1315:
566:
1206:
646:
606:
686:
1226:
1006:
986:
1246:
1430:
1373:
966:
946:
546:
1146:
626:
1126:
1066:
746:
1412:
1393:
846:
826:
666:
1470:
1296:
1086:
726:
706:
586:
1555:
1268:(on January 27, or another date chosen by the applicant country). The government should also demonstrate a clear public policy commitment to Holocaust education at a senior political level, and must satisfy the IHRA that its archives dealing with the Holocaust period (1933-1950) are open for research and that there is or will be academic, educational, and public examination of the country's historical past during the Holocaust period.
1450:
1353:
1106:
926:
866:
1026:
906:
806:
786:
25:
1186:
1333:
1046:
766:
886:
1166:
343:
The declaration advocates the need to uphold the "terrible truth of the
Holocaust against those who deny it," and to preserve the memory of the Holocaust as a "touchstone in our understanding of the human capacity for good and evil." According to the declaration, "the international community shares a
1745:
covering material from Pius XII's tenure (1939-1958). Commending the change of
Vatican policy, the IHRA Chair, Ambassador Georges Santer, said: "Archival access is a key aspect of Holocaust remembrance, and contributes directly to safeguarding the historical record. We all share a responsibility to
390:
voted to adopt a resolution calling on
European Union member states and their institutions to adopt and apply the definition. The non-legally binding working definition includes illustrative examples of antisemitism to guide the IHRA in its work. These examples include classical antisemitic tropes,
1539:
The arguments against Norway would be more credible if the
Norwegians did not admit that there is antisemitism in Norway, that they ignored or wanted to bury Hamsun's pro-Nazi stand or that they hampered the IHRA's work in fighting antisemitism in any way. Not only is none of this true, but it was
311:
was asked to become the
Honorary Chairman of the Forum. A joint declaration, the Stockholm Declaration, was unanimously adopted. As German sociologist Helmut Dubiel notes, the conference "took place in an atmosphere informed by right-wing violence and spectacular success of rightist parties at the
1698:
Balestrero, Chappin, and Jaeger who met with the IHRA representatives "evinced considerable discomfort with the idea of ITF (IHRA) observer status". The IHRA representatives—Austrian
Ambassador Ferdinand Trauttsmandorff, US Professor Steven Katz of the Elie Wiesel Center at Boston University, and
461:
The
Memorials and Museums Working Group (MMWG) helps mobilize support and expertise for Holocaust memorials and related places of memory, it collects information on memorials and promotes communication and exchange between memorial sites and museums. The MMWG drafted an International Memorial and
332:
With humanity still scarred by genocide, ethnic cleansing, racism, antisemitism and xenophobia, the international community shares a solemn responsibility to fight those evils. Together we must uphold the terrible truth of the
Holocaust against those who deny it. We must strengthen the moral
187:
in 1998. From 26–28 January 2000, the
Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust was held, bringing together high-ranking political leaders and officials from more than forty countries to meet with civic and religious leaders, survivors, educators, and historians. Nobel Prize laureate
1263:
The government of any UN member country may apply for IHRA membership. Subject to approval by the
Plenary, the applicant will initially be accepted as an Observer country, and may participate as such in the Working Groups and the Plenary. The candidate country should establish a
1746:
throw light on the still obscured shadows of the Holocaust and the Second World War, and we very much appreciate the constructive talks we had in the past with Cardinal State Secretary, Pietro Parolin, and Secretary for Relations with States, Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher.
87:
1703:, the academic advisor to the ITF—"expressed considerable disappointment about the unexpected set-back," the cable reported. The cable was critical of the Vatican's new foreign relations team who had been changed since the original agreement to join the IHRA had been made.
1505:
The IHRA faced criticism from a number of public and academic Jewish groups and personalities in relation to the Norwegian chairmanship of 2009. The chairmanship coincided with a controversial decision by Norway to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the birth of
1487:
On 24 June 2022, New Zealand joined IHRA as an observer. While the announcement was welcomed by the New Zealand Jewish Council and the Holocaust Centre of New Zealand as a means of combating racism and anti-Semitism, Palestine Solidarity Network Aotearoa chairman
448:
The Academic Working Group (AWG) is concerned with promoting Holocaust research, increasing accessibility to, and organizing research into, archives, and encouraging international cooperation on research and scholarship. The AWG was instrumental in opening the
1673:
about the failure of negotiations. The article reported that the Holy See had withdrawn from a written agreement to join the IHRA (then ITF). In the leaked cables, it was stated that "the highly-regarded Parolin" had been promoted and replaced by Msgr.
315:
Following the initial Forum on the Holocaust, the Stockholm International Forum Conferences were convened a further three times on the topics of Combatting Intolerance 2001; Truth Justice and Reconciliation 2002; Preventing Genocide 2004.
239:. This resulted in the Swedish information campaign entitled Levande Historia (Living History). Realizing that 'the fight against ignorance about the Holocaust called for an international partnership' Persson also approached US President
411:
rotates annually among member countries. The chair hosts the IHRA Plenary meetings up to twice a year in their country. Each country organizes and pays for the meetings taking place in the year of its chairmanship. The chair was held by
179:
education, research and remembrance worldwide and to uphold the commitments of the Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust. The IHRA has 34 member countries, one liaison country and seven observer countries.
1729:
for public policy-makers from Europe, North America and the Middle East, media representatives and representatives of NGOs and civil society organizations at the Palazzo della Cancelleria in Rome. Speakers from the Holy See included
1540:
the Norwegian chairman that, before this controversy exploded, insisted on including the fight against antisemitism as a central component in the IHRA's immediate future program − the proposal was accepted by acclamation.
2068:
2685:
255:
The IHRA was founded in 1998 by Persson as the Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research (ITF). Its first meeting took place in May 1998. Holocaust scholar
1521:
On 20 July 2009, the Norwegian IHRA Chair published a statement rejecting the accusations against it, and promising to continue the IHRA's efforts to combat antisemitism and promote Holocaust education.
199:
The IHRA carries out internal projects, seeks to influence public-policy making on Holocaust-related issues and develops research focusing on lesser known aspects of the Holocaust. The IHRA adopted the
1518:, challenged Norway's chairmanship of the IHRA, arguing that "this country is unfit to hold such a position when in the same year it has held major memorial activities for the Nazi-admirer Hamsun."
3035:
2747:
1738:, Secretary Delegate of the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development, and Dr. Johan Ickx, head of the Historical Archive, Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State.
399:
with antisemitism. In the United States, the Biden administration launched a comprehensive strategy May 25, 2023 to counter anti-Semitism, including the IHRA working definition in its strategy.
462:
Museum Charter. The IHRA was also instrumental in campaigning against the destruction of the site of the former Gusen Concentration Camp in Austria, which will now be preserved as a memorial.
312:
voting polls. Nonetheless, the end of the millennium and the anniversary of Auschwitz constituted a reference point for the foundation of a transnational union for struggle against genocide."
1832:
325:
1535:
defended the Norwegian chairmanship. Bauer emphasized Norway's commitment to Holocaust education, while also acknowledging the continuing presence of antisemitism in Norway and elsewhere:
333:
commitment of our peoples, and the political commitment of our governments, to ensure that future generations can understand the causes of the Holocaust and reflect upon its consequences.
223:
Following a survey in 1997 which revealed that many school children lacked knowledge about the Holocaust, and also affected by his personal experience of visiting the site of the former
115:
Uniting governments and experts to strengthen, advance and promote Holocaust education, remembrance and research worldwide and to uphold the commitments to the 2000 Stockholm Declaration
3057:
1687:
2782:
2452:
328:
adopted by the UN) is the founding document of the IHRA. It consists of eight paragraphs, which emphasize the importance of education, remembrance and research about the Holocaust.
1276:
Countries that apply for membership of IHRA are initially accepted as Observers, subject to approval by the Plenary, and participate as such in the Working Groups and the Plenary.
2137:
1663:, answered favorably, suggesting that the Vatican become an IHRA observer country. Negotiations began, but several months later, the proposal was dismissed. On 21 December 2010,
3004:
2966:
2367:
2253:
2200:
2166:
287:
In 2013, ITF changed its name to the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA). The logo of the IHRA, also adopted in 2013, was designed by the renowned architect,
1572:
2327:
1710:
According to Noyes, this could indicate that the Vatican "may ... be pulling back due to concerns about ITF pressure to declassify records from the WWII-era pontificate of
2558:
395:. Numerous governmental and other organizations have adopted the IHRA definition. However, the working definition has been criticised by some as too broad, and conflating
2064:
2853:
2677:
1707:, second in command at the American Embassy to the Holy See, reported in October 2009 that the plans "had fallen apart completely ... due to Vatican back-pedaling".
2895:
2008:
2328:"'Holocaust Task Force Calls for Concrete Steps to open the Holocaust Era Archival Collections of the International Tracing Service in Bad Arolsen, Germany'
1691:
1619:
506:
479:
3027:
2737:
2681:
1591:
510:
383:
1598:
1824:
1910:
2936:
1799:
1683:
2111:
3065:
2622:
1605:
453:
archives in Bad Arolson, which contains some 70 million pages of documents relating to the fate of over 17 million victims of World War II.
3151:
2770:
2652:
2279:
3131:
2445:
1587:
299:
During 26–28 January 2000, the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust was held to mark the 55th anniversary of the liberation of
470:
Currently the organization has seven permanent international partner organizations, which hold the status of observers within the IHRA:
2133:
1770:
3000:
2958:
2363:
1884:
247:
for their support in establishing an international organization to support Holocaust education, remembrance, and research worldwide.
2249:
2192:
2490:
2159:
1492:
claimed that adopting the IHRA definition would silence criticism of alleged Israeli human rights abuses against the Palestinians.
2715:
2588:
3156:
2338:
1959:
Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research: Ten Year Anniversary Book, 2009, p. 8
205:
2803:
2566:
1858:
3161:
2845:
2423:
3103:
1936:
2305:
1670:
2823:
1978:
1612:
2228:
1515:
209:
2879:
35:
379:
373:
201:
42:
2778:
1731:
1638:
64:
2033:
Dubiel, Helmut (1 January 2003). "The Rememberance(sic) of the Holocaust as a Catalyst for a Transnational Ethic?".
3146:
2389:
2000:
2191:
Janner-Klausner, Laura; Bindman, Geoffrey; Rose, Jacqueline; Kahn-Harris, Keith; Sedley, Stephen (27 July 2018).
1576:
386:
in 2005. IHRA adopted the Working Definition of Antisemitism at a plenary session in 2016. On 1 June 2017, the
172:
2536:
2527:"OSCE rights office, Holocaust education task force formalize co-operation on combating anti-Semitism - OSCE"
483:
450:
224:
300:
2920:
1906:
46:
2103:
303:
on 27 January 1945. It was attended by historians, politicians, and heads of state from 45 countries.
1742:
487:
1795:
1714:". With the exception of two statements made about the commencement of the atrocities in Poland,
1565:
1265:
3028:"Newly Unsealed Vatican Archives Lay Out Evidence of Pope Pius XII's Knowledge of the Holocaust"
2618:
1725:
From 16–17 February 2017 the IHRA, in cooperation with the Holy See, held a conference entitled
1319:
1314:
2275:
1762:
2644:
1735:
1734:, Secretary for Relations with States within the Holy See's Secretariat of State, H.E Mgr.
2921:"US embassy cables: Vatican retreats from agreement to join Holocaust education taskforce"
165:
Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research
149:
Task Force for International Cooperation on Holocaust Education, Remembrance, and Research
8:
3132:"Palestinian Rights and the IHRA Definition of Antisemitism", The Guardian, Nov. 29, 2020
1704:
1682:"Surprising the ITF, Balestrero also invited a representative from the Vatican Archives,
1511:
851:
387:
2501:
319:
175:
founded in 1998 which unites governments and experts to strengthen, advance and promote
2707:
2596:
2046:
1527:
1880:
3099:
3092:
2928:
2887:
2742:
2678:"New Zealand becomes an Observer of the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance"
1854:
1675:
502:
495:
491:
2419:
2091:
Transnationale Erinnerung: Der Holocaust im Fokus geschichtspolitischer Initiativen
2038:
349:
288:
232:
184:
97:
1932:
1011:
432:
307:
was invited to head the academic committee, while Nobel Prize Laureate Professor
2301:
2819:
1970:
1660:
1231:
691:
471:
2222:
338:
Paragraph 3, Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust
3140:
2932:
2891:
2738:"Govt decision to join International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance welcomed"
1719:
1711:
1251:
176:
2804:
Rafael Medoff 'A Tale of two Norwegian Nobel Prize winners for Literature',
1825:"Portugal Becomes 34th International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance Member"
1665:
1652:
1532:
1510:, the Nobel Prize–winning Norwegian author and later Nazi sympathizer. Dr.
408:
396:
357:
304:
257:
240:
212:
193:
2619:"Membership Criteria for the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance"
2104:"Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust | IHRA"
1718:
has long been a controversial figure for his failure to publicly denounce
3001:"Refugee Policies from 1933 until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities"
1507:
1435:
1378:
1211:
991:
308:
269:
189:
3119:
2397:
1957:'Congratulatory remarks by former Swedish Prime Minister Göran Persson',
435:. The Executive Secretary of the IHRA is Kathrin Meyer who runs the PO.
183:
The organization was founded by the then sitting Swedish Prime Minister
132:
2880:"WikiLeaks cables: Vatican vetoed Holocaust memorial over Pius XII row"
2050:
1727:
Refugee Policies from 1933 until Today: Challenges and Responsibilities
1700:
1579: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1489:
971:
417:
361:
244:
2491:"'Coopération entre le Conseil de l'Europe et l'Holocaust Task Force'
235:
decided to launch a debate in parliament about Holocaust education in
2190:
951:
571:
551:
320:
The Declaration of the Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust
294:
2042:
1554:
3058:"IHRA Chair commends Holy See on opening of Pope Pius XII Archives"
2531:
2526:
1715:
1656:
1151:
1131:
1071:
631:
431:
The IHRA Permanent Office (PO) was established on 11 March 2008 in
345:
1475:
1398:
1301:
1091:
831:
791:
751:
731:
711:
671:
611:
591:
421:
261:
228:
391:
Holocaust denial and attempts to apply a double standard to the
2390:"'A new leaf has been turned over at the Tracing Service', ITS
1455:
1416:
1411:
1358:
1338:
1191:
1111:
1051:
1031:
931:
911:
871:
811:
771:
651:
475:
425:
392:
353:
277:
273:
265:
236:
2476:
Anshel Pfeffer 'Austrian death camp to be filled with trash'
1500:
1171:
891:
413:
281:
86:
2065:"The Stockholm International Forum Conferences (2000–2004)"
1686:, and the Holy See's chief negotiator for the long-delayed
3098:. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1763:"The Holocaust and the United Nations Outreach Programme"
2224:
Launch of U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
2959:"WikiLeaks: Vatican backed out of Holocaust Task Force"
2771:"NZ joining IHRA a weak, cowardly decision over Israel"
1790:
1788:
2250:"Federal Department of Foreign Affairs of Switzerland"
1655:
enter into a "special arrangement" with the IHRA. The
192:
served as the Forum's honorary Chairman and Professor
2672:
2670:
367:
34:
may contain excessive or inappropriate references to
2981:
1785:
1741:
On 2 March 2020, the Holy See officially opened the
507:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
511:
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
3091:
2667:
324:The declaration (not to be confused with the 1972
295:The Stockholm International Forum on the Holocaust
2682:New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
2193:"How should antisemitism be defined? | The Panel"
1271:
1002:
3138:
3094:The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965
2559:"IHRA welcomes Australia as 33rd Member Country"
1222:
682:
204:in 2016 and has since promoted it. The IHRA has
1242:
268:joined the initiative, followed in 1999 by the
260:took on the role of academic advisor. In 1998,
1588:"International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance"
196:was the senior Academic Advisor to the forum.
2846:"Fighting our friends instead of our enemies"
1426:
1369:
1202:
982:
465:
2589:"Kosovo adopts IHRA antisemitism definition"
1971:"Holocaust Forum Seeks Lessons from History"
1669:newspaper published a news article based on
1544:
962:
488:European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights
157:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
80:International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
942:
562:
542:
501:The IHRA formalized its relations with the
1819:
1817:
1501:The Norwegian chairmanship and Knut Hamsun
1142:
1122:
1062:
622:
457:Memorials and Museums Working Group (MMWG)
1639:Learn how and when to remove this message
1466:
1389:
1292:
1082:
842:
822:
782:
742:
722:
702:
662:
602:
582:
344:solemn responsibility to fight" against "
65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1446:
1349:
1329:
1182:
1102:
1042:
1022:
922:
902:
862:
802:
762:
642:
2551:
1814:
1162:
882:
3139:
3089:
3038:from the original on 21 September 2021
2987:
2625:from the original on 30 September 2017
2282:from the original on 30 September 2017
2203:from the original on 16 September 2018
2032:
1887:from the original on 11 September 2017
2915:
2913:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2768:
2539:from the original on 21 November 2018
2028:
2026:
45:by removing references to unreliable
3025:
2939:from the original on 5 February 2016
2898:from the original on 5 February 2016
2856:from the original on 4 February 2016
2330:ITF Italian Delegation Press Release
2256:from the original on 4 November 2017
2160:"Working Definition of Antisemitism"
2152:
2114:from the original on 15 January 2016
1773:from the original on 2 February 2016
1688:Vatican-Israel Fundamental Agreement
1577:adding citations to reliable sources
1548:
1525:In an article for Israeli newspaper
49:where they are used inappropriately.
18:
3152:Holocaust charities and reparations
2593:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
2172:from the original on 25 August 2018
1516:Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs
521:
484:International Tracing Service (ITS)
163:), until January 2013 known as the
13:
3125:
3007:from the original on 3 August 2017
2969:from the original on 3 August 2017
2910:
2878:Brown, Andrew (21 December 2010).
2868:
2838:
2826:from the original on 3 August 2017
2458:from the original on 1 August 2017
2426:from the original on 1 August 2017
2308:from the original on 1 August 2017
2140:from the original on 1 August 2017
2096:
2023:
1981:from the original on 1 August 2016
1939:from the original on 1 August 2017
1913:from the original on 1 August 2017
1835:from the original on 31 March 2023
1802:from the original on 1 August 2017
380:Working Definition of Antisemitism
374:Working Definition of Antisemitism
368:Working Definition of Antisemitism
202:Working Definition of Antisemitism
14:
3173:
3113:
2785:from the original on 27 June 2022
2779:Auckland University of Technology
2750:from the original on 27 June 2022
2718:from the original on 11 June 2023
2688:from the original on 27 June 2022
2655:from the original on 20 July 2018
2370:from the original on 21 July 2011
2231:from the original on 24 July 2023
2071:from the original on 18 June 2017
1861:from the original on 21 July 2018
1732:Archbishop Paul Richard Gallagher
1651:In 2009, the IHRA suggested that
438:
2134:"European Parliament Resolution"
1553:
1495:
1468:
1448:
1428:
1410:
1391:
1371:
1351:
1331:
1313:
1294:
1244:
1224:
1204:
1184:
1164:
1144:
1124:
1104:
1084:
1064:
1044:
1024:
1004:
984:
964:
944:
924:
904:
884:
864:
844:
824:
804:
784:
764:
744:
724:
704:
684:
664:
644:
624:
604:
584:
564:
544:
85:
23:
3083:
3050:
3019:
2993:
2951:
2812:
2797:
2762:
2730:
2700:
2637:
2611:
2581:
2519:
2483:
2470:
2438:
2412:
2382:
2356:
2320:
2294:
2268:
2242:
2215:
2184:
2126:
2083:
2057:
2011:from the original on 8 May 2018
1993:
1564:needs additional citations for
1280:Observer and liaison countries
402:
3157:1998 establishments in Germany
3064:. 2 March 2020. Archived from
2565:. 11 June 2019. Archived from
1963:
1951:
1925:
1899:
1873:
1847:
1755:
1272:Observer and liaison countries
208:that its definition conflates
173:intergovernmental organization
107:Intergovernmental organization
16:Intergovernmental organization
1:
3162:Organisations based in Berlin
1749:
1659:'s Under Secretary of State,
516:
451:International Tracing Service
225:Neuengamme concentration camp
218:
2820:"Statement of the ITF Chair"
2769:Minto, John (26 June 2022).
2712:www.holocaustremembrance.com
2108:www.holocaustremembrance.com
444:Academic Working Group (AWG)
7:
2495:, No. 22/08, November 2008"
1671:leaked US diplomatic cables
10:
3178:
2446:"Memorial Museums Charter"
2093:, Campus: Frankfurt, 2006.
466:International partnerships
378:In 2016, IHRA adopted the
371:
250:
1743:Vatican Apostolic Archive
1545:The IHRA and the Holy See
382:, first published by the
231:, Swedish Prime Minister
143:
127:
119:
111:
103:
93:
84:
3090:Phayer, Michael (2000).
2649:holocaustremeberance.com
1661:Monsignor Pietro Parolin
3147:Holocaust commemoration
2645:"IHRA Member Countries"
2493:Informations D'Autriche
2276:"IHRA Permanent Office"
1796:"Stockholm Declaration"
1907:"Living History Forum"
1696:
1542:
1320:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1266:Holocaust Memorial Day
341:
243:and UK Prime Minister
36:self-published sources
2708:"Türkiye | IHRA"
1680:
1537:
527:IHRA Member countries
330:
326:Stockholm Declaration
135:.holocaustremembrance
3032:Smithsonian Magazine
2927:. 21 December 2010.
1881:"Observer Countries"
1736:Silvano Maria Tomasi
1573:improve this article
3026:Machemer, Theresa.
2775:Asia Pacific Report
2332:, 15 December 2004"
2035:New German Critique
1977:. 26 January 2000.
1855:"Liaison Countries"
1831:. 5 December 2019.
1705:Julieta Valls Noyes
1692:Father David Jaeger
1512:Manfred Gerstenfeld
1281:
530:
388:European Parliament
215:with antisemitism.
210:criticism of Israel
81:
2963:The Jerusalem Post
2850:The Jerusalem Post
2806:The Jerusalem Post
2344:on 5 December 2008
2001:"Daniel Libeskind"
1975:www.news.bbc.co.uk
1933:"Levande Historia"
1829:www.algemeiner.com
1528:The Jerusalem Post
1514:, Chairman of the
1279:
526:
79:
3105:978-0-25321-471-3
2743:Radio New Zealand
2569:on 14 August 2022
2394:, April 30, 2008"
1676:Ettore Balestrero
1649:
1648:
1641:
1623:
1485:
1484:
1261:
1260:
529:18 November 2022
503:Council of Europe
496:Claims Conference
492:Council of Europe
153:
152:
75:
74:
67:
3169:
3120:Official Website
3109:
3097:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2917:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2746:. 25 June 2022.
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2684:. 23 June 2022.
2674:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2595:. Archived from
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2500:. Archived from
2499:
2487:
2481:
2478:Jewish Chronicle
2474:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2396:. Archived from
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2343:
2337:. Archived from
2336:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2219:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2156:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1759:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1581:
1557:
1549:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1415:
1414:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1318:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1282:
1278:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1174:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1154:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
994:
990:
988:
987:
974:
970:
968:
967:
954:
950:
948:
947:
934:
930:
928:
927:
914:
910:
908:
907:
894:
890:
888:
887:
874:
870:
868:
867:
854:
850:
848:
847:
834:
830:
828:
827:
814:
810:
808:
807:
794:
790:
788:
787:
774:
770:
768:
767:
754:
750:
748:
747:
734:
730:
728:
727:
714:
710:
708:
707:
694:
690:
688:
687:
674:
670:
668:
667:
654:
650:
648:
647:
634:
630:
628:
627:
614:
610:
608:
607:
594:
590:
588:
587:
574:
570:
568:
567:
554:
550:
548:
547:
531:
525:
522:Member countries
350:ethnic cleansing
339:
289:Daniel Libeskind
139:
136:
134:
89:
82:
78:
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3137:
3136:
3128:
3126:Further reading
3116:
3106:
3086:
3081:
3071:
3069:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2957:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2919:
2918:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2813:
2808:, June 29, 2009
2802:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2668:
2658:
2656:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2626:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2602:
2600:
2599:on 10 June 2023
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2400:on 11 June 2010
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2204:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2043:10.2307/3211108
2031:
2024:
2014:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1864:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1582:
1580:
1570:
1558:
1547:
1503:
1498:
1469:
1467:
1449:
1447:
1429:
1427:
1409:
1392:
1390:
1372:
1370:
1352:
1350:
1332:
1330:
1312:
1295:
1293:
1274:
1245:
1243:
1225:
1223:
1205:
1203:
1185:
1183:
1165:
1163:
1145:
1143:
1125:
1123:
1105:
1103:
1085:
1083:
1065:
1063:
1045:
1043:
1025:
1023:
1012:North Macedonia
1005:
1003:
985:
983:
965:
963:
945:
943:
925:
923:
905:
903:
885:
883:
865:
863:
845:
843:
825:
823:
805:
803:
785:
783:
765:
763:
745:
743:
725:
723:
705:
703:
685:
683:
665:
663:
645:
643:
625:
623:
605:
603:
585:
583:
565:
563:
545:
543:
534:Member country
528:
524:
519:
468:
441:
433:Berlin, Germany
405:
393:State of Israel
376:
370:
340:
337:
322:
297:
253:
221:
206:faced criticism
146:
145:Formerly called
131:
123:Berlin, Germany
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3135:
3134:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3114:External links
3112:
3111:
3110:
3104:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3068:on 5 July 2022
3049:
3018:
2992:
2980:
2950:
2909:
2867:
2837:
2811:
2796:
2761:
2729:
2699:
2666:
2636:
2610:
2580:
2550:
2518:
2507:on 6 July 2011
2482:
2469:
2437:
2411:
2381:
2355:
2319:
2293:
2267:
2241:
2214:
2183:
2151:
2125:
2095:
2082:
2056:
2022:
1992:
1962:
1950:
1924:
1898:
1872:
1846:
1813:
1784:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1647:
1646:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1546:
1543:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1362:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1273:
1270:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1232:United Kingdom
1219:
1218:
1215:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1059:
1058:
1055:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1019:
1018:
1015:
999:
998:
995:
979:
978:
975:
959:
958:
955:
939:
938:
935:
919:
918:
915:
899:
898:
895:
879:
878:
875:
859:
858:
855:
839:
838:
835:
819:
818:
815:
799:
798:
795:
779:
778:
775:
759:
758:
755:
739:
738:
735:
719:
718:
715:
699:
698:
695:
692:Czech Republic
679:
678:
675:
659:
658:
655:
639:
638:
635:
619:
618:
615:
599:
598:
595:
579:
578:
575:
559:
558:
555:
539:
538:
535:
523:
520:
518:
515:
472:United Nations
467:
464:
459:
458:
446:
445:
440:
439:Working groups
437:
404:
401:
372:Main article:
369:
366:
335:
321:
318:
296:
293:
252:
249:
220:
217:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
140:
129:
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3107:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3087:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2990:, p. 41.
2989:
2984:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2954:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2872:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2841:
2825:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2800:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2749:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2480:, 3 July 2009
2479:
2473:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2392:Press Release
2385:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2218:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2187:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2037:(90): 59–70.
2036:
2029:
2027:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1720:the Holocaust
1717:
1716:Pope Pius XII
1713:
1712:Pope Pius XII
1708:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1684:Msgr. Chappin
1679:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1640:
1632:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590: –
1589:
1585:
1584:Find sources:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1562:This section
1560:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1523:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1496:Controversies
1493:
1491:
1480:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1253:
1252:United States
1241:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1173:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1041:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
981:
980:
976:
973:
961:
960:
956:
953:
941:
940:
936:
933:
921:
920:
916:
913:
901:
900:
896:
893:
881:
880:
876:
873:
861:
860:
856:
853:
841:
840:
836:
833:
821:
820:
816:
813:
801:
800:
796:
793:
781:
780:
776:
773:
761:
760:
756:
753:
741:
740:
736:
733:
721:
720:
716:
713:
701:
700:
696:
693:
681:
680:
676:
673:
661:
660:
656:
653:
641:
640:
636:
633:
621:
620:
616:
613:
601:
600:
596:
593:
581:
580:
576:
573:
561:
560:
556:
553:
541:
540:
536:
533:
532:
514:
512:
508:
505:and with the
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
463:
456:
455:
454:
452:
443:
442:
436:
434:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
410:
400:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
375:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
334:
329:
327:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
292:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:Göran Persson
230:
226:
216:
214:
211:
207:
203:
197:
195:
191:
186:
185:Göran Persson
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
142:
138:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
98:Göran Persson
96:
92:
88:
83:
77:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3093:
3084:Bibliography
3072:27 September
3070:. Retrieved
3066:the original
3061:
3052:
3042:27 September
3040:. Retrieved
3031:
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
2995:
2983:
2971:. Retrieved
2962:
2953:
2941:. Retrieved
2925:The Guardian
2924:
2900:. Retrieved
2884:The Guardian
2883:
2858:. Retrieved
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2814:
2805:
2799:
2787:. Retrieved
2774:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2711:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2657:. Retrieved
2648:
2639:
2627:. Retrieved
2613:
2601:. Retrieved
2597:the original
2592:
2583:
2571:. Retrieved
2567:the original
2562:
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2530:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2502:the original
2492:
2485:
2477:
2472:
2460:. Retrieved
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2398:the original
2391:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2358:
2346:. Retrieved
2339:the original
2329:
2322:
2310:. Retrieved
2296:
2284:. Retrieved
2270:
2258:. Retrieved
2244:
2233:, retrieved
2223:
2217:
2207:21 September
2205:. Retrieved
2197:The Guardian
2196:
2186:
2174:. Retrieved
2154:
2142:. Retrieved
2128:
2116:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2059:
2034:
2013:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1958:
1953:
1941:. Retrieved
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1828:
1804:. Retrieved
1775:. Retrieved
1766:
1757:
1740:
1726:
1724:
1709:
1697:
1681:
1666:The Guardian
1664:
1650:
1635:
1626:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1571:Please help
1566:verification
1563:
1538:
1533:Yehuda Bauer
1526:
1524:
1520:
1504:
1486:
1275:
1262:
1209:
537:Year joined
500:
469:
460:
447:
430:
424:in 2020 and
409:chairmanship
406:
403:Organization
397:anti-Zionism
377:
358:antisemitism
342:
331:
323:
314:
305:Yehuda Bauer
298:
286:
258:Yehuda Bauer
254:
241:Bill Clinton
222:
198:
194:Yehuda Bauer
182:
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
120:Headquarters
76:
61:
52:
41:Please help
33:
2988:Phayer 2000
2543:24 February
2511:7 September
2404:7 September
2374:7 September
2348:7 September
2089:Jens Kroh,
1653:the Vatican
1629:August 2017
1508:Knut Hamsun
1436:New Zealand
1379:El Salvador
1212:Switzerland
992:Netherlands
309:Elie Wiesel
270:Netherlands
190:Elie Wiesel
3141:Categories
2943:29 January
2902:29 January
2860:29 January
2573:10 January
2118:29 January
1839:11 January
1777:2 February
1767:www.un.org
1750:References
1701:Dina Porat
1599:newspapers
1490:John Minto
972:Luxembourg
517:Membership
494:, and the
480:OSCE/ODIHR
418:Luxembourg
362:xenophobia
245:Tony Blair
219:Background
213:or Zionism
43:improve it
2933:0261-3077
2892:0261-3077
1985:8 January
1481:Observer
1461:Observer
1441:Observer
1421:Observer
1404:Observer
1384:Observer
1364:Observer
1344:Observer
1324:Observer
1307:Observer
952:Lithuania
572:Australia
552:Argentina
513:in 2010.
428:in 2021.
420:in 2019,
416:in 2018,
407:The IHRA
301:Auschwitz
177:Holocaust
55:July 2023
3036:Archived
3011:3 August
3005:Archived
2973:3 August
2967:Archived
2937:Archived
2896:Archived
2854:Archived
2830:3 August
2824:Archived
2783:Archived
2748:Archived
2716:Archived
2686:Archived
2653:Archived
2629:1 August
2623:Archived
2537:Archived
2532:osce.org
2462:1 August
2453:Archived
2430:1 August
2424:Archived
2368:Archived
2312:1 August
2306:Archived
2286:1 August
2280:Archived
2260:1 August
2254:Archived
2229:archived
2201:Archived
2176:1 August
2167:Archived
2144:1 August
2138:Archived
2112:Archived
2075:8 August
2069:Archived
2009:Archived
1979:Archived
1943:1 August
1937:Archived
1917:1 August
1911:Archived
1891:1 August
1885:Archived
1865:1 August
1859:Archived
1833:Archived
1806:1 August
1800:Archived
1771:Archived
1657:Holy See
1152:Slovenia
1132:Slovakia
1072:Portugal
632:Bulgaria
346:genocide
336:—
171:, is an
2789:27 June
2754:27 June
2722:11 June
2692:27 June
2659:21 July
2603:11 June
2364:"Press"
2235:24 July
2051:3211108
1613:scholar
1476:Uruguay
1399:Moldova
1302:Albania
1287:Status
1092:Romania
852:Ireland
832:Hungary
792:Germany
752:Finland
732:Estonia
712:Denmark
672:Croatia
612:Belgium
592:Austria
490:(FRA),
422:Germany
262:Germany
251:History
229:Hamburg
128:Website
112:Purpose
94:Founder
47:sources
3102:
2931:
2890:
2420:"MMWG"
2049:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1586:
1473:
1456:Turkey
1453:
1433:
1417:Monaco
1396:
1376:
1359:Cyprus
1356:
1339:Brazil
1336:
1299:
1249:
1229:
1192:Sweden
1189:
1169:
1149:
1129:
1112:Serbia
1109:
1089:
1069:
1052:Poland
1049:
1032:Norway
1029:
1009:
989:
969:
949:
932:Latvia
929:
912:Kosovo
909:
889:
872:Israel
869:
849:
829:
812:Greece
809:
789:
772:France
769:
749:
729:
709:
689:
669:
652:Canada
649:
629:
609:
589:
569:
549:
476:UNESCO
426:Greece
354:racism
280:, and
278:France
274:Poland
266:Israel
237:Sweden
2505:(PDF)
2498:(PDF)
2456:(PDF)
2449:(PDF)
2342:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
2302:"AWG"
2170:(PDF)
2163:(PDF)
2047:JSTOR
2015:7 May
1620:JSTOR
1606:books
1257:1998
1237:1998
1217:2004
1197:1998
1177:2008
1172:Spain
1157:2011
1137:2005
1117:2011
1097:2004
1077:2019
1057:1999
1037:2003
1017:2021
997:1999
977:2003
957:2002
937:2004
917:2023
897:1999
892:Italy
877:1998
857:2011
837:2002
817:2005
797:1998
777:1999
757:2010
737:2007
717:2004
697:2002
677:2005
657:2009
637:2018
617:2005
597:2001
577:2019
557:2002
414:Italy
282:Italy
227:near
3100:ISBN
3074:2021
3062:IHRA
3044:2021
3013:2017
2975:2017
2945:2016
2929:ISSN
2904:2016
2888:ISSN
2862:2016
2832:2017
2791:2022
2756:2022
2724:2023
2694:2022
2661:2018
2631:2017
2605:2023
2575:2020
2563:IHRA
2545:2019
2513:2009
2464:2017
2432:2017
2406:2009
2376:2009
2350:2009
2314:2017
2288:2017
2262:2017
2237:2023
2209:2018
2178:2017
2146:2017
2120:2016
2077:2019
2017:2018
2005:IHRA
1987:2017
1945:2017
1919:2017
1893:2017
1867:2017
1841:2020
1808:2017
1779:2016
1592:news
384:EUMC
360:and
264:and
161:IHRA
155:The
137:.com
104:Type
2039:doi
1575:by
509:'s
364:".
169:ITF
167:or
133:www
3143::
3060:.
3034:.
3030:.
3003:.
2965:.
2961:.
2935:.
2923:.
2912:^
2894:.
2886:.
2882:.
2870:^
2852:.
2848:.
2822:.
2781:.
2777:.
2773:.
2740:.
2714:.
2710:.
2680:.
2669:^
2651:.
2647:.
2621:.
2591:.
2561:.
2535:.
2529:.
2451:.
2422:.
2366:.
2304:.
2278:.
2252:.
2227:,
2199:.
2195:.
2165:.
2136:.
2110:.
2106:.
2067:.
2045:.
2025:^
2007:.
2003:.
1973:.
1935:.
1909:.
1883:.
1857:.
1827:.
1816:^
1798:.
1787:^
1769:.
1765:.
1722:.
1694:."
1690:,
1678:.
1531:,
498:.
486:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
356:,
352:,
348:,
291:.
284:.
276:,
272:,
3108:.
3076:.
3046:.
3015:.
2977:.
2947:.
2906:.
2864:.
2834:.
2793:.
2758:.
2726:.
2696:.
2663:.
2633:.
2607:.
2577:.
2547:.
2515:.
2466:.
2434:.
2408:.
2378:.
2352:.
2316:.
2290:.
2264:.
2211:.
2180:.
2148:.
2122:.
2079:.
2053:.
2041::
2019:.
1989:.
1947:.
1921:.
1895:.
1869:.
1843:.
1810:.
1781:.
1642:)
1636:(
1631:)
1627:(
1617:·
1610:·
1603:·
1596:·
1569:.
159:(
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
