2022:", or place of employment for poor people. Paine's describes the workhouse as being a building, or buildings, with the capability of holding a minimum of 6,000 people. In these buildings, operating businesses would indiscriminately accept applications, so that every city citizen could find employment. In order for Paine's plan to be carried out effectively, he cites some conditions that must be met. He resolves that each person seeking employment from these workhouses must stay in the program for a minimum of three months; however, during their residency all employees shall receive wholesome meals, warm lodgings, receive a proportional stipend for the work they've completed, and may work as long or as little as they deem appropriate. The asylum, Paine declares, would assist any persons in temporary distress and would serve around 24,000 people a year. To finance the development of this project, Paine suggest using the revenue from the state's coal tax. Paine states that at the time he is writing, the tax revenue is used to support the
1932:. From the onset, Paine asserts all citizens have an inherent claim to welfare. Unlike such writers as James Burgh who sought to limit assistance to the better behaved segments of the poor, Paine declares welfare is not charity, but an irrevocable right. Paine's understanding of welfare seemingly follows his idea of political government. He notes, "Man did not enter into society to become worse than he was before, nor to have fewer rights than he had before, but to have those rights better secured". In congruence with his previous works, Paine emphasizes the compatibility between individual rights and societal wellbeing. He fervently contends that crippling poverty undermines the rights of an individual, and consequently the legitimacy of government. Not surprisingly then, Paine staunchly opposed and criticizes the
1941:, something must be wrong with the system of government". He argues for their complete abolition, and in their place the enactment of a welfare program that assists the young, old, and struggling individuals. Paine's welfare proposal is pillared by education and tax reform; the latter was to be accomplished through progressive taxes on property. Paine contends the poor population consists mostly of children and the elderly, who are unable to participate in the workforce. In addition to the elderly and children, Paine also concedes that there are still some others rendered poor from the economic burden of tax and children. In accordance with his belief that charity as a natural right, Paine presumes only
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while "old age" commences at the age of sixty years old. Paine notes that though individuals in the approach of age class retain their mental faculties, the decline of their physical health limits their ability to work, which consequently affects their earnings. Those of old age, Paine declares, are fully incapable of laborious work and are ultimately driven to work themselves to death in current society. Paine resolves to pay approach of age persons the sum of ÂŁ6 per annum out of the surplus taxes, and to pay old age persons ÂŁ10 per annum. Figuring there will be 70,000 persons in the approach of age class and 70,000 persons in the old age class, Paine estimates the expense to be 1,120,000.
1613:... It is a perversion of terms to say that a charter gives rights. It operates by a contrary effect—that of taking rights away. Rights are inherently in all the inhabitants; but charters, by annulling those rights, in the majority, leave the right, by exclusion, in the hands of a few ... They ... consequently are instruments of injustice ... The fact, therefore, must be that the individuals, themselves, each, in his own personal and sovereign right, entered into a contract with each other to produce a government: and this is the only mode in which governments have a right to arise, and the only principle on which they have a right to exist.
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1793:) can be encapsulated so: (1) Men are born, and always continue, free and equal in respect of their rights. Civil distinctions, therefore, can be founded only on public utility; (2) The end of all political associations is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man; and these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance of oppression; and (3) The nation is essentially the source of all sovereignty; neither can any individual, nor any body of men, be entitled to any authority, which is not expressly derived from it.
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be banished from the rising generation, and the number of poor will hereafter become less, because their abilities, by the aid of education, will be greater". Paine's advocacy for education among the poor was novel not only in 1792, but in 1807 when Davies Giddy criticized Samuel
Whitbread's bill for the establishment of parish schools. In the same vein, Paine also suggest women should receive maternity benefits immediately after the birth of a child.
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1973:, could be salvaged from the government's expenditure and redirected and redistributed to the people of the nation. Paine questions, "Is it, then, better that the lives of one hundred and forty thousand aged persons be rendered comfortable, or that a million a year of public money be expended on any one individual, and him often of the most worthless or insignificant character?" Paine concludes that by his model ÂŁ3,640,000 will be
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1763:—and their heirs—to be the true rulers of England. Paine puts forward two arguments against this view. Firstly, he argues that "Every age and generation must be as free to act for itself in all cases as the age and generations which preceded it." Secondly, Paine counters that the institution of monarchy should not be historically traced from 1688, but from 1066, when
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to poor families; ÂŁ4 a year for every child under the age of 14, granting the parents of the children send them to school. For 630,000 children, Paine estimates the cost to be ÂŁ2,520,000. Paine states, "By adopting this method, not only the poverty of the parents will be relieved, but ignorance will
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and work, and are thus subsequently robbed of the ability to pursue education. Poverty then, becomes cyclical in nature and undoubtedly increases with time. Lack of education amongst the young population, Paine asserts, will also lead to increased violence and crime. To combat this problem, Paine
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Paramount to Paine's welfare plan, is care of the elderly population. Paine divides age into two classes; the first he calls "the approach of age" class and the second "old age" class. Those classified as being in the "approach of age" group are over fifty years of age yet under 60 years of age,
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system that educates the country's youth, will act as a preventive measure, and engender greater knowledge amongst the population. He explains that poor children and young people are typically deprived of equal access to education. Poor children coming from poor families are often forced to seek
1729:(1790) Edmund Burke says that true social stability arises if the nation's poor majority are governed by a minority of wealthy aristocrats, and that lawful inheritance of power (wealth, religious, governing) ensured the propriety of political power being the exclusive domain of the nation's Ă©lite
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Education is a foundational cornerstone of Paine's welfare plan. Paine claims, "A nation under a well-regulated government, should permit none to remain uninstructed". Paine largely focuses on educating the youth population. He contends that, educating children will ultimately compel the
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An implication that arises from Paine's social welfare reformation is cost. Paine observes, at the time of his writing, England's rough population to be about 7 million people. He also supposes that around one-fifth of the population is poor. The number of poor then, according to Paine's
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estimations, would total around 1,400,000 people, in need of support. Paine contended the remedy for financing such a large welfare endeavor would be to cut military expenditures of the state and redirect the funds towards the people of the state. Paine argued that since the
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1743:; countering the implication that a nation has not a right to form a Government for governing itself. Paine refutes Burke's definition of Government as "a contrivance of human wisdom". Instead, Paine argues that Government is a contrivance of man, and it follows that
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in place at the time, claiming the laws are highly ineffective and primitive in nature. Paine critiques the societal conditions promulgated by the Poor Laws saying, "When in countries that are called civilized, we see age going to the workhouse and youth to the
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Government's sole purpose is safeguarding the individual and his/her inherent, inalienable rights; each societal institution that does not benefit the nation is illegitimate—especially monarchy and aristocracy. The book's acumen derives from the
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Paine argues that the interests of the monarch and his people are united, and insists that the French
Revolution should be understood as one which attacks the despotic principles of the French monarchy, not the king himself, and he takes the
1965:. Instead, Paine suggests, the surplus of tax revenue could be reintegrated back into society with the formation of a welfare program. He also estimates that near ÂŁ4 million, out of ÂŁ17 million in total tax revenues from
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as one of the first responses to Burke's attack on
Richard Price. Her work was in print in December 1790, and was well reviewed. She extended the arguments in the book for which she is best remembered, the 1792
1578:. J. S. Jordan stepped in and published it on 16 March. The 90,000-word book appeared on 13 March, three weeks later than scheduled. It sold as many as one million copies and was "eagerly read by reformers,
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criticized the outsized role played by the aristocracy in the government, Paine was arguably the first to advocate the eradication of titles and hereditary government. In
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Paine concludes his section on welfare by listing the eight central tenets of his welfare proposal, or what he calls the "enumerating particulars", which are as follows:
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is a disordered mix of narrative, principled argument, and rhetorical appeal—betraying the composite materials Paine used and the speed with which it was composed."
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helped with the publishing of the book, and declared that "the seeds of revolution it contains are so vigorous in their stamina, that nothing can overpower them."
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1953:, and utilizes rather subdued rhetoric in comparison to his other controversial works, revolutionary currents run beneath the surface of the text.
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regimes can effectively carry out successful welfare programs. Though Paine does not directly condone or promote up-rise against the
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Thomas Paine's intellectual influence is perceptible in the two great political revolutions of the eighteenth century. He dedicated
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to the poor. Paine's allotments for the poor and elderly were far more generous than contemporary payments from the poor rates.
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The fuller development of this position seems to have been worked out one night in France after an evening spent with
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was the first to seriously damage Burke's case and to restore credit to the French both in
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and hereditary rights to govern cannot compose a
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In tandem with redirecting government expenditures, Paine suggests the development of what some may call a "
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that began in 1789; he visited France the following year. Many
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against the Crown, but was unavailable for hanging, being in France and never returning to
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delineates the legitimacy of aristocratic government to the 1688 Parliamentary resolution declaring
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Thomas Paine was not the only advocate of the rights of man or the only author of a work titled
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rendered a new era of peace, the government no longer need devote so many resources toward
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weighted against wealthy estates to prevent the re-emergence of a hereditary aristocracy.
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It was quickly reprinted and widely circulated, with copies being read aloud in inns and
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Seaman, John W. "Thomas Paine: Ransom, Civil Peace and the
Natural Right to Welfare."
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composed by a national assembly, in the
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betterment of society holistically. Paine insists a proactive social
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with his sermon and pamphlet drawing favourable parallels between the
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2162:– a fundamental document of the French Revolution, adopted in 1789
1655:(even though Paine himself claimed to have never read this work).
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It was published in two parts in March 1791 and February 1792.
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You can help by providing page numbers for existing citations.
27:(1790) by Mary Wollstonecraft, or The Rights of Man (1940) by
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of 1688 and the French Revolution. Conservative intellectual
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of its people. Using these points as a base it defends the
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Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings
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Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings
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Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings
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Rights of Man, Common Sense, and Other Political Writings
1666:, discussing a pamphlet by the Philadelphia conservative
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for publication on 21 February 1791, then withdrawn for
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denounces Burke's assertion of the nobility's inherent
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responded with a counter-revolutionary attack entitled
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Employment at all times for the casual poor in cities.
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Burke, Paine, Godwin, and the Revolution Controversy
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take on political philosophy mirroring Paine's work
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Donation of 20 shillings each for 20,000 marriages.
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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1767:forcibly imposed his Norman rule upon Englishmen.
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2611:Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism
2363:The Routledge Guidebook to Paine's Rights of Man
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2135:, whom he met via their common publisher, wrote
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2042:Comfortable provision for 140,000 aged persons.
1791:DĂ©claration des droits de l'Homme et du citoyen
2401:"Thomas Paine on a Plan for a Welfare State."
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1599:, the main prison in Paris, to symbolise the
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2342:Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency
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2238:Mark Philp, "Paine, Thomas (1737–1809)",
2209:"Taking Liberties – Star Items – Paine's
1912:Learn how and when to remove this message
1858:Learn how and when to remove this message
1689:, because democracy is incompatible with
1536:Paine was a very strong supporter of the
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2435:. Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 119
2301:The Political Philosophy of Thomas Paine
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4519:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2316:T. Paine – introd. ed. anot. M. Philp,
2240:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1727:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1562:(1790), which strongly appealed to the
1559:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1522:Reflections on the Revolution in France
1043:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
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34:For the album by The Wolfe Tones, see
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1674:Reformation of the English government
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1134:Spanish American wars of independence
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2145:A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
2102:Sir Archibald Macdonald, 1st Baronet
2036:Provision for 252,000 poor families.
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1757:Reflections on the French Revolution
4629:The End of History and the Last Man
4539:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
2886:A New World: A Life of Thomas Paine
963:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
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2138:A Vindication of the Rights of Men
25:A Vindication of the Rights of Men
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2859:Institute of Thomas Paine Studies
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2497:Philp, Mark (18 September 2023).
2403:Population and Development Review
2327:
2039:Education for 1,030,000 children.
55:Title page from the first edition
4599:The Open Society and Its Enemies
2802:
2743:
2697:
2647:William Godwin: A Political Life
2487:. Oxford University Press, 2008.
2465:. Oxford University Press, 2008.
2171:Thomas Muir (political reformer)
1874:
1812:
1798:U.S. Declaration of Independence
1607:Human rights originate in Nature
1566:and sold 30,000 copies. Paine's
1455:
983:Discourses Concerning Government
3406:Family as a model for the state
2550:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2490:
2483:Paine, Thomas, and Mark Philp.
2461:Paine, Thomas, and Mark Philp.
2431:Paine, Thomas, and Mark Philp.
2355:
2256:Revolutionary Europe: 1783–1815
1249:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
4756:Separation of church and state
4654:Collectivism and individualism
4609:The Origins of Totalitarianism
2645:Thomas, Richard Gough (2019).
2310:
2293:
2248:
2183:
1704:
1184:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1164:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
4832:Books in political philosophy
4796:Category:Political philosophy
4669:Critique of political economy
2176:
2111:. The working-class radical,
2033:Abolish 2 million poor rates.
1649:Second Treatise of Government
1531:
16:Set of essays by Thomas Paine
4694:Institutional discrimination
4689:History of political thought
3421:Negative and positive rights
2558:"thomas spence.co.uk – Home"
2089:caused a furore in England;
1589:
1434:Republic without republicans
1179:11 September 1922 Revolution
1174:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
4704:Justification for the state
4489:Two Treatises of Government
2778:(March 1791, February 1792)
2707:public domain audiobook at
2365:. Routledge, 2020. p. 231.
2350:10.1177/0090591788016001007
2151:
2104:served as the prosecutor.)
1924:In the closing chapters of
1838:the claims made and adding
1750:
1647:and has been linked to the
1169:Turkish War of Independence
1091:
10:
4863:
3374:Bellum omnium contra omnes
2588:Cambridge University Press
2568:
2320:, Oxford – e.a., 1995, p.
2059:Analysis and public impact
2004:
1803:
1761:William and Mary of Orange
1603:that had been overthrown.
1224:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
973:The Commonwealth of Oceana
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2533:"Background – Workhouses"
1397:The Emperor's New Clothes
1149:5 October 1910 revolution
1144:French Revolution of 1848
167:Liberty as non-domination
96:
86:
78:
70:
60:
48:
36:The Rights of Man (album)
4579:The Revolt of the Masses
2503:. Stanford Encyclopedia.
2131:. Paine's acquaintance
1239:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1199:1952 Egyptian revolution
177:Political representation
19:Not to be confused with
4559:The Communist Manifesto
3485:Tyranny of the majority
3396:Consent of the governed
1930:government expenditures
1883:This section cites its
1633:, II, London, 1795, p.
1621:, I, London, 1795, pp.
1219:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1003:Discourse on Inequality
152:Consent of the governed
4827:Books about liberalism
3436:
3386:Clash of civilizations
3372:
2865:That Night in Varennes
2303:, Baltimore, 2009, p.
1699:progressive income tax
1640:
1546:Revolution Controversy
4837:Books by Thomas Paine
3401:Divine right of kings
2121:The Rights of Infants
1745:hereditary succession
1723:Major John Cartwright
1715:hereditary government
1611:
1580:Protestant dissenters
1387:Criticism of monarchy
1209:North Yemen civil war
1023:The Federalist Papers
318:Federal parliamentary
82:The French Revolution
4822:Classical liberalism
4549:Democracy in America
3928:political philosophy
3911:political philosophy
3726:political philosophy
3555:political philosophy
3465:Separation of powers
3426:Night-watchman state
3411:Monopoly on violence
2945:Political philosophy
2833:Thomas Paine Cottage
2270:, pp. 107–108;
2244:accessed 4 July 2012
2067:, "In many respects
1780:Marquis de Lafayette
1713:opposes the idea of
1695:subsidised education
1683:written constitution
1645:Age of Enlightenment
1544:, who initiated the
1372:Classical radicalism
1114:Republic of Florence
1053:Democracy in America
212:Separation of powers
187:Public participation
4739:Right-wing politics
4619:A Theory of Justice
4589:The Road to Serfdom
4509:The Social Contract
3216:Christian democracy
2768:The American Crisis
2537:www.LondonLives.org
2133:Mary Wollstonecraft
2096:, and convicted of
2085:The publication of
2014:Proposal conditions
1981:Youth and education
1765:William of Normandy
1687:aristocratic titles
1576:fear of prosecution
1550:Glorious Revolution
1462:Politics portal
1267:Antigua and Barbuda
1214:Zanzibar Revolution
1124:American Revolution
1013:The Social Contract
182:Popular sovereignty
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4746:Political theology
4729:Left-wing politics
4724:Political spectrum
2786:(1794, 1795, 1807)
2606:Marshall, Peter H.
2299:J. Fruchtman jr.,
1998:remission of taxes
1823:possibly contains
1503:(1791), a book by
1428:Primus inter pares
1244:Nepalese Civil War
1234:Iranian Revolution
1204:14 July Revolution
1159:Russian Revolution
1154:Chinese Revolution
1104:Republic of Venice
953:Discourses on Livy
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4659:Conflict theories
4499:The Spirit of Law
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2784:The Age of Reason
2664:978-1-7868-0389-4
2629:978-0-00-686245-1
2117:The Rights of Man
1959:age of revolution
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310:
305:
300:
295:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
114:
113:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
68:
67:
62:
58:
57:
54:
44:Rights of Man
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4859:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4699:Jurisprudence
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4631:
4630:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4551:
4550:
4546:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:Rights of Man
4526:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4501:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:De re publica
4436:
4431:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:20th and 21st
4057:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:18th and 19th
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3670:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:Nizam al-Mulk
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3331:Republicanism
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2821:Rights of Man
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2776:Rights of Man
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2704:Rights Of Man
2696:
2694:
2690:
2689:
2688:Rights of Man
2685:
2684:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2597:0-521-28656-5
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2559:
2553:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2513:Chiu, p. 232.
2510:
2502:
2501:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2364:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2296:
2290:, p. 15.
2289:
2284:
2277:
2273:
2272:Marshall 2008
2269:
2264:
2258:(1964) p. 183
2257:
2254:George Rudé,
2251:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2214:
2212:
2211:Rights of Man
2204:
2196:
2194:
2193:Rights of Man
2186:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2113:Thomas Spence
2110:
2109:Rights of Man
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2087:Rights of Man
2083:
2081:
2080:Rights of Man
2077:
2076:coffee houses
2072:
2070:
2069:Rights of Man
2066:
2063:According to
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2011:
2002:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:excise duties
1968:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:Rights of Man
1916:
1913:
1905:
1902:December 2018
1893:
1892:
1886:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1862:
1859:
1851:
1848:December 2018
1841:
1837:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1821:This section
1819:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1772:Rights of Man
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:Rights of Man
1734:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1711:Rights of Man
1709:Principally,
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:primogeniture
1688:
1684:
1680:
1679:Rights of Man
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1636:
1632:
1631:Rights of Man
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:Rights of Man
1614:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1568:Rights of Man
1565:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1542:Richard Price
1539:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1519:'s attack in
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:
1500:Rights of Man
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1354:United States
1352:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1229:Metapolitefsi
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:On Revolution
1060:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1033:Rights of Man
1030:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1000:
995:
994:
990:
985:
984:
980:
975:
974:
970:
965:
964:
960:
955:
954:
950:
945:
944:
943:De re publica
940:
935:
934:
930:
929:
923:
922:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Jones (Lynne)
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:Adams (Gerry)
542:
541:
535:
534:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
343:Revolutionary
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:Parliamentary
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
290:
284:
283:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
237:
231:
230:
223:
220:
218:
215:
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210:
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195:
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185:
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180:
178:
175:
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170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
142:Civil society
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
129:
123:
122:
119:
118:Republicanism
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
30:
26:
22:
4847:Human rights
4780:
4679:Elite theory
4627:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4587:
4577:
4567:
4557:
4547:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4477:
4467:
4457:
4447:
4437:
4427:
4417:
3716:Guicciardini
3672:Early modern
3495:Philosophers
3445:Open society
3381:Body politic
3251:Distributism
3241:Conservatism
3236:Confucianism
3155:Gerontocracy
3145:Dictatorship
3099:Sovereignty‎
3089:Ruling class
2979:Emancipation
2964:Citizenship‎
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2820:
2791:
2783:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2760:Common Sense
2759:
2745:Thomas Paine
2703:
2686:
2646:
2609:
2579:
2552:
2540:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2518:
2509:
2500:Thomas Paine
2499:
2492:
2484:
2462:
2432:
2402:
2362:
2357:
2341:
2317:
2312:
2300:
2295:
2283:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2239:
2210:
2203:
2192:
2185:
2157:
2143:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2028:
2017:
2008:
1984:
1955:
1925:
1923:
1908:
1899:
1888:
1854:
1845:
1822:
1795:
1790:
1784:
1771:
1769:
1756:
1754:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1731:social class
1726:
1719:James Murray
1710:
1708:
1678:
1677:
1668:James Wilson
1657:
1648:
1641:
1630:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1593:
1567:
1564:landed class
1557:
1554:Edmund Burke
1535:
1527:
1520:
1517:Edmund Burke
1505:Thomas Paine
1499:
1498:
1497:
1426:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
744:Jones (Elin)
649:Flynn (Paul)
609:Clarke (Tom)
604:Clark (Katy)
549:Adams (John)
370:Philosophers
147:Civic virtue
109:Part of the
65:Thomas Paine
40:
4553:(1835–1840)
4433:(c. 350 BC)
4423:(c. 375 BC)
4040:Tocqueville
4005:Saint-Simon
3970:Montesquieu
3821:Bolingbroke
3753:Machiavelli
3633:Ibn Khaldun
3598:Alpharabius
3591:Middle Ages
3416:Natural law
3391:Common good
3316:Nationalism
3276:Imperialism
3246:Corporatism
3221:Colonialism
3201:Agrarianism
3180:Technocracy
3160:Meritocracy
3140:Bureaucracy
3130:Aristocracy
2655:Pluto Press
2288:Thomas 2019
2276:Thomas 2019
2268:Butler 1984
2093:in absentia
1996:proposes a
1800:expresses.
1778:and to the
1705:Aristocracy
1377:Common good
1317:New Zealand
1312:Netherlands
1057:(1835–1840)
1027:(1787–1788)
937:(c. 375 BC)
859:Robespierre
634:Etherington
569:Benn (Tony)
538:Politicians
516:Tocqueville
476:Montesquieu
456:Machiavelli
202:Rule of law
197:Res publica
29:H. G. Wells
4817:1791 books
4811:Categories
4761:Separatism
4569:On Liberty
4469:The Prince
4198:Huntington
3701:Campanella
3628:al-Ghazali
3577:Thucydides
3535:Lactantius
3480:Statolatry
3306:Monarchism
3286:Liberalism
3211:Capitalism
3194:Ideologies
3175:Plutocracy
3123:Government
3079:Revolution
3064:Propaganda
3014:Legitimacy
2989:Government
2872:In Lambeth
2673:1090781689
2542:5 December
2177:References
2065:Mark Philp
1947:democratic
1943:republican
1832:improve it
1785:Thus, the
1653:John Locke
1532:Background
1417:Monarchism
1407:Liberalism
1402:Jacobinism
1092:Gaṇasaṅgha
947:(54–51 BC)
431:Harrington
308:Democratic
298:Capitalist
293:Autonomous
275:Venizelism
260:Khomeinism
4479:Leviathan
4459:Monarchia
4453:(c. 1274)
4288:Oakeshott
4233:Mansfield
4228:Luxemburg
4213:Kropotkin
4108:Bernstein
4061:centuries
3975:Nietzsche
3918:Jefferson
3846:Condorcet
3794:centuries
3773:Pufendorf
3638:Marsilius
3525:Confucius
3510:Aristotle
3503:Antiquity
3431:Noble lie
3351:Third Way
3346:Socialism
3271:Feudalism
3226:Communism
3206:Anarchism
3185:Theocracy
3170:Oligarchy
3150:Democracy
3135:Autocracy
3049:Pluralism
3034:Obedience
2999:Hierarchy
2959:Authority
2638:218212571
2608:(2008) .
2584:Cambridge
2020:workhouse
1836:verifying
1664:Lafayette
1601:despotism
1590:Arguments
1272:Australia
904:Venizelos
894:Spadolini
884:Slaughter
829:McDonnell
794:Mackenzie
739:Jefferson
694:Griffiths
674:de Gaulle
669:Garibaldi
629:Drakeford
521:Warburton
441:Jefferson
436:Honderich
416:Condorcet
303:Christian
265:Nasserism
240:Classical
157:Democracy
4734:Centrism
4429:Politics
4419:Republic
4388:Voegelin
4368:Spengler
4353:Shariati
4328:Rothbard
4283:Nussbaum
4183:Habermas
4158:Fukuyama
4148:Foucault
4073:Ambedkar
4050:Voltaire
4020:de Staël
3995:Rousseau
3876:Franklin
3851:Constant
3811:Beccaria
3643:Muhammad
3623:Gelasius
3608:Averroes
3582:Xenophon
3562:Polybius
3515:Chanakya
3360:Concepts
3326:Populism
3296:Localism
3281:Islamism
3266:Feminism
3165:Monarchy
3069:Property
3059:Progress
3024:Monopoly
2994:Hegemony
2879:Liberty!
2752:Writings
2709:LibriVox
2578:(1984).
2411:41857598
2152:See also
1975:remitted
1751:Heredity
1616:—
1597:Bastille
1525:(1790).
1515:against
1342:Scotland
1282:Barbados
933:Republic
849:Prescott
819:Naysmith
809:McKechin
769:La Malfa
764:Khomeini
724:Iorwerth
689:Griffith
664:Gambetta
659:Galloway
644:Ferguson
624:Davidson
619:Cromwell
614:Connolly
594:Campbell
511:Sunstein
496:Rousseau
491:Polybius
426:Franklin
406:Chappell
401:Cattaneo
338:People's
323:Imperial
255:Kemalism
192:Republic
126:Concepts
71:Language
23:(1789),
4771:Statism
4684:Elitism
4642:Related
4443:(51 BC)
4373:Strauss
4348:Scruton
4343:Schmitt
4333:Russell
4253:Michels
4248:Maurras
4243:Marcuse
4203:Kautsky
4173:Gramsci
4168:Gentile
4138:Dworkin
4128:Du Bois
4123:Dmowski
4118:Chomsky
4113:Burnham
4098:Benoist
4068:Agamben
4035:Thoreau
4025:Stirner
4015:Spencer
3960:Mazzini
3950:Maistre
3945:Madison
3940:Le Play
3871:Fourier
3836:Carlyle
3816:Bentham
3806:Bastiat
3801:Bakunin
3778:Spinoza
3768:MĂĽntzer
3738:Leibniz
3711:Grotius
3691:Bossuet
3658:Plethon
3603:Aquinas
3572:Sun Tzu
3540:Mencius
3530:Han Fei
3301:Marxism
3261:Fascism
3094:Society
3019:Liberty
3004:Justice
2984:Freedom
2896:Related
2569:Sources
2005:Elderly
1988:welfare
1967:customs
1939:gallows
1885:sources
1830:Please
1804:Welfare
1307:Morocco
1297:Jamaica
1292:Ireland
1277:Bahamas
1079:History
899:Taverne
874:Skinner
854:Ritchie
799:Madison
779:Lincoln
729:Jackson
719:Huppert
714:Hopkins
639:Fabiani
599:Chapman
584:BolĂvar
574:Bennett
564:Bartley
554:AtatĂĽrk
466:Mazzini
461:Madison
391:Bentham
381:Baggini
348:Secular
328:Islamic
313:Federal
250:Federal
234:Schools
100:Britain
79:Subject
74:English
4633:(1992)
4623:(1971)
4613:(1951)
4603:(1945)
4593:(1944)
4583:(1929)
4573:(1859)
4563:(1848)
4543:(1820)
4533:(1791)
4523:(1790)
4513:(1762)
4503:(1748)
4493:(1689)
4483:(1651)
4473:(1532)
4463:(1313)
4393:Walzer
4383:Taylor
4338:Sartre
4303:Popper
4298:Pareto
4293:Ortega
4278:Nozick
4268:Mouffe
4218:Laclau
4178:Guénon
4163:Gandhi
4103:Berlin
4093:Bauman
4088:Badiou
4078:Arendt
4045:Tucker
3935:Le Bon
3896:Herder
3886:Haller
3881:Godwin
3866:Fichte
3861:Engels
3856:Cortés
3826:Bonald
3783:Suárez
3758:Milton
3748:Luther
3721:Hobbes
3706:Filmer
3696:Calvin
3681:Boétie
3674:period
3653:Ockham
3520:Cicero
3321:Nazism
3109:Utopia
3084:Rights
3074:Regime
3044:People
3029:Nation
2842:Legacy
2794:(1797)
2671:
2661:
2651:London
2636:
2626:
2616:London
2594:
2409:
2125:geoist
1332:Sweden
1322:Norway
1287:Canada
1067:(1963)
1047:(1794)
1037:(1791)
1017:(1762)
1007:(1755)
997:(1748)
987:(1698)
977:(1656)
967:(1649)
957:(1531)
909:Wilson
879:Slater
869:Skates
824:Mannin
814:Mullin
789:Mackay
754:Juárez
709:HĂ©bert
704:Hatton
699:Harvie
589:Burgon
506:Sidney
501:Sandel
486:Pettit
411:Cicero
376:Arendt
358:Soviet
353:Sister
245:Modern
61:Author
4782:Index
4411:Works
4398:Weber
4363:Spann
4358:Sorel
4323:Röpke
4318:Rawls
4273:Negri
4263:Mosca
4258:Mises
4223:Lenin
4193:Hoppe
4188:Hayek
4153:Fromm
4143:Evola
4133:Dugin
4030:Taine
4010:Smith
3990:Renan
3985:Paine
3906:Iqbal
3891:Hegel
3841:Comte
3831:Burke
3743:Locke
3733:James
3686:Bodin
3618:Dante
3613:Bruni
3567:Shang
3550:Plato
3104:State
3054:Power
3039:Peace
2974:Elite
2952:Terms
2823:trial
2819:1792
2407:JSTOR
2322:xviii
1651:, by
1347:Wales
1327:Spain
1302:Japan
889:Smith
864:Sayed
844:Pound
839:Nehru
834:Nandy
804:Magid
784:Lucas
774:Lewis
684:Grévy
679:Greer
579:Black
559:Azaña
481:Paine
451:Locke
421:Crick
396:Bodin
386:Bello
287:Types
4313:Rand
4308:Qutb
4208:Kirk
4083:Aron
4000:Sade
3980:Owen
3965:Mill
3955:Marx
3923:Kant
3901:Hume
3763:More
3663:Wang
3545:Mozi
2969:Duty
2812:Life
2669:OCLC
2659:ISBN
2634:OCLC
2624:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2544:2018
1969:and
1887:but
1721:and
914:Wood
759:Kane
471:Mill
446:Kant
92:1791
4378:Sun
4238:Mao
3114:War
3009:Law
2691:at
2346:doi
1945:or
1834:by
1774:to
1627:126
1623:125
734:Jay
4813::
2667:.
2657:.
2653::
2649:.
2632:.
2622:.
2618::
2614:.
2590:.
2586::
2582:.
2535:.
2470:^
2440:^
2418:^
2413:.
2370:^
2352:.
2329:^
2221:^
2148:.
1635:13
1629:,
2937:e
2930:t
2923:v
2737:e
2730:t
2723:v
2675:.
2640:.
2600:.
2560:.
2546:.
2348::
2324:.
2307:.
2305:5
2215:.
2213:"
2197:.
2195:"
2191:"
1915:)
1909:(
1904:)
1900:(
1894:.
1861:)
1855:(
1850:)
1846:(
1828:.
1789:(
1637:.
1625:–
1487:e
1480:t
1473:v
38:.
31:.
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