502:
159:
104:
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89:
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1073:الباحث بازغ عبد الصمد يقول "..ومن المشاكل الكبرى أيضا التي كانت تقض مضجع الوفد المغربي في المؤتمر صعوبة الاتصال بالسلطان الذي كان لابد من إطلاعه على كل كبيرة وصغيرة مما يجري في المؤتمر، ولا يمكن اتخاذ أي قرار بنفي أو إثبات، قبول أو اعتراض، إلا طبق تعليماته وما يأذن به. فممثلو الدول الأوربية والأمريكية كانوا يستطيعون الاتصال بعواصم بلدانهم لاستشارة حكوماتهم بسهولة، أما فاس عاصمة المملكة فلم يكن بها تلفون ولا تلغراف ولا تفضي إليها سكك حديدية ولا طرق سيارة معبدة، تمكن من إطلاع السلطان في قصره على مداولات المؤتمر."
258:
1997:
618:
357:
119:
213:
37:
2376:
133:
228:
146:
538:"No decision could be made—whether affirmative or negative—without his instruction and ordinance. The representatives of the US and European nations could easily contact their capitals to consult their respective governments, while Fes had no telephone or telegraph, nor was it served by any rail or paved road that would allow them to inform the sultan of developments at the conference."
443:'s stance to avoid involvement in European affairs, was disinclined to become involved in the Moroccan crisis. However, with the situation in June 1905 worsening to the point of war between Germany and France and possibly Britain, Roosevelt in July persuaded the French to attend a January peace conference in Algeciras.
421:
Another German strategy was to stage dramatic gestures, and dangerously play up the threat of war, in the belief that this would impress upon other
European powers the importance of consultation with Germany on imperial issues: the fact that France had not considered it necessary to make a bilateral
332:
since both London and Paris were increasingly suspicious and distrustful of Berlin. An even more momentous consequence was the heightened sense of frustration and readiness for war in
Germany that spread beyond the political elite to much of the press and most of the political parties except for the
405:
of 1904 had defined diplomatic cooperation between them and recognized
British authority over Egypt and French control in Morocco (with some Spanish concessions). Germany saw that development putting an end to the rivalry between Britain and France, which would further isolate Germany in European
446:
Germany had hoped that the conference would weaken the
Entente Cordiale. Wilhelm II had thought he could form an alliance with France if most of its demands were met. He also thought that better relations with Russia were possible because the
547:
The final Act of the conference was signed on 7 April 1906 and covered the organisation of
Morocco's police and customs, regulations concerning the repression of the smuggling of armaments and concessions to the European bankers from a new
459:, which made the Entente Cordiale actually grow stronger. Russia likewise wholeheartedly supported France's position in order to secure French financial markets in the hope of acquiring a large loan to recuperate losses incurred by the
733:
426:
dramatically interrupted a
Mediterranean cruise to visit Tangier, where he declared Germany's support for the Sultan's independence and integrity of his kingdom, turning Morocco overnight into an international 'crisis.'
422:
agreement with
Germany over Morocco rankled, especially given Germany was deeply insecure about its newly acquired Great Power status. Hence Germany opted for an increase in belligerent rhetoric and, theatrically,
534:
Another difficulty the
Moroccans faced was the difficulty of contacting the sultan, who should have been informed of every detail of what transpired at the conference. The researcher Bazegh Abdessamad wrote:
527:. Al-Muqri expressed frustration at the translation situation and commented: "We're sitting here like statues; we can't understand a thing of what is said." The Moroccan delegation had no choice but to use
2310:
722:
324:. Germany was not trying to stop French expansion. Its goal was to enhance its own international prestige, and it failed badly. The result was a much closer relationship between France and
2320:
2259:
2351:
2264:
2412:
764:
451:
and the Russo-Japanese War had put it in a weak ally-hungry position. However, Germany was somewhat excluded in the initial decisions, and
British Foreign Secretary Sir
1925:
738:
2158:
2781:
2315:
2234:
659:
2663:
2239:
413:
visited
Tangier and delivered a speech calling for an international conference to ensure Morocco's independence, with war the alternative. The historian
2806:
2269:
2405:
2173:
947:
Heather Jones, "Algeciras Revisited: European Crisis and Conference Diplomacy, 16 January–7 April 1906." (EUI WorkingPaper MWP 2009/1, 2009), p 5
1426:
1282:
622:
1246:
Rogers, Marjorie Lucille, "The conference of Algeciras 1906." (Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper #1884, U of Louisville thesis, 1933).
576:. Spanish coinage continued to circulate. The right of Europeans to own land was established, and taxes were to be levied towards public works.
1233:
Jones, Heather. "Algeciras Revisited: European Crisis and Conference Diplomacy, 16 January–7 April 1906." (EUI WorkingPaper MWP 2009/1, 2009).
2868:
2133:
1340:
632:, January 1906: the Duke of Almodóvar del Río, Révoil, Visconti-Venosta, von Radowitz, and Nicolson (misspelt) at the Algeciras Conference
2398:
1335:
325:
124:
1930:
591:), regulate discipline and have the ability to be recalled and replaced by their governments. The Inspector-General in charge would be
452:
727:
1436:
2878:
2863:
2853:
2163:
1291:
579:
The Sultan of Morocco retained control of a police force in the six port cities, which was to be composed entirely of Moroccan
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2700:
2458:
2143:
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1887:
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2153:
2027:
1970:
1955:
1712:
1588:
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with a 40-year term. The new state bank was to act as Morocco's central bank, with a strict cap on the spending of the
338:
2128:
1767:
1695:
1661:
1250:
969:
501:
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element grew in strength, denounced the government's retreat as treason and stepped up chauvinistic support for war.
781:
702:
334:
655:
2437:
2432:
1605:
1600:
1268:
638:
602:
At the last moment, the Moroccan delegates found that they were unable to sign the final Act, but a decree of
2284:
2193:
1950:
1615:
2710:
2138:
1676:
1521:
1395:
467:
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2183:
2108:
1792:
1551:
1482:
1234:
948:
2468:
2421:
2188:
1960:
1935:
1583:
1556:
1111:
587:
a year but was to be instructed by French and Spanish officers. They would oversee the paymaster (the
2888:
2519:
2504:
2254:
2213:
1975:
1965:
1421:
862:
304:, and lasted from 16 January to 7 April. The purpose of the conference was to find a solution to the
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2178:
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1782:
1448:
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2037:
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1845:
1835:
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1717:
1563:
1390:
1373:
368:
1945:
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1636:
1573:
1356:
791:
665:
479:
380:
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364:
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1134:
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2203:
2118:
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1722:
1578:
1400:
1310:
1161:
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797:
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690:
528:
372:
309:
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138:
28:
2279:
883:
684:
2249:
2168:
2148:
1910:
1646:
1641:
1361:
914:
At Algeciras, close Anglo-French collaboration forced Berlin to accept a diplomatic defeat.
606:
516:
44:, Moroccan Ambassador to Spain, signs the treaty at the Algeciras Conference 7 April, 1906.
8:
2648:
2582:
2453:
2244:
2113:
1940:
1707:
1516:
1470:
1441:
560:
and administrators appointed by the national banks, which guaranteed the loans, from the
505:
The opening remarks of the Algeciras Conference as depicted in the cover illustration of
455:
showed Britain's support of France in the conference via meetings with French Ambassador
360:
301:
248:
163:
65:
2715:
2705:
2883:
2529:
2524:
2379:
2208:
2103:
2052:
1985:
1980:
1915:
1873:
1840:
1807:
1772:
1651:
1568:
1546:
1526:
1492:
1221:
1194:
644:
Austro-Hungary – Rudolph, Count of Welsersheimb and Leopold, Count Bolesta-Koziebrodzki
460:
448:
436:
432:
2658:
1260:
885:
679:
531:, an Algerian translator who was present at the conference in the service of France.
2791:
2776:
2562:
2539:
2294:
1827:
1812:
1688:
1656:
1610:
1167:
1140:
965:
905:
895:
713:
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520:
507:
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388:
41:
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2735:
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2534:
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2012:
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1702:
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1320:
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401:
329:
284:
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189:
2730:
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276:
109:
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2198:
1746:
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1330:
1085:
1056:
1027:
1001:
747:
584:
565:
490:
483:
466:
Following its failed attempt to isolate Britain, Germany furthered the growing
417:
argues that Germany's use of warlike rhetoric was a deliberate diplomatic ploy:
392:
384:
151:
675:
435:
to challenge French intervention in Morocco. Roosevelt, who was mediating the
2842:
2827:
2801:
2622:
2592:
2042:
1739:
1734:
1405:
1315:
909:
561:
414:
313:
176:
94:
2587:
2577:
2346:
2341:
1163:
Empires of Intelligence: Security Services and Colonial Disorder After 1914
456:
356:
317:
617:
36:
16:
1906 discussion among European powers to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis
2602:
2017:
1854:
1817:
1787:
1751:
1682:
1667:
1511:
592:
218:
2612:
2123:
1487:
1453:
410:
345:
489:
The next major event to thicken the tension between them would be the
2478:
2047:
1996:
1896:
1502:
482:) of Britain, France and Russia, which the following year became the
440:
316:, which arose as Germany responded to France's effort to establish a
297:
61:
1247:
786:
596:
2420:
2617:
2483:
580:
321:
263:
203:
603:
569:
233:
132:
478:
can then seem to be the separation of Germany and its allies (
474:
in 1906. The overall contribution towards the outbreak of the
573:
158:
1865:
962:
Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia
1044:إننا جالسون هنا شبه تماثيل، لا نستطيع أن نفهم شيئا مما يقال
553:
431:
German diplomats believed they could convince US President
891:
International History of the Twentieth Century and Beyond
27:
To ratify European intervention in Morocco following the
1086:""شروط الخزيرات" .. حقيقة أشهر مؤتمر قرر في مصير المغرب"
1057:""شروط الخزيرات" .. حقيقة أشهر مؤتمر قرر في مصير المغرب"
1028:""شروط الخزيرات" .. حقيقة أشهر مؤتمر قرر في مصير المغرب"
1002:""شروط الخزيرات" .. حقيقة أشهر مؤتمر قرر في مصير المغرب"
1290:
765:
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
1199:
Eastman, Anthony F. "The Algeciras Conference, 1906."
734:
Francisco Roberto da Silva Ferrão de Carvalho Martens
1211:Theodore Roosevelt and the International Rivalries
583:and budgeted at an average salary of a mere 1000
100:
2840:
115:
894:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 22.
888:; Kirsten E. Schulze; Joseph A. Maiolo (2008).
2422:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)
1136:Mon grand-père, ambassadeur à Paris: 1909–1910
660:Juan Manuel Sánchez, Duke of Almodóvar del Río
2406:
1881:
1276:
209:
1132:
2413:
2399:
1888:
1874:
1283:
1269:
1241:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
986:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
651:and Conrad, Count of Buisseret Steenbecque
239:
35:
857:
855:
853:
254:
194:
85:
964:. London: Allen Lane. pp. 185–190.
616:
500:
355:
224:
2311:Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Algeciras
2841:
1220:(Vol. 1. Macmillan, 1930) pp 168–191.
1159:
959:
850:
496:
2394:
2164:Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de la Palma
1869:
1264:
718:Netherlands – Jonkheer Hannibal Testa
2469:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)
1191:The First Moroccan Crisis, 1904–1906
996:
994:
723:António Maria Tovar de Lemos Pereira
2869:20th-century diplomatic conferences
2357:Club Baloncesto Ciudad de Algeciras
1292:International relations (1814–1919)
1153:
836:
409:On 31 March 1905, Germany's Kaiser
13:
2028:Parque de las Acacias de Algeciras
1183:
1166:. University of California Press.
1126:
863:"The Algeciras Conference of 1906"
697:Arthur Nicolson, 1st Baron Carnock
641:and Christian, Count of Tattenbach
14:
2900:
1256:
1248:https://doi.org/10.18297/etd/1884
991:
865:. History Learning Site. May 2012
2520:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)
2505:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
2454:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)
2375:
2374:
2290:Polígono Industrial Cortijo Real
2134:Capilla del Cristo de la Alameda
1995:
782:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)
714:Mohammed Ben Abdesselam El Mokri
703:Emilio, marquis Visconti-Venosta
609:on 18 June finally ratified it.
363:. Areas of Africa controlled by
256:
241:
226:
211:
196:
182:
169:
157:
144:
131:
117:
102:
87:
2879:1906 in international relations
2864:Diplomatic conferences in Spain
2854:History of European colonialism
2438:Spanish protectorate in Morocco
2321:Orquesta Sinfónica de Algeciras
2260:Mercado de abastos de Algeciras
2144:Ermita Sagrado Corazón de Jesús
1228:German Foreign Policy 1871–1914
1104:
1078:
1049:
1020:
936:German Foreign Policy 1871–1914
2459:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)
2433:French protectorate in Morocco
1971:Siege of Algeciras (1342–1344)
1956:Siege of Algeciras (1278–1279)
1139:(in French). Marsam Editions.
1133:Fassi-Fihri, Mohammed (2008).
978:
953:
941:
928:
919:
877:
810:
639:Joseph Maria von Radowitz, Jr.
320:over the independent state of
1:
2352:Balonmano Ciudad de Algeciras
2285:Plaza de toros de Las Palomas
2194:Municipal Museum of Algeciras
1951:Roman kilns of El Rinconcillo
1895:
1662:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits
1616:1917 Franco-Russian agreement
1606:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty
844:
656:Juan Pérez-Caballero y Ferrer
552:to issue banknotes backed by
351:
2807:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)
2510:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)
2265:Mezquita Aljama de Algeciras
2139:Chapel of Our Lady of Europe
1522:Second Industrial Revolution
1396:League of the Three Emperors
1218:The Origins of the World War
612:
7:
2797:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)
2787:Algeciras Conference (1906)
2464:First Melilla War (1893–94)
2184:Lighthouse of Punta Carnero
2109:Algeciras Municipal Library
1552:Treaty of Versailles (1871)
1193:(U of Chicago Press, 1930)
757:
10:
2905:
2711:Manuel Fernández Silvestre
2500:Bombardment of Salé (1851)
2189:Marinid Walls of Algeciras
1981:Battle of Algeciras (1801)
1961:Battle of Algeciras (1278)
1936:Roman fish salting factory
1601:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905
542:
2815:
2764:
2744:
2688:
2672:
2654:Joseph-François Poeymirau
2631:
2555:
2548:
2530:Battle of El Herri (1914)
2525:Battle of El Ksiba (1913)
2515:Bloody Days of Fes (1912)
2492:
2474:Second Melilla War (1909)
2446:
2428:
2370:
2334:
2303:
2227:
2214:Torre del Arroyo del Lobo
2096:
2005:
1992:
1976:Siege of Algeciras (1369)
1966:Siege of Algeciras (1309)
1903:
1760:
1624:
1537:
1422:European balance of power
1414:
1349:
1298:
1203:1 (January 1969):185–205
1114:. Encyclopædia Britannica
1092:(in Arabic). 14 July 2013
1063:(in Arabic). 14 July 2013
1034:(in Arabic). 14 July 2013
1008:(in Arabic). 14 July 2013
743:(Count of Martens Ferrão)
272:
79:
71:
57:
49:
34:
26:
2823:Tangier Crisis (1905–06)
2792:Pact of Cartagena (1907)
2777:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)
2772:Treaty of Tangier (1844)
2540:Alhucemas Landing (1925)
2179:Lighthouse of Isla Verde
2159:Hospital Punta de Europa
2033:Parque de la Conferencia
1713:Venezuela Naval Blockade
1384:Anglo-Russian Convention
960:Lieven, Dominic (2015).
829:Conferencia de Algeciras
804:
750:and Basile de Bacheracht
365:European colonial powers
2701:Arsenio Martínez-Campos
2535:Battle of Annual (1921)
2326:Royal Fair of Algeciras
2073:Playa de El Rinconcillo
1718:Alaska boundary dispute
1391:Anglo-Japanese Alliance
1374:Franco-Russian Alliance
1160:Thomas, Martin (2008).
468:Anglo-German Naval Race
2726:Miguel Primo de Rivera
2696:Juan García y Margallo
2573:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani
2568:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni
2154:Hospital de la Caridad
2068:Playa de Los Ladrillos
1926:Battle of Río Palmones
1637:Unification of Germany
1584:Taft–Katsura agreement
1216:Fay, Sidney Bradshaw.
1201:The Southern Quarterly
1112:"Algeciras Conference"
828:
821:Conférence d'Algésiras
820:
792:Second Moroccan Crisis
633:
540:
512:
470:by the passage of the
429:
396:
328:that strengthened the
296:of 1906 took place in
2362:Estadio Nuevo Mirador
2204:Torre de los Adalides
2129:Capilla de la Caridad
2119:Aqueduct of Algeciras
2058:Playa de El Chinarral
2038:Parque María Cristina
2023:Parque del Centenario
1723:First Moroccan Crisis
1437:Spread of nationalism
1401:Eight-Nation Alliance
1239:MacMillan, Margaret.
837:مؤتمر الجزيرة الخضراء
798:Causes of World War I
776:First Moroccan Crisis
753:Sweden – Robert Sager
748:Arthur, Count Cassini
732:(Count of Tovar) and
691:Abdelqader Benghabrit
620:
550:State Bank of Morocco
536:
529:Abdelqader Benghabrit
504:
419:
399:Britain and France's
359:
306:First Moroccan Crisis
29:First Moroccan Crisis
2828:Agadir Crisis (1911)
2802:Treaty of Fes (1912)
2782:Treaty of Fes (1894)
2316:Fiestas of Algeciras
2250:Hotel Reina Cristina
2235:Economy of Algeciras
2169:Kursaal of Algeciras
2149:Fuerte de Isla Verde
1946:Fuerte de San García
1921:Algeciras Conference
1911:History of Algeciras
1728:Algeciras Conference
1708:Annexation of Hawaii
1647:Great Eastern Crisis
1642:Unification of Italy
1632:Formation of Romania
1449:French–German enmity
1189:Anderson, Eugene N.
984:Margaret MacMillan,
607:Abdelaziz of Morocco
517:Abdelaziz of Morocco
294:Algeciras Conference
22:Algeciras Conference
2649:Paul Prosper Henrys
2479:Zaian War (1914–21)
2347:Algeciras Balonmano
2245:Hotel Anglo-Hispano
2114:Algeciras Town Hall
1941:Fuerte de San Diego
1793:Philippine–American
1778:First Sino-Japanese
1611:Racconigi agreement
1557:Treaty of Frankfurt
1517:Great Rapprochement
1471:Scramble for Africa
1209:Esthus, Raymond A,
778:March 1905–May 1906
519:was represented by
497:Moroccan delegation
361:Scramble for Africa
23:
2721:José Millán-Astray
2664:Henry de Bournazel
2593:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba
2280:Plaza de Andalucía
2240:Hotel AC Algeciras
2209:Tower of Almirante
2104:Algeciras Heliport
2053:Playa del Barranco
1986:Taifa of Algeciras
1916:Algeciras Campaign
1652:Congress of Berlin
1569:Reinsurance Treaty
1547:Congress of Vienna
1527:Industrial warfare
1493:Scramble for China
988:(2012) pp 378–398.
708:Morocco – El Hadj
705:and Giulio Malmusi
634:
513:
461:Russo-Japanese War
449:Revolution of 1905
437:Russo-Japanese War
433:Theodore Roosevelt
397:
21:
2836:
2835:
2760:
2759:
2563:Mohammed Ameziane
2484:Rif War (1921–26)
2388:
2387:
2295:Port of Algeciras
1863:
1862:
1832:Albanian Revolts
1689:German Naval Laws
1673:Naval arms races
1657:Berlin Conference
1589:Hague Conventions
1243:(2012) pp 378–398
1226:Geiss, Immanuel.
1213:(1970) pp 88–111.
746:Russian Empire –
695:United Kingdom –
521:Muhammad al-Muqri
508:Le Petit Parisien
439:and aware of the
424:Kaiser Wilhelm II
290:
289:
2896:
2889:1906 conferences
2736:Francisco Franco
2716:Dámaso Berenguer
2706:José Marina Vega
2583:Mhand n'Ifrutant
2553:
2552:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2392:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2219:Torre del Fraile
2063:Playa de Getares
2013:Bay of Gibraltar
2000:
1999:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1783:Spanish–American
1703:Fashoda Incident
1579:Treaty of Björkö
1564:Treaty of Berlin
1498:Open Door Policy
1432:Eastern question
1379:Entente Cordiale
1285:
1278:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1178:
1177:
1157:
1151:
1150:
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1123:
1121:
1119:
1108:
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1101:
1099:
1097:
1082:
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938:(1976) 133–136.
934:Immanuel Geiss,
932:
926:
923:
917:
916:
881:
875:
874:
872:
870:
859:
839:
838:
814:
770:Entente Cordiale
742:
731:
688:
670:Samuel R Gummere
664:United States –
649:Maurice Joostens
647:Belgium – Baron
631:
558:Sherifian Empire
402:Entente Cordiale
339:Social Democrats
330:Entente Cordiale
308:of 1905 between
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42:El-Hadj el-Mokri
39:
24:
20:
2904:
2903:
2899:
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2897:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2849:1906 in Morocco
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2811:
2756:
2752:Mohamed Meziane
2740:
2684:
2680:Thami El Glaoui
2668:
2659:Philippe Pétain
2627:
2608:Assou Oubasslam
2544:
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2424:
2419:
2389:
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2270:Patio del Coral
2223:
2092:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1899:
1894:
1864:
1859:
1798:Boxer Rebellion
1756:
1620:
1574:Treaty of Paris
1539:
1533:
1466:New Imperialism
1427:Ottoman decline
1410:
1357:Triple Alliance
1345:
1306:Austria-Hungary
1294:
1289:
1259:
1251:online 98 pages
1230:(1976) 133–136.
1186:
1184:Further reading
1181:
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886:Jussi Hanhimäki
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815:
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760:
736:
725:
710:Muhammad Torres
682:
680:Eugène Regnault
625:
615:
545:
525:Muhammad Torres
499:
480:Triple Alliance
476:First World War
472:Third Naval Law
395:(pink) Empires)
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88:
86:
45:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2902:
2892:
2891:
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2881:
2876:
2871:
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2859:1906 in France
2856:
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2745:Spanish allies
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1808:Russo-Japanese
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1773:Anglo-Egyptian
1770:
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1747:Bosnian Crisis
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1696:Austro-Italian
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1594:Martens Clause
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1476:Egyptian Lever
1463:
1461:Pax Britannica
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1442:Sovereign debt
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1369:Triple Entente
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1336:United Kingdom
1333:
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1257:External links
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484:Triple Entente
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1668:Weltpolitik
1512:Pan-Slavism
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676:Paul Révoil
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219:Netherlands
80:Signatories
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1540:agreements
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1454:Revanchism
845:References
637:Germany –
411:Wilhelm II
389:Portuguese
375:(salmon),
371:(yellow),
352:Background
346:Pan-German
2884:Algeciras
2689:Spaniards
2556:Moroccans
2097:Buildings
2048:El Pelayo
2006:Geography
1897:Algeciras
1503:Meiji era
1350:Alliances
910:233840812
674:France –
613:Attendees
441:US Senate
406:affairs.
387:(green),
367:in 1913 (
298:Algeciras
273:Languages
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1931:Caetaria
1090:Hespress
1061:Hespress
1032:Hespress
1006:Hespress
787:Hafidiya
758:See also
701:Italy –
597:Tangiers
379:(blue),
335:Liberals
249:Portugal
58:Location
2618:Zayanes
2493:Battles
2304:Culture
2228:Economy
1904:History
1483:In Asia
1316:Germany
1118:7 March
869:7 March
825:Spanish
585:pesetas
581:Muslims
543:Outcome
515:Sultan
393:Spanish
385:Italian
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369:Belgian
326:Britain
322:Morocco
314:Germany
285:Spanish
281:English
264:Belgium
204:Morocco
95:Germany
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2632:French
1841:Second
1828:Second
1625:Events
1415:Trends
1331:Russia
1311:France
1235:online
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593:Swiss
574:Spain
302:Spain
164:Spain
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2447:Wars
1761:Wars
1168:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1120:2014
1098:2020
1069:2020
1040:2020
1014:2020
966:ISBN
906:OCLC
896:ISBN
871:2014
794:1911
772:1904
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