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348:
457:
59:
689:
524:
42:
339:. An inscription on the lid of its box, translated from Latin, read: "This is the chief crown of the two, with which were crowned Kings Alfred, Edward and others". However, there is no evidence to support its dating from Alfred's reign, and the crown has always been referred to as St Edward's Crown (or Crown of St Edward) in the coronation order of service.
412:
were made in 1660 in anticipation of an early coronation, which had to be delayed several times. Charles II's other regalia were commissioned in 1661 after
Parliament increased the budget as a token of their appreciation for the king. The crown at Cromwell's lying in state was probably made of gilded
478:
Jewels were hired for use in the crown and removed after the coronation until 1911, when it was permanently set with 444 precious and semi-precious stones. Imitation pearls on the arches and base were replaced with gold beads which at the time were platinum-plated. Its band was also made smaller to
258:
claimed that Edward had asked them to look after his regalia in perpetuity for the coronations of all future
English kings. Although the claim is likely to have been an exercise in self-promotion on the abbey's part, and some of the regalia probably had been taken from Edward's grave when he was
707:
on the new St Edward's Crown of 1661. It had four crosses pattée alternating with four fleurs-de-lis; the number of arches was reduced to two and the curvature of the arches was depressed at the point of intersection. On this pattern the royal crown was depicted until the reign of
1514:
which enjoys the Royal favour, differs from both No. 562, and the State Crown, No. 624, and inclines to the type of an earlier time ; this
Heraldic Crown of our Most Gracious Sovereign is represented in No. 334, page 332, ensigning the Royal Shield of
171:
in 1661. It is 22-carat gold, 30 centimetres (12 in) tall, weighs 2.23 kilograms (4.9 lb), and is decorated with 444 precious and fine gemstones. The crown is similar in weight and overall appearance to the original, but its arches are
268:
in 1220, and it appears to be the same crown worn by Edward. It is believed Edward was the first
English king to wear a crown with arches, known as an imperial or "closed crown", symbolising subservience to no one but God, in the tradition of
771:
adopted the Tudor Crown on his accession in 2022, similar to that last used under George VI but with some differences. The cap of the heraldic crowns is always represented as crimson, regardless of the colour of any actual crowns.
379:. In the late 20th century, it was assumed to incorporate gold from the original St Edward's Crown, as they are almost identical in weight, and no invoice was produced for the materials in 1661. A crown was also displayed at the
1742:
263:
there, it became accepted as fact, thereby establishing the first known set of hereditary coronation regalia in Europe. A crown referred to as St Edward's Crown is first recorded as having been used for the coronation of
1758:
The Royal Arms and its constituent parts are protected by perpetual Crown copyright, and may only be re-used by His
Majesty the King, members of the Royal Family, government departments and official holders of the Royal
1298:
483:, the first monarch to be crowned with St Edward's Crown in over 200 years, reducing the crown's overall weight from 82 troy ounces (2.6 kg) to 71 troy ounces (2.2 kg). It was used to crown his successor
4160:
4154:
2818:
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720:
and other insignia because 'it is the "official" crown of
England', various other crowns were depicted under Victoria, whose coronation, unusually, did not feature the St Edward's Crown at all.
2823:
3244:
2742:
3192:
3419:
4038:
4033:
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on 6 May 2023. Its circumference was enlarged by sawing the base into four pieces and welding 7mm-wide strips of gold into the gaps. Eight new gold beads were then added to the rim.
3453:
3441:
4302:
4148:
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4053:
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made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative.
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4058:
4048:
3176:
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502:, the first time it had left the Tower of London since 1953. In December 2022, the crown was removed from the Tower of London to be resized ahead of its use in the
4028:
3256:
3207:
467:
Edward VII intended to revive the tradition of being crowned with St Edward's Crown in 1902, but on coronation day he was still recovering from an operation for
4078:
3617:
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3794:
3525:
3519:
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404:, and many books, including official guidebooks for the Crown Jewels at the Tower of London, repeated his claim as fact. In 2008, new research found that a
3250:
680:. When not used to crown the monarch, St Edward's Crown rested on the high altar; however, it did not feature at all in Queen Victoria's coronation.
4965:
3073:
765:
in 1952, she opted to change from the 1901 Tudor Crown to a design resembling St Edward's Crown, similar to that last used before the reign of
Victoria.
4389:
4214:
375:. It was fashioned to closely resemble the medieval crown, with a heavy gold base and clusters of semi-precious stones, but the arches are decidedly
4819:
4960:
4834:
4671:
2265:
735:, and in 1880, the heraldic crown was altered to give it a more imperial form by making the arches semi-circular. However, Victoria had favoured a
604:
Although St Edward's Crown is regarded as the official coronation crown, only seven monarchs have been crowned with it since the
Restoration:
4824:
335:'s Crown of gold wire-work set with slight stones and two little bells", weighing 79.5 ounces (2.25 kg), valued at £3 per ounce, total value
5062:
4073:
721:
440:
the base was changed from a circle to an oval. After the coronation of
William III in 1689, monarchs chose to be crowned with a lighter, bespoke
387:, Lord Protector of England from 1653 until 1658. On the weight of this evidence, writer and court historian Martin Holmes, in a 1959 paper for
4382:
725:
907:
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2987:
4996:
2555:
779:
5047:
4806:
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2510:
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was forced to abdicate in 1399, he had the crown brought to the Tower of London, where he symbolically handed it over to his successor
179:
After 1689, owing to its weight the crown was not used to crown any monarch for over 200 years. In 1911, the tradition was revived by
163:, Edward's burial place, until the regalia were either sold or melted down when Parliament abolished the monarchy in 1649, during the
2942:
2323:
797:
In addition, use of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the
751:, there being in use several crowns of different patterns. On 4 May 1901, the king approved a single Tudor Crown design based on the
3674:
2571:
1473:
882:
4975:
4183:
3389:
1771:
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made in 1870 which resembled the Tudor Crown, declining to wear the
Imperial State Crown which she found heavy and uncomfortable.
791:
2550:
2453:
389:
2438:
1936:
1905:
1871:
1840:
1809:
1355:
790:
restricts rights to reproduce them. Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the
787:
2531:
1562:
536:
St Edward's Crown is 22-carat gold, measures 30 cm (12 in) tall, and weighs 2.23 kg (4.9 lb). It has four
2912:
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2448:
2433:
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2390:
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2173:
2124:
2103:
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in 1838 and was similar to the St Edward's Crown but with a flatter top. However, depictions varied depending on the artist.
503:
460:
289:, saying "I present and give to you this crown with which I was crowned King of England and all the rights dependent on it".
184:
17:
2443:
4664:
4424:
2611:
661:
5067:
4610:
3859:
3820:
3215:
2948:
2359:
2033:
Dixon-Smith, Sally; Edwards, Sebastian; Kilby, Sarah; Murphy, Clare; Souden, David; Spooner, Jane; Worsley, Lucy (2010).
413:
base metal such as tin or copper, as was usual in 17th-century England; for example, a crown displayed at the funeral of
397:
St Edward's Crown was saved from the melting pot and that its gold was used to make a new crown at the Restoration.
3815:
3154:
4776:
4419:
2924:
2364:
2281:
1713:
1669:
1225:
761:
had ceased to use the style 'Emperor of India' in 1948 following India's independence in 1947, and on the accession of
137:
300:. In the Tudor period, three crowns were placed on the heads of monarchs at a coronation: St Edward's Crown, the
4869:
3478:
813:
to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family.
752:
145:
4930:
4925:
4864:
2690:
653:
3888:
4920:
4657:
3942:
3930:
3435:
3284:
3238:
3044:
4714:
5082:
5016:
4980:
4915:
4905:
4633:
3407:
974:
5026:
5001:
4829:
4189:
3306:
3185:
964:
5077:
4615:
2889:
2865:
2847:
2395:
2343:
665:
445:
372:
1685:
4910:
4781:
4454:
3948:
3627:
806:
637:
5011:
4195:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
5057:
5021:
5006:
4515:
3447:
3079:
810:
394:
4094:
3611:
3097:
1608:
371:, who had been living in exile abroad, a new St Edward's Crown was supplied by the Royal Goldsmith, Sir
5052:
4887:
4556:
4476:
3871:
3760:
3169:
2764:
1572:
1503:
854:
645:
499:
3657:
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4482:
4105:
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3401:
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2841:
2736:
1395:
713:
641:
352:
3299:
4543:
4538:
4439:
4111:
4068:
3843:
3826:
3550:
2918:
2812:
2783:
2616:
2333:
2713:
849:, rebuilt from 1840 to 1876, makes extensive use of a gothic style crown. The British had assumed
214:
source of governmental authority, it appeared on numerous official emblems in the United Kingdom,
4955:
4744:
4549:
4505:
4471:
3799:
3621:
2936:
2900:
2877:
2632:
2489:
2400:
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1659:
657:
219:
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4587:
4307:
4006:
3336:
2752:
2638:
2484:
2236:
1590:
1458:
1201:
1156:
822:
613:
437:
4444:
3544:
3091:
3032:
1544:
1527:
846:
605:
368:
364:
168:
1638:
4724:
4719:
4605:
4577:
4434:
3271:
3121:
3061:
3038:
2906:
2683:
2545:
2307:
1983:
Barclay, Andrew (2008). "The 1661 St Edward's Crown – Refurbished, Recycled or Replaced?".
1900:
802:
677:
676:
chose not to use St Edward's Crown because of its weight and instead used the lighter 1838
589:
472:
328:
313:
265:
235:
141:
347:
327:
as symbolic of the "detestable rule of kings". The crown was described in an inventory of
8:
5072:
4567:
3977:
3633:
3425:
3262:
2930:
2758:
2626:
2606:
2328:
609:
433:
401:
356:
305:
286:
3971:
1799:
260:
4374:
4142:
4000:
3994:
3664:
3572:
3344:
3325:
3231:
3200:
3137:
3114:
2644:
2000:
1971:
1931:
1926:
1866:
1861:
1835:
1804:
1643:
1194:
960:
700:
633:
448:) or their state crown, while St Edward's Crown usually rested on the high altar.
144:, versions of it have traditionally been used to crown English and British monarchs at
1830:
716:
states that the St Edward's Crown is supposed to be heraldically represented over the
316:
in 1547, the significance of the crown's link to Edward the Confessor was downplayed.
4791:
4704:
4562:
4489:
4206:
4177:
4023:
3777:
3379:
3085:
3015:
2853:
2250:
2211:
2190:
2169:
2141:
2120:
2099:
2057:
2038:
2019:
2004:
1665:
1435:
1400:
1205:
1110:
1065:
970:
783:
688:
549:
495:
456:
320:
309:
255:
164:
160:
4771:
2789:
4796:
4338:
4136:
4130:
3924:
3354:
3144:
2806:
2515:
2474:
2469:
2080:
1992:
1027:
732:
553:
441:
405:
332:
270:
133:
58:
4786:
4520:
4269:
3906:
3865:
3704:
3692:
3567:
3362:
2676:
2494:
2205:
2184:
2163:
2135:
2114:
2093:
2013:
1690:
1499:
1429:
1104:
1059:
991:
956:
775:
425:
384:
324:
312:
denounced the veneration of medieval relics and, starting with the coronation of
153:
3954:
1529:
Debrett's Illustrated Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
891:. Vol. 211. United Kingdom: House of Commons. 16 July 1992. col. 944W.
541:
4856:
4694:
4411:
4233:
3912:
3489:
3128:
2994:
2895:
2650:
2621:
724:
of the Royal Arms during her reign featured the Imperial State Crown which was
709:
704:
669:
414:
380:
215:
199:
195:
74:
2084:
1996:
1299:"Crown to leave Tower for first time since 1953 for Westminster Abbey service"
527:
5041:
4729:
4353:
4333:
3918:
3900:
3894:
3752:
3698:
3584:
3222:
2833:
2730:
857:, created in 1861, depicted a Tudor Crown from its inception. Victoria had a
537:
297:
2116:
The Late King's Goods: Collections, Possessions and Patronage of Charles I …
1324:"St Edward's Crown removed from the Tower of London ahead of the Coronation"
1233:
969:(Revised ed.). London and New York: Frederick Warne. pp. 184–185.
552:. The crown features 444 precious and fine gemstones including 345 rose-cut
4897:
4734:
4709:
4620:
4363:
4328:
4250:
842:
782:
to depictions of the Royal Arms and any of its constituent parts under the
762:
748:
692:
625:
488:
468:
421:
203:
4582:
4572:
1406:
494:
On 4 June 2013, St Edward's Crown was displayed on the high altar in
304:, and a "rich crown" made specially for the new king or queen. After the
4970:
4739:
4649:
4500:
4292:
3578:
3413:
2871:
2405:
1895:
1323:
921:
850:
768:
736:
629:
301:
293:
251:
250:. In 1161, he was canonised, and objects connected with his reign became
211:
149:
92:
41:
1962:
Arnold, Janet (1978). "The 'Coronation' Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I".
4509:
4323:
3601:
3395:
2479:
2215:
2145:
1453:
1439:
1414:
744:
740:
717:
673:
649:
561:
282:
2231:
1975:
1585:
1520:
1151:
747:
raised the issue of a standardised design of the crown for use by the
190:
A representation of St Edward's Crown was a widely used symbol in the
2587:
1764:
758:
621:
484:
247:
207:
96:
2244:
4879:
4638:
4530:
4348:
4297:
3470:
2999:
617:
573:
569:
480:
191:
180:
1061:
The Drama of Coronation: Medieval Ceremony in Early Modern England
4463:
4358:
4343:
2775:
2537:
1399:
887:
593:
577:
428:, flattening it with a mallet in an attempt to conceal it. A new
409:
376:
243:
173:
148:
since the 13th century. It is normally on public display in the
3669:
3652:
1413:. London: T. C. & E. C. Jack. pp. 358–359 – via
585:
581:
239:
2054:
The Making of a King: King Charles III and the Modern Monarchy
1706:
906:. The Official Website of the British Monarchy. Archived from
336:
4597:
4225:
3684:
3644:
2982:
2699:
2032:
1603:
1601:
557:
545:
528:
2023 video of St Edward's Crown by the Royal Collection Trust
429:
755:, as 'chosen and always used by Queen Victoria personally'.
292:
It was used in 1533 to crown the second wife of Henry VIII,
1919:
1191:
565:
2134:
Mears, Kenneth J.; Thurley, Simon; Murphy, Claire (1994).
2071:
Holmes, Martin (1959). "New Light on St. Edward's Crown".
1890:
1888:
1800:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 171"
1598:
1474:"The Rose and Crown: Parliament's royal symbols, part one"
1428:
Mears, Kenneth J.; Thurley, Simon; Murphy, Claire (1994).
2668:
2015:
The Crown Jewels: The History of the Coronation Regalia …
1854:
4404:
1823:
548:
and cross pattée. Its purple velvet cap is trimmed with
1885:
2280:
1735:
1405:
281:
St Edward's Crown rarely left Westminster Abbey. When
640:
were crowned with small diamond crowns of their own;
417:
had cost only £5 and was decorated with fake jewels.
1358:(Podcast). Royal Collection Trust. 13:03 minutes in
183:
and has continued ever since, including at the 2023
2152:
1196:
Monarchy and the Royal Family: A Guide for Everyman
2133:
1427:
1193:
1146:
1144:
1609:"The Royal Arms and Cypher for the Present Reign"
739:since at least the 1860s. After the accession of
202:, and again from 1952 to 2022 under the reign of
5039:
2186:The Archaeology of the Medieval English Monarchy
1185:
809:. It is also an offence under Section 12 of the
323:, Parliament melted down the crown, regarded by
4161:Crown of the Virgin of the Tabernacle of Toledo
1141:
901:
1508:. London: Richard Bentley. pp. 320, 332.
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
544:, which support two dipped arches topped by a
27:Part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
4665:
4390:
3821:Imperial Crown of Mexico (2nd Mexican Empire)
3816:Imperial Crown of Mexico (1st Mexican Empire)
2684:
2266:
1927:"Trade Descriptions Act 1968: Section 12"
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1353:
1296:
498:at a service marking the 60th anniversary of
167:. The current St Edward's Crown was made for
2165:The Coronation Ceremony and the Crown Jewels
1678:
1492:
1102:
1087:
351:St Edward's Crown as it looked according to
159:The original crown was a holy relic kept at
4303:Crown of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha of Sri Lanka
4275:Silver Crown of Emperor Tewodros (Ethiopia)
940:
4679:
4672:
4658:
4397:
4383:
2691:
2677:
2273:
2259:
1657:
1394:
1379:
1178:
1176:
1109:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 80.
1096:
1064:. Cambridge University Press. p. 93.
1057:
1005:
1003:
989:
451:
40:
2943:Crown of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
2153:Moncreiffe, Iain; Pottinger, Don (1953).
2112:
1283:
1281:
1271:
1269:
367:and in preparation for the coronation of
4155:Crown of the Crowned Virgin of the Kings
3675:Imperial Crown of Empress Go-Sakuramachi
2819:Coronet of the Imperial Prince of Brazil
2324:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother's Crown
1637:
1051:
1021:
983:
687:
455:
346:
3390:Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire
3291:Funeral Crown of Augustus II the Strong
2207:A History of the Crown Jewels of Europe
2203:
2051:
1982:
1664:. Leicester: Magna Books. p. 123.
1568:
1498:
1173:
1000:
955:
792:Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
14:
5063:National symbols of the United Kingdom
5040:
2182:
2155:Simple Heraldry Cheerfully Illustrated
2070:
1961:
1862:"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 99"
1586:"Queen Victoria's Small Diamond Crown"
1532:. London: Bosworth. 1865. p. xix.
1434:. Historic Royal Palaces. p. 23.
1278:
1266:
1218:
1192:Graham Fisher; Heather Fisher (1979).
1093:Ronald Lightbown in MacGregor, p. 257.
845:'s gothic crown coin in 1847, and the
4653:
4378:
3728:Gold Crown of Geumnyeongchong Tumulus
2913:Small Diamond Crown of Queen Victoria
2884:Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales
2824:Coronet of Laurels of Princess Isabel
2672:
2370:Coronet of Frederick, Prince of Wales
2254:
2011:
1896:"Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images"
1831:"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 4"
1542:
1454:"The Imperial Crown of Great Britain"
922:"Coronation order of service in full"
668:made specially for the occasion; and
185:coronation of Charles III and Camilla
4405:Royal heraldry in the United Kingdom
4137:Royal Crown of Spain (Tumular Crown)
3245:Crown of Sophia Charlotte of Hanover
2743:Brilliant Crown of Empress Elisabeth
2612:Honours of the Principality of Wales
2391:Queen Victoria's Small Diamond Crown
2161:
2091:
2035:The Crown Jewels: Souvenir Guidebook
1452:
895:
393:, concluded that in the time of the
4611:Coat of arms of the Prince of Wales
3891:(destroyed; replica: Stará Ľubovňa)
3420:Reliquary Crown of John the Baptist
2949:Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales
2360:Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales
2230:
1584:
1232:. Canadian Heritage. Archived from
1150:
805:, and their use is governed by the
254:. The monks at his burial place of
24:
5048:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
4753:
4430:Cadency labels of the Royal Family
3734:Gold Crown of Seobongchong Tumulus
2925:Coronet of George, Prince of Wales
2365:Coronet of George, Prince of Wales
2282:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
1356:"Royal Gold: Reflections of Power"
1354:Kathryn Jones (17 December 2014).
996:. Longman. pp. 215, 273, 281.
471:, and instead he wore the lighter
446:Coronation Crown of George IV
432:was created for the coronation of
138:Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom
25:
5094:
4308:Great Crown of Victory (Thailand)
4039:Cap of Monomakh of the second set
4034:Crown of Tsar Michael Fyodorovich
3193:Ducal Crown of Brunswick-Lüneburg
3161:Crown of Queen Therese of Bavaria
2224:
1721:The Public Safety Foundation (UK)
801:) under sections 4 and 99 of the
731:In 1876, Victoria was proclaimed
726:created for Victoria's coronation
424:briefly stole the crown from the
4453:
3860:Norwegian Crown Prince's Coronet
2204:Twining, Edward Francis (1960).
1772:"Reproduction of the Royal Arms"
1505:Heraldry, historical and popular
522:
296:, which was unprecedented for a
57:
3454:Salian Funeral Crowns of Spires
3442:Lily Crown of Empress Cunigunde
3285:Crown of Augustus II the Strong
2113:MacGregor, Arthur, ed. (1989).
1954:
1792:
1651:
1631:
1578:
1536:
1466:
1446:
1421:
1370:
1347:
1338:
1316:
1290:
1257:
1248:
1164:
1132:
1123:
1078:
1042:
993:Life of St Edward the Confessor
888:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
835:
4981:Canadian Coronation Contingent
4634:Monarchy of the United Kingdom
4149:Crown of Isabella I of Castile
4064:Crown of Empress Anna Ivanovna
4054:Altabas crown of the third set
3827:Funerary crown of Maximilian I
3722:Gold Crown of Hwangnamdaechong
3426:Reliquary Crown of Charlemagne
3408:Imperial Crowns of Charles VII
1543:Booth, James (19 March 2019).
1033:
1030:in Blair, vol. 1. pp. 257–353.
1012:
914:
875:
509:
342:
13:
1:
4976:Royal and viceroyal transport
4044:Diamond Crown of Tsar Peter I
3889:Crown of Bolesław I the Brave
3151:Crown of the Queen of Bavaria
2890:Coronation Crown of George IV
2866:State Crown of Mary of Modena
2157:. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd.
1647:. 22 June 1948. p. 3647.
1545:"Victoria Gothic Crown, 1847"
1297:Gordon Rayner (4 June 2013).
868:
355:at the English coronation of
276:
4059:Crown of Empress Catherine I
4049:Diamond Crown of Tsar Ivan V
3937:Funeral Crown of Augustus II
3872:Crown of the Queen of Norway
3634:Crown of Constance of Sicily
3628:Grand Ducal Crown of Tuscany
3496:Tiara of Pope Pius IX (1846)
3177:Electoral Hat of Brandenburg
2396:George IV's Coronation Crown
2344:Mary of Modena's State Crown
1743:"Frequently asked questions"
1480:. Senate of Canada. May 2023
1408:A Complete Guide to Heraldry
853:over India in 1858, and the
658:State Crown of George I
7:
3710:Gold Crown of Geumgwanchong
3448:Reliquary Crown of Henry II
2790:Crown of the Środa Treasure
2247:at the royal family website
2012:Blair, Claude, ed. (1998).
1714:"Symbols of State Guidance"
1254:Dixon-Smith, et al., p. 61.
816:
811:Trade Descriptions Act 1968
701:restoration of the monarchy
683:
10:
5099:
5068:National symbols of Canada
4616:Prince of Wales's feathers
4557:In My Defens God Me Defend
4196:Crown of the Heir Apparent
3761:Ducal hat of Liechtenstein
3716:Gold Crown of Cheonmachong
3460:Reliquary Crown of Otto II
3432:Crown of Empress Cunigunde
3307:Royal Crown of Württemberg
3129:Grand Ducal Crown of Baden
2765:Archducal hat of Joseph II
2698:
2140:. Historic Royal Palaces.
2037:. Historic Royal Palaces.
1812:, 1988 c. 48 (s. 171)
1658:Bedingfeld, Henry (1993).
1396:Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles
1106:When the Queen was Crowned
855:Order of the Star of India
225:
198:from 1661 to the reign of
107:2.23 kg (4.9 lb)
4989:
4943:
4896:
4878:
4855:
4848:
4805:
4764:
4751:
4687:
4629:
4596:
4529:
4483:Honi soit qui mal y pense
4462:
4451:
4410:
4316:
4283:
4260:
4243:
4224:
4205:
4170:
4123:
4087:
4016:
3987:
3964:
3881:
3852:
3836:
3808:
3787:
3770:
3763:(missing; replica: Vaduz)
3751:
3683:
3643:
3594:
3560:
3537:
3469:
3378:
3369:Crown of Queen Kapiʻolani
3353:
3335:
3318:
3107:
3054:
3025:
3008:
2975:
2966:Diamond Crown of Bulgaria
2958:
2848:Crown of Margaret of York
2842:Crown of Princess Blanche
2832:
2799:
2774:
2737:Imperial Crown of Austria
2723:
2706:
2659:
2599:
2564:
2524:
2503:
2462:
2419:
2378:
2352:
2316:
2295:
2288:
2085:10.1017/S0261340900010006
2018:. The Stationery Office.
1997:10.1179/cou.2008.13.2.002
1939:, 1968 c. 29 (s. 12)
1874:, 1994 c. 26 (s. 99)
1613:The Genealogical Magazine
841:Victoria had featured in
807:Lord Chamberlain's Office
521:
516:
504:coronation of Charles III
500:Elizabeth II's coronation
461:Coronation of Charles III
230:
119:
111:
103:
88:
80:
70:
65:
56:
51:
46:St Edward's Crown in 2022
39:
34:
4440:The Lion and the Unicorn
4190:Crown of Queen Christina
4112:Crown of Stephen Bocskai
4106:Crown of Stefan Uroš III
3844:Crown of the Netherlands
3551:Crown of Stephen Bocskai
3520:Tiara of Pope John XXIII
3098:Crown of Empress Eugénie
2919:Crown of Queen Alexandra
2813:Imperial Crown of Brazil
2784:Crown of Saint Wenceslas
2731:Archducal hat of Austria
2168:. HM Stationery Office.
2052:Hardman, Robert (2024).
1843:, 1994 c. 26 (s. 4)
1226:"Royal Crown and Cypher"
990:H.R. Luard, ed. (1858).
828:
599:
4745:Royal Christmas Message
4550:Nemo me impune lacessit
3800:Crown of Ranavalona III
3279:Electoral Hat of Saxony
2937:Imperial Crown of India
2901:Crown of Queen Adelaide
2878:State Crown of George I
2633:Mirror of Great Britain
2386:Imperial Crown of India
2334:Queen Alexandra's Crown
2098:. Thames & Hudson.
1462:. Inventory no. 630740.
1200:. Robert Hale. p.
703:, Charles II based the
452:20th and 21st centuries
4931:Platinum Jubilee, 2022
4926:Sapphire Jubilee, 2017
4758:
4681:Canadian royal symbols
4588:Court of the Lord Lyon
4029:Crown of Kazan Tzardom
4007:Steel Crown of Romania
3949:Crown of Maria Josepha
3363:Crown of King Kalākaua
3257:Crown of Queen Augusta
3208:Royal Crown of Hanover
3145:Royal Crown of Bavaria
2753:Archducal hat of Tyrol
2401:George I's State Crown
2339:Queen Adelaide's Crown
2240:. Inventory no. 31700.
2237:Royal Collection Trust
1594:. Inventory no. 31705.
1591:Royal Collection Trust
1459:Royal Collection Trust
1160:. Inventory no. 31700.
1157:Royal Collection Trust
823:Canadian royal symbols
696:
540:alternating with four
464:
463:with St Edward's Crown
360:
5083:Charles II of England
4921:Diamond Jubilee, 2012
4870:Diamond Jubilee, 1897
4757:
3943:Crown of Augustus III
3658:Emperor Kōmei Variant
3545:Holy Crown of Hungary
3526:Tiara of Pope Paul VI
3510:(Notre Dame, Indiana)
3508:Tiara of Pope Pius IX
3265:(Hohenzollern Castle)
3092:Crown of Napoleon III
3033:Crown of Christian IV
2617:Elizabeth II's jewels
2183:Steane, John (2003).
2119:. Alistair McAlpine.
1937:The National Archives
1872:The National Archives
1841:The National Archives
1810:The National Archives
1779:The National Archives
1747:The National Archives
1376:Mears, et al., p. 23.
1182:Barclay, pp. 149–170.
1103:Brian Barker (1976).
902:The Royal Household.
847:Palace of Westminster
788:The National Archives
691:
459:
350:
206:. Used to represent '
35:St Edward's Crown
5078:Edward the Confessor
4916:Golden Jubilee, 2002
4906:Silver Jubilee, 1977
4888:Silver Jubilee, 1935
4865:Golden Jubilee, 1887
4725:Canadian Royal Crown
4720:Great Seal of Canada
4695:Royal Arms of Canada
4578:Order of the Thistle
4435:Imperial State Crown
4293:Raven Crown (Bhutan)
4131:Royal Crown of Spain
4079:Small Imperial Crown
4069:Great Imperial Crown
3931:Crown of Augustus II
3618:Crown of Theodelinda
3608:Royal Crown of Savoy
3239:Crown of Frederick I
3068:Crown of Saint Louis
3062:Crown of Charlemagne
3039:Crown of Christian V
2907:Imperial State Crown
2714:Helmet of Skanderbeg
2525:Processional objects
2490:St Edward's Sapphire
2308:Imperial State Crown
2162:Rose, Tessa (1992).
1970:(908): 726–739+741.
1230:Government of Canada
1170:Holmes, pp. 213–223.
1152:"St. Edward's Crown"
1084:Arnold, pp. 731–732.
961:Brooke-Little, J. P.
803:Trade Marks Act 1994
695:of Elizabeth II
678:Imperial State Crown
473:Imperial State Crown
236:Edward the Confessor
142:Edward the Confessor
140:. Named after Saint
4568:Honours of Scotland
3978:Diadem of the Stars
3795:Crown of Madagascar
3263:Crown of Wilhelm II
3086:Crown of Napoleon I
2931:Crown of Queen Mary
2759:Ducal hat of Styria
2627:Great H of Scotland
2607:Honours of Scotland
2485:Black Prince's Ruby
2232:"St Edward's Crown"
2092:Keay, Anna (2011).
1985:The Court Historian
1964:Burlington Magazine
1906:The Royal Household
1694:. 27 September 2022
1058:Alice Hunt (2008).
487:in 1937, and Queen
331:'s possessions as "
306:English Reformation
52:Heraldic depictions
5058:Crowns in heraldry
4911:Ruby Jubilee, 1992
4782:Crown corporations
4759:
4583:Unicorn Supporters
4445:The Queen's Beasts
4420:Royal coat of arms
4184:Crown of the Queen
4143:Crown of Sancho IV
4095:Karađorđević Crown
3995:Crown of Elisabeta
3528:(Washington, D.C.)
3484:Papier-mâché Tiara
3402:Crown of Rudolf II
3345:Crown of Faustin I
3251:Crown of Wilhelm I
3186:Brunswick-Lüneburg
3115:German State Crown
3045:Crown of the Queen
2645:Irish Crown Jewels
2639:The Three Brothers
2329:Queen Mary's Crown
2210:. B. T. Batsford.
1932:legislation.gov.uk
1867:legislation.gov.uk
1836:legislation.gov.uk
1805:legislation.gov.uk
1644:The London Gazette
1401:"Chapter 22"
966:Boutell's Heraldry
910:on 8 October 2015.
904:"The Crown Jewels"
753:crown of Henry VII
697:
465:
400:His theory became
361:
238:wore his crown at
5053:Individual crowns
5035:
5034:
4939:
4938:
4777:Royal commissions
4647:
4646:
4563:Crown of Scotland
4496:St Edward's Crown
4490:Dieu et mon droit
4372:
4371:
4178:Crown of Eric XIV
4024:"Cap of Monomakh"
3080:Crown of Louis XV
3074:Crown of Henry IV
3016:Crown of Zvonimir
2860:St Edward's Crown
2854:Crown of Scotland
2666:
2665:
2582:Christening fonts
2546:St Edward's Staff
2504:Anointing objects
2420:Coronations robes
2415:
2414:
2303:St Edward's Crown
2196:978-1-134-64159-8
2175:978-0-117-01361-2
2126:978-0-19-920171-6
2105:978-0-500-51575-4
2063:978-1-639365-31-9
2056:. Pegasus Books.
2044:978-1-873993-13-2
2025:978-0-11-701359-9
1326:. 3 December 2022
1211:978-0-7091-7814-9
1116:978-0-7100-8397-5
1071:978-1-139-47466-5
784:royal prerogative
737:Tudor style crown
666:new diamond crown
626:Elizabeth II
534:
533:
496:Westminster Abbey
363:The monarchy was
321:English Civil War
310:Church of England
256:Westminster Abbey
165:English Civil War
161:Westminster Abbey
146:their coronations
130:St Edward's Crown
127:
126:
18:St Edward’s Crown
16:(Redirected from
5090:
4853:
4852:
4797:Crown Collection
4756:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4573:Heraldic Thistle
4457:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4339:Heir presumptive
4298:Shripech (Nepal)
3972:Crown of João VI
2807:Crown of Pedro I
2733:(Klosterneuburg)
2693:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2577:Banqueting plate
2516:Coronation Spoon
2296:Principal crowns
2293:
2292:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2252:
2251:
2245:The Crown Jewels
2241:
2219:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2149:
2137:The Crown Jewels
2130:
2109:
2095:The Crown Jewels
2088:
2067:
2048:
2029:
2008:
1979:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1901:The Royal Family
1892:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1718:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1576:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1500:Boutell, Charles
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1431:The Crown Jewels
1425:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1403:
1392:
1377:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1351:
1345:
1344:Hardman, p. 194.
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1294:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1199:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1148:
1139:
1136:
1130:
1129:Twining, p. 132.
1127:
1121:
1120:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:Ronald Lightbown
1025:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:Keay, pp. 18–20.
1007:
998:
997:
987:
981:
980:
957:Boutell, Charles
953:
938:
937:
935:
933:
918:
912:
911:
899:
893:
892:
879:
862:
839:
799:Paris Convention
733:Empress of India
722:Early depictions
526:
525:
514:
513:
442:coronation crown
406:coronation crown
365:restored in 1660
353:Francis Sandford
220:the Commonwealth
134:coronation crown
61:
44:
32:
31:
21:
5098:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5031:
4985:
4966:Royal patronage
4935:
4892:
4874:
4844:
4801:
4787:Crown copyright
4760:
4754:
4749:
4715:King's Birthday
4700:Royal standards
4683:
4678:
4648:
4643:
4625:
4592:
4525:
4521:College of Arms
4458:
4449:
4406:
4403:
4373:
4368:
4312:
4279:
4270:Crowns of Egypt
4256:
4239:
4220:
4215:Crown of Tahiti
4201:
4166:
4119:
4101:Nemanjić Crowns
4083:
4012:
3983:
3960:
3907:Hungarian Crown
3877:
3866:Crown of Norway
3848:
3832:
3804:
3783:
3766:
3747:
3705:Crowns of Silla
3693:Crown of Baekje
3679:
3639:
3590:
3573:Empress's Crown
3568:Sasanian crowns
3556:
3533:
3465:
3462:(Halle (Saale))
3381:
3374:
3349:
3331:
3326:Crown of Greece
3314:
3103:
3050:
3021:
3004:
2971:
2954:
2828:
2795:
2770:
2719:
2702:
2697:
2667:
2662:
2661:†Lost/destroyed
2655:
2595:
2565:Plate and fonts
2560:
2520:
2499:
2495:Stuart Sapphire
2463:Precious stones
2458:
2421:
2411:
2374:
2348:
2312:
2284:
2279:
2227:
2222:
2197:
2176:
2127:
2106:
2064:
2045:
2026:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1751:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1691:College of Arms
1684:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1583:
1579:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1541:
1537:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1497:
1493:
1483:
1481:
1478:SenCA+ Magazine
1472:
1471:
1467:
1451:
1447:
1426:
1422:
1393:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1236:on 14 June 2017
1224:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1149:
1142:
1138:Holmes, p. 216.
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:Rose, p. 24–25.
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1001:
988:
984:
977:
954:
941:
931:
929:
920:
919:
915:
900:
896:
881:
880:
876:
871:
866:
865:
840:
836:
831:
819:
776:Crown copyright
686:
674:Edward VII
654:William IV
650:George III
602:
523:
517:External videos
512:
454:
426:Tower of London
402:accepted wisdom
385:Oliver Cromwell
345:
325:Oliver Cromwell
283:Richard II
279:
233:
228:
169:Charles II
154:Tower of London
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5096:
5086:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4807:Postage stamps
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4792:King's Printer
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4761:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4684:
4677:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4636:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4602:
4600:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4425:Royal Standard
4422:
4416:
4414:
4412:United Kingdom
4408:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4234:Crown of Tonga
4230:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4193:
4187:
4181:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4158:
4152:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4098:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4004:
4001:Crown of Maria
3998:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3975:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3952:
3946:
3940:
3934:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3913:Homagial Crown
3910:
3904:
3898:
3892:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3869:
3863:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3778:Gediminas' Cap
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3731:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3582:
3576:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3523:
3517:
3516:(Vatican City)
3514:Palatine Tiara
3511:
3505:
3504:(Vatican City)
3499:
3498:(Vatican City)
3493:
3492:(Vatican City)
3490:Napoleon Tiara
3487:
3486:(Vatican City)
3475:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3439:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3282:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3148:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3118:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3083:
3077:
3071:
3065:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3042:
3036:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2910:
2904:
2898:
2896:Diamond Diadem
2893:
2887:
2881:
2875:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2803:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2792:(Środa Śląska)
2787:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2651:Crown Jeweller
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2622:Diamond Diadem
2619:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2317:Consort crowns
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2242:
2226:
2225:External links
2223:
2221:
2220:
2201:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2159:
2150:
2131:
2125:
2110:
2104:
2089:
2068:
2062:
2049:
2043:
2030:
2024:
2009:
1991:(2): 149–170.
1980:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1918:
1884:
1853:
1822:
1791:
1763:
1734:
1705:
1686:"Royal Cypher"
1677:
1671:978-1854224330
1670:
1650:
1630:
1619:: 93–94. 1902
1597:
1577:
1561:
1535:
1519:
1512:Heraldic Crown
1491:
1465:
1445:
1420:
1378:
1369:
1346:
1337:
1315:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1256:
1247:
1217:
1210:
1184:
1172:
1163:
1140:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1095:
1086:
1077:
1070:
1050:
1048:Steane, p. 34.
1041:
1032:
1020:
1011:
999:
982:
975:
939:
913:
894:
883:"Crown Jewels"
873:
872:
870:
867:
864:
863:
833:
832:
830:
827:
826:
825:
818:
815:
710:Queen Victoria
705:heraldic crown
685:
682:
670:Queen Victoria
662:George IV
646:George II
622:George VI
601:
598:
542:crosses pattée
532:
531:
519:
518:
511:
508:
453:
450:
381:lying in state
344:
341:
278:
275:
266:Henry III
232:
229:
227:
224:
216:British Empire
200:Queen Victoria
196:United Kingdom
125:
124:
121:
117:
116:
113:
109:
108:
105:
101:
100:
90:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
75:United Kingdom
72:
68:
67:
63:
62:
54:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5095:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:New Brunswick
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4895:
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4804:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4772:Royal charter
4770:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Accession Day
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4652:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4628:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4456:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4415:
4413:
4409:
4400:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4334:Heir apparent
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4194:
4191:
4188:
4185:
4182:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Maltese Crown
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3925:Queen's Crown
3923:
3920:
3919:Funeral Crown
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3901:Muscovy Crown
3899:
3896:
3895:Swedish Crown
3893:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3753:Liechtenstein
3750:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:Crown of Gaya
3697:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3586:
3585:Pahlavi Crown
3583:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:Spanish Tiara
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3317:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3223:Wendish Crown
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2834:British Isles
2831:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2671:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
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2544:
2540:
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2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:and ornaments
2418:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2228:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2192:
2189:. Routledge.
2188:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2132:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2055:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1959:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1857:
1842:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1760:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1722:
1715:
1709:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1325:
1319:
1304:
1303:The Telegraph
1300:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1263:Mears, p. 23.
1260:
1251:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1179:
1177:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1145:
1135:
1126:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1090:
1081:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1015:
1006:
1004:
995:
994:
986:
978:
972:
968:
967:
962:
958:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
927:
923:
917:
909:
905:
898:
890:
889:
884:
878:
874:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
838:
834:
824:
821:
820:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:in perpetuity
777:
773:
770:
766:
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
702:
694:
690:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
664:with a large
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:George I
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:fleurs-de-lis
529:
520:
515:
507:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
476:
474:
470:
462:
458:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
396:
392:
391:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
357:James II
354:
349:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:queen consort
295:
290:
288:
287:Henry IV
284:
274:
272:
267:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
181:George V
177:
175:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:22-carat gold
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5027:Saskatchewan
4961:Royal prefix
4898:Elizabeth II
4840:Elizabeth II
4735:Royal cypher
4710:Victoria Day
4705:Royal anthem
4621:Welsh Dragon
4555:
4548:
4544:Royal Banner
4495:
4488:
4481:
4364:Royal family
4329:Crown jewels
4284:
4261:
4251:Crown of Rus
4236:(Nukuʻalofa)
3955:Płock Diadem
3740:Silver Crown
3479:Papal tiaras
3298:
3270:
3230:
3214:
3199:
3184:
3168:
3136:
3120:
3047:(Copenhagen)
3041:(Copenhagen)
3035:(Copenhagen)
2995:Tongtianguan
2859:
2815:(Petrópolis)
2809:(Petrópolis)
2755:(Mariastein)
2586:
2536:
2302:
2235:
2206:
2185:
2164:
2154:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2076:
2073:Archaeologia
2072:
2053:
2034:
2014:
1988:
1984:
1967:
1963:
1955:Bibliography
1941:, retrieved
1930:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1899:
1876:, retrieved
1865:
1856:
1845:, retrieved
1834:
1825:
1814:, retrieved
1803:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:
1766:
1757:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1720:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1689:
1680:
1660:
1653:
1642:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1616:
1612:
1589:
1580:
1569:Boutell 1864
1564:
1552:. Retrieved
1548:
1538:
1528:
1522:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1482:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1457:
1448:
1430:
1423:
1407:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1349:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1287:Rose, p. 29.
1275:Rose, p. 35.
1259:
1250:
1238:. Retrieved
1234:the original
1229:
1220:
1195:
1187:
1166:
1155:
1134:
1125:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1080:
1060:
1053:
1044:
1035:
1023:
1018:Rose, p. 13.
1014:
992:
985:
965:
930:. Retrieved
928:. 5 May 2023
925:
916:
908:the original
897:
886:
877:
843:William Wyon
837:
796:
774:
767:
763:Elizabeth II
757:
749:British Army
730:
698:
693:Royal cypher
634:Mary II
603:
535:
493:
489:Elizabeth II
477:
469:appendicitis
466:
422:Thomas Blood
419:
399:
390:Archaeologia
388:
373:Robert Vyner
362:
318:
291:
280:
234:
204:Elizabeth II
189:
178:
158:
129:
128:
95:in right of
29:
4971:Royal Swans
4830:Edward VIII
4740:Loyal toast
4606:Royal Badge
4501:Tudor Crown
4198:(Stockholm)
4192:(Stockholm)
4186:(Stockholm)
4180:(Stockholm)
4009:(Bucharest)
4003:(Bucharest)
3997:(Bucharest)
3927:(destroyed)
3915:(destroyed)
3909:(destroyed)
3903:(destroyed)
3897:(destroyed)
3874:(Trondheim)
3868:(Trondheim)
3862:(Trondheim)
3837:Netherlands
3823:(destroyed)
3579:Kiani Crown
3414:Essen Crown
3309:(Stuttgart)
3300:Württemberg
3216:Mecklenburg
3170:Brandenburg
3131:(Karlsruhe)
3094:(destroyed)
3076:(destroyed)
3070:(destroyed)
3064:(destroyed)
2874:(destroyed)
2872:Tudor Crown
2856:(Edinburgh)
2749:) (missing)
2572:Altar plate
2475:Cullinan II
2406:Tudor Crown
2079:: 213–223.
1723:. July 2023
1639:"No. 38330"
1484:16 November
1362:14 February
1308:14 December
851:direct rule
769:Charles III
712:. Although
630:Charles III
628:(1953) and
614:William III
562:tourmalines
556:, 37 white
554:aquamarines
510:Description
444:(e.g., the
438:William III
395:Interregnum
343:Restoration
337:£248 10s 0d
333:King Alfred
319:During the
302:state crown
294:Anne Boleyn
252:holy relics
150:Jewel House
93:Charles III
5073:1661 works
5042:Categories
5002:Provincial
4820:Edward VII
4539:Royal arms
4516:Supporters
4510:Tudor rose
4472:Royal arms
4324:Coronation
4217:(Punaauia)
4133:(heraldic)
4097:(Belgrade)
3788:Madagascar
3742:(Gyeongju)
3736:(Gyeongju)
3718:(Gyeongju)
3712:(Gyeongju)
3602:Iron Crown
3547:(Budapest)
3438:) (Munich)
3396:Iron Crown
3380:Holy Roman
3371:(Honolulu)
3365:(Honolulu)
3225:(heraldic)
3157:) (Munich)
3117:(heraldic)
2988:Yishanguan
2480:Koh-i-Noor
2470:Cullinan I
2216:B00283LZA6
2146:B000HHY1ZQ
1440:B000HHY1ZQ
1415:Wikisource
1330:3 December
976:0723230935
869:References
745:War Office
741:Edward VII
718:Royal Arms
714:Fox-Davies
699:After the
606:Charles II
436:, and for
369:Charles II
308:, the new
277:Holy relic
273:emperors.
261:reinterred
4951:Monuments
4835:George VI
4477:Standards
4253:(missing)
4157:(Seville)
4151:(Granada)
4108:(Cetinje)
3939:(Dresden)
3933:(Dresden)
3921:(missing)
3780:(missing)
3771:Lithuania
3636:(Palermo)
3630:(missing)
3624:) (Monza)
3614:) (Turin)
3522:(Bergamo)
3293:(Dresden)
3287:(Dresden)
3281:(Dresden)
3259:(missing)
3253:(missing)
3018:(missing)
2968:(missing)
2588:Lily Font
2005:159809217
1549:Baldwin's
859:new crown
759:George VI
656:with the
590:carbuncle
574:sapphires
570:amethysts
491:in 1953.
485:George VI
420:In 1671,
329:Charles I
314:Edward VI
271:Byzantine
248:Christmas
212:sovereign
210:' as the
208:the Crown
97:the Crown
5012:Manitoba
4880:George V
4857:Victoria
4849:Jubilees
4825:George V
4815:Victoria
4639:Heraldry
4531:Scotland
4349:Monarchy
4317:See also
4163:(Toledo)
4145:(Toledo)
4139:(Madrid)
4114:(Vienna)
3980:(Lisbon)
3974:(Lisbon)
3965:Portugal
3951:(Warsaw)
3945:(Warsaw)
3829:(Vienna)
3701:(Yongin)
3695:(Gongju)
3587:(Tehran)
3581:(Tehran)
3575:(Tehran)
3553:(Vienna)
3471:Holy See
3456:(Speyer)
3450:(Munich)
3444:(Munich)
3428:(Aachen)
3422:(Aachen)
3410:(Munich)
3404:(Vienna)
3392:(Vienna)
3328:(Athens)
3247:(Berlin)
3241:(Berlin)
3179:(Berlin)
3163:(Munich)
3147:(Munich)
3000:Mianguan
2959:Bulgaria
2951:(London)
2945:(London)
2939:(London)
2933:(London)
2927:(London)
2921:(London)
2915:(London)
2909:(London)
2903:(London)
2892:(London)
2886:(London)
2880:(London)
2868:(London)
2862:(London)
2850:(Aachen)
2844:(Munich)
2786:(Prague)
2767:(Vienna)
2739:(Vienna)
2716:(Vienna)
2551:Trumpets
2454:Sceptres
2353:Coronets
1816:3 August
1759:Warrant.
1752:3 August
1661:Heraldry
1502:(1864).
1398:(1909).
959:(1983).
926:BBC News
817:See also
778:applies
684:Heraldry
632:(2023).
624:(1937),
620:(1911),
618:George V
616:(1689),
612:(1685),
610:James II
608:(1661),
578:jargoons
481:George V
434:James II
192:heraldry
120:Material
5022:Ontario
5007:Alberta
4997:Federal
4956:Eponyms
4464:England
4359:Regalia
4244:Ukraine
3988:Romania
3957:(Płock)
3730:(Seoul)
3724:(Seoul)
3665:Kanmuri
3604:(Monza)
3538:Hungary
3416:(Essen)
3398:(Monza)
3232:Prussia
3201:Hanover
3138:Bavaria
3108:Germany
3100:(Paris)
3088:(Paris)
3082:(Paris)
3026:Denmark
3009:Croatia
2776:Bohemia
2724:Austria
2707:Albania
2600:Related
2538:Curtana
2511:Ampulla
2439:Armills
1943:25 July
1911:19 July
1878:25 July
1847:25 July
1784:25 July
1727:19 July
1698:11 July
1623:28 June
1554:29 June
963:(ed.).
594:peridot
558:topazes
415:James I
410:sceptre
377:Baroque
359:in 1685
244:Whitsun
226:History
194:of the
174:Baroque
152:at the
136:of the
132:is the
71:Country
66:Details
4990:Awards
4506:Badges
4262:Africa
4207:Tahiti
4171:Sweden
4088:Serbia
4017:Russia
3882:Poland
3853:Norway
3809:Mexico
3670:Raikan
3653:Benkan
3382:Empire
3355:Hawaii
3319:Greece
3272:Saxony
3055:France
2800:Brazil
2761:(Graz)
2700:Crowns
2532:Swords
2379:Others
2289:Crowns
2214:
2193:
2172:
2144:
2123:
2102:
2060:
2041:
2022:
2003:
1976:879390
1974:
1668:
1573:p. 352
1438:
1410:
1240:2 June
1208:
1113:
1068:
973:
786:, and
743:, the
592:and 1
586:spinel
582:garnet
566:rubies
550:ermine
530:(1:36)
246:, and
240:Easter
231:Origin
218:, and
112:Arches
104:Weight
4944:Other
4765:Legal
4598:Wales
4354:Queen
4226:Tonga
4124:Spain
3685:Korea
3645:Japan
3595:Italy
3337:Haiti
3122:Baden
2983:Futou
2976:China
2556:Maces
2449:Rings
2434:Spurs
2429:Robes
2001:S2CID
1972:JSTOR
1775:(PDF)
1717:(PDF)
1515:Arms.
932:6 May
829:Notes
600:Usage
564:, 12
560:, 27
546:monde
430:monde
89:Owner
4688:Main
4344:King
4285:Asia
3561:Iran
2444:Orbs
2212:ASIN
2191:ISBN
2170:ISBN
2142:ASIN
2121:ISBN
2100:ISBN
2058:ISBN
2039:ISBN
2020:ISBN
1945:2024
1913:2024
1880:2024
1849:2024
1818:2024
1786:2024
1754:2024
1729:2024
1700:2024
1666:ISBN
1625:2024
1556:2024
1510:The
1486:2023
1436:ASIN
1364:2018
1332:2022
1310:2015
1242:2024
1206:ISBN
1111:ISBN
1066:ISBN
971:ISBN
934:2023
672:and
652:and
638:Anne
636:and
588:, 1
584:, 1
580:, 1
576:, 2
572:, 6
568:, 7
479:fit
408:and
84:1661
81:Made
2081:doi
1993:doi
1968:120
383:of
5044::
3622:it
3612:it
3436:de
3303::
3275::
3235::
3219::
3204::
3189::
3173::
3155:de
3141::
3125::
2747:de
2234:.
2077:97
2075:.
1999:.
1989:13
1987:.
1966:.
1935:,
1929:,
1904:.
1898:.
1887:^
1870:,
1864:,
1839:,
1833:,
1808:,
1802:,
1777:.
1756:.
1745:.
1719:.
1688:.
1641:.
1615:.
1611:.
1600:^
1588:.
1571:,
1547:.
1476:.
1456:.
1404:.
1381:^
1301:.
1280:^
1268:^
1228:.
1204:.
1202:40
1175:^
1154:.
1143:^
1002:^
942:^
924:.
885:.
660:;
648:,
644:,
596:.
475:.
242:,
222:.
187:.
176:.
156:.
4673:e
4666:t
4659:v
4512:)
4508:(
4398:e
4391:t
4384:v
3620:(
3610:(
3434:(
3153:(
2745:(
2692:e
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2678:v
2647:†
2641:†
2635:†
2629:†
2408:†
2274:e
2267:t
2260:v
2218:.
2199:.
2178:.
2148:.
2129:.
2108:.
2087:.
2083::
2066:.
2047:.
2028:.
2007:.
1995::
1978:.
1915:.
1788:.
1731:.
1702:.
1674:.
1627:.
1617:5
1575:.
1558:.
1488:.
1442:.
1417:.
1366:.
1334:.
1312:.
1244:.
1214:.
1119:.
1074:.
979:.
936:.
115:2
99:.
20:)
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