124:
158:
indigenous roots. Modernization then happened as described by Wade as "the increasing integration of blacks and
Indians into modern society, where they will mix in and eventually disappear, taking their primitive culture with them". This kind of implementation of blanqueamiento takes place in societies that have historically always been led by 'white' people whose guidance would carry "the country away from its past, which began in Indianness and slavery" with hopes of promoting the intermixing of bodies to develop a predominantly white-skinned society.
22:
1863:
180:
people to reach an end goal of having a brown population, blanqueamiento has the end goal of whiteness. The outcome of mestizaje mixing would lead to "the predominance of the mestizo" and is not "construed necessarily as (a) whitened mestizo". Most importantly, both of these ideologies link emerging nationhood with the predominance of the mestizo or the whitened population.
315:
Blanqueamiento can also be accomplished through economic achievement. Many scholars have argued that money has the ability to whiten, where wealthier individuals are more likely to be classified as white, regardless of phenotypic appearance. It is by this changing of social status that blacks achieve
286:
entered Cuba, and officially in 1906, Cuba created its immigration law that funded white migrants. However, many
European immigrants did not stay in Cuba and came solely for the sugar harvest, returning to their homes during the off seasons. Although some 780,000 Spaniards migrated between 1902–1931,
319:
Blanqueamiento has also been seen as a way to better the economy. In the case of Brazil, immigration policies that would help whiten the nation were seen as progressive ways to modernize and achieve capitalism. In Cuba, blanqueamiento policies limited economic opportunities for
African descendants,
254:
funded and subsidized immigrant travels from
Portugal, Spain, Italy, Russia, Germany, Austria, France, and the Netherlands. Claims that white blood would eventually eliminate black blood were found in accounts of immigration statistics. Created in the late 19th century, Brazil's Directoria Geral de
174:
Another possibility when considering mestizaje as it relates to blanqueamiento is by understanding mestizaje as a concept that encourages mixedness, but differs from the concept of blanqueamiento on the basis of the end goal for mestizaje. As Peter Wade states, "it celebrates the idea of difference
170:
emerged in the shift of Latin
America towards multiculturalist perspectives and policies. Mestizaje has been considered problematic by many scholars because it sustains racial hierarchies and celebrates blanqueamiento. For example, Swanson argues that although mestizaje is not a physical embodiment
152:
argues that blanqueamiento is a historical process that can be linked to nationalism. When thinking about nationalism, the ideologies behind it stem from national identity, which according to Wade is "a construction of the past and the future", where the past is understood as being more traditional
179:
in which racial, regional, and even class differences are submerged into a common identification with mixedness." On the same coin, when thinking about blanqueamiento, the future goal takes up the same theme of mixing. The difference between them is that while mestizaje glorifies the mixing of all
157:
were heavily black and Indian-influenced because the country partook in the slave trade and was simultaneously home to many indigenous groups. Therefore, understanding blanqueamiento as it relates to modernization, modernization is then understood as a guidance in the direction away from black and
267:
government created immigration laws that invested more than $ 1 million into recruiting
Europeans into Cuba to whiten the state. High participation of blacks in independence movements threatened white elitist power and when the 1899 census showed that more than
219:
Blanqueamiento was enacted in national policies of many Latin
American countries at the turn of the 20th century. In most cases, these policies promoted European immigration as a means to whiten the population.
589:
Chavez, M., and M. Zambrano. (2006) From blanqueamiento to reindigenizacion: Paradoxes of mestizaje and multiculturalism in contemporary
Colombia. European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 80,
483:
Sawyer, M.Q. & T.S. Paschel (2007). ""We didn't cross the color line, the color line crossed us"—Blackness and
Immigration in the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, and the United States".
282:, where migration of "undesirables" (i.e. blacks) became prohibited in Cuba. Immigration policies supported the migration of entire families. Between 1902 and 1907, nearly 128,000
99:. However, blanqueamiento can be considered in both the symbolic and biological sense. Symbolically, blanqueamiento represents an ideology that emerged from legacies of
300:
1119:
522:
1077:
refers to countries, regions and territories in which the majority ethnic group is generally considered to be people of white
European descent.
1741:
203:. It was for this reason that immigration as a form of whitening was preferred rather than through interracial relations. Theorists such as
1867:
991:
Golash-Boza, T. (2010). "Does Whitening Happen? Distinguishing between Race and Color Labels in an African Descended Community in Peru".
123:
462:"Multiracial Matrix: The Role of Race Ideology in the Enforcement of Antidiscrimination Laws, a United States-Latin America Comparison"
1909:
279:
433:
Rahier, J.M. (1999). "Body politics in black and white: Senoras, Mujeres, Blanqueamiento and Miss Esmeraldes 1997-1998, Ecuador".
1337:
918:
1311:
461:
111:, which caters to white dominance in social hierarchies. Biologically, blanqueamiento is the process of whitening by marrying a
1899:
1054:
255:
Estatística (DGE) has conducted demographic censuses and managed to measure the progress of whitening as successful in Brazil.
724:
Jones-de Oliveira, K.F. (2003). "The Politics of Culture or the Culture of Politics: Afro-Brazilian Mobilization, 1920-1968".
1229:
643:
278:
of Cuba's population was colored, white migration started to gain support. Political blanqueamiento began in 1902 after the
1894:
316:
blanqueamiento. In his study, Marcus Eugenio Oliveira Lima showed that groups of Brazilians succeeded more when whitened.
175:
in a democratic, non-hierarchical form. Rather than envisioning a gradual whitening, it holds up the general image of the
1818:
1539:
1096:
382:
1287:
350:
949:
Neither Black nor White: The Politics of Race and Ethnicity among Puerto Ricans on the Island and in the U.S. Mainland
975:
703:
1282:
246:, the Brazilian government took measures to increase European immigration. More than 1 million Europeans arrived in
1813:
1427:
1257:
1889:
1660:
1629:
1377:
1358:
1306:
574:
1803:
1410:
1300:
45:
1267:
1904:
1589:
1324:
882:
Chomsky, A. (2000). "'Barbados or Canada?' Race, Immigration, and Nation in Early-Twentieth-Century Cuba".
251:
196:
1851:
1331:
573:
Wade, Peter. (1993) Blackness and Race Mixture: The Dynamics of Racial Identity in Colombia. Baltimore:
1394:
1252:
1242:
1047:
695:
171:
of whitening, it is "not so much about mixing, as it about a progressive whitening of the population".
1634:
1583:
1555:
602:"Revanchist Urbanism Heads South: The Regulation of Indigenous Beggers and Street Vendors in Ecuador"
239:
1114:
184:
786:
Loveman, M (2009). "The Race to Progress: Census Taking and Nation Making in Brazil (1870-1920)".
287:
only 250,000 stayed. By the 1920s, blanqueamiento through national policy had effectively failed.
238:
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Branqueamento policies emerged in the aftermath of the
1856:
1665:
1463:
659:
392:
204:
1549:
1457:
1318:
1218:
1159:
406:
1773:
1368:
1124:
1040:
16:"Whitening" of a race, such as marrying a white person so as to have lighter-skinned children
964:
128:
1624:
1446:
1437:
1421:
1149:
340:
320:
resulting in their reduced upward mobility in education, property, and employment sectors.
136:
108:
100:
8:
1914:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1619:
1544:
1351:
1180:
1085:
601:
377:
72:
26:
1763:
1758:
1534:
1212:
1154:
1134:
1018:
899:
859:
851:
763:
636:
The vigorous core of our nationality: race and regional identity in northeastern Brazil
545:
500:
402:
366:
335:
1828:
1768:
1733:
1614:
1524:
1405:
1345:
1164:
971:
903:
863:
767:
699:
639:
617:
549:
360:
88:
1022:
834:
de la Fuente, A. (1998). "Race, National Discourse, Politics in Cuba: An Overview".
355:
1707:
1415:
1400:
1388:
1247:
1223:
1206:
1201:
1008:
1000:
966:
Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States
891:
843:
795:
755:
613:
537:
504:
492:
442:
229:
96:
64:
48:. The painting depicts a black grandmother, mulatta mother, white father and their
1838:
1644:
1609:
1529:
1383:
1293:
1272:
1139:
1129:
208:
200:
1823:
1675:
1639:
1594:
1516:
1277:
1262:
1196:
1109:
847:
541:
412:
397:
387:
345:
104:
41:
895:
799:
638:. Pitt Latin American series. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press.
496:
446:
242:
and the beginning of Brazil's first republic (1888–1889). To dilute the black
1883:
1746:
1717:
1712:
1702:
1004:
759:
330:
296:
188:
92:
80:
1808:
1722:
1599:
1579:
1509:
1063:
207:
believed that education could improve the state of certain groups, such as
32:
746:
Lima, M.E.O. (2007). "Review Essay: Race Relations and Racism in Brazil".
247:
1833:
1695:
1604:
1104:
813:
295:
Blanqueamiento is also associated with food consumption. For example, in
154:
1236:
191:
as a form of whitening was looked down upon, as it was thought that the
1796:
1680:
1561:
1489:
855:
372:
149:
112:
679:. Vol. 14. Bulletin of Latin American Research. pp. 245–264.
192:
1753:
1670:
1484:
1144:
1013:
283:
167:
53:
37:
21:
1452:
141:
49:
211:, however Indigenous and Afro-Brazilians were excluded from this.
1690:
692:
Race in Another America: The Significance of Skin Color in Brazil
176:
132:
131:
from 1799, according to which the offspring of a Spaniard and a
1685:
1032:
304:
235:
435:
Ecuador, Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory
79:), is a social, political, and economic practice used in many
1502:
83:
countries in the Americas and Oceania to "improve the race" (
520:
264:
234:
Branqueamento was circulated in national policy throughout
919:"Conjunciones y disyunciones del gusto en el sur de Chile"
820:(Web series episode). 2011. Public Broadcasting Service.
482:
723:
658:
Andrews, G.R. Afro-Latin America 1800-2000. New York:
963:
195:population retained the inferior qualities of the
476:
153:and backwards. For example, past demographics of
115:individual to produce lighter-skinned offspring.
1881:
833:
990:
1048:
951:. Providence, Rhode Island: Brown University.
829:
827:
677:Racism, Culture, and Black Identity in Brazil
523:"Skin Color and Latinos in the United States"
961:
745:
694:(Paperback ed.). Princeton, NJ/Oxford:
689:
432:
409:– conceptually similar approach in Australia
984:
881:
719:
717:
715:
599:
521:Montalvo, F. F. & G. E. Codina (2001).
95:and is used more or less synonymously with
1055:
1041:
877:
875:
873:
824:
785:
781:
779:
777:
516:
514:
303:, consumption of desserts, marmalades and
263:At the beginning of the 20th century, the
161:
1012:
946:
916:
459:
52:child, hence three generations of racial
712:
674:
670:
668:
585:
583:
577:. Series in Atlantic History and Culture
122:
20:
926:Historia, Antropología y Fuentes Orales
870:
774:
741:
739:
511:
307:"whitens" the inhabitants of the city.
91:. The term blanqueamiento is rooted in
1882:
955:
940:
683:
652:
593:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
1036:
665:
633:
580:
426:
1862:
806:
736:
629:
627:
1540:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
884:Hispanic American Historical Review
788:Hispanic American Historical Review
556:
383:Race and ethnicity in Latin America
13:
351:Discrimination based on skin color
214:
135:are deemed to be "Spanish", i.e.,
14:
1926:
624:
250:between 1890 and 1914. State and
1910:White supremacy in South America
1861:
1814:White genocide conspiracy theory
1120:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1062:
618:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00548.x
460:Hernandez, Tanya Kateri (2001).
910:
299:, a Chilean city with a strong
1654:Negative stereotypes of Whites
726:Journal of Third World Studies
575:Johns Hopkins University Press
453:
87:) towards a supposed ideal of
1:
1900:Multiracial affairs in Brazil
1804:White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
419:
118:
46:Museu Nacional de Belas Artes
1590:Missing white woman syndrome
7:
1895:Latin American caste system
1742:US definitions of whiteness
836:Latin American Perspectives
814:"Cuba: The next revolution"
323:
310:
10:
1931:
1857:European native population
848:10.1177/0094582x9802500303
696:Princeton University Press
634:Blake, Stanley E. (2011).
542:10.1177/146879680100100303
227:
1847:
1731:
1653:
1635:White demographic decline
1570:
1477:
1436:
1367:
1189:
1173:
1095:
1084:
1070:
917:Montecino, Sonia (2009).
896:10.1215/00182168-80-3-415
818:In Black in Latin America
800:10.1215/00182168-2009-002
497:10.1017/S1742058X07070178
447:10.1080/07407709908571317
290:
223:
1005:10.1525/sp.2010.57.1.138
760:10.1177/1354067X07082805
1666:Appalachian stereotypes
970:. New York: Macmillan.
660:Oxford University Press
393:Racism in South America
258:
205:Raimundo Nina Rodrigues
162:As related to mestizaje
1573:phenomena and theories
1556:The White Man's Burden
1550:White Australia policy
1346:Southern United States
748:Culture and Psychology
407:White Australia policy
146:
57:
1890:Cultural assimilation
1774:Identitarian movement
1359:Saint Kitts and Nevis
962:Degler, C.N. (1971).
928:(in Spanish): 169–176
690:Telles, E.E. (2006).
137:White Latin Americans
126:
24:
1661:In the United States
1625:Whitewashing in film
600:Swanson, K. (2007).
341:Coloniality of power
240:abolition of slavery
109:coloniality of power
101:European colonialism
1905:History of eugenics
1779:Non-Hispanic whites
1620:Whitewashing in art
1545:Settler colonialism
1478:Historical concepts
1288:Trinidad and Tobago
1086:European emigration
378:History of eugenics
252:federal governments
1764:European New Right
1759:Christian Identity
1535:Play the white man
1248:Dominican Republic
947:Duany, J. (2000).
466:Cornell Law Review
403:Stolen Generations
367:Limpieza de sangre
336:Colonial mentality
147:
58:
56:through whitening.
1877:
1876:
1829:White nationalism
1769:Great Replacement
1734:identity politics
1615:Whiteness studies
1525:First white child
1473:
1472:
675:Agier, M (1995).
645:978-0-8229-6133-8
361:Hispanic eugenics
166:The formation of
33:Redemption of Ham
27:A Redenção de Cam
1922:
1865:
1864:
1708:Angry white male
1584:Passing as white
1093:
1092:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1016:
988:
982:
981:
969:
959:
953:
952:
944:
938:
937:
935:
933:
923:
914:
908:
907:
879:
868:
867:
831:
822:
821:
810:
804:
803:
783:
772:
771:
743:
734:
733:
721:
710:
709:
687:
681:
680:
672:
663:
656:
650:
649:
631:
622:
621:
597:
591:
587:
578:
571:
554:
553:
527:
518:
509:
508:
480:
474:
473:
457:
451:
450:
430:
277:
276:
272:
230:Racial whitening
97:racial whitening
1930:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1843:
1839:White supremacy
1727:
1676:Mountain whites
1649:
1645:White supremacy
1610:White privilege
1572:
1566:
1530:Honorary whites
1469:
1432:
1363:
1185:
1169:
1088:
1080:
1066:
1061:
1031:
1030:
993:Social Problems
989:
985:
978:
960:
956:
945:
941:
931:
929:
921:
915:
911:
880:
871:
832:
825:
812:
811:
807:
784:
775:
744:
737:
722:
713:
706:
698:. p. 324.
688:
684:
673:
666:
657:
653:
646:
632:
625:
598:
594:
588:
581:
572:
557:
525:
519:
512:
481:
477:
458:
454:
431:
427:
422:
417:
326:
313:
301:German heritage
293:
280:U.S. occupation
274:
270:
269:
261:
232:
226:
217:
215:National policy
209:Muslim Africans
201:Afro-Brazilians
164:
121:
113:lighter-skinned
103:, described by
85:mejorar la raza
17:
12:
11:
5:
1928:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1854:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1824:White identity
1821:
1819:White Hispanic
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1736:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1640:Reverse racism
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1595:Skin whitening
1592:
1587:
1576:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1499:
1496:Blanqueamiento
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1224:Cayman Islands
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1028:
999:(1): 138–156.
983:
976:
954:
939:
909:
890:(3): 415–462.
869:
823:
805:
794:(3): 435–470.
773:
754:(4): 461–473.
735:
711:
704:
682:
664:
651:
644:
623:
612:(4): 708–728.
592:
579:
555:
510:
491:(2): 303–315.
485:Du Bois Review
475:
452:
441:(1): 103–120.
424:
423:
421:
418:
416:
415:
413:Westernization
410:
400:
398:Skin whitening
395:
390:
388:Racial passing
385:
380:
375:
370:
363:
358:
356:Gente de razón
353:
348:
346:Creole peoples
343:
338:
333:
327:
325:
322:
312:
309:
292:
289:
260:
257:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
216:
213:
185:Republican era
163:
160:
129:casta painting
120:
117:
105:Anibal Quijano
75:(both meaning
61:Blanqueamiento
42:Modesto Brocos
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1927:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1869:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:One-drop rule
1745:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1453:New Caledonia
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1369:South America
1366:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:San Francisco
1310:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:United States
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:North America
1188:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
979:
977:9780023282003
973:
968:
967:
958:
950:
943:
927:
920:
913:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
878:
876:
874:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
828:
819:
815:
809:
801:
797:
793:
789:
782:
780:
778:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
742:
740:
732:(1): 103–120.
731:
727:
720:
718:
716:
707:
705:9780691127927
701:
697:
693:
686:
678:
671:
669:
661:
655:
647:
641:
637:
630:
628:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
596:
586:
584:
576:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
551:
547:
543:
539:
536:(3): 321–41.
535:
531:
524:
517:
515:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
471:
467:
463:
456:
448:
444:
440:
436:
429:
425:
414:
411:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
368:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
331:Acculturation
329:
328:
321:
317:
308:
306:
302:
298:
288:
285:
281:
266:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
231:
221:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:miscegenation
186:
183:In the early
181:
178:
172:
169:
159:
156:
151:
144:
143:
138:
134:
130:
127:Colonial-era
125:
116:
114:
110:
107:'s theory of
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:Latin America
90:
86:
82:
81:post-colonial
78:
74:
70:
69:branqueamento
66:
62:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
29:
28:
23:
19:
1866:
1809:White ethnic
1723:White monkey
1630:White savior
1600:White flight
1580:Acting white
1571:Sociological
1554:
1515:
1510:Peninsulares
1508:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1462:
1445:
1420:
1393:
1376:
1344:
1330:
1323:
1299:
1292:
1235:
1228:
1211:
1150:South Africa
1074:
1064:White people
996:
992:
986:
965:
957:
948:
942:
930:. Retrieved
925:
912:
887:
883:
842:(3): 43–69.
839:
835:
817:
808:
791:
787:
751:
747:
729:
725:
691:
685:
676:
654:
635:
609:
605:
595:
533:
529:
488:
484:
478:
472:: 1093–1176.
469:
465:
455:
438:
434:
428:
365:
318:
314:
294:
262:
243:
233:
218:
182:
173:
165:
148:
140:
84:
76:
68:
60:
59:
31:
25:
18:
1834:White pride
1696:White trash
1681:Poor Whites
1605:White guilt
1464:New Zealand
1352:Puerto Rico
1307:Los Angeles
1253:El Salvador
1089:by location
530:Ethnicities
187:of Brazil,
155:Puerto Rico
1915:Light skin
1884:Categories
1797:Quebeckers
1783:Old Stock
1562:White gods
1301:California
1230:Costa Rica
932:2 November
420:References
373:Hispanidad
197:Indigenous
150:Peter Wade
119:Definition
73:Portuguese
1792:Canadians
1787:Americans
1754:Alt-right
1671:Hillbilly
1485:Apartheid
1447:Australia
1428:Venezuela
1378:Argentina
1338:Baltimore
1325:Louisiana
1258:Guatemala
1219:Caribbean
1014:1808/7588
904:145451194
864:220912969
768:146389827
550:145400906
284:Spaniards
248:São Paulo
168:mestizaje
89:whiteness
77:whitening
54:hypergamy
1691:Rednecks
1517:Criollos
1416:Suriname
1406:Paraguay
1401:Colombia
1332:Maryland
1268:Honduras
1243:Dominica
1202:Barbados
1181:Pakistan
1165:Zimbabwe
1115:Botswana
1023:16274803
606:Antipode
324:See also
311:Economic
142:criollos
50:quadroon
44:, 1895,
40:painter
38:Galician
1868:Commons
1686:Redlegs
1438:Oceania
1422:Uruguay
1384:Bolivia
1273:Jamaica
1207:Bermuda
1197:Bahamas
1155:Tunisia
1145:Reunion
1140:Namibia
1135:Morocco
1105:Algeria
856:2634166
662:, 2004.
505:7725596
305:kuchens
273:⁄
193:mestiço
177:mestizo
133:castiza
65:Spanish
1732:White
1503:Castas
1458:Hawaii
1389:Brazil
1319:Hawaii
1283:Panama
1278:Mexico
1213:Canada
1160:Zambia
1130:Malawi
1110:Angola
1097:Africa
1021:
974:
902:
862:
854:
766:
702:
642:
548:
503:
297:Osorno
291:Social
236:Brazil
224:Brazil
36:), by
1718:Basic
1713:Becky
1703:Karen
1490:Aryan
1395:Chile
1263:Haiti
1125:Kenya
1019:S2CID
922:(PDF)
900:S2CID
860:S2CID
852:JSTOR
764:S2CID
590:5-23.
546:S2CID
526:(PDF)
501:S2CID
265:Cuban
67:, or
1852:Race
1411:Peru
1237:Cuba
1174:Asia
1075:Bold
972:ISBN
934:2015
700:ISBN
640:ISBN
405:and
259:Cuba
244:race
199:and
1009:hdl
1001:doi
892:doi
844:doi
796:doi
756:doi
614:doi
538:doi
493:doi
443:doi
71:in
63:in
1886::
1017:.
1007:.
997:57
995:.
924:.
898:.
888:80
886:.
872:^
858:.
850:.
840:25
838:.
826:^
816:.
792:89
790:.
776:^
762:.
752:13
750:.
738:^
730:20
728:.
714:^
667:^
626:^
610:39
608:.
604:.
582:^
558:^
544:.
532:.
528:.
513:^
499:.
487:.
470:87
468:.
464:.
439:11
437:.
145:).
1586:)
1582:(
1056:e
1049:t
1042:v
1025:.
1011::
1003::
980:.
936:.
906:.
894::
866:.
846::
802:.
798::
770:.
758::
708:.
648:.
620:.
616::
552:.
540::
534:1
507:.
495::
489:4
449:.
445::
275:3
271:1
139:(
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)