint Lucia 4092:The Bahamas 4084:New Zealand 3855:condominium 3555:Suez Crisis 3478:Suez Crisis 3323:and led by 3219:geopolitics 3161:throughout 3138:Eighth Army 3132:During the 3089:issued the 2961:New Zealand 2949:W.S. Monroe 2897:, at which 2787:, parts of 2781:Transjordan 2476:Congo River 2382:Cape Colony 2366:East Indies 2313:during the 2279:Baluchistan 2273:during the 2259:Crimean War 2236:Afghanistan 2166:British Raj 2104:(1819) and 2087:British Raj 1977:slave trade 1921:to France; 1899:Cape Colony 1751:Tipu Sultan 1658:John Finlay 1650:Bella Coola 1571:Abel Tasman 1567:New Zealand 1521:. In 1778, 1446:War of 1812 1395:Nova Scotia 1321:issued the 1299:War of 1812 1069:New Granada 999:East Indies 995:spice trade 971:spice trade 924:during the 860:. In 1670, 718:by Captain 599:Elizabeth I 514:West Africa 392:Charles III 364:Suez Crisis 305:Middle East 190:Netherlands 172:During the 126:territories 16671:Categories 16607:Quotations 16461:Zimbabwean 16249:Race riots 16048:Portuguese 15929:Revival Le 15919:Vietnamese 15562:Later Tran 15532:Vietnamese 15428:Singhasari 15416:Holy Roman 15040:Bulgarian 14976:Satavahana 14947:Phoenician 14883:Achaemenid 14844:Indo-Greek 14824:Macedonian 14738:Babylonian 14309:Viking Age 14124:Prehistory 13992:since 1908 13984:since 1908 13950:since 1833 13942:since 1816 13934:since 1815 13926:since 1658 13883:department 13870:since 1908 13862:since 1833 13663:since 1838 13643:Swan River 13637:Queensland 13524:1958–1962 13506:since 1666 13492:since 1799 13343:New Jersey 13313:New Albion 13297:since 1632 13294:Montserrat 13275:1629–1691 13222:since 1670 13144:1858–1866 13132:since 1619 13084:since 1650 13037:Bangladesh 12972:1841–1946 12934:1882–1963 12900:Federation 12878:1819–1826 12816:Seychelles 12760:1839–1842 12651:since 1816 12635:Tanganyika 12593:Somaliland 12581:Seychelles 12577:since 1658 12497:Gold Coast 12491:The Gambia 12435:Basutoland 12431:since 1815 12373:Free State 12366:1542–1800 12352:Heligoland 12348:since 1713 12147:Audio help 12138:2014-03-07 11786:27 January 11116:27 January 11083:17 January 10829:17 January 10552:17 January 10131:Keay, John 10102:8 November 10032:. Abacus. 9684:30 October 9522:8 February 9350:30 October 9184:22 January 9082:17 January 8549:Young 2020 8326:Gapes 2008 8198:Brown 1998 8155:Brown 1998 8143:Brown 1998 8116:James 2001 8104:James 2001 8068:Lloyd 1996 8056:James 2001 8044:Lloyd 1996 8032:Clegg 2005 7993:James 2001 7905:Lloyd 1996 7893:Louis 2006 7881:James 2001 7869:Lloyd 1996 7833:James 2001 7821:Smith 1998 7771:James 2001 7759:Brown 1998 7740:Smith 1998 7736:Brown 1998 7659:19 October 7632:Combs 2008 7620:James 2001 7584:James 2001 7572:James 2001 7560:Brown 1998 7548:Lloyd 1996 7536:Lloyd 1996 7524:Lloyd 1996 7483:Lloyd 1996 7471:Lloyd 1996 7378:Lloyd 1996 7366:Smith 1998 7354:Lloyd 1996 7342:Brown 1998 7316:, p. 7165:Brown 1998 7070:Lloyd 1996 7058:James 2001 7046:Brown 1998 7042:Louis 2006 6967:James 2001 6963:Lloyd 1996 6939:Lloyd 1996 6915:Lloyd 1996 6891:Brown 1998 6875:Brown 1998 6851:Louis 2006 6839:Smith 1998 6827:Brown 1998 6815:Smith 1998 6791:James 2001 6764:Magee 1974 6752:Smith 1998 6740:Brown 1998 6716:Louis 2006 6704:Louis 2006 6692:Louis 2006 6644:Lloyd 1996 6632:Lloyd 1996 6608:Brown 1998 6593:Lloyd 1996 6581:Brown 1998 6557:Smith 1998 6545:James 2001 6530:Lloyd 1996 6441:Smith 1998 6417:Smith 1998 6405:Lloyd 1996 6393:James 2001 6354:20 October 6344:"Treaties" 6331:James 2001 6307:Louis 1986 6295:Tilby 2009 6283:Lloyd 1996 6271:Lloyd 1996 6259:Smith 1998 6247:Smith 1998 6235:Hodge 2007 6213:, preface. 6211:Royle 2000 6199:James 2001 6182:James 2001 6146:Brown 1998 6134:Smith 1998 6098:Janin 1999 5991:Smith 1998 5887:Hinks 2007 5837:James 2001 5825:Lloyd 1996 5813:James 2001 5801:James 2001 5789:Nayar 2008 5573:Smith 1998 5537:Brock 2011 5493:James 2001 5457:Smith 1998 5445:Smith 1998 5417:Smith 1998 5393:Games 2002 5365:James 2001 5353:James 2001 5337:Canny 1998 5289:Smith 1998 5265:Smith 1998 5241:James 2001 5176:Canny 1998 5147:Lloyd 1996 5044:Canny 1998 4994:, p. 4980:Lloyd 1996 4951:Lloyd 1996 4939:Lloyd 1996 4853:James 2001 4829:Lloyd 1996 4817:James 2001 4793:Lloyd 1996 4769:Canny 1998 4754:Canny 1998 4742:Canny 1998 4730:Canny 1998 4718:Canny 1998 4706:Canny 1998 4687:8 February 4644:Kenny 2006 4640:Canny 1998 4628:Lloyd 1996 4616:Canny 1998 4568:Canny 1998 4491:Brown 1998 4456:Russo 2012 4391:References 4263:critically 4027:Common law 3937:patriating 3891:Patriation 3881:See also: 3825:Montserrat 3780:colony of 3704:Gold Coast 3650:, and the 3215:ANZUS Pact 3168:After the 3157:to remain 3148:campaigns. 2809:New Guinea 2797:Tanganyika 2753:war effort 2691:, Britain 2653:third bill 2626:after the 2618:for Irish 2496:at Fashoda 2429:Suez Canal 2394:Great Trek 2287:Kazakhstan 2267:global war 2238:, but the 2136:including 2117:Qing China 2081:See also: 1999:See also: 1969:Parliament 1967:movement, 1925:to Spain; 1911:Martinique 1907:Guadeloupe 1903:Heligoland 1879:Seychelles 1846:Royal Navy 1798:Bajirao II 1786:status quo 1692:westward. 1646:Rio Grande 1531:Botany Bay 1511:James Cook 1480:James Cook 1438:Royal Navy 1387:Saint John 1364:free trade 1354:Adam Smith 882:New France 862:Charles II 720:John Smith 653:after the 562:New France 499:privateers 479:Henry VIII 456:John Cabot 424:John Cabot 402:See also: 348:its allies 277:Great Game 259:, and the 216:after the 188:, and the 159:linguistic 16641:Resources 16475:Languages 16451:Tanzanian 16421:Congolese 16394:Barbadian 16316:UK garage 16299:Caribbean 16279:Afroswing 16274:Afrobeats 16041:Couronian 15679:Ethiopian 15667:Manchukuo 15622:Brazilian 15468:Ghaznavid 15438:Srivijaya 15389:Trebizond 15374:Byzantine 15356:North Sea 15351:Norwegian 15339:Almoravid 15322:Ilkhanate 15292:Majapahit 15265:Muromachi 15174:Solomonic 15159:Ethiopian 15073:Caliphate 15006:Aragonese 14834:Ptolemaic 14356:Feudalism 14327:Catalonia 13976:1841–1947 13963:1841–1933 13854:1831–1966 13848:1670–1688 13842:1651–1667 13836:1631–1641 13766:1914–1962 13760:1907–1947 13753:1901–1942 13751:Australia 13746:1900–1974 13740:1900–1970 13728:1893–1978 13721:1892–1979 13715:1889–1948 13709:1888–1901 13703:Rarotonga 13699:1884–1902 13693:1877–1976 13687:1874–1970 13681:1851–1901 13675:1846–1847 13669:1841–1907 13655:1836–1901 13649:1829–1901 13639:1824–1901 13633:1824–1980 13627:1807–1863 13621:1803–1901 13611:1788–1901 13544:1833–1960 13538:1674–1702 13530:1967–1983 13518:1763–1783 13512:1607–1776 13498:1849–1866 13484:1889–1962 13478:1862–1863 13472:1712–1776 13466:1635–1644 13460:1627–1979 13453:1605–1979 13446:1882–1983 13439:1623–1983 13433:1625–1650 13427:1670–1870 13421:1636–1776 13415:1853–1863 13405:1620–1691 13399:1681–1776 13393:1763–1873 13381:1713–1867 13375:1859–1870 13369:1712–1776 13363:1583–1907 13357:1907–1949 13351:1664–1776 13339:1637–1662 13337:New Haven 13333:1680–1776 13327:1686–1689 13321:1784–1867 13309:1628–1983 13303:1655–1860 13289:1632–1776 13263:1655–1962 13256:1733–1776 13250:1674–1702 13244:1701–1776 13238:1636–1776 13232:1818–1846 13214:1663–1712 13206:1867–1931 13200:1841–1867 13194:1791–1841 13188:1791–1841 13176:1762–1974 13169:1763–1783 13163:1763–1978 13157:1754–1820 13148:1866–1871 13124:1871–1981 13117:1643–1860 13111:1624–1966 13105:1670–1973 13098:1860–1981 13091:1632–1860 13016:1898–1930 13010:1892–1971 13004:1921–1946 12998:1826–1946 12992:1945–1946 12986:1946–1963 12984:Singapore 12978:1946–1963 12966:1702–1705 12960:1786–1946 12954:1923–1948 12952:Palestine 12940:1946–1963 12928:1891–1971 12922:1920–1932 12916:1762–1764 12910:1796–1965 12902:1948–1957 12896:1946–1948 12890:1885–1946 12884:1895–1946 12872:1848–1946 12866:1918–1961 12860:1811–1816 12854:1858–1947 12848:1841–1997 12846:Hong Kong 12842:1878–1960 12836:1795–1948 12830:1888–1984 12824:1824–1948 12812:Mauritius 12802:1874–1963 12790:1757–1947 12784:1812–1824 12774:1685–1824 12772:Bencoolen 12766:1879–1919 12754:1839–1967 12669:1887–1897 12663:1890–1963 12657:1890–1962 12643:1900–1910 12641:Transvaal 12637:1922–1961 12631:1899–1956 12625:1893–1968 12623:Swaziland 12619:1900–1914 12607:1915–1931 12601:1910–1931 12595:1884–1960 12589:1792–1961 12583:1903–1976 12569:1900–1910 12563:1891–1964 12561:Nyasaland 12557:1924–1964 12551:1900–1914 12545:1914–1960 12539:1884–1900 12533:1856–1910 12527:1810–1968 12525:Mauritius 12521:1807–1808 12515:1862–1906 12509:1920–1963 12493:1816–1965 12487:1882–1922 12481:1895–1920 12475:1891–1907 12469:1806–1910 12463:1795–1803 12457:1919–1961 12455:Cameroons 12392:1813–1964 12386:1800–1813 12375:1921–1931 12360:1809–1864 12354:1807–1890 12345:Gibraltar 12340:1878–1960 12334:1794–1796 12288:*Current 12222:from the 12213:from the 12204:from the 12103:hour and 11949:17123297M 11755:162474899 11595:18114975M 11315:244676008 11201:26886628M 11193:879306121 11158:0043-5597 10478:162717788 10433:24 August 10340:19 August 10235:1468-2281 9962:464656679 9798:0013-0117 9666:. Brill. 9049:26 August 8625:0013-8266 8383:Hogg 2008 8368:9 October 7845:Pham 2010 7796:0013-0613 7744:Burk 2008 7458:0031-2290 7195:0002-8282 7152:870098208 6490:13 August 6110:Keay 1991 6074:Mori 2014 5987:Hyam 2002 5098:154280545 5082:0013-0117 4076:Australia 3965:and 1860 3743:civil war 3692:Cape Town 3654:in 1971. 3572:satellite 3514:that had 3462:Singapore 3410:civil war 3398:Holocaust 3378:Sri Lanka 3279:Palestine 2969:Australia 2883:Sinn Féin 2777:Palestine 2745:Anzac Day 2736:Dominions 2681:metropole 2620:home rule 2539:Dominions 2439:with the 2370:Afrikaner 2283:Kirghizia 2204:Balaclava 2102:Singapore 2061:telegraph 2057:steamship 1871:Mauritius 1749:and then 1747:Hyder Ali 1741:with the 1560:Melbourne 1525:, Cook's 1499:Australia 1383:Loyalists 1345:in 1783. 1263:Louisiana 1149:Gibraltar 914:Liverpool 870:fur trade 803:St. Kitts 716:Jamestown 629:In 1603, 607:Caribbean 597:In 1578, 534:New World 532:from the 428:New World 336:East Asia 313:Dominions 249:Caribbean 232:in 1757. 110:dominions 69:1707–1801 16560:Monarchy 16441:Nigerian 16426:Ghanaian 16404:Guyanese 16399:Jamaican 16284:Britfunk 16225:Windrush 16021:Japanese 15984:Scottish 15964:American 15956:Colonial 15885:Imperial 15853:Moroccan 15789:Japanese 15767:Afsharid 15626:Burmese 15612:Austrian 15567:Later Le 15542:Early Le 15527:Venetian 15453:Tiwanaku 15366:Hellenic 15329:Moroccan 15260:Kamakura 15250:Japanese 15233:Saffarid 15186:Georgian 15100:Chalukya 15078:Rashidun 15068:Calakmul 15036:Bruneian 14915:Haryanka 14893:Sasanian 14888:Parthian 14839:Bactrian 14829:Seleucid 14809:Goguryeo 14787:Egyptian 14721:Assyrian 14711:Akkadian 14702:Colonies 14595:See also 14566:Cold War 14361:Crusades 14331:Valencia 14051:Category 13887:Colombia 13802:Kiribati 13679:Victoria 13619:Tasmania 13510:Virginia 13476:Stickeen 13464:Saybrook 13403:Plymouth 13349:New York 13287:Maryland 13279:Province 13242:Delaware 13212:Carolina 13204:Dominion 13198:Province 13161:Dominica 13109:Barbados 13081:Anguilla 13052:disputed 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