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811:
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2017:
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342:
2137:
780:
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2217:
2127:
2107:
1947:
1872:
1769:
1117:
2797:
2459:
1535:
370:
2207:
2087:
1149:
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2069:
625:
1822:
3017:
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358:
1447:
1013:
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2399:
662:
2905:
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1457:
1792:
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1802:
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2117:
1927:
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1605:
1565:
1707:
1525:
2505:
2341:
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2097:
1749:
1555:
1507:
3007:
2607:
2987:
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2059:
2039:
1937:
1739:
1689:
1595:
1427:
2079:
2369:
1997:
2409:
1987:
1882:
1812:
1717:
1477:
2577:
2977:
2807:
2429:
719:
2817:
2007:
1027:
2967:
2937:
2545:
2287:
2277:
2297:
2565:
2147:
2187:
2167:
2787:
2947:
2351:
2267:
2777:
2361:
1977:
1957:
1759:
1892:
2925:
2855:
2485:
2331:
2227:
3041:
1207:
122:
25:
2379:
2845:
1669:
2177:
2389:
2157:
1832:
1679:
1545:
2627:
2495:
1902:
1497:
1842:
2475:
2419:
2237:
1967:
1917:
1627:
1637:
1575:
1487:
2439:
2915:
2875:
1467:
1517:
203:"). A popular view is that the slanted bottom beam is a footrest; however, there is no evidence of footrests ever being used during the crucifixion, and it has a deeper meaning. The bottom beam may represent a balance of justice. Some sources suggest that as one of the thieves being crucified with Jesus repented of his sin and believed in Jesus as the Messiah and was thus with Christ in
2895:
698:
510:
468:
235:
can be considered a modified version of the
Patriarchal cross, having two smaller crossbeams, one at the top and one near the bottom, in addition to the longer crossbeam. One suggestion is the lower crossbeam represents the footrest
261:
that were crucified with Christ, the one to Jesus' right-hand repenting and rising to be with God in
Paradise, and one on his left falling to Hades and separation from God. In this manner, it also reminds the viewer of the
541:
577:
when he inherited the
Hungarian throne in 1172. The cross started appearing floating in the coat of arms and on the coins from this era. During the middle ages, the two-barred cross became associated with the
433:
214:
Many symbolic interpretations of the double-cross have been put forth. One of them says that the first horizontal line symbolized the secular power and the other horizontal line the ecclesiastic power of
810:
675:
573:
and betrothed to the emperor's daughter. When the emperor's wife gave birth to a son, the emperor dissolved his daughter's betrothal to BĂ©la and removed BĂ©la's title of despotes. Soon after BĂ©la left
153:, the patriarchal cross possesses a smaller crossbar placed above the main one so that both crossbars are near the top. Sometimes the patriarchal cross has a short, slanted crosspiece near its foot (
246:) the crossbar near the bottom is straight or slanted upwards. In later Slavic and other traditions, it came to be depicted as slanted, with the side to the viewer's left usually being higher.
2884:
865:. The symbol often referred to as the patriarchal cross, appeared in the Byzantine Empire in large numbers in the 10th century. For a long time, it was thought to have been given to
947:
308:
794:
993:
966:
323:
253:
took his last breath, the bar to which his feet were nailed broke, thus slanting to the side. Another tradition holds that the slanted bar represents the
643:
341:
3020:
978:
932:
1392:
179:, the horizontal bars are "graded" with the upper bar being the shorter, though variations with the bars of equal length are also seen.
624:
1100:
1132:
1084:
830:
1116:
89:
3098:
393:, whose second reign was from 705â711. At the beginning of the second reign, the Emperor was depicted on the solidus holding a
1148:
1068:
1040:
779:
61:
3103:
1360:
1052:
411:, who ruled from 715 to 717, made the Patriarchal cross a standard feature of the gold, silver and bronze coinage minted in
3093:
3088:
3025:
985:
68:
42:
1341:
108:
75:
369:
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786:
1274:
817:
766:
46:
208:
57:
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2452:
2240:
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750:. It is also the badge of the Lithuanian Air Force and forms the country's highest award for bravery, the
661:
357:
3078:
751:
2200:
1875:
1378:
914:
242:) to which the feet of Jesus were nailed. In some earlier representations (and still currently in the
2020:
801:
762:
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with a
Patriarchal cross at the top of the globe. Until then, the standard practice was to show the
219:, and also that the first cross bar represents the death, and the second cross the resurrection, of
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2304:
2100:
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1401:
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2534:
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2170:
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667:
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35:
2929:
2858:
2580:
2260:
2110:
1178:
886:
232:
154:
82:
1416:
566:
2970:
2600:
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1980:
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1192:
957:
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1026:
2402:
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2180:
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866:
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8:
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2016:
1960:
1855:
1851:
1568:
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1356:
1337:
1270:
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910:
681:
615:
611:
569:, who was raised in the Byzantine court. He was for a time heir to the throne of the
216:
176:
146:
2136:
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of
Hungary (right) is unique in having a patriarchal cross instead of a simple cross
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2620:
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1895:
1578:
1420:
1230:
1032:
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570:
386:
204:
158:
138:
2256:
2068:
1107:
595:
415:. After his short reign ended, the practice was discontinued under his successor,
2726:
2538:
2442:
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1910:
1865:
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1772:
1700:
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707:
689:
634:
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134:
2586:
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2216:
2126:
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2010:
1946:
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1768:
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2334:
2206:
2120:
2072:
1930:
1835:
1682:
1650:
1534:
1470:
1430:
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769:), used at various times as the coat of arms of Lithuania for centuries and of
591:
574:
535:) depicting a middle Byzantine cross-crosslet variant of the patriarchal cross.
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1821:
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1456:
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881:
During 1577â1625 the
Russian use of the cross was between the heads of the
423:
views, and was not revived again until the middle of the eighth century by
390:
275:
254:
250:
220:
142:
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1791:
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1996:
1990:
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in 1920. Many of its cities gained privileges and coats of arms from the
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207:, the other thief rejected and mocked Jesus and therefore descended into
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2344:
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1782:
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1554:
1506:
754:. The Jagiellonian cross is also used on the coat of arms and flags of
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271:
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2564:
2186:
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2146:
2058:
2038:
1936:
1738:
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1594:
1426:
266:. Still another explanation of the slanted crossbar would suggest the
2990:
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2300:
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1986:
1881:
1811:
1716:
1476:
743:
517:
475:
385:
The
Patriarchal cross first regularly appeared on the coinage of the
279:
2816:
2360:
2006:
1976:
1956:
1139:
1091:
314:
Roman
Catholic metropolitan archbishop's coat of arms (version with
24:
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2854:
2484:
2432:
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2330:
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holding the patriarchal cross in the manner of a
Byzantine Emperor.
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770:
348:
315:
299:
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1901:
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1334:
The Realm of St
Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895â1526
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1966:
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1841:
1762:
1626:
1155:
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258:
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The two-barred cross has been one of the main elements in the
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1059:
192:
188:
187:
The top beam represents the plaque bearing the inscription "
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1516:
1466:
870:
200:
196:
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1370:
688:
and the apostolic double cross as the symbols of Hungary,
191:
the Nazarene, King of the Jews" (often abbreviated in the
2827:
2824:
249:
One tradition says that this comes from the idea that as
614:. Thus the symbol became known in Western-Europe as the
1295:
504:) depicted "wielding the sceptre" (patriarchal cross).
565:
at least since 1190. It appeared during the reign of
1353:
A Bewitched Duchy: Lorraine and its Dukes, 1477â1736
1202:
1195:
range at code point U+2626 and U+2628 respectively.
924:
873:as the symbol of the apostolic Kingdom of Hungary.
804:, with the patriarchal cross on the knight's shield
602:of Hungary, laid claim to four kingdoms, including
157:). This slanted, lower crosspiece often appears in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1283:
742:. This cross now features on the coat of arms of
3070:
3021:Descriptions in antiquity of the execution cross
1004:
820:, used at various times as the coat of arms of
606:. He placed the symbol on his flags before the
1254:. The American Numismatic Society. p. 23.
972:Presidential standard of First Slovak Republic
389:starting with the second reign of the Emperor
1386:
347:A variation of the Russian cross, so called "
1249:
857:in the year 863, provided at the request of
705:
457:
440:
402:
394:
330:
329:The Russian cross, with slanted cross-bar (
237:
1393:
1379:
1252:The Numismatic Iconography of Justinian II
999:Flag of the Hlinka's Slovak People's Party
738:Another form of the cross was used by the
610:. He won the battle and regained his lost
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
746:, where it appears on the shield of the
733:
120:
3071:
1350:
1301:
270:, as tradition holds that the Apostle
1374:
1331:
1289:
960:, used by a country's military forces
816:The similar but politically distinct
761:The Patriarchal Cross appears on the
3026:List of tallest crosses in the world
1264:
407:with an ordinary cross. The Emperor
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
380:
226:
13:
917:, often containing the kings' own
462:surmounted by a patriarchal cross.
14:
3120:
1046:Presidential standard of Slovakia
925:First Slovak Republic (1939â1945)
3051:
3039:
3015:
3005:
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2985:
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2085:
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2067:
2057:
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2037:
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2015:
2005:
1995:
1985:
1975:
1965:
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1945:
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1505:
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1485:
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1445:
1435:
1425:
1415:
1267:Byzantine Coins and Their Values
1205:
1147:
1131:
1115:
1099:
1083:
1067:
1051:
1039:
1025:
1011:
992:
977:
965:
946:
931:
909:from the 10th century until the
844:
829:
809:
793:
778:
717:
697:
674:
660:
642:
623:
540:
509:
467:
432:
368:
356:
340:
322:
307:
23:
530:
499:
488:
451:
278:to lands north and west of the
34:needs additional citations for
1307:
1258:
1243:
986:Hlinka's Slovak People's Party
590:. The symbol found its way to
16:Variant of the Christian cross
1:
3099:National symbols of Lithuania
1236:
897:The territory of present-day
853:Christianization came to the
3104:National symbols of Slovakia
1250:Breckenridge, James (1959).
1163:
1154:Coat of arms of the city of
1138:Coat of arms of the city of
1122:Coat of arms of the city of
1090:Coat of arms of the city of
1058:Coat of arms of the city of
1005:Slovak Republic (since 1993)
547:A fresco of Serbian Emperor
518:
476:
175:. In most renditions of the
7:
3094:National symbols of Hungary
3089:National symbols of Belarus
1400:
1198:
892:
752:Order of the Cross of Vytis
145:, and is also known as the
10:
3125:
1336:. I.B. Tauris Publishers.
1324:
1269:. Seaby. pp. 283â84.
556:
182:
3034:
2836:
2762:
2647:
2322:
2311:
1408:
876:
802:coat of arms of Lithuania
598:, who was related to the
594:through Hungary, because
375:Archangels' cross variant
2821:Staurogram/Monogrammatic
1351:Monter, William (2007).
1019:Coat of arms of Slovakia
3046:Christianity portal
861:sent Byzantine Emperor
756:every Lithuanian county
668:Coat of arms of Hungary
650:Coat of arms of Hungary
563:coat of arms of Hungary
199:" and in the Greek as "
2859:Armenian eternity sign
1431:Anchored/Saint Clement
1171:defines the character
887:coat of arms of Russia
706:
458:
441:
403:
395:
331:
238:
233:Russian Orthodox cross
168:, as well as in other
155:Russian Orthodox cross
126:
2971:Shield of the Trinity
2053:Portate/Saint Gilbert
1193:Miscellaneous Symbols
958:First Slovak Republic
940:First Slovak Republic
787:WĆadysĆaw II JagieĆĆo
785:Coat of arms of King
734:Lithuania and Belarus
124:
2744:Rood/Triumphal cross
2181:Saint James/Santiago
2131:Saltire/Saint Andrew
1806:Grapevine/Saint Nino
1265:Sear, David (1987).
838:Lithuanian Air Force
740:Jagiellonian dynasty
133:is a variant of the
43:improve this article
3084:Crosses in heraldry
3011:Triskelion/Triskele
2453:Cuthbert's pectoral
1876:Jerusalem (Kingdom)
1866:Jerusalem/Crusaders
1332:Engel, PĂĄl (2001).
1213:Christianity portal
883:double-headed eagle
692:, Budapest, Hungary
58:"Patriarchal cross"
3079:Crosses by culture
1355:. Librairie Droz.
907:Kingdom of Hungary
584:Kingdom of Hungary
526:Michael VII Doukas
217:Byzantine emperors
127:
3066:
3065:
2981:Sunwheel swastika
2364:Blanc croix rouge
1362:978-2-600-01165-5
1304:, pp. 22â23.
1189:Cross of Lorraine
911:Treaty of Trianon
836:The badge of the
682:Archangel Gabriel
616:Cross of Lorraine
612:Duchy of Lorraine
363:Archangels' cross
259:unrepentant thief
177:Cross of Lorraine
149:. Similar to the
147:Cross of Lorraine
131:Patriarchal cross
125:Patriarchal cross
119:
118:
111:
93:
3116:
3056:
3055:
3044:
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3009:
2999:
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2537:
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2507:
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2433:Cross cramponnée
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2401:
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2381:
2371:
2363:
2353:
2343:
2333:
2317:
2316:
2299:
2291:Syriac (Western)
2289:
2281:Syriac (Eastern)
2279:
2269:
2261:Serbian Orthodox
2259:
2249:
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2229:
2219:
2209:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2169:
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2149:
2139:
2129:
2119:
2111:Russian Orthodox
2109:
2099:
2089:
2081:
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2061:
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2031:
2019:
2009:
1999:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1959:
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1904:
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1231:Two-barred cross
1215:
1210:
1209:
1151:
1135:
1119:
1106:Coat of arms of
1103:
1087:
1074:Coat of arms of
1071:
1055:
1043:
1033:Flag of Slovakia
1029:
1015:
996:
981:
969:
950:
938:Coat of arms of
935:
901:was an integral
833:
813:
797:
782:
773:for four years.
724:Coat of arms of
721:
711:
701:
678:
664:
646:
627:
571:Byzantine Empire
544:
534:
533: 1071â1078
532:
523:
513:
503:
501:
492:
490:
481:
471:
461:
455:
453:
444:
436:
406:
400:
387:Byzantine Empire
381:Byzantine Empire
372:
360:
344:
334:
326:
311:
241:
227:Other variations
170:Eastern Orthodox
163:Eastern European
139:religious symbol
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3109:Crosses by form
3069:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3058:Arts portal
3050:
3038:
3030:
2832:
2758:
2643:
2318:
2314:
2309:
1981:Order of Christ
1773:Globus cruciger
1589:Catherine wheel
1404:
1399:
1369:
1363:
1344:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1211:
1204:
1201:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1095:
1088:
1079:
1072:
1063:
1056:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1000:
997:
988:
982:
973:
970:
961:
951:
942:
936:
927:
915:Hungarian kings
895:
879:
847:
840:
834:
825:
814:
805:
798:
789:
783:
736:
729:
722:
713:
708:globus cruciger
702:
693:
679:
670:
665:
656:
647:
638:
635:King of Hungary
628:
608:battle of Nancy
586:along with the
559:
552:
545:
536:
529:
514:
505:
502: 976â1025
498:
487:
482:of co-Emperors
472:
463:
459:globus cruciger
450:
437:
404:globus cruciger
397:globus cruciger
383:
376:
373:
364:
361:
352:
345:
336:
327:
318:
312:
255:repentant thief
229:
185:
159:Byzantine Greek
135:Christian cross
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3013:
3003:
2993:
2983:
2973:
2963:
2953:
2943:
2941:Solomon's knot
2933:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2881:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2813:
2803:
2793:
2783:
2772:
2770:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2623:
2613:
2611:Teutonic Order
2603:
2593:
2583:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2551:
2541:
2531:
2521:
2511:
2501:
2491:
2481:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2445:
2435:
2425:
2423:Coptic (Early)
2415:
2405:
2395:
2385:
2375:
2365:
2357:
2347:
2337:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2293:
2283:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2243:
2233:
2223:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2133:
2123:
2113:
2103:
2093:
2083:
2075:
2065:
2055:
2045:
2035:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2003:
1993:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1953:
1943:
1933:
1923:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1826:Greek Orthodox
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1765:
1755:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1685:
1683:Cruciform halo
1675:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1643:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1581:
1571:
1561:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1461:Archiepiscopal
1453:
1443:
1433:
1423:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1368:
1367:
1361:
1348:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1275:
1257:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1226:Lorraine cross
1223:
1217:
1216:
1200:
1197:
1183:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1002:
1001:
998:
991:
989:
984:Emblem of the
983:
976:
974:
971:
964:
962:
952:
945:
943:
937:
930:
926:
923:
894:
891:
878:
875:
846:
843:
842:
841:
835:
828:
826:
815:
808:
806:
799:
792:
790:
784:
777:
735:
732:
731:
730:
723:
716:
714:
703:
696:
694:
680:
673:
671:
666:
659:
657:
648:
641:
639:
629:
622:
592:Western Europe
575:Constantinople
558:
555:
554:
553:
546:
539:
537:
515:
508:
506:
491: 963â969
473:
466:
464:
454: 715â717
447:Theodosius III
438:
431:
413:Constantinople
409:Theodosius III
382:
379:
378:
377:
374:
367:
365:
362:
355:
353:
346:
339:
337:
328:
321:
319:
313:
306:
228:
225:
184:
181:
117:
116:
99:September 2014
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2306:
2305:Saint Anthony
2302:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:Saint Patrick
2198:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2161:Saint Florian
2158:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1409:In modern use
1407:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1384:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1343:1-86064-061-3
1339:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1292:, p. 86.
1291:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1179:Russian cross
1170:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1108:Ćœilina Region
1102:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1049:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1009:
1008:
995:
990:
987:
980:
975:
968:
963:
959:
955:
949:
944:
941:
934:
929:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
890:
888:
884:
874:
872:
868:
867:Saint Stephen
864:
860:
856:
855:Morava Empire
852:
845:Great Moravia
839:
832:
827:
823:
819:
812:
807:
803:
796:
791:
788:
781:
776:
775:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
727:
720:
715:
710:
709:
700:
695:
691:
687:
683:
677:
672:
669:
663:
658:
655:
651:
645:
640:
637:(1000â1038).
636:
632:
631:Saint Stephen
626:
621:
620:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
596:René the Good
593:
589:
588:ĂrpĂĄd stripes
585:
581:
580:ĂrpĂĄd dynasty
576:
572:
568:
567:King BĂ©la III
564:
550:
543:
538:
527:
522:
521:
512:
507:
496:
485:
484:Nikephoros II
480:
479:
470:
465:
460:
448:
443:
435:
430:
429:
428:
426:
422:
419:, due to his
418:
414:
410:
405:
399:
398:
392:
388:
371:
366:
359:
354:
350:
343:
338:
333:
325:
320:
317:
310:
305:
304:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Cross Saltire
265:
264:Last Judgment
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
240:
234:
224:
222:
218:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2928:
2811:Signum manus
2764:Christograms
2732:Processional
2665:Conciliation
2591:Saint Julian
2403:Consecration
2241:Saint Thomas
2221:Saint Philip
2171:Saint George
2032:
1441:Anuradhapura
1352:
1333:
1317:2006, p. 22.
1314:
1309:
1297:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1251:
1245:
1167:
1076:Nitra Region
919:coat of arms
896:
880:
848:
760:
737:
633:, the first
560:
549:Stefan DuĆĄan
456:) holding a
421:iconoclastic
391:Justinian II
384:
276:Christianity
251:Jesus Christ
248:
244:Greek Church
230:
221:Jesus Christ
213:
186:
143:Christianity
130:
128:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
2951:Scientology
2791:IX monogram
2648:By function
2581:Saint Alban
2383:Carolingian
2271:Short Sword
2231:Saint Piran
2211:Saint Peter
2151:Saint David
2033:Patriarchal
1886:Latin/Roman
1711:Evangelists
1491:Balkenkreuz
1481:Arrow/Barby
1302:Monter 2007
1221:Papal cross
863:Michael III
726:Pest County
652:under king
600:House Anjou
524:of Emperor
520:miliaresion
445:of Emperor
332:suppedaneum
274:introduced
239:suppedaneum
166:iconography
151:Latin cross
3073:Categories
2621:Two-barred
2323:Historical
2191:Saint John
2141:Saint Chad
2082:Resistance
1896:Macedonian
1785:'s variant
1783:Archbishop
1579:Canterbury
1451:Archangels
1290:Engel 2001
1276:0900652713
1237:References
1158:, Slovakia
1142:, Slovakia
1126:, Slovakia
1110:, Slovakia
1094:, Slovakia
1078:, Slovakia
1062:, Slovakia
690:HĆsök tere
686:Holy Crown
684:holds the
478:histamenon
425:Artavasdus
282:: today's
272:St. Andrew
69:newspapers
2768:Chrismons
2727:Preaching
2569:Quarterly
2539:Nestorian
2479:Gammadion
2462:Engrailed
1701:Ethiopian
1549:Byzantine
1529:Bulgarian
1191:) in the
1164:Typefaces
859:Rastislav
851:Byzantine
744:Lithuania
728:, Hungary
280:Black Sea
3001:Swastika
2961:Shamrock
2889:Kolovrat
2879:Irminsul
2837:See also
2737:Lalibela
2717:Pectoral
2712:Necklace
2702:Memorial
2670:Heraldry
2660:Blessing
2519:Lorraine
2489:Jewelled
2335:Avellane
2073:Quadrate
1961:Novgorod
1931:Maronite
1856:Jeremiah
1836:Huguenot
1673:Crucifix
1651:Crosslet
1621:Cercelée
1569:Camargue
1539:Burgundy
1471:Armenian
1199:See also
954:War flag
899:Slovakia
893:Slovakia
654:BĂ©la III
582:and the
495:Basil II
257:and the
205:Paradise
193:Latinate
173:churches
2909:Mjölnir
2899:Lauburu
2869:Ichthys
2801:Labarum
2781:Chi Rho
2754:Wayside
2707:Mission
2631:Victory
2601:Templar
2559:Pierced
2549:Peñalba
2509:Lazarus
2499:Katanga
2470:Erminée
2251:Serbian
2101:Russian
2021:Fitchée
2001:Patonce
1971:Occitan
1906:Maltese
1796:Gnostic
1753:Fourchy
1641:Cossack
1609:Variant
1559:Calvary
1511:Bottony
1501:Bolnisi
1421:Alcoraz
1402:Crosses
1325:Sources
1313:Spiesz
1169:Unicode
1124:Skalica
956:of the
905:of the
885:in the
869:by the
822:Belarus
818:Pahonia
771:Belarus
767:Pahonia
604:Hungary
557:Hungary
442:solidus
417:Leo III
349:Calvary
316:pallium
300:Romania
296:Moldova
292:Belarus
284:Ukraine
183:Imagery
83:scholar
2749:Summit
2722:Plague
2697:Mercat
2692:Market
2675:Nordic
2640:Voided
2413:Coptic
2393:Chouan
2373:Brigid
2091:Ringed
2063:Potent
2011:Pattée
1951:Nordic
1941:Moline
1921:Marian
1911:Marada
1763:Fylfot
1743:Forked
1731:Fitchy
1721:Fleury
1692:Double
1661:Fitchy
1631:Coptic
1599:Celtic
1520:Branch
1359:
1340:
1315:et al.
1273:
1181:) and
1156:Zvolen
1140:LevoÄa
1092:Ćœilina
877:Russia
493:) and
351:cross"
298:, and
288:Russia
137:, the
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
2680:Pisan
2655:Altar
2529:Neith
2443:Crown
2355:Black
2121:Salem
2043:Pommy
1991:Papal
1816:Greek
1060:Nitra
763:Vytis
748:Vytis
209:Hades
189:Jesus
90:JSTOR
76:books
2930:Rota
2919:Rose
2849:Ankh
2687:High
2345:Aviz
1846:Iron
1357:ISBN
1338:ISBN
1271:ISBN
903:part
871:pope
849:The
800:The
704:The
231:The
201:INBI
197:INRI
161:and
129:The
62:news
2991:Sun
2828:Rho
2825:Tau
2301:Tau
921:.
141:of
45:by
3075::
2766:,
889:.
758:.
618:.
531:r.
516:A
500:r.
489:r.
474:A
452:r.
439:A
427:.
302:.
294:,
290:,
286:,
223:.
211:.
2823:/
2303:/
1394:e
1387:t
1380:v
1365:.
1346:.
1279:.
1187:(
1184:âš
1177:(
1174:âŠ
824:.
765:(
528:(
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486:(
449:(
335:)
236:(
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112:)
106:(
101:)
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87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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