951:
distributed across racial/ethnic lines. Immigrants and their children who self-identify as White have the highest probability of self-employment in lucrative industries such as professional services and finance. In contrast, racial and ethnic minorities are less likely than native-born Whites to be self-employed, with the exception of Asian immigrants who have a high rates of self-employment in low prestige industries such as retail trade and personal services. Much like the regular labor market, self-employment in the United States is stratified across racial lines. In general, self-employment is more common among immigrants than their second-generation children born in the United States. However, the second-generation children of Asian immigrants may continue to seek self-employment in a variety of industries and occupations.
1089:
723:
443:
783:
503:
3619:
363:
383:
823:
36:
343:
263:
1064:
legal status of the enterprise, whether the business has employees or not (employers versus own-account workers) and/or the sector in which the business operates. Some countries also make the distinction between self-employed status and the status of 'dependent self-employed' (e.g. Spain, Italy), where the self-employed person works for only one client. Others distinguish self-employment which is carried out in addition to paid employment (e.g. Belgium)".
243:
683:
643:
523:
423:
143:
463:
603:
483:
763:
623:
563:
543:
223:
843:
203:
183:
283:
743:
663:
323:
163:
803:
583:
303:
703:
403:
1035:, the absolute number of people registered as non-farm proprietors (NFPs) or self-employed in metropolitan counties grew by 244% between 1969 and 2006, and by 93% in non-metropolitan counties. In relative terms, the share of self-employed within the labor force grew from 14% in 1969 to 21% in 2006 in metropolitan counties, and from 11% to 19% in non-metropolitan counties.
967:. The Social Security portion of the self-employment tax only applies to the first $ 132,900 of income for the 2019 tax year. There is no limit to the amount that is taxable under the 2.9% Medicare portion of the self-employment tax. In fact, there is an additional Medicare tax rate of 0.9% when a self-employed individual earns above $ 200,000 (single).
1056:
accomplishment of the professional activities. This definition comes from
Directive 2010/41/EU on the application of the principle of equal treatment between men and women engaged in an activity in a self-employed capacity. This is in contrast to an employee, who is subordinate to and dependent on an employer.
121:
Self-employed people generally find their own work rather than being provided with work by an employer and instead earn income from a profession, a trade, or a business that they operate. In some countries, such as the United States and the United
Kingdom, the authorities are placing more emphasis on
1042:
levels. In 1969, the average income of non-farm proprietors was $ 6,758 compared to $ 6,507 earned by salaried employees; by 2006 the difference in earnings widened to $ 12,041 in favor of salaried employees. The study notes that the gap could be due to underreporting of income by the self-employed.
1022:
Research has shown that levels of self-employment in the United States are increasing, and that under certain circumstances this can have positive effects on per capita income and job creation. According to a 2017 study by MBO Partners, the self-employed workforce generates $ 1.2 trillion in revenue
1063:
The self-employment form of work does not group homogenous workers. As indicated by the
European Commission in 2010, there are "different understandings and definitions of the term self-employment across the countries, with a number of different subcategories defined: for instance, according to the
1055:
defines a self-employed person as someone: "pursuing a gainful activity for their own account, under the conditions laid down by national law". In the exercise of such an activity, the personal element is of special importance and such exercise always involves a large measure of independence in the
1067:
The
European Parliament Resolution on Social Protection for All has stated that: "the absence of a clear national definition of self-employment increases the risk of false self-employment" and the European Parliament Resolution on the Renewed Social Agenda invites Member States to take initiatives
1059:
In addition, Article 53 of the Treaty on the
Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) provides for the free movement of those taking up and pursuing activities as self-employed people. It stipulates: "In order to make it easier for persons to take up and pursue activities as self-employed persons,
1162:
The House of
Commons Work and Pensions Committee reported in May 2017 that some self-employment could be described as "bogus", noting that "a minority of companies" promote the idea that flexibility in employment can only be secured through self-employment, and that such misuse of self-employment
1079:
As recommended by the
European Forum of Independent Professionals (EFIP), the EU, employers', employees' and self-employment representatives should adopt a Europe-wide joint recognition of genuine self-employment and a common definition that includes a shared terminology for the various sectors.
1071:
Self-employment is mostly regulated at national level only. Each authority and individual body applies its own legal and regulatory framework provisions, which may vary depending on their remit or policy area (tax law, social security, business law, employment market, insurance). The provisions
950:
Self-employment is relatively common among new immigrants and ethnic minorities in the United States. In the United States, immigrants tend to have higher rates of self-employment than native-born
Americans regardless of race or ethnicity. But, self-employment in the United States is unevenly
907:
has shown that self-employment occurs across a wide segment of the U.S. economy. Furthermore, industries that are not commonly associated as a natural fit for self-employment, such as manufacturing, have in fact been shown to have a large proportion of self-employed individuals and home-based
105:
even when referring to the provision of a service) but whether the activity is profitable and therefore potentially taxable. In other words, the trading is likely to be ignored if there is no profit, so occasional and hobby- or enthusiast-based economic activity is generally ignored by tax
1129:
referred to a "rapid growth" in self-employment between 2001 (3.3 million people, or 12% of the workforce) and 2017 (4.8 million people, or 15.1% of the workforce, with London, Yorkshire and the Humber and the South East regions exhibiting the greatest rates of increase. Many
1013:
A defined-benefit plan is a third option that has high contribution limits and acts like a traditional pension plan. Sole proprietors can also opt for a SIMPLE IRA, which allows them to contribute to employee retirement plans as well as their own retirement plan.
989:
Self-employed persons report their business income or loss on
Schedule C of IRS Form 1040 and calculate the self-employment tax on Schedule SE of IRS Form 1040. Estimated taxes must be paid quarterly using form 1040-ES if estimated tax liability exceeds $ 1,000.
1076:(Eurofound) in 2014, the diversity of the self-employed has attracted diverse forms of regulation, mainly decided at national level: "EU employment law addresses the self-employed mainly in narrowly specific areas such as free movement and equal treatment".
1145:. Other legal responsibilities include statutory public liability insurance cover, modifying premises to be disabled-friendly, and the proper recording and accounting of financial transactions. Free advice on the range of responsibilities is available from
1043:
Alternatively, low-productivity workers could be losing their jobs and are forced to be self-employed. Further, some research shows that higher local unemployment rates lead workers to self-select into self-employment, as does past unemployment experience.
1141:, clearance may sometimes be required from the local authority to use part of the home as business premises. If the self-employed person holds records of customers or suppliers in any electronic form they are required to register with the
122:
clarifying whether an individual is self-employed or engaged in disguised employment, in other words pretending to be in a contractual intra-business relationship to hide what is in fact an employer-employee relationship.
96:
is the state of working for oneself rather than an employer. Tax authorities will generally view a person as self-employed if the person chooses to be recognised as such or if the person is generating income for which a
970:
Generally, only 92.35% of the self-employment income is taxable at the above rates. Additionally, half of the self-employment tax, i.e., the employer-equivalent portion, is allowed as a deduction against income.
1038:
In non-metropolitan counties, the study found that increased levels of self-employment were associated with strong increases in per capita income and job creation and significant reductions in family
942:
In 2016, the median income for individuals self-employed at their own incorporated businesses was $ 50,347. For individuals self-employed at their own unincorporated firms, this figure was $ 23,060.
1073:
978:
reduced the self-employment tax by 2% for self-employment income earned in calendar year 2011, for a total of 13.3%. This rate will continue for income earned in calendar year 2012, due to the
1453:
1635:
1176:
1310:
Chaudhary, Ali R. (2015-06-01). "Racialized
Incorporation: The Effects of Race and Generational Status on Self-Employment and Industry-Sector Prestige in the United States".
959:
The self-employment tax in the United States is typically set at 15.30%, which is roughly the equivalent of the combined contributions of the employee and employer under the
1726:
1002:
plan of the type with which most people are familiar. However, there are various vehicles available to self-employed individuals to save for retirement. Many set up a
2762:
1664:
1485:
1114:) liability company. It is also possible for someone to form a business that is run only part-time or concurrently while holding down a full-time job.
979:
1068:
that would "lead to a clear distinction between employers, genuine self-employed and small entrepreneurs on the one hand and employees on the other".
1681:
1186:
1159:
The Office for National Statistics has observed that information on levels of income from self-employment is limited and largely comes from surveys.
1131:
1461:
1643:
1377:
46:
1402:
101:
needs to be filed. In the real world, the critical issue for tax authorities is not whether a person is engaged in business activity (called
1738:
Boylan, A. and Burchardt, T. (2002), Barriers to self-employment for disabled people, Report for the Small Business Service, available at
873:
refers to new businesses that intend to provide work and income for more than the founders and intend to have employees and grow large.
869:
refers to all new businesses, including self-employment and businesses that never intend to grow big or become registered, but the term
2600:
2578:
1060:
the Council shall… issue Directives for the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications".
1617:
3504:
986:
than an ordinary employee. Travel, uniforms, computer equipment, cell phones, etc., can be deducted as legitimate business expenses.
3348:
2910:
2030:
3529:
1006:, which allows them to contribute up to 25% of their income, up to $ 54,000 (2017) per year. There is also a vehicle called the
960:
3400:
2846:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2144:
1238:
3405:
2298:
1780:
1581:
1142:
1010:(or SE 401(k)) for self-employed people. The contribution limits vary slightly depending on how the business is organized.
1582:"Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on 'Abuse of the status of self-employed' (own-initiative opinion)"
1535:
3683:
1742:
1599:
1551:
1279:
1122:
1097:
3642:
2817:
2605:
2573:
80:
3627:
3637:
2717:
1568:
1427:
1024:
932:
1711:
Self-employment and the gig economy: Government Response to the Committee’s Thirteenth Report of Session 2016–17
3647:
3410:
2782:
2734:
2005:
1953:
1710:
1126:
1117:
According to a 2016 study by the McKinsey Global Institute, there are 14 million "independent workers" in the
3498:
3390:
2802:
2355:
1107:
1028:
904:
17:
931:
that does not elect to be treated as a corporation. In addition to income taxes, these individuals must pay
3579:
2752:
1808:
886:
startup: a temporary new organization created with the intention to get bigger or at least have employees.
3564:
2777:
1201:
1032:
3493:
3375:
2851:
2308:
2000:
1908:
3657:
3652:
3473:
3147:
3058:
2937:
1381:
928:
915:, any person is considered self-employed for tax purposes if that person is running a business as a
3662:
3632:
3323:
3125:
2884:
2841:
2807:
2313:
2303:
1985:
1773:
1406:
1255:
964:
936:
880:
self-employment: an organization created with the primary intention to provide work to the founder.
62:
3589:
3468:
3370:
3308:
3120:
2747:
2634:
2568:
2486:
3443:
3395:
3365:
3202:
3170:
3160:
2977:
2962:
2942:
2824:
2595:
2590:
1870:
920:
111:
3385:
3380:
3318:
3263:
3212:
2834:
2370:
2343:
2015:
1943:
1072:
related to self-employment vary therefore widely between the countries. As indicated by the
3453:
3229:
3182:
3002:
2997:
2772:
2767:
2742:
2682:
2526:
2463:
2333:
2248:
2086:
58:
1156:
The UK government has stated that "self-employment is not the right choice for everyone".
1088:
8:
3688:
3358:
3353:
3291:
3239:
2957:
2925:
2915:
2797:
2787:
2323:
2318:
2139:
2119:
2040:
1960:
1938:
1918:
1766:
1191:
1052:
1031:
looked at U.S. self-employment levels from 1970 to 2000. According to data from the U.S.
975:
916:
488:
107:
54:
1023:
for the U.S. economy, which is equal to about 6% of national GDP. A 2011 study from the
3458:
3422:
3286:
3175:
3155:
3028:
2992:
2879:
2861:
2792:
2433:
2293:
2273:
2228:
2129:
2114:
1335:
1125:
reported in 2017 that 5 million people, 15% of the workforce, were self-employed. The
3569:
3549:
3281:
3246:
3078:
2972:
2952:
2871:
2724:
2659:
2338:
2288:
2263:
2223:
2218:
2149:
1995:
1521:
1504:
1454:"MBO Partners' Latest Report on U.S. Freelance Economy Shows a Wage 'Barbell Effect'"
1339:
1327:
1221:
1111:
1235:
1137:
Self-employment, while popular, does come with several legal responsibilities. When
860:
3539:
3328:
3296:
3256:
3251:
3048:
3038:
2856:
2687:
2644:
2617:
2612:
2471:
2438:
2428:
2278:
2206:
2010:
1948:
1928:
1913:
1516:
1319:
900:
866:
865:
Self-employment provides work primarily for the founder of the business. The term
3599:
3534:
3343:
3313:
3301:
3165:
3063:
2930:
2268:
2035:
1813:
1803:
1746:
1242:
870:
895:
Although the common perception is that self-employment is concentrated in a few
3584:
3333:
3234:
3187:
2889:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2548:
2481:
2238:
2196:
1880:
1848:
1118:
896:
368:
3677:
3559:
3478:
3463:
3448:
3219:
3197:
3103:
2987:
2920:
2894:
2829:
2672:
2629:
2624:
2476:
2360:
2258:
1980:
1833:
1818:
1739:
1486:"Self-employment and Local Economic Performance: Evidence from U.S. Counties"
1331:
1164:
1150:
983:
912:
828:
1505:"Self-employment and local economic performance: Evidence from US counties*"
3594:
3574:
3554:
3544:
3519:
3273:
3108:
3088:
3073:
3043:
3033:
2812:
2667:
2649:
2585:
2563:
2521:
2511:
2413:
2403:
2375:
2106:
2096:
1923:
1863:
1569:
Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union
3207:
3130:
3098:
2558:
2506:
2124:
2081:
2056:
2025:
2020:
1975:
1900:
1890:
1875:
1828:
1353:
1196:
1138:
1103:
1007:
963:. The rate consists of two parts: 12.4% for social security and 2.9% for
924:
448:
388:
348:
268:
115:
1074:
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions
3417:
3224:
3137:
3115:
3083:
2982:
2967:
2947:
2712:
2677:
2639:
2553:
2516:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2408:
2365:
2350:
2328:
2253:
2091:
2071:
1990:
1858:
1853:
1823:
1789:
1323:
1181:
1146:
688:
248:
98:
3604:
3524:
3338:
3023:
2382:
2283:
2243:
2213:
2134:
1970:
1933:
939:
taxes in the form of a SECA (Self-Employment Contributions Act) tax.
728:
648:
1552:"DIRECTIVE 2010/41/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL"
3438:
2501:
2491:
2423:
2418:
2387:
2233:
2188:
2066:
2061:
1965:
1843:
528:
428:
148:
3068:
3018:
2757:
2707:
2496:
2201:
1885:
1177:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 27
1039:
1003:
861:
Difference between self-employment, entrepreneurship, and startup
768:
748:
628:
608:
508:
468:
3192:
2540:
2184:
999:
848:
808:
788:
668:
588:
568:
548:
328:
228:
208:
188:
168:
1102:
A self-employed person in the United Kingdom can operate as a
106:
authorities. Self-employed people are usually classified as a
3053:
1758:
708:
408:
308:
288:
1600:"Social protection for all, including self-employed workers"
3093:
2536:
126:
2021 self-employment rate by country – OECD
1682:"Independent work: Choice, necessity, and the gig economy"
1403:"Self-Employment Tax (Social Security and Medicare Taxes)"
1378:"Self-Employment Tax (Social Security and Medicare Taxes)"
2076:
998:
Self-employed workers cannot contribute to a company-run
1163:
status "passes the burden of safety net support to the
2763:
List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents
1110:
or "LLP") but not through an incorporated limited (or
1272:
1305:
1303:
945:
980:Temporary Payroll Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011
1729:, published 7 February 2018, accessed 2 June 2023
1665:"Exploring self-employment in the European Union"
1538:Self-Employment as an Alternative to Unemployment
1256:"Home-Based Businesses – Broken Down by Industry"
1187:Self-employment for people with disabilities (UK)
3675:
1490:JournalistsResource.org, retrieved June 19, 2012
1300:
359:
1502:
982:. Self-employed persons sometimes declare more
819:
1106:or as a partner in a partnership (including a
1774:
439:
379:
339:
259:
43:The examples and perspective in this article
1498:
1496:
1280:"United States Small Business Profile, 2018"
1123:House of Commons Work and Pensions Committee
993:
679:
239:
1480:
1478:
1428:"Retirement Plans for Self Employed People"
1167:at the same time as reducing tax revenue".
1017:
719:
639:
1781:
1767:
1740:http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file38357.pdf
1636:"European Industrial Relations Dictionary"
1571:European Union. Retrieved 13 December 2022
1004:Simplified Employee Pension Plan (SEP) IRA
519:
419:
139:
3505:Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
1520:
1493:
1309:
1245:by the U.S. Small Business Administration
759:
739:
619:
599:
499:
479:
459:
81:Learn how and when to remove this message
3349:Job losses caused by the Great Recession
2031:Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates
1475:
1087:
839:
799:
779:
659:
579:
559:
539:
319:
219:
199:
179:
159:
3530:Credentialism and educational inflation
1451:
1236:Home Based Business: The Hidden Economy
1092:Self-employment in the UK, 2008 to 2014
883:entrepreneurship: any new organization.
699:
399:
299:
279:
14:
3676:
3401:List of countries by unemployment rate
1721:
1719:
1604:Official Journal of the European Union
1762:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1503:Rupasingha, A.; Goetz, S. J. (2011).
2299:Practice-based professional learning
29:
2847:Workers' right to access the toilet
1727:Trends in self-employment in the UK
1716:
24:
1698:
1098:Employment contract in English law
25:
3700:
1536:Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago,
1143:Information Commissioner's Office
1083:
1046:
899:industries, like salespeople and
3618:
3617:
2911:Corporate collapses and scandals
1725:Office for National Statistics,
1522:10.1111/j.1435-5957.2011.00396.x
946:Immigrants and ethnic minorities
890:
841:
821:
801:
781:
761:
741:
721:
701:
681:
661:
641:
621:
601:
581:
561:
541:
521:
501:
481:
461:
441:
421:
401:
381:
361:
341:
321:
301:
281:
261:
241:
221:
201:
181:
161:
141:
34:
1732:
1674:
1657:
1628:
1610:
1592:
1574:
1562:
1544:
1529:
1445:
1354:"Contribution and Benefit Base"
1132:people living with disabilities
1025:Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
3411:Employment-to-population ratio
2783:Occupational health psychology
1788:
1452:Lazarus, Sydney (2017-06-13).
1420:
1395:
1370:
1346:
1312:International Migration Review
1248:
1228:
1214:
1127:Office for National Statistics
13:
1:
3499:Works Progress Administration
3391:Unemployment Convention, 1919
2803:Personal protective equipment
2356:Occupational Outlook Handbook
1287:Small Business Administration
1207:
1108:limited liability partnership
1029:Pennsylvania State University
905:Small Business Administration
3580:Psychopathy in the workplace
2753:Human factors and ergonomics
1134:choose to be self-employed.
27:State of working for oneself
7:
3565:Narcissism in the workplace
2778:Occupational exposure limit
1170:
1033:Bureau of Economic Analysis
954:
57:, discuss the issue on the
10:
3705:
3684:Employment classifications
3494:Civil Works Administration
3376:Technological unemployment
2852:Workplace health promotion
2309:Professional certification
2006:Personality–job fit theory
1713:, accessed 11 January 2023
1624:(in Estonian). 6 May 2009.
1509:Papers in Regional Science
1095:
3613:
3512:
3474:Guaranteed minimum income
3431:
3272:
3146:
3059:Organizational commitment
3011:
2903:
2870:
2733:
2658:
2535:
2462:
2396:
2183:
2105:
2049:
1899:
1796:
994:401(k) retirement account
929:limited liability company
3643:Aspects of organizations
3324:Involuntary unemployment
2885:Equal pay for equal work
2808:Repetitive strain injury
2314:Professional development
2304:Professional association
1986:Letter of recommendation
1432:Internal Revenue Service
1202:Workers' self-management
1018:Effects on income growth
3628:Aspects of corporations
3590:Slow movement (culture)
3469:Employer of last resort
3371:Structural unemployment
3309:Frictional unemployment
2748:Epilepsy and employment
2635:Performance-related pay
2569:National average salary
2487:996 working hour system
1749:, accessed January 2010
1234:Table 4-2, Page 36, of
3638:Aspects of occupations
3444:Unemployment insurance
3396:Unemployment extension
3366:Reserve army of labour
3171:Constructive dismissal
2978:Sleeping while on duty
2943:Exploitation of labour
2825:Sick building syndrome
2001:Person–environment fit
1871:Independent contractor
1686:McKinsey & Company
1222:"Self-employment rate"
1093:
927:, or as a member of a
921:independent contractor
114:, or as a member of a
112:independent contractor
3648:Aspects of workplaces
3386:Unemployment benefits
3381:Types of unemployment
3319:Graduate unemployment
3213:Letter of resignation
2842:Workers' compensation
2835:Occupational fatality
2344:Vocational university
1944:Employment counsellor
1618:"Vastuvõetud tekstid"
1091:
3454:Job creation program
3230:Mandatory retirement
3183:Employee offboarding
3003:Workplace incivility
2998:Workplace harassment
2773:Occupational disease
2768:Occupational burnout
2683:Disability insurance
2527:Workweek and weekend
2334:Vocational education
2249:Continuing education
2087:Permanent employment
63:create a new article
55:improve this article
45:may not represent a
3359:Recession-proof job
3354:Lists of recessions
3292:Economic depression
3240:Retirement planning
3121:Work–life interface
2958:Employee monitoring
2926:Corporate behaviour
2916:Accounting scandals
2798:Occupational stress
2788:Occupational injury
2324:Reflective practice
2319:Professional school
2041:Work-at-home scheme
1961:Induction programme
1939:Employment contract
1919:Business networking
1606:. 23 December 2016.
1192:Sole proprietorship
1053:European Commission
976:2010 Tax Relief Act
923:, as a member of a
917:sole proprietorship
127:
3622:See also templates
3459:Job creation index
3423:Youth unemployment
3287:Discouraged worker
3176:Wrongful dismissal
3156:At-will employment
3029:Civil conscription
2993:Workplace bullying
2880:Affirmative action
2862:Workplace wellness
2793:Occupational noise
2434:Long service leave
2294:Overspecialization
2274:Induction training
2229:Career development
1745:2009-12-04 at the
1709:House of Commons,
1622:europarl.europa.eu
1324:10.1111/imre.12087
1241:2012-10-19 at the
1094:
1008:Self-Employed 401k
903:, research by the
125:
110:(or sole trader),
3671:
3670:
3570:Post-work society
3550:Kiss up kick down
3282:Barriers to entry
3247:Severance package
3079:Human trafficking
2973:Sexual harassment
2953:Employee handbook
2872:Equal opportunity
2735:Safety and health
2725:Take-home vehicle
2339:Vocational school
2289:Lifelong learning
2264:Further education
2224:Career counseling
2219:Career assessment
1996:Overqualification
1586:eur-lex.europa.eu
1556:eur-lex.europa.eu
858:
857:
91:
90:
83:
65:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3696:
3658:Critique of work
3653:Corporate titles
3621:
3620:
3540:Evil corporation
3406:Employment rates
3329:Jobless recovery
3297:Great Depression
3257:Golden parachute
3252:Golden handshake
3049:Job satisfaction
3039:Critique of work
2857:Workplace phobia
2688:Health insurance
2645:Wage compression
2613:Progressive wage
2472:35-hour workweek
2439:No call, no show
2429:Leave of absence
2279:Knowledge worker
2207:Master craftsman
2011:Personality hire
1949:Executive search
1929:Curriculum vitae
1914:Background check
1783:
1776:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1750:
1736:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1707:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1642:. Archived from
1632:
1626:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1558:. July 15, 2010.
1548:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1500:
1491:
1489:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1460:. Archived from
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1405:. Archived from
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1380:. Archived from
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1284:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1218:
901:insurance agents
867:entrepreneurship
851:
847:
845:
844:
831:
827:
825:
824:
811:
807:
805:
804:
791:
787:
785:
784:
771:
767:
765:
764:
751:
747:
745:
744:
731:
727:
725:
724:
711:
707:
705:
704:
691:
687:
685:
684:
671:
667:
665:
664:
651:
647:
645:
644:
631:
627:
625:
624:
611:
607:
605:
604:
591:
587:
585:
584:
571:
567:
565:
564:
551:
547:
545:
544:
531:
527:
525:
524:
511:
507:
505:
504:
491:
487:
485:
484:
471:
467:
465:
464:
451:
447:
445:
444:
431:
427:
425:
424:
411:
407:
405:
404:
391:
387:
385:
384:
371:
367:
365:
364:
351:
347:
345:
344:
331:
327:
325:
324:
311:
307:
305:
304:
291:
287:
285:
284:
271:
267:
265:
264:
251:
247:
245:
244:
231:
227:
225:
224:
211:
207:
205:
204:
191:
187:
185:
184:
171:
167:
165:
164:
151:
147:
145:
144:
128:
124:
86:
79:
75:
72:
66:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3663:Organized labor
3633:Aspects of jobs
3609:
3600:Toxic workplace
3535:Emotional labor
3508:
3432:Public programs
3427:
3344:Great Recession
3314:Full employment
3302:Long Depression
3268:
3166:Banishment room
3142:
3064:Refusal of work
3007:
2931:Corporate crime
2899:
2866:
2729:
2654:
2531:
2458:
2392:
2269:Graduate school
2179:
2101:
2045:
2036:Underemployment
1895:
1839:Self-employment
1814:Contingent work
1804:Academic tenure
1797:Classifications
1792:
1787:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1747:Wayback Machine
1737:
1733:
1724:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1588:. June 6, 2013.
1580:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1540:, December 2003
1534:
1530:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1483:
1476:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1308:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1260:factor-this.com
1254:
1253:
1249:
1243:Wayback Machine
1233:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1173:
1121:, although the
1100:
1086:
1049:
1020:
996:
957:
948:
933:Social Security
893:
863:
842:
840:
822:
820:
802:
800:
782:
780:
762:
760:
742:
740:
722:
720:
702:
700:
682:
680:
662:
660:
642:
640:
622:
620:
602:
600:
582:
580:
562:
560:
542:
540:
522:
520:
502:
500:
482:
480:
462:
460:
442:
440:
422:
420:
402:
400:
382:
380:
362:
360:
342:
340:
322:
320:
302:
300:
282:
280:
262:
260:
242:
240:
222:
220:
202:
200:
182:
180:
162:
160:
142:
140:
108:sole proprietor
94:Self-employment
87:
76:
70:
67:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3686:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3585:Sunday scaries
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3502:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3336:
3334:Phillips curve
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3235:Retirement age
3232:
3222:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3188:Exit interview
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2938:Discrimination
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2890:Gender pay gap
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2705:
2703:Parental leave
2700:
2698:Marriage leave
2695:
2693:Life insurance
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2549:Income bracket
2545:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2482:Eight-hour day
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2241:
2239:Creative class
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2197:Apprenticeship
2193:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2165:Scarlet-collar
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1881:Temporary work
1878:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1849:Skilled worker
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1752:
1751:
1731:
1715:
1697:
1673:
1656:
1627:
1609:
1591:
1573:
1561:
1543:
1528:
1492:
1474:
1444:
1419:
1394:
1369:
1345:
1318:(2): 318–354.
1299:
1271:
1247:
1227:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1139:remote working
1119:United Kingdom
1085:
1084:United Kingdom
1082:
1048:
1047:European Union
1045:
1019:
1016:
995:
992:
956:
953:
947:
944:
897:service sector
892:
889:
888:
887:
884:
881:
862:
859:
856:
855:
852:
836:
835:
832:
816:
815:
812:
796:
795:
792:
776:
775:
772:
756:
755:
752:
736:
735:
732:
716:
715:
712:
696:
695:
692:
676:
675:
672:
656:
655:
652:
636:
635:
632:
616:
615:
612:
596:
595:
592:
576:
575:
572:
556:
555:
552:
536:
535:
532:
516:
515:
512:
496:
495:
492:
476:
475:
472:
456:
455:
452:
436:
435:
432:
416:
415:
412:
396:
395:
392:
376:
375:
372:
369:Czech Republic
356:
355:
352:
336:
335:
332:
316:
315:
312:
296:
295:
292:
276:
275:
272:
256:
255:
252:
236:
235:
232:
216:
215:
212:
196:
195:
192:
176:
175:
172:
156:
155:
152:
136:
135:
132:
89:
88:
71:September 2023
49:of the subject
47:worldwide view
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3701:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Make-work job
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Right to work
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:Job guarantee
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Make-work job
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:Restructuring
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Notice period
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:Unfree labour
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:Bonded labour
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2988:Whistleblower
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Control fraud
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2895:Glass ceiling
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2830:Work accident
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:United States
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:United States
2716:
2715:
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2673:Casual Friday
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2630:Paid time off
2628:
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2625:Overtime rate
2623:
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2607:
2606:United States
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2477:Four-day week
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2361:Practice firm
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2259:Employability
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2160:Orange-collar
2158:
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2148:
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2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
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2107:Working class
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1981:Job interview
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1834:Part-time job
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1819:Full-time job
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1464:on 2018-03-07
1463:
1459:
1458:Spend Matters
1455:
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1433:
1429:
1423:
1409:on 2012-08-24
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1384:on 2012-08-24
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1165:welfare state
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1151:Business Link
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829:United States
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48:
41:
32:
31:
19:
18:Self-employed
3595:Toxic leader
3575:Presenteeism
3555:Labor rights
3545:Going postal
3520:Bullshit job
3503:
3488:
3483:
3274:Unemployment
3126:Downshifting
3109:Wage slavery
3089:Penal labour
3044:Dead-end job
3034:Conscription
2813:Right to sit
2668:Annual leave
2650:Working poor
2586:Minimum wage
2564:Maximum wage
2522:Working time
2512:Six-hour day
2414:Career break
2376:Professional
2170:Black-collar
2140:White-collar
2120:Green-collar
2097:Volunteering
1934:Drug testing
1924:Cover letter
1864:Tradesperson
1838:
1755:
1734:
1689:. Retrieved
1685:
1676:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:the original
1639:
1630:
1621:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1564:
1555:
1546:
1537:
1531:
1512:
1508:
1466:. Retrieved
1462:the original
1457:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:the original
1397:
1386:. Retrieved
1382:the original
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:
1348:
1315:
1311:
1290:. Retrieved
1286:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1230:
1216:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1136:
1116:
1101:
1078:
1070:
1066:
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1058:
1050:
1037:
1021:
1012:
997:
988:
973:
969:
958:
949:
941:
910:
908:businesses.
894:
876:In summary:
875:
864:
446:
120:
102:
93:
92:
77:
68:
44:
3484:Historical:
3208:Resignation
3148:Termination
3131:Slow living
3099:Truck wages
3084:Labour camp
3012:Willingness
2904:Infractions
2559:Living wage
2507:Remote work
2175:Gold-collar
2130:Pink-collar
2125:Grey-collar
2115:Blue-collar
2082:Labour hire
2057:Cooperative
2021:Recruitment
1976:Job hunting
1909:Application
1891:Wage labour
1876:Labour hire
1829:Job sharing
1515:: 141–161.
1437:October 16,
1358:www.ssa.gov
1197:Remote work
1104:sole trader
925:partnership
449:Switzerland
389:Netherlands
349:New Zealand
269:South Korea
116:partnership
3689:Employment
3678:Categories
3418:Wage curve
3225:Retirement
3138:Workaholic
3116:Work ethic
2983:Wage theft
2968:Labour law
2963:Evaluation
2948:Dress code
2713:Sick leave
2678:Child care
2640:Salary cap
2554:Income tax
2517:Shift work
2454:Time clock
2449:Sick leave
2444:Sabbatical
2409:Break room
2397:Attendance
2366:Profession
2351:Mentorship
2329:Retraining
2254:E-learning
2150:New-collar
2145:Red-collar
2092:Supervisor
2072:Internship
1991:Onboarding
1859:Technician
1854:Journeyman
1824:Gig worker
1790:Employment
1691:2017-10-25
1650:2017-08-18
1468:2017-10-30
1413:2017-08-10
1388:2017-08-10
1363:2019-11-14
1265:2021-11-22
1208:References
1182:Freelancer
1147:government
1096:See also:
984:deductions
689:Luxembourg
249:Costa Rica
99:tax return
3605:Workhouse
3525:Busy work
3339:Recession
3203:Pink slip
3161:Dismissal
3024:Careerism
2618:Singapore
2596:Hong Kong
2464:Schedules
2383:Tradesman
2284:Licensure
2244:Education
2214:Avocation
2155:No-collar
2135:Precariat
2016:Probation
1971:Job fraud
1640:Eurofound
1340:145352741
1332:1747-7379
1153:centres.
1149:operated
1112:unlimited
729:Australia
649:Lithuania
134:Rate (%)
59:talk page
3513:See also
3439:Workfare
3264:Turnover
2660:Benefits
2541:salaries
2502:Overtime
2492:Flextime
2424:Gap year
2419:Furlough
2388:Vocation
2371:Operator
2234:Coaching
2189:training
2067:Employer
2062:Employee
1966:Job fair
1844:Side job
1743:Archived
1239:Archived
1171:See also
965:Medicare
961:FICA tax
955:Taxation
937:Medicare
529:Slovenia
429:Portugal
149:Colombia
53:You may
3489:U.S.A.:
3094:Peonage
3069:Slavery
3019:Boreout
2758:Karoshi
2708:Pension
2497:On-call
2202:Artisan
1886:Laborer
1292:2 April
1224:. OECD.
1040:poverty
911:In the
871:startup
769:Denmark
749:Germany
629:Austria
609:Hungary
509:Belgium
489:Ireland
469:Finland
131:Country
103:trading
3193:Layoff
2743:Crunch
2601:Europe
2591:Canada
2579:Europe
2185:Career
2026:Résumé
1901:Hiring
1809:Casual
1338:
1330:
1000:401(k)
849:Norway
846:
826:
809:Russia
806:
789:Canada
786:
766:
746:
726:
706:
686:
669:Sweden
666:
646:
626:
606:
589:France
586:
569:Israel
566:
549:Latvia
546:
526:
506:
486:
466:
426:
406:
386:
366:
346:
329:Poland
326:
306:
286:
266:
246:
229:Turkey
226:
209:Greece
206:
189:Mexico
186:
169:Brazil
166:
146:
3054:McJob
2574:World
2537:Wages
2404:Break
2050:Roles
1668:(PDF)
1336:S2CID
1283:(PDF)
709:Japan
694:10.2
674:10.6
654:11.6
634:11.9
614:12.5
594:12.6
574:12.4
514:14.1
494:14.1
474:14.6
454:15.3
434:15.5
414:15.8
409:Spain
394:15.8
374:15.9
354:19.7
334:19.7
314:21.8
309:Italy
289:Chile
274:24.6
254:26.6
234:30.2
214:31.8
194:31.8
174:33.3
154:53.1
61:, or
2539:and
2187:and
1954:list
1439:2017
1328:ISSN
1294:2020
1051:The
1027:and
974:The
935:and
854:4.7
834:6.3
814:6.8
794:7.7
774:8.8
754:8.8
734:9.5
714:9.8
2077:Job
1517:doi
1320:doi
554:13
534:14
294:23
3680::
1718:^
1700:^
1684:.
1638:.
1620:.
1602:.
1584:.
1554:.
1513:92
1511:.
1507:.
1495:^
1477:^
1456:.
1430:.
1356:.
1334:.
1326:.
1316:49
1314:.
1302:^
1285:.
1258:.
919:,
118:.
1782:e
1775:t
1768:v
1694:.
1670:.
1653:.
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1519::
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1471:.
1441:.
1416:.
1391:.
1366:.
1342:.
1322::
1296:.
1268:.
84:)
78:(
73:)
69:(
51:.
20:)
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