Irish people - Knowledge

2715: 1161: 2691:). Four polls taken between 1989 and 1994 revealed that when asked to state their national identity, over 79% of Northern Irish Protestants replied "British" or "Ulster" with 3% or less replying "Irish", while over 60% of Northern Irish Catholics replied "Irish" with 13% or less replying "British" or "Ulster". A survey in 1999 showed that 72% of Northern Irish Protestants considered themselves "British" and 2% "Irish", with 68% of Northern Irish Catholics considering themselves "Irish" and 9% "British". The survey also revealed that 78% of Protestants and 48% of all respondents felt "Strongly British", while 77% of Catholics and 35% of all respondents felt "Strongly Irish". 51% of Protestants and 33% of all respondents felt "Not at all Irish", while 62% of Catholics and 28% of all respondents felt "Not at all British". 2032: 1331: 2807: 1032: 2657: 84: 11096: 3131: 2255:; which was not exclusively confined to Ulster. The English would try again to colonize Ireland fearing another rebellion in Ulster, using previous colonial Irish endeavours as their influence. King James would succeed Queen Elizabeth the I, because King James I was previously King James VI of Scotland, he would plant both English and Scottish in the plantations of Ulster drawing upon the Munster Plantations, this proved to be the most successful they were settled in what's mostly Now Northern Ireland. The 3287: 2023:

such as Ó and Mac. Different branches of a family with the same surname sometimes used distinguishing epithets, which sometimes became surnames in their own right. Hence the chief of the clan Ó Cearnaigh (Kearney) was referred to as An Sionnach (Fox), which his descendants use to this day. Similar surnames are often found in Scotland for many reasons, such as the use of a common language and mass Irish migration to Scotland in the late 19th and early to mid-20th centuries.

3364: 2822: 8896: 3513: 405: 2059: 2565:, and the British administration appropriating all other crops and livestock to feed her armies abroad. This meant the crop failed and turned black. Starving people who tried to eat them would only vomit it back up soon afterwards. Soup kitchens were set up but made little difference. The British government produced little aid, only sending raw corn known as 'Peel's Brimstone' to Ireland. It was known by this name after the British Prime Minister at the time, 9341: 1623: 2978: 2569:, and the fact that many Irish weren't aware of how to cook corn. This led to little or no improvement. The British government set up workhouses which were disease-ridden (with cholera, TB and others) but they also failed as little food was available and many died on arrival as they were overworked. Some British political figures at the time saw the famine as a purge from God to exterminate the majority of the native Irish population. 2499: 2198: 1708: 3112: 2364: 2573: 3446:

to Australia was introduced at which point the Argentine government responded with their own scheme and wrote to Irish bishops, seeking their support. However, there was little or no planning for the arrival of a large number of immigrants, no housing, no food. Many died, others made their way to the United States and other destinations, some returned to Ireland, a few remained and prospered.

3298: 3442:, 1,803,741 residents identified themselves as having Irish ancestry either alone or in combination with another ancestry. However this figure does not include Australians with an Irish background who chose to nominate themselves as 'Australian' or other ancestries. The Australian embassy in Dublin states that up to thirty per cent of the population claim some degree of Irish ancestry. 2967: 1414: 3938: 1903:). Mac is commonly anglicised Mc. However, "Mac" and "Mc" are not mutually exclusive, so, for example, both "MacCarthy" and "McCarthy" are used. Both "Mac" and "Ó'" prefixes are both Irish in origin, Anglicized Prefix Mc is far more common in Ireland than Scotland with 2/3 of all Mc Surnames being Irish in origin However, "Mac" is more common in Scotland and 3084:. The African slave population on the island attempted a rebellion against the Irish plantation owners on 17 March 1768. The date was chosen with the idea that the plantation owners would be distracted by St. Patrick's day festivities, but the plot was ultimately discovered and several of those involved were put to death. To this day, the Island celebrates 2561:("The Great Hurt") in the Irish language, during the famine millions of Irish people died and emigrated during Ireland's largest famine. The famine lasted from 1845 - 1849, and it was worst in the year 1847, which became known as Black '47. The famine occurred due to the extremely impoverished Irish population's staple food the potato being infected with 3930: 2608:, which got their name from the often high mortality rates on board. Many died of disease or starved. Conditions on board were abysmal - tickets were expensive so stowaways were common, and little food stuff was given to passengers who were simply viewed as cargo in the eyes of the ship workers. Notable coffin ships include the 1581:(earlier Gaelic settlements on these sites did not approach the urban nature of the subsequent Norse trading ports). The Vikings left little impact on Ireland other than towns and certain words added to the Irish language, but many Irish taken as slaves inter-married with the Scandinavians, hence forming a close link with the 3450:

Archbishop of Cashel, said: "I most solemnly conjure my poorer countrymen, as they value their happiness hereafter, never to set foot on the Argentine Republic however tempted to do so they may be by offers of a passage or an assurance of comfortable homes." Some notable Argentines of Irish descent

1907:

than in the rest of Ireland; furthermore, "Ó" surnames are less common in Scotland having been brought to Scotland from Ireland. The proper surname for a woman in Irish uses the feminine prefix nic (meaning daughter) in place of mac. Thus a boy may be called Mac Domhnaill whereas his sister would be

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It is believed that as many as 30,000 Irish people emigrated to Argentina between the 1830s and the 1890s. This was encouraged by the clergy, as they considered a Catholic country, Argentina, preferable to a more Protestant United States. This flow of emigrants dropped sharply when assisted passage

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A 2017 genetic study done on the Irish shows that there is fine-scale population structure between different regional populations of the island, with the largest difference between native 'Gaelic' Irish populations and those of Ulster Protestants known to have recent, partial British ancestry. They

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Another English commentator records that the assemblies were attended by "all the scum of the country"—the labouring population as well as the landowners. While the distinction between "free" and "unfree" elements of the Irish people was unreal in legal terms, it was a social and economic reality.

1345:

One Roman historian records that the Irish people were divided into "sixteen different nations" or tribes. Traditional histories assert that the Romans never attempted to conquer Ireland, although it may have been considered. The Irish were not, however, cut off from Europe; they frequently raided

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was first challenged in 2005, and in 2007 scientists began looking at the possibility of a more recent Mesolithic- or even Neolithic-era entrance of R1b into Europe. A new study published in 2010 by Balaresque et al. implies either a Mesolithic- or Neolithic- (not Paleolithic-) era entrance of R1b

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Mathieson, Iain; Lazaridis, Iosif; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Alpaslan Roodenberg, Songul; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fernandes, Daniel; Novak, Mario; Sirak, Kendra; Gamba, Cristina; Jones, Eppie R.; Llamas, Bastien; Dryomov, Stanislav; Pickrell, Joseph; Arsuaga,

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Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels; Harvig, Lise; Baron,

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There is no people under the sun that doth love equal and indifferent (impartial) justice better than the Irish, or will rest better satisfied with the execution thereof, although it be against themselves, as they may have the protection and benefit of the law upon which just cause they do desire

2022:

The Mac Lochlainn, Ó Maol Seachlainn, Ó Maol Seachnaill, Ó Conchobhair, Mac Loughlin and Mac Diarmada families, all distinct, are now all subsumed together as MacLoughlin. The full surname usually indicated which family was in question, something that has been diminished with the loss of prefixes

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who started the first plantations in Ireland in 1550, this would become the model for English colonization moving forward in Ireland and would later form the British imperial model The 1550 plantation counties were known as Philipstown (now Daingean) and Maryborough (now Portlaoise) named by the

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in England, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Many records show the majority of Irish emigrants to Australia were in fact prisoners. A substantial proportion of these committed crimes in hopes of being extradited to Australia, favouring it to the persecution and hardships they endured in their

1911:

A son has the same surname as his father. A female's surname replaces Ó with Ní (reduced from Iníon Uí – "daughter of the grandson of") and Mac with Nic (reduced from Iníon Mhic – "daughter of the son of"); in both cases the following name undergoes lenition. However, if the second part of the

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Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei; Mittnik, Alissa; Bánffy, Eszter; Economou, Christos; Francken, Michael; Friederich, Susanne; Pena, Rafael

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argues against this view, saying that there is no archaeological or placename evidence for a migration or a takeover by a small group of elites. He states that "the Irish migration hypothesis seems to be a classic case of long-held historical beliefs influencing not only the interpretation of

2008:

origin is the 'de' habitational prefix, meaning 'of' and originally signifying prestige and land ownership. Examples include de Búrca (Burke), de Brún, de Barra (Barry), de Stac (Stack), de Tiúit, de Faoite (White), de Londras (Landers), de Paor (Power). The Irish surname "Walsh" (in Irish

3931:"Ethnic Origin (264), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey" 5484: 4873:

Juan Luis; De Castro, Jose Maria Bermudez; Carbonell, Eudald; Gerritsen, Fokke; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Lozano, Marina; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; Roodenberg, Jacob; Verges, Josep Maria; et al. (2015).

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If we compare the history of Ireland in the 6th century, after Christianity was received, with that of the 4th century, before the coming of Christianity, the wonderful change and contrast is probably more striking than any other such change in any other nation known to

1127:. In the cases of the Conmaicne, Delbhna, and perhaps Érainn, it can be demonstrated that the tribe took their name from their chief deity, or in the case of the Ciannachta, Eóganachta, and possibly the Soghain, a deified ancestor. This practice is paralleled by the 3149:

There are also large Irish communities in some mainland European countries, notably in Spain, France and Germany. Between 1585 and 1818, over half a million Irish departed Ireland to serve in the wars on the Continent, in a constant emigration romantically styled

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were also found to have most similarity to two main ancestral sources: a 'French' component (mostly northwestern French) which reached highest levels in the Irish and other Celtic populations (Welsh, Highland Scots and Cornish) and showing a possible link to the

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Garrido; Hallgren, Fredrik; Khartanovich, Valery; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Kunst, Michael; Kuznetsov, Pavel; Meller, Harald; Mochalov, Oleg; Moiseyev, Vayacheslav; Nicklisch, Nicole; Pichler, Sandra L.; Risch, Roberto; Rojo Guerra, Manuel A.; et al. (2015).

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During the 18th and 19th centuries, 300,000 free emigrants and 45,000 convicts left Ireland to settle in Australia. Today, Australians of Irish descent are one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Australia, after English and Australian. In the 2006

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component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic or Mesolithic Europeans, and which would have been introduced into Europe with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as the Indo-European languages. This genetic component, labelled as

1530:"The knowledge of Greek", says Professor Sandys in his History of Classical Scholarship, "which had almost vanished in the west was so widely dispersed in the schools of Ireland that if anyone knew Greek it was assumed he must have come from that country."' 2130:

was all important. Ireland 'was justly styled a "Nation of Annalists"'. The various branches of Irish learning—including law, poetry, history and genealogy, and medicine—were associated with hereditary learned families. The poetic families included the

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An Act whereby the King and Queen's Majesties, and the Heires and Successors of the Queen, be entituled to the Countries of Leix, Slewmarge, Irry, Glimnaliry, and Offaily, and for making the same Countries Shire Grounds."; Phil. & Mar., 1556

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A 16th century perception of Irish women and girls, illustrated in the manuscript "Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel". Painted by

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Justyna; Casa, Philippe Della; Dąbrowski, Paweł; Duffy, Paul R.; Ebel, Alexander V.; Epimakhov, Andrey; Frei, Karin; Furmanek, Mirosław; Gralak, Tomasz; Gromov, Andrey; Gronkiewicz, Stanisław; Grupe, Gisela; Hajdu, Tamás; et al. (2015).

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origin came to use a Norman form of their original surname—so that Mac Giolla Phádraig became Fitzpatrick—while some assimilated so well that the Irish name was dropped in favour of a new, Hiberno-Norman form. Another common Irish surname of

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Gilbert, Edmund; O’Reilly, Seamus; Merrigan, Michael; McGettigan, Darren; Molloy, Anne M.; Brody, Lawrence C.; Bodmer, Walter; Hutnik, Katarzyna; Ennis, Sean; Lawson, Daniel J.; Wilson, James F.; Cavalleri, Gianpiero L. (8 December 2017).

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Bramanti, B.; Thomas, M. G.; Haak, W.; Unterlaender, M.; Jores, P.; Tambets, K.; Antanaitis-Jacobs, I.; Haidle, M. N.; Jankauskas, R.; Kind, C.-J.; Lueth, F.; Terberger, T.; Hiller, J.; Matsumura, S.; Forster, P.; Burger, J. (2009).

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as the "national language". In regards to the Germanic minority in Ireland (of Norman and Anglo-Saxon origin) he believed that they could be assimilated into Irishness if they had a "willingness to be part of the Irish Nation".

1381:

The introduction of Christianity to the Irish people during the 5th century brought a radical change to the Irish people's foreign relations. The only military raid abroad recorded after that century is a presumed invasion of

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in the national census. The term "Black Irish" is sometimes used outside Ireland to refer to Irish people with black hair and dark eyes. One theory is that they are descendants of Spanish traders or of the few sailors of the

1939:

is an Anglicization of the Irish Mac Raghnaill, itself originating from the Norse names Randal or Reginald. Though these names were of Viking derivation some of the families who bear them appear to have had Gaelic origins.

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one of the largest of any nation. Historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are found mainly in English-speaking countries, especially

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Malmström, Helena; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Thomas, Mark G.; Brandström, Mikael; Storå, Jan; Molnar, Petra; Andersen, Pernille K.; Bendixen, Christian; Holmlund, Gunilla; Götherström, Anders; Willerslev, Eske (2009).

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An English report of 1515 states that the Irish people were divided into over sixty Gaelic lordships and thirty Anglo-Irish lordships. The English term for these lordships was "nation" or "country". The Irish term

5599:"Théâtre de tous les peuples et nations de la terre avec leurs habits et ornemens divers, tant anciens que modernes, diligemment depeints au naturel par Luc Dheere peintre et sculpteur Gantois[manuscript]" 2123:

Social mobility was usually downwards, due to social and economic pressures. The ruling clan's "expansion from the top downwards" was constantly displacing commoners and forcing them into the margins of society.

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origin to have the English versions of their surnames beginning with 'Ó' or 'Mac' (Over time however many have been shortened to 'O' or Mc). 'O' comes from the Irish Ó which in turn came from Ua, which means

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It is a sad and pitiable sight to see Irish mothers with, in some cases, their dying babes in their arms ... ... in many cases mothers sold their clothing from their backs to procure food for their starving

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The figure 1,250,000 is mentioned on the commemorative stone at the Papal Cross in the Phoenix Park, Dublin; a quarter of the population of the island of Ireland, or a third of the population of Republic of

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documentary sources themselves but the subsequent invasion paradigm being accepted uncritically in the related disciplines of archaeology and linguistics." Dál Riata and the territory of the neighbouring

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in 1979. The idea of faith has affected the question of Irish identity even in relatively recent times, apparently more so for Catholics and Irish-Americans. Today the majority of Irish people in the

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The Irish people of the Late Middle Ages were active as traders on the European continent. They were distinguished from the English (who only used their own language or French) in that they only used

1176:

is the dominant subclade within Ireland, reaching a frequency of 65%. This subclade is also dominant in Scotland, Wales and Brittany and descends from a common ancestor who lived in about 2,500 BC.

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in 1932, that year being the supposed 1,500th anniversary of Saint Patrick's arrival. Ireland was then home to 3,171,697 Catholics, about a third of whom attended the Congress. It was noted in

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brought an interest among the English to colonize Ireland with the reign of the Tudors. King Henry IV established surrender and regrants to the Irish, but it was not until the Catholic queen

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study found they originally descended from the general Irish population, however, they are now very distinct from it. The emergence of Travellers as a distinct group occurred long before the

4925: 992:. The United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country outside Ireland. Many 3712: 2737:, about 41.6% of the population are Protestant (19.1% Presbyterian, 13.7% Church of Ireland, 3.0% Methodist, 5.8% other Christian) whilst approximately 40.8% are Catholic as of 2011. 5515: 2679:(now the independent Republic of Ireland) which consisted of 26 of Ireland's 32 traditional counties. The remaining six counties in the northeast remained in the United Kingdom as 1425:

The 'traditional' view is that, in the 4th or 5th century, Goidelic language and Gaelic culture was brought to Scotland by settlers from Ireland, who founded the Gaelic kingdom of

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There were 10,100 dual Irish nationals who identified themselves as 'Black or Black Irish - African', the largest group of which was Irish-Nigerian nationals (6,683 persons).

2147:, were renowned in the courts of England, Spain, Portugal and the Low Countries. Learning was not exclusive to the hereditary learned families, however; one such example is 5147:

Who were the Black Irish? What is the origin of the Irish with swarthy dark features? A subject of historical discussion, the subject is almost never referred to in Ireland

1248:. Modern Irish are the population most genetically similar to the Bronze Age remains, followed by Scottish and Welsh, and share more DNA with the three Bronze Age men from 8863: 4132: 6281: 5760: 2136: 9301: 2630:

and Ireland's fight for independence during subsequent rebellions, as many Irish people felt a stronger need to regain independence from British rule after the famine.

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central Europe and modern European populations mainly due to an extremely high frequency of haplogroup U (particularly U5) types in mesolithic central European sites.

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History and geography have placed Ireland in a very special location between America and Europe... As Irish people our relationships with the United States and the

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as a public holiday to commemorate the revolt and honour those who lost their lives. People of Irish descent also feature strongly in Latin America, especially in

7714: 6390: 3076:, the majority of Irish labourers who were sent to Montserrat did so by personal choice. Some were Irish Confederate troops exiled by the English Parliamentarian 8811: 7734: 4282: 817:

was their main language in the past, today most Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or

6514: 6142: 3751: 2848:) and some Celtic Welsh (such as his own ancestors and those carrying surnames such as Walsh and Griffiths). As part of this he was a staunch supporter of the 7831: 2085:

visited Ireland to gather information about the lands to the west, a number of Irish names are recorded on Columbus' crew roster preserved in the archives of

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is a late-20th century song about the Great Famine and is often sung at national team sporting events in memory and homage to those affected by the famine.

5349: 3877: 6544: 4461: 2844:. He estimated that ethnically, 5/6ths of the nation were either of Gaelic Irish-origin, or descended from returned Scottish Gaels (including much of the 1056:, has not survived and is now known only through the writings of others. On this voyage, he circumnavigated and visited a considerable part of modern-day 6777: 8816: 5149: 4072: 5167: 5093: 7827: 7239: 6219: 4304: 3166:, a French traveller remarked that the Irish "are better soldiers abroad than at home". Later, Irish brigades in France and Spain would fight in the 2778:

What defines an Irishman? His faith, his place of birth? What of the Irish-Americans? Are they Irish? Who is more Irish, a Catholic Irishman such as

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The Great Famine is one of the biggest events in Irish history and is ingrained in the identity on the nation to this day. It was a major factor in

1377:...such beautiful fictions of such beautiful ideals, by themselves, presume and prove beautiful-souled people, capable of appreciating lofty ideals. 4915: 3686: 947:

The population of Ireland is about 6.9 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, making the

1908:

called Nic Dhomhnaill or Ní Dhomhnaill – the insertion of 'h' follows the female prefix in the case of most consonants (bar H, L, N, R, & T).

8673: 3690: 2383:(1625–1698). The Irish poets of the late 17th and 18th centuries moved toward more modern dialects. Among the most prominent of this period were 4343: 11295: 6111: 6242: 4999: 7893: 6034: 6008: 5328: 4260: 3891: 3704: 1999:(Mac Síomóin/Mac an Ridire) and FitzHenry (Mac Anraí) – are descended from the initial Norman settlers. A small number of Irish families of 11843: 11407: 8845: 6060: 4256: 3808: 6859: 5478: 2411:

was common among the poor Irish mountaineers in the 17th century, who spoke it on special occasions, while cattle were bought and sold in

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origin, who had come during and after the Norman invasion. The Joyce and Griffin/Griffith (Gruffydd) families are also of Welsh origin.

1542:, where they were renowned for their learning. The most significant Irish intellectual of the early monastic period was the 9th century 1518:. With Latin, the early Irish scholars "show almost a like familiarity that they do with their own Gaelic". There is evidence also that 11417: 8859: 5545: 4440: 3018:. These countries all have large minorities of Irish descent, who in addition form the core of the Catholic Church in those countries. 1151: 6370: 6163:

Newspapers and contemporaries estimated that close to a million souls had converged on the Phoenix Park for the climax of the Congress

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are complex. Geographically we are closer to Berlin than Boston. Spiritually we are probably a lot closer to Boston than Berlin. –

7004: 6721: 6668: 711:. There have been humans in Ireland for about 33,000 years, and it has been continually inhabited for more than 10,000 years (see 11129: 11052: 11042: 8850: 7874: 7663: 3398:, primarily to escape mistreatment by Protestant officers and the strong anti-Catholic discrimination in America. These were the 2759: 2700: 1912:

surname begins with the letter C or G, it is not lenited after Nic. Thus the daughter of a man named Ó Maolagáin has the surname

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on Western Europe, and the Irish came to be seen as a nation of "saints and scholars". The 6th-century Irish monk and missionary

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raiders and traders in the 9th and 10th centuries resulted in the founding of many of Ireland's most important towns, including

11072: 11057: 11047: 8024: 7908: 7568: 6695: 6642: 6277: 3423: 666: 2714: 2274:(1653–1658) after the defeat of the Irish rebels would also plant New English in Ireland, known as the Protestant ascendency. 1160: 11427: 11062: 9446: 8826: 7857: 7249: 7228: 7205: 7183: 7159: 7140: 7108: 7081: 7062: 7039: 6611: 6314: 5962: 5918: 5676: 5309: 5284: 4659: 4024: 3197: 3120: 2097:

and Miss Gould, who made a detailed study of the crew list of 1492, no Irish or English sailors were involved in the voyage.

6890: 3993: 3320:, whose family were the descendants of Ely O'Carroll, an Irish prince who had suffered under Cromwell. At least twenty-five 11285: 8728: 8111: 7997: 5749: 3552: 3313: 3047: 2992: 1155: 487: 5877: 4850: 4373: 11067: 8066: 7979: 7936: 6836: 6743: 5416: 3474:. Although some Irish retained their surnames intact, others were assimilated into the Spanish vernacular. The last name 1559: 1554:. He had considerable familiarity with the Greek language, and translated many works into Latin, affording access to the 1404: 532: 522: 3863: 3841: 2031: 11495: 11422: 8831: 8595: 8498: 7992: 7903: 7678: 7481: 7441: 7429: 7424: 7412: 7340: 6398: 3547: 2741: 2375:

and learned classes, were upset by the plantations and went into decline. Among the last of the true bardic poets were

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The Irish were among the first people in Europe to use surnames as we know them today. It is very common for people of

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on Scotland's west coast. This is based mostly on medieval writings from the 9th and 10th centuries. The archaeologist

1386:, which according to a Welsh manuscript may have taken place around the 7th century. In the words of Seumas MacManus: 766:

to parts of the island, especially the north. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland (officially called

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For a comparatively small population of about 6 million people, Ireland made an enormous contribution to literature.

2205: 1747: 1471:. The Irishmen of this time were also "aware of the cultural unity of Europe", and it was the 6th-century Irish monk 1395:

Following the conversion of the Irish to Christianity, Irish secular laws and social institutions remained in place.

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Martin Marix Evans; David Lyons (October 2003). A terrible beauty. Gill & Macmillan. Retrieved 25 February 2013.

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by the American government on 13 September 1847. The battalion is commemorated in Mexico each year on 12 September.

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signed in 1992. This brought a further question for the future of Irish identity; whether Ireland was "closer to

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made a voyage of exploration to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC, but his account of it, known widely in

775: 6536: 2396: 2105:" referred to both the territory and the people ruled by the lord. Literally, it meant an "assembly", where the 1307:

analysis shows. The research suggests that Traveller origins may in fact date as far back as 420 years to 1597.

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This has been a matter of concern over the last century for the followers of nationalist ideologists such as

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that the Congress' special theme would be "the Faith of the Irish". The massive crowds were repeated at Pope

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B. Arredi, E. S. Poloni and C. Tyler-Smith (2007). "The peopling of Europe". In Crawford, Michael H. (ed.).

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This article is about the Irish as an ethnic group and nation. For information on Ireland's population, see

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such as the United States, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and nations of the

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in the 17th century introduced a great number of Scottish and to a lesser extent English as well as French

2252: 537: 527: 7255: 6215: 4546:"Ancient DNA Reveals Lack of Continuity between Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers and Contemporary Scandinavians" 2683:. It is predominantly religion, historical, and political differences that divide the two communities of ( 2376: 11510: 11437: 11122: 9986: 9246: 8096: 7469: 7282: 6431: 6246: 5727: 5572: 5118: 2790:, an Ulster Protestant, who is walking towards it, even though he never ultimately crosses the threshold? 2583:. "An Gorta Mór, Britain's genocide by starvation, Ireland's holocaust 1845–1849, over 1,500,000 deaths". 1311:

began around that time, with native Irish displaced from the land, perhaps to form a nomadic population.

940:. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides. Many 580: 318: 6492:

The Famine that affected Ireland from 1845 to 1852 has become an integral part of folk legend. Kenealy,

11793: 11537: 11432: 11412: 11149: 10557: 10432: 10037: 10006: 9386: 8801: 8440: 8106: 7800: 6437: 4472: 3394:. The vast majority of the 4,811 Irish-born soldiers served in the U.S. Army, but some deserted to the 3371: 3349: 2953: 2166: 1408: 1358: 1338: 783: 740: 659: 565: 3456: 3308:

People of Irish descent are the second largest self-reported ethnic group in the United States, after

2109:

would hold their courts upon hills to arbitrate the matters of the lordship. Indeed, the Tudor lawyer

11290: 10518: 10353: 9981: 8508: 8364: 8084: 7898: 7820: 7805: 7790: 7638: 7573: 7535: 7525: 7515: 7375: 6982: 6433:

Adventuring through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations

4335: 2668: 2357: 2326: 1766: 1682:

descent, mainly in the north; due to similarities of language and culture they too were assimilated.

1273: 1253: 1147: 748: 10318: 8526: 6119: 2384: 2380: 2148: 909: 885: 11570: 11442: 10858: 10292: 10268: 9594: 8753: 7883: 7497: 6916: 5845:

Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630

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who is trying to escape from his Catholicism and from his Irishness, or a Protestant Irishman like

2041: 1543: 1468: 1330: 1325: 1026: 989: 845: 497: 306: 17: 6086: 6030: 6004: 5325: 2244:

was a total failure This was followed by the somewhat successful first British-English colony the

1591:, for example, "even slaves are highborn, descended from the kings of Ireland." The first name of 10569: 10217: 9763: 9477: 9296: 9186: 8821: 8770: 8486: 8238: 7987: 7847: 7653: 7598: 7588: 7555: 7388: 7300: 6146: 5723: 3651:

ceu@scotland.gsi.gov.uk, Scottish Government, St. Andrew's House, Regent Road, Edinburgh EH1 3DG

3532: 3485:

People of Irish descent are also one of the largest self-reported ethnic groups in Canada, after

3460: 3186: 3134: 3070: 2949: 2766:

identify as Catholic, although church attendance has significantly dropped in recent decades. In

2509: 2349: 1833: 1718: 1607: 1268: 929: 794: 600: 6056: 4949:"Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome" 1611:, the first European couple to have a child born in North America was descended from the Viking 1442:, and Goidelic language and Gaelic culture became dominant there. The country came to be called 1373:

were purely fictional, they would still be representative of the character of the Irish people:

11115: 11037: 10956: 10919: 9991: 9276: 9271: 8841: 8718: 8344: 7864: 7719: 7608: 7559: 6863: 4651: 3081: 2718: 2256: 2245: 2188: 2176: 1983:

and thoroughly adopted the French language and culture. With the exception of the Gaelic-Irish

1592: 1308: 1300: 1237: 1031: 752: 302: 5668: 5662: 2619:

There are statues and memorials in Dublin, New York and other cities in memory of the famine.

2587:

Irish people emigrated to escape the famine journeying predominantly to the east coast of the

2403:. Irish Catholics continued to receive an education in secret "hedgeschools", in spite of the 2077:

abroad—a language "spoken by all educated people throughout Gaeldom". According to the writer

1988: 1228:

farmer populations already existing in western Europe. A more recent whole genome analysis of

11833: 11718: 11563: 11259: 10803: 10618: 10363: 10263: 9634: 9472: 9451: 8503: 8474: 8007: 6304: 3656: 3587: 3467: 3290: 3104:

reached out to the "70 million people worldwide who can claim Irish descent". Today the

2970: 2806: 2620: 2388: 2310: 2291: 2171: 1817: 1655: 1546:, an outstanding philosopher in terms of originality. He was the earliest of the founders of 1488: 1350: 1245: 1005: 933: 921: 857: 652: 547: 266: 5537: 4643: 4430: 1046:

During the past 33,000 years, Ireland has witnessed different peoples arrive on its shores.

11337: 11179: 10946: 10818: 10552: 10202: 9599: 9517: 9326: 9251: 8873: 8640: 8411: 8388: 8173: 8059: 7913: 7888: 7757: 7578: 7550: 6717: 6367: 5978: 5658: 5455: 5038: 5027:"The Irish DNA Atlas: Revealing Fine-Scale Population Structure and History within Ireland" 4963: 4818: 4758: 4750: 4557: 4499: 3562: 3427: 3159: 3085: 2957: 2639: 2404: 2260: 2233: 2094: 2082: 1896: 1845: 1825: 1781: 1476: 965: 937: 609: 502: 2656: 1499:

in Austria, respectively. Irish missionaries founded monasteries outside Ireland, such as

8: 11803: 11723: 11580: 11527: 11515: 11216: 11095: 10833: 10702: 10632: 10613: 10592: 10525: 10348: 10222: 10042: 10027: 10022: 9976: 9951: 9624: 9512: 9497: 9311: 9130: 8925: 8748: 8650: 8546: 8434: 8279: 7969: 7959: 7869: 7545: 7402: 7383: 7337: 7169: 7098: 6570: 5421: 4488:"Genetic Discontinuity Between Local Hunter-Gatherers and Central Europe's First Farmers" 4462:"The phylogenealogy of R-L21: Four and a half millennia of expansion and redistribution." 4257:"Dáil Éireann – 29/Apr/1987 Ceisteanna—Questions. Oral Answers. – Australian Bicentenary" 3592: 3237: 3155: 3066: 2862: 2845: 2811: 2763: 2730: 2688: 2651: 2451: 2192: 2162: 2053: 1860: 1793: 1616: 1555: 1551: 1022: 767: 712: 628: 556: 419: 376: 325: 272: 101: 83: 10232: 8575: 6941: 5042: 4967: 4822: 4754: 4561: 4503: 3466:

There are people of Irish descent all over South America, such as the Chilean liberator

11613: 11575: 11558: 11505: 11479: 11305: 11251: 10999: 10730: 10623: 10587: 10508: 10463: 10358: 10184: 10075: 10032: 9961: 9768: 9543: 9306: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9191: 9048: 9004: 8775: 8708: 8703: 8630: 8613: 8531: 8218: 8213: 8146: 7775: 7643: 7593: 7530: 7505: 7501: 7419: 7363: 7220: 6664: 5951: 5794: 5059: 5026: 4986: 4842: 4781: 4740: 4728: 4703: 4676: 4583: 4525: 4188: 4155: 3896: 3387: 3357: 2870: 2771: 2672: 2552: 2217: 1984: 1936: 1852: 1539: 1334: 997: 786:

hold various national identities including Irish, British or some combination thereof.

744: 708: 642: 443: 348: 7000: 5411: 11783: 11674: 11532: 10863: 10838: 10828: 10564: 10537: 10418: 10273: 10258: 10253: 10212: 10207: 10112: 10001: 9956: 9946: 9938: 9609: 9563: 9553: 9394: 9221: 9201: 9160: 8806: 8736: 8456: 8318: 8183: 8089: 8039: 7954: 7815: 7729: 7245: 7224: 7201: 7179: 7155: 7136: 7132: 7104: 7077: 7058: 7035: 6804: 6477: 6441: 6394: 6310: 6190: 5958: 5914: 5672: 5305: 5280: 5064: 4991: 4874: 4834: 4786: 4729:"Massive migration from the steppe is a source for Indo-European languages in Europe" 4708: 4655: 4644: 4624: 4575: 4529: 4517: 4218: 4193: 4175: 3934: 3901: 3871: 3680: 3582: 3494: 3439: 3325: 3301: 3280: 3253: 3163: 3116: 3043: 2878: 2684: 2627: 2483: 2241: 2221: 1900: 1837: 1697: 1276:

who were shipwrecked on Ireland's west coast, but there is little evidence for this.

1135: 969: 880:

has produced famous writers in both Irish- and English-language traditions, such as

834: 760: 570: 482: 462: 314: 8312: 8049: 7051: 6691: 6638: 4400: 3244:

as a result of the famine. For both the Irish in Ireland and those in the resulting

2067: 1198:

The existence of an especially strong genetic association between the Irish and the

1087:. A variety of tribal groups and dynasties have inhabited the island, including the 11778: 11644: 11636: 11621: 11553: 11520: 11230: 10892: 10853: 10808: 10795: 10715: 10694: 10597: 10542: 10227: 10047: 9966: 9778: 9558: 9492: 9382: 9261: 9256: 9226: 9196: 9150: 9112: 8978: 8665: 8645: 8466: 8421: 7795: 7476: 7458: 7345: 5054: 5046: 4981: 4971: 4882: 4846: 4826: 4776: 4768: 4698: 4688: 4614: 4587: 4565: 4507: 4336:"Reindeer bone found in Cork cave shows human activity in Ireland 33,000 years ago" 4183: 4167: 3542: 3486: 3228:. Volunteers in the British Legion were motivated by a combination of both genuine 3130: 2988: 2933: 2767: 2734: 2733:, as of 2022, 3.5 million people or about 69.1% of the population are Catholic. In 2722: 2680: 2676: 2647: 2643: 2443: 2423: 2392: 2329: 2226: 2153: 1892: 1801: 1667: 1662:

and polity by the 15th century, with the exception of some of the walled towns and

1582: 1504: 1284: 1092: 1069: 981: 877: 771: 716: 595: 542: 517: 507: 434: 424: 340: 252: 110: 46: 6615: 4020: 2248:

which had a population of 4,000 in 1580 and in the 1620s may have grown to 16,000

2158: 2089:

and it was an Irishman named Patrick Maguire who was the first to set foot in the

1923:

There are a number of Irish surnames derived from Norse personal names, including

1172:

is the dominant haplogroup among Irish males, reaching a frequency of almost 80%.

11798: 11687: 11649: 11391: 11332: 11208: 10935: 10873: 10813: 10776: 10748: 10710: 10675: 10655: 10438: 10428: 10413: 10300: 10107: 9971: 9734: 9589: 9548: 9538: 9377: 9316: 9236: 9231: 9216: 9211: 9124: 8765: 8693: 8688: 8518: 8396: 8323: 7964: 7648: 7623: 7286: 7173: 7126: 6886: 6598: 6374: 5332: 5153: 4693: 4468: 3997: 3800: 3567: 3537: 3490: 3411: 3383: 3382:

In the mid-19th century, large numbers of Irish immigrants were conscripted into

3367: 3329: 3309: 3264: 3221: 3193: 3175: 3077: 3034: 2937: 2925: 2613: 2609: 2435: 2341: 2287: 2283: 2271: 2078: 1841: 1785: 1612: 1439: 1366: 1354: 1217: 1053: 973: 961: 957: 826: 822: 810: 763: 623: 512: 372: 256: 5119:"Census of Population 2016 – Profile 8 Irish Travellers, Ethnicity and Religion" 3657:"The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland" 2332:(1774–1857), an Irish naval officer of Huguenot descent, was the creator of the 1587: 1267:

As of 2016, 10,100 Irish nationals of African descent referred to themselves as

11838: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11664: 11654: 11626: 11374: 11357: 11352: 11221: 10974: 10964: 10940: 10887: 10843: 10758: 10738: 10720: 10665: 10660: 10628: 10473: 10453: 10278: 10179: 10158: 10153: 9790: 9724: 9719: 9708: 9689: 9683: 9679: 9487: 9482: 9441: 9368: 9354: 9266: 9241: 9206: 9165: 9155: 9091: 9078: 9018: 8962: 8954: 8945: 8918: 8900: 8796: 8635: 8623: 8401: 7464: 7448: 7398: 5868: 5050: 4806: 4435: 4365: 3961:"The Irish in New Zealand: Historical Contexts and Perspectives – Brian Easton" 3892:"Ethnic Origin, both sexes, age (total), Canada, 2016 Census – 25% Sample data" 3518: 3498: 3353: 3260: 3245: 3142: 3073: 2945: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2894: 2866: 2849: 2455: 2431: 2333: 2319: 2268: 2132: 2049: 2037: 2005: 1249: 1065: 977: 948: 925: 901: 889: 814: 790: 779: 756: 724: 684: 618: 457: 429: 360: 356: 262: 247: 134: 11692: 6832: 4570: 4545: 3286: 75: 11827: 11659: 11342: 11138: 10771: 10743: 10650: 10642: 10384: 10336: 10122: 10070: 9799: 9739: 9729: 9629: 9604: 9390: 8451: 8284: 8158: 7633: 7618: 6243:"90,000 Photographs By William Murphy – 90,000 Photographs By William Murphy" 6185: 5787:"The Subjugation and Division of Ireland: Testing Ground for Colonial Policy" 5447: 4395: 4283:"DNA study reveals fate of Irish women taken by Vikings as slaves to Iceland" 4179: 4156:"Estimating Scandinavian and Gaelic ancestry in the male settlers of Iceland" 3831: 3471: 3101: 2929: 2841: 2837: 2750: 2596: 2588: 2471: 2467: 2427: 2412: 2144: 2063: 1928: 1864: 1809: 1797: 1659: 1635: 1547: 1523: 1430: 1204: 1057: 917: 869: 806: 736: 472: 404: 352: 124: 4976: 4674: 4619: 4602: 4512: 4487: 4099:"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari" 3772: 1597: 1244:, while the three Bronze Age remains had a large genetic component from the 1108: 11808: 11089: 10882: 10670: 10194: 10148: 10087: 9996: 9773: 9751: 9744: 9181: 9096: 9028: 8541: 8536: 8446: 8429: 8254: 8193: 7683: 7668: 5068: 4995: 4920: 4838: 4790: 4712: 4628: 4603:"The Place of the Basques in the European Y-chromosome Diversity Landscape" 4579: 4521: 4197: 3447: 3395: 3337: 3038: 3030: 2815: 2755: 2416: 2367:

Jonathan Swift, one of the foremost prose satirists in the English language

2337: 2323: 2297: 2201: 2016: 1924: 1884: 1805: 1675: 1647: 1508: 1484: 1480: 1370: 1288: 913: 861: 853: 802: 696: 380: 296: 9373: 7090: 6774:"Donald Trump's Scottish roots: How a tiny island could shape a President" 5156:. IrishCentral.com. Staff Writers, 26 March 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013. 4641: 4050: 3363: 2267:

as colonists. All previous endeavours were solely an English venture. The

1514:

Common to both the monastic and the secular bardic schools were Irish and

1426: 1418: 11788: 11369: 11269: 11004: 10989: 10390: 10309: 10117: 10102: 10092: 10065: 9891: 9844: 9756: 9502: 9119: 9023: 8910: 8742: 8655: 8354: 8298: 8259: 7520: 7193: 6346: 6278:"The Irish in the Anglo-Caribbean: servants or slaves? - History Ireland" 5576: 3527: 3452: 3431: 3345: 3341: 3333: 3283:

influenced by the Irish vernacular and, in some cases, sing Irish songs.

3249: 3026: 3022: 2898: 2821: 2783: 2779: 2605: 2566: 2463: 2459: 2447: 2439: 2345: 1932: 1821: 1777: 1671: 1570: 1535: 1457: 1453: 1188: 1128: 905: 897: 893: 818: 798: 732: 477: 467: 368: 219: 169: 11697: 9659: 9425: 7074:

Tudor Ireland: Crown, Community, and the Conflict of Cultures, 1470–1603

5798: 5786: 4830: 4772: 4222: 3021:

Many famous and influential figures have claimed Irish ancestry such as

2902: 2058: 1920:. When anglicised, the name can remain O' or Mac, regardless of gender. 1492: 1475:

who is regarded as "one of the fathers of Europe". Another Irish saint,

996:

have Irish and Scottish Gaelic ancestors due to transportation there as

11768: 11702: 10927: 10915: 10368: 10332: 10132: 10097: 10057: 9649: 9411: 9402: 8836: 8359: 8269: 8233: 8223: 8029: 4410:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 744. 3276: 3062: 2999: 2961: 2787: 2786:

who is eventually becoming Catholic? Who is more Irish... someone like

2523: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2363: 1996: 1992: 1888: 1789: 1732: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1691: 1500: 1472: 1241: 1233: 1221: 1192: 1035: 993: 873: 849: 364: 8480: 6833:"Beneath an Emerald Green Flag, The Story of Irish Soldiers in Mexico" 11682: 10327: 9434: 8868: 8589: 8373: 8228: 8203: 8178: 7603: 7198:

Blood of the Isles: Exploring the Genetic Roots of Our Tribal History

5168:"Travellers as 'genetically different' from settled Irish as Spanish" 3332:

took office in 1961, every American President (with the exception of

3241: 3233: 3229: 3220:

Legion. They were composed of over seven thousand volunteers, mainly

3205: 3089: 3007: 2600: 2305: 2127: 1876: 1856: 1829: 1622: 1578: 1229: 1225: 1212: 1184: 1183:, related western European populations appear to be largely from the 1179:

According to 2009 studies by Bramanti et al. and Malmström et al. on

1116: 1088: 865: 452: 179: 149: 9639: 9340: 8554: 8274: 5450:

himself was... together with John Scotus Erigena (9th century), and

2977: 2498: 2296:

There have been notable Irish scientists. The Anglo-Irish scientist

2197: 1707: 1104: 1064:. He was the first known scientific visitor to see and describe the 840:

There have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After

11384: 11347: 11235: 11189: 10984: 10448: 9901: 9856: 9820: 9808: 9654: 9614: 9429: 9421: 9416: 9398: 9321: 9058: 9053: 9038: 8780: 8713: 8378: 8264: 8208: 7613: 5451: 4887: 4763: 4745: 4171: 3836: 3577: 3268: 3201: 3105: 3015: 2795: 2353: 2264: 2090: 2000: 1980: 1872: 1813: 1663: 1643: 1574: 1496: 1304: 1112: 1100: 229: 9669: 7277: 6082: 3316:

were of Irish origin. Among them was the sole Catholic signatory,

3189:, "Ireland was an inexhaustible nursery for the finest soldiers". 3111: 852:

is regarded as one of the "fathers of Europe", followed by saints

11364: 11225: 11174: 10994: 10969: 10848: 10823: 10458: 10423: 10396: 10323: 10305: 9896: 9832: 9456: 9086: 9063: 8698: 8683: 8582: 8369: 8349: 7323: 7292: 6140: 5350:"Home-grown holy man: Cry God for Harry, Britain and... St Aidan" 5023: 4947:

Lara M. Cassidy; Rui Martiniano; et al. (28 December 2015).

4677:"A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for European Paternal Lineages" 3652: 3375: 3272: 3209: 3011: 3003: 2981: 2580: 2315: 2225:

English planters at the time. A group of explorers, known as the

2140: 1976: 1972: 1880: 1868: 1770: 1651: 1464: 1319: 1292: 1261: 1199: 1120: 1096: 1061: 1049: 1001: 985: 728: 704: 199: 11184: 11107: 4871: 4542: 1084: 41:"Irishman" redirects here. For pages titled "The Irishman", see 11733: 11379: 11264: 11164: 10979: 10766: 10548:

Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles

10468: 10443: 10407: 10401: 10314: 10237: 10163: 10082: 9584: 9068: 9013: 8568: 8561: 8406: 8339: 8198: 6911: 6889:. Wild Geese Heritage Museum and Library Portumna, Co. Galway. 6198:(2). Ave Maria University, Naples, Florida: Sapientia Press: 1. 4803: 3407: 3217: 3097: 3093: 2886: 2882: 2745: 2592: 2572: 2562: 2106: 2086: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1904: 1566: 1519: 1362: 700: 633: 209: 159: 4484: 4305:"First humans came here 33,000 years ago, reindeer bones show" 4101:(in Dutch). Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). 22 July 2021. 3240:

of the late 1840s. A million are thought to have emigrated to

3185:, the Irish-born 'Iron Duke', a notable representative of the 1943:"Fitz" is an old Norman French variant of the Old French word 1349:

Among the most famous people of ancient Irish history are the

1264:; and a 'West Norwegian' component related to the Viking era. 11240: 11169: 9868: 9674: 9619: 9507: 9101: 9043: 9033: 8991: 8941: 8618: 8188: 4946: 4725: 4073:"Who are the Irish in France, and what are they doing there?" 3572: 2408: 2372: 2074: 1916:

and the daughter of a man named Mac Gearailt has the surname

1761: 1679: 1639: 1627: 1515: 1448: 1435: 1383: 1220:" in the studies, then mixed to varying degrees with earlier 1208: 1180: 1173: 1124: 830: 720: 344: 189: 5979:"in, Social Attitudes in Northern Ireland: The Fifth Report" 3297: 1398: 1191:

era, as previously thought. There was discontinuity between

1138:, who supposedly conquered Ireland around 1000 BC or later. 11159: 10127: 9664: 9644: 9579: 9407: 6143:"The 31st International Eucharistic Congress, Dublin, 1932" 5458:(both 11th century), one of the founders of scholasticism." 4399: 3866:. 28 July 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2013. 3612:

2021 census, Irish alone and other national identifications

3293:, first Catholic bishop and archbishop in the United States 3213: 2966: 1602: 1460:

also came under massive Gaelic influence in their history.

1413: 6240: 4646:

Anthropological genetics: theory, methods and applications

4047:"estimated 35,000-more than 1 million enjoy Irish culture" 2212:

had settled in Ireland in the Munster plantations in 1580.

1927:(Sweeney) from Swein and McAuliffe from "Olaf". The name 1236:

skeletal remains from Ireland suggested that the original

8306: 7100:

The Story of the Irish Race: A Popular History of Ireland

4600: 3061:

Many Irish people were also transported to the island of

2675:

was signed which led to the formation of the independent

1296: 1169: 1134:

One legend states that the Irish were descended from the

6306:

Gallery Montserrat: some prominent people in our history

4916:"Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe" 2259:

introduced Tudor English settlers to Ireland, while The

1851:

Names that begin with Mac or Mc include: Mac Cárthaigh (

1526:

were studied, the latter probably being taught at Iona.

1346:

the Roman territories, and also maintained trade links.

1203:

into Europe. Unlike previous studies, large sections of

7735:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3650: 3108:

is believed to contain an estimated 80 million people.

2113:

described the Irish people with respect to their laws:

1935:, derives from the Norse personal name Ottir. The name 7128:

The Wild Geese: The Irish Brigades of France and Spain

6942:"Australia- Ireland relationship – Australian Embassy" 6830: 6083:"Population Usually Resident and Present in the State" 2040:

in the 2nd half of the 16th century. Preserved in the

1991:) surname, all names that begin with Fitz – including 1016: 9860: 7175:

The Origins of the British: A Genetic Detective Story

6309:. Canoe Press University of West Indies. p. 83. 5508:"A dozen things you might not know about Irish names" 5299: 4875:"Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe" 4650:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 3832:"How many Britons are entitled to an Irish passport?" 3236:

motives. The most famous cause of emigration was the

2426:

encompasses the Irish and English languages. Notable

10246: 7465:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

7217:

The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting

6612:"Presidents of the United States with "Irish Roots"" 6188:(March–April 2007). "Editorial: The Celtic Enigma". 4675:

Balaresque; et al. (2010). Penny, David (ed.).

3508: 3426:. They fought until their surrender at the decisive 1538:, Irish scholars had a considerable presence in the 1164:

An Irishman beside his donkey in County Galway, 1902

5948: 5480:

Sloinnte Gaedheal is Gall: Irish names and surnames

5406: 5404: 5402: 4012: 3279:. They often have Irish surnames, speak a form of 2169:, the 17th century genealogist and compiler of the 7050: 6968: 6476:, New Lanark: Geddes & Grosset, 2002, p. 226. 6085:. CSO.ie. Central Statistics Office. 30 May 2023. 5950: 5876:(PhD). Royal Holloway College, London University. 5720:"Culture and Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494–1558" 4259:. Oireachtasdebates.oireachtas.ie. 29 April 1987. 4209: 4207: 3884: 3773:American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau. 3451:and Irish people who settled in Argentina include 2488: 2026: 7828:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 5866: 3864:"Department of Foreign Affairs – Emigrant Grants" 2356:. He was the uncle of another notable physicist, 2151:, the 15th century diocesan priest who wrote the 11825: 7152:Gaelic and Gaelicised Ireland in the Middle Ages 6835:. The Society for Irish Latin American Studies. 6559: 5399: 3876:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2873:in 1973, and Irish citizens became additionally 2774:, there has also been a decline in attendances. 8674:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 6826: 6824: 6822: 5913:by J.J. MacIntosh (University of Toronto Press 4204: 4018: 3996:. Western People. 14 March 2008. Archived from 3925: 3923: 3748:Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency 3340:) has had some Irish blood. An Irish-American, 2251:After the defeat of the Irish in Ulster in the 1773:" of a named person. Mac is the Irish for son. 1562:, previously almost unknown in the Latin West. 7048: 5942: 5644: 5642: 5621: 4668: 2993:President of the Council of Ministers of Spain 2229:, were active in Ireland at around this time. 1776:Names that begin with "O'" include: Ó Bánion ( 1320:Early expansion and the coming of Christianity 11123: 9824: 8926: 7308: 6657: 6385: 6383: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5197: 5195: 5193: 3744:"Census 2021 main statistics identity tables" 3705:"Census of Population 2022 – Summary Results" 3324:have some Irish ancestral origins, including 660: 9812: 6860:"The San Patricios: Mexico's Fighting Irish" 6819: 6798: 6683: 6241:Thomas Davis – Dame Street (17 March 2012). 6213: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5690: 5688: 5318: 5300:Nora Kershaw Chadwick, Myles Dyllon (1972). 5261: 5259: 4242: 4240: 3988: 3986: 3920: 3685:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2340:(1815–1864), the mathematician who invented 2139:. Irish physicians, such as the O'Briens in 82: 27:Ethnic group native to the island of Ireland 11586:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9872: 9836: 7437:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 7168: 6970:"Irish Emigrants to the Argentine Republic" 6614:. irishamericanheritage.com. Archived from 6569:. irishamericanheritage.com. Archived from 6106: 6104: 5639: 5279:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 551. 5277:The Edinburgh history of the Scots language 5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5239: 4807:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 3733:Ethnic Irish at Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2020) 2165:. It was this latter family which produced 2010: 707:, who share a common ancestry, history and 11296:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 11130: 11116: 9848: 8940: 8933: 8919: 8860:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 7315: 7301: 7124: 6718:"American Presidents with Irish Ancestors" 6423: 6380: 6245:. Dublinstreets.osx128.com. Archived from 5847:. Cambridge University Press. p. 184. 5566: 5222: 5190: 4478: 4215:"Pope Calls Irish Monk a Father of Europe" 3793: 3689:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1152:Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Europe 1011: 727:). From the 9th century, small numbers of 667: 653: 6831:Michael G. Connaughton (September 2005). 6361: 5706: 5685: 5304:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 66. 5058: 4985: 4975: 4886: 4780: 4762: 4744: 4702: 4692: 4618: 4569: 4511: 4237: 4187: 3983: 2539:Learn how and when to remove this message 1748:Learn how and when to remove this message 1619:, and a Gaelic slave brought to Iceland. 1399:Migration and invasion in the Middle Ages 789:The Irish have their own unique customs, 45:. For "The Irish People" newspapers, see 8679:Association football in Northern Ireland 7289:—Documentary about Irish genetic history 7149: 7096: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6101: 6057:"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey" 6031:"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey" 6005:"Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey" 5784: 5236: 4394: 4153: 3362: 3296: 3285: 3252:and became a rallying point for various 3129: 3110: 2976: 2965: 2820: 2805: 2770:, where almost 50% of the population is 2713: 2655: 2571: 2371:The Irish bardic system, along with the 2362: 2352:introduced the idea and the name of the 2277: 2196: 2057: 2030: 1621: 1412: 1329: 1159: 1030: 972:. There are also significant numbers in 7875:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 7237: 6857: 6630: 5842: 5657: 4913: 4333: 3801:"One in four Britons claim Irish roots" 3777:. Factfinder.census.gov. Archived from 2701:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 2344:, spent the latter part of his life in 32:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 14: 11826: 9789: 7029: 6724:from the original on 26 September 2018 6454:from the original on 28 September 2023 6323:from the original on 28 September 2023 6302: 6184: 6089:from the original on 28 September 2023 5518:from the original on 21 September 2020 5487:from the original on 28 September 2023 5476: 5440: 5125:from the original on 20 September 2021 4160:The American Journal of Human Genetics 3829: 3200:against Spain for the independence of 2709: 2157:. Other learned families included the 1967:, etc.), used by the Normans, meaning 1446:, after the Roman name for the Gaels: 1369:wrote that even if the Fianna and the 1207:were analyzed in addition to paternal 1083:are probably derived from the goddess 11111: 11021: 10913: 10692: 10494: 9926: 9706: 9352: 8989: 8914: 8144: 7934: 7755: 7361: 7296: 7214: 7192: 7071: 6429: 6202: 6141:John Paul McCarthy; Tomás O'Riordan. 5985:from the original on 26 December 2018 5901:Canny, Making Ireland British, p. 146 5717: 5483:. M. H. Gill & son. pp. xx. 5274: 5005:from the original on 29 December 2015 4263:from the original on 24 December 2018 4154:Helgason, Agnar; et al. (2000). 4027:from the original on 7 September 2017 3941:from the original on 24 December 2018 3908:from the original on 12 November 2020 3811:from the original on 24 December 2018 3667:from the original on 24 December 2018 3069:, exiled prisoners or slaves. Unlike 2998:The Irish diaspora consists of Irish 2836:and founder of the Irish nationalist 2015:) was routinely given to settlers of 144:14,000,000 (650,000 first generation) 11301:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 7238:Various (2001). Smiley, Jane (ed.). 7103:. Ireland: The Irish Publishing Co. 6966: 6948:from the original on 13 January 2012 6884: 6780:from the original on 2 February 2017 6710: 6567:"Irish-American History Month, 1995" 6222:from the original on 19 October 2016 5766:from the original on 16 October 2021 5750:"History Revision – The Plantations" 5609:from the original on 29 October 2020 5360:from the original on 23 October 2012 5178:from the original on 31 October 2020 5165: 5099:from the original on 23 January 2018 4928:from the original on 17 January 2018 4601:Alonso, Santos; et al. (2005). 4125:"Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia" 3994:"Flying the Irish flag in Argentina" 3553:List of expatriate Irish populations 3314:American Declaration of Independence 2840:movement, identified the Irish as a 2521:adding citations to reliable sources 2492: 1730:adding citations to reliable sources 1701: 1670:also saw the settlement of Scottish 1156:Genetic history of the British Isles 842:Ireland's conversion to Christianity 93:Regions with significant populations 11844:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom 10914: 7131:. Christopher Warner, illustrator. 7057:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7007:from the original on 13 August 2021 7003:. Wander Argentina. 16 March 2010. 6893:from the original on 5 October 2008 6839:from the original on 28 August 2012 5949:David R. Montgomery (14 May 2007). 5883:from the original on 30 August 2021 5867:MacCarthy-Morrogh, Michael (1983). 5805:from the original on 29 August 2021 5505: 5417:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 4443:from the original on 7 January 2023 4376:from the original on 3 January 2018 4135:from the original on 26 August 2022 3971:from the original on 5 January 2019 1630:in a painting from the 16th century 1601:, is a variation of the Irish name 1279: 1017:Prehistoric and legendary ancestors 821:, and the Irish also had their own 24: 7904:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 7679:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 7477:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 7322: 7091:Irish Names - origins and meanings 7034:. London: Quercus Publishing PLC. 6754:from the original on 28 April 2019 6744:"The Man Who Made Trump Who He Is" 6671:from the original on 28 March 2008 6517:from the original on 1 August 2020 6345:. Irelandroots.com. Archived from 5957:. University of California Press. 5953:Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations 5548:from the original on 26 March 2020 4607:European Journal of Human Genetics 4315:from the original on 27 April 2021 4105:from the original on 3 August 2017 3830:Maybin, Simon (2 September 2016). 3715:from the original on 7 August 2023 3548:List of Americans of Irish descent 2742:International Eucharistic Congress 2604:homeland. Emigrants travelled on ' 1479:, has been proposed as a possible 920:. Notable Irish explorers include 844:, Irish missionaries and scholars 719:, the Irish have been primarily a 25: 11860: 11137: 10344:Festival Interceltique de Lorient 7689:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 7271: 6689: 6636: 6547:from the original on 21 June 2020 6391:"The Wild Geese, Men-at-Arms 102" 6214:Thomas Davis (28 February 2013). 6063:from the original on 10 June 2011 6037:from the original on 10 June 2011 5870:The Munster Plantation, 1583–1641 5428:from the original on 27 June 2007 4914:Radford, Tim (28 December 2015). 4895:from the original on 3 March 2016 4853:from the original on 13 July 2019 3844:from the original on 28 July 2020 3312:. Nine of the signatories of the 3265:Irish immigrants in the Caribbean 3137:, Argentine national hero of the 3123:, military commander and, later, 2909: 2801: 2694: 2415:in the mountain market-places of 731:settled in Ireland, becoming the 138: 11286:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 11094: 9707: 9339: 8894: 7858:Tallest buildings and structures 7219:. photography by Achim Bednorz. 6993: 6960: 6934: 6905: 6878: 6851: 6792: 6766: 6736: 6720:. Directory of Irish Genealogy. 6698:from the original on 12 May 2008 6645:from the original on 12 May 2008 6604: 6585: 6529: 6499: 6486: 6466: 6414: 6405: 6335: 6296: 6011:from the original on 10 May 2011 4079:from the original on 22 May 2019 4075:. Irish Times. 18 January 2019. 3754:from the original on 9 July 2023 3511: 3125:President of the French Republic 2705:Demographics of Northern Ireland 2497: 2430:, playwrights and poets include 2314:, written in 1661. Boyle was an 1706: 1469:Christianity to Pictish Scotland 1240:was most similar to present-day 403: 36:Demographics of Northern Ireland 6967:Cole, Patrick (29 March 1889). 6913:Australian Bureau of Statistics 6592:Maryland Traces Its Irish Roots 6284:from the original on 6 May 2017 6270: 6261: 6234: 6178: 6168: 6134: 6075: 6049: 6023: 5997: 5971: 5933: 5924: 5904: 5895: 5860: 5851: 5836: 5827: 5817: 5785:Hallinan, Conn Malachi (1977). 5778: 5742: 5697: 5651: 5630: 5591: 5560: 5530: 5499: 5470: 5461: 5390: 5381: 5372: 5342: 5293: 5268: 5213: 5204: 5159: 5140: 5111: 5075: 5017: 4940: 4907: 4865: 4797: 4719: 4635: 4594: 4536: 4455: 4423: 4414: 4388: 4366:"Pytheas | Greek explorer" 4358: 4346:from the original on 7 May 2021 4327: 4297: 4275: 4249: 4147: 4117: 4091: 4065: 4039: 3953: 3624: 3615: 3322:presidents of the United States 3141:, considered the father of the 2633: 2579:mural on the Ballymurphy Road, 2508:needs additional citations for 2489:The Great Famine / An Górta Mór 2477: 2238:Shane O'Neill (Irish chieftain) 2210:Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork 2093:in 1492; however, according to 2027:Late Medieval and Tudor Ireland 1975:themselves were descendants of 1717:needs additional citations for 1405:Early Medieval Ireland 800–1166 1337:imparting his blessing to the " 942:presidents of the United States 11729:Northern Ireland Sign Language 7694:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 6118:. 20 June 1932. Archived from 4221:. 11 July 2007. Archived from 3856: 3823: 3766: 3736: 3727: 3697: 3644: 3606: 3558:List of Ireland-related topics 3470:and the Peruvian photographer 3216:. Venezuelans called them the 2875:Citizens of the European Union 2300:(1627–1691) is considered the 2182: 944:have had some Irish ancestry. 13: 1: 11063:Celtic place names in Galicia 10693: 7756: 7150:Nicholls, Kenneth W. (1972). 7023: 5083:"Celtic Population Structure" 4285:. irishtimes.com. 6 June 2018 3318:Charles Carroll of Carrollton 2973:, a founding father of Chile. 2348:. The 19th century physicist 2062:Gaelic Irish soldiers in the 1483:of the United Kingdom, while 1039: 864:is considered the "father of 43:The Irishman (disambiguation) 10495: 9000:Ancient Celtic ethnic groups 8759:Northern Ireland flags issue 7935: 7710:List of conflicts in Ireland 7454:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 7125:McLaughlin, Mark G. (1980). 6601:, Maryland Office of Tourism 6474:Ireland: History of a Nation 4694:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285 3637: 3430:, and were executed outside 3162:. In the early years of the 3154:" and, before that, in the ' 3092:and important minorities in 2834:Protestant Irish nationalist 2397:Cathal Buí Mac Giolla Ghunna 2204:, Anglo-Irish scientist and 2143:or the MacCailim Mor in the 2066:, from a drawing of 1521 by 1840:), Ó Brádaigh/Mac Bradaigh ( 1491:became the patron saints of 1417:The approximate area of the 1238:Neolithic farming population 7: 9987:Welsh literature in English 9927: 9353: 9079:Modern Celtic ethnic groups 8990: 8145: 7730:Gaelic clothing and fashion 7362: 5573:Washington State University 3504: 2336:for indicating wind force. 1685: 1595:, the chief protagonist of 1560:Greek theological tradition 1463:Irish missionaries such as 1141: 1004:during their settlement of 743:in the 12th century, while 10: 11865: 10007:Scottish Gaelic literature 9387:Brigantia (ancient region) 7076:. Great Britain: Longman. 6944:. Ireland.embassy.gov.au. 6438:Liverpool University Press 6033:. Ark.ac.uk. 12 May 2003. 5051:10.1038/s41598-017-17124-4 3775:"U.S. Census Bureau, 2007" 3344:, was the designer of the 3198:fought under Simón Bolívar 3183:The 1st Duke of Wellington 2954:Irish community in Britain 2919: 2913: 2698: 2637: 2550: 2481: 2401:Seán Clárach Mac Domhnaill 2281: 2186: 2167:Dubhaltach Mac Fhirbhisigh 2047: 1695: 1689: 1409:Norman invasion of Ireland 1402: 1365:. The 20th-century writer 1359:Niall of the Nine Hostages 1339:Twelve Apostles of Ireland 1323: 1314: 1211:markers. They detected an 1145: 1020: 784:people of Northern Ireland 741:conquered parts of Ireland 40: 29: 11746: 11711: 11673: 11635: 11612: 11605: 11598: 11546: 11488: 11472: 11457: 11400: 11325: 11318: 11278: 11250: 11207: 11200: 11145: 11085: 11028: 11022: 11017: 10955: 10926: 10909: 10872: 10794: 10785: 10757: 10729: 10701: 10688: 10641: 10606: 10580: 10501: 10490: 10377: 10354:Hebridean Celtic Festival 10291: 10193: 10172: 10141: 10056: 10015: 9982:Welsh-language literature 9937: 9933: 9922: 9884: 9798: 9715: 9702: 9572: 9531: 9465: 9361: 9348: 9337: 9174: 9143: 9077: 8998: 8985: 8952: 8890: 8789: 8727: 8664: 8604: 8517: 8465: 8420: 8387: 8332: 8297: 8247: 8166: 8157: 8153: 8140: 8075: 7978: 7947: 7943: 7930: 7840: 7768: 7764: 7751: 7702: 7490: 7374: 7370: 7357: 7333: 7097:MacManus, Seamus (1921). 7072:Ellis, Steven G. (1985). 6983:British Newspaper Archive 6694:. aboutfamouspeople.com. 6665:"Warren Gamaliel Harding" 6641:. aboutfamouspeople.com. 6303:Fergus, Howard A (1996). 6059:. Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003. 6007:. Ark.ac.uk. 9 May 2003. 5843:Andrews, Kenneth (1984). 5356:. London. 23 April 2008. 4571:10.1016/j.cub.2009.09.017 4431:"FamilyTreeDNA Discover™" 4021:"Los irlandeses en Chile" 3501:number around 4,354,155. 3406:—a group of Irish led by 3404:Saint Patrick's Battalion 3356:, was the "Father of the 3226:Great Britain and Ireland 3002:and their descendants in 2856: 2669:Irish War of Independence 2377:Brian Mac Giolla Phádraig 2253:Nine Years' War (Ireland) 2126:As a clan-based society, 1550:, the dominant school of 1361:, and the semi-legendary 1148:Genetic history of Europe 882:Eoghan Rua Ó Súilleabháin 715:). For most of Ireland's 339: 334: 291: 286: 243: 238: 228: 218: 208: 198: 188: 178: 168: 158: 148: 133: 123: 97: 92: 74: 69: 62: 11849:Ethnic groups in Ireland 11571:Kingdom of Great Britain 10787:Ancient Celtic languages 7030:Aldous, Richard (2007). 7001:"The Irish in Argentina" 6776:. CNN. 2 November 2016. 5791:Crime and Social Justice 5718:Jefferies, Dr. Henry A. 5477:Woulfe, Patrick (1923). 5331:10 November 2012 at the 4467:11 November 2022 at the 3655:556 8400 (29 May 2009). 3599: 3304:25th president of Mexico 3152:Flight of the Wild Geese 2318:, and is best known for 2042:Ghent University Library 1863:), and Mac Mathghamhna ( 1836:), Ó Caiside/Ó Casaide ( 1544:Johannes Scotus Eriugena 1326:Early history of Ireland 1309:The Plantation of Ulster 1027:Early history of Ireland 990:The United Arab Emirates 703:native to the island of 63: 11058:Gaulish words in French 11043:Celtic words in English 9297:Scottish New Zealanders 9187:Anglo-Celtic Australian 8851:Prostitution (Republic) 7241:The Sagas of Icelanders 7049:Davies, Norman (1996). 6430:Brown, Matthew (2006). 6216:"Our National Language" 6147:University College Cork 5724:University College Cork 5542:www.scottishhistory.com 5412:"John Scottus Eriugena" 5275:Jones, Charles (1997). 4977:10.1073/pnas.1518445113 4620:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201482 4513:10.1126/science.1176869 4407:Encyclopædia Britannica 4370:Encyclopedia Britannica 3533:Ethnic groups in Europe 3457:Edelmiro Julián Farrell 3187:Irish military diaspora 3121:The 1st Duke of Magenta 3048:The 1st Duke of Magenta 2950:Irish people in Jamaica 1963: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1012:Origins and antecedents 930:Sir Alexander Armstrong 872:one of the "fathers of 846:exerted great influence 753:colonisation of Ireland 9992:Early Irish literature 9873: 9861: 9849: 9837: 9825: 9813: 9277:Scotch-Irish Canadians 9272:Scotch-Irish Americans 7720:List of Irish kingdoms 7178:. Carroll & Graf. 7154:. Gill and Macmillan. 6921:2006 Census QuickStats 6887:"Botany Bay 1791–1867" 6511:freepages.rootsweb.com 4420:Mac Manus, p 1 & 7 3807:. BBC. 16 March 2001. 3478:, for example, became 3379: 3305: 3294: 3263:people descended from 3146: 3127: 3082:Irish Confederate Wars 2995: 2985:The 1st Duke of Tetuan 2974: 2907: 2826: 2818: 2792: 2726: 2664: 2584: 2385:Séamas Dall Mac Cuarta 2368: 2257:Plantations of Ireland 2213: 2189:Plantations of Ireland 2177:Irish medical families 2120: 2070: 2045: 2011: 1899:) and Mac Conallaidh ( 1631: 1532: 1422: 1393: 1379: 1342: 1252:than with the earlier 1165: 1043: 688: 610:Languages and dialects 87: 81:–80 million worldwide 11719:British Sign Language 11564:Principality of Wales 11408:Bailiwick of Guernsey 11291:British–Irish Council 11279:Political cooperation 11260:Bailiwick of Guernsey 10619:Scottish independence 10364:Celtic Media Festival 10247:National music scenes 9473:Proto-Celtic religion 9175:Related ethnic groups 8827:Mass media (Republic) 8771:National coat of arms 7659:IRA Northern Campaign 7285:24 March 2018 at the 6973:. Western Daily Press 6377:, discoverireland.com 6373:4 August 2013 at the 5659:Taviani, Paolo Emilio 5538:"ScottishHistory.com" 5326:Were the Scots Irish? 4334:Roseingrave, Louise. 3621:Historical and native 3588:Ulster-Scots dialects 3366: 3300: 3289: 3254:nationalist movements 3248:, the famine entered 3133: 3114: 3100:. In 1995, President 2980: 2969: 2891: 2824: 2809: 2776: 2717: 2659: 2621:The Fields of Athenry 2575: 2366: 2311:The Sceptical Chymist 2292:Protestant Ascendancy 2278:Enlightenment Ireland 2200: 2172:Leabhar na nGenealach 2115: 2061: 2034: 1979:, who had settled in 1696:Further information: 1654:. Most of these were 1625: 1528: 1416: 1388: 1375: 1351:High Kings of Ireland 1333: 1246:Pontic-Caspian steppe 1163: 1034: 934:Sir Ernest Shackleton 922:Brendan the Navigator 747:'s 16th/17th century 335:Related ethnic groups 278:Northern Ireland Sign 86: 11338:Islands of the Clyde 10943:(Medieval Welsh law) 10553:Scottish nationalism 10203:Ancient Celtic music 9518:Romano-Celtic temple 9327:Welsh New Zealanders 9252:Irish New Zealanders 8749:County coats of arms 8641:List of Irish people 7715:List of Irish tribes 7565:Cromwellian conquest 7551:Plantation of Ulster 7482:Ireland (since 1922) 7258:on 16 September 2009 7215:Toman, Rolf (2007). 7170:Oppenheimer, Stephen 7032:Great Irish Speeches 6618:on 29 September 2008 6597:19 June 2013 at the 6507:"Montserrat Article" 6343:"Ireland's Diaspora" 6280:. 29 February 2016. 6218:. From-Ireland.net. 5664:Christopher Columbus 5456:Anselm of Canterbury 3904:. 20 February 2019. 3750:. 7 September 2022. 3563:List of Irish people 3428:Battle of Churubusco 3392:Mexican–American War 3350:Commodore John Barry 3160:Plantation of Ulster 2958:Scots-Irish American 2760:Mass in Phoenix Park 2663:in Galway circa 1910 2640:Partition of Ireland 2517:improve this article 2261:Plantation of Ulster 2234:Enterprise of Ulster 2083:Christopher Columbus 1871:), Mac Dhonnchadha ( 1726:improve this article 1608:Eirik the Red's Saga 1507:in Switzerland, and 1477:Aidan of Lindisfarne 1224:hunter-gatherer and 412:By region or country 11724:Irish Sign Language 11581:Kingdom of Scotland 11418:Bailiwick of Jersey 11401:Lists of islands of 10633:Irish republicanism 10614:Breton independence 10593:Scottish devolution 10526:Cornish nationalism 10349:Pan Celtic Festival 10223:Scottish folk music 9977:Scottish literature 9498:Celtic Christianity 9302:Scottish Travellers 9287:Scottish Argentines 9131:Scottish Travellers 8864:in Northern Ireland 8855:in Northern Ireland 8596:Legendary creatures 8509:Traditional singing 8345:Saint Patrick's Day 7980:Republic of Ireland 7909:Tourist attractions 7894:ROI–UK border 7879:of Northern Ireland 7832:in Northern Ireland 7664:IRA Border Campaign 7639:War of Independence 7609:Second Great Famine 7594:Act of Union (1800) 7546:Flight of the Earls 7403:Lordship of Ireland 7338:Republic of Ireland 6915:(25 October 2007). 6885:Ryan, Sean (2006). 6494:This Great Calamity 6401:on 8 December 2008. 6349:on 18 February 2013 5981:. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. 5939:MacManus, p 461-462 5648:MacManus, p 343–344 5424:. 17 October 2004. 5422:Stanford University 5387:MacManus, p 221-222 5152:25 May 2013 at the 5043:2017NatSR...717199G 4968:2016PNAS..113..368C 4831:10.1038/nature14507 4823:2015Natur.522..167A 4773:10.1038/NATURE14317 4755:2015Natur.522..207H 4562:2009CBio...19.1758M 4504:2009Sci...326..137B 3593:Ulster-Scots people 3455:, former president 3390:at the time of the 3172:Austrian Succession 3168:Wars of the Spanish 3158:', just before the 3156:Flight of the Earls 3139:War of Independence 3067:indentured servants 2863:Republic of Ireland 2825:Irish dancers, 1998 2764:Republic of Ireland 2731:Republic of Ireland 2710:Religion in Ireland 2652:Republic of Ireland 2577:Ireland's Holocaust 2452:George Bernard Shaw 2379:(c. 1580–1652) and 2206:father of chemistry 2193:Ulster Scots people 2054:Lordship of Ireland 1989:Mac Giolla Phádraig 1949:(variant spellings 1832:), Ó Súilleabháin ( 1812:), Ó hAnnracháin, ( 1634:The arrival of the 1617:Aud the Deep-minded 1585:. In the Icelandic 1556:Cappadocian Fathers 1552:medieval philosophy 1438:merged to form the 1023:Prehistoric Ireland 713:Prehistoric Ireland 420:Republic of Ireland 391:Part of a series on 326:Religion in Ireland 102:Republic of Ireland 64:Muintir na hÉireann 59: 11576:Kingdom of Ireland 11559:Kingdom of England 11306:Common Travel Area 11252:Crown Dependencies 10624:Welsh independence 10588:Cornish devolution 10509:Breton nationalism 10359:Celtic Connections 9962:Cornish literature 9307:Ulster Protestants 9292:Scottish Canadians 9282:Scottish Americans 9192:Anglo-Irish people 8901:Ireland portal 8219:Skirts and kidneys 7725:List of High Kings 7644:Anglo-Irish Treaty 7584:First Great Famine 7569:Settlement of 1652 7541:Tyrone's Rebellion 7531:Desmond Rebellions 7420:Kingdom of Ireland 7279:Blood of the Irish 7221:Tandem Verlag GmbH 7093:at Library Ireland 6799:John Barry Kelly. 6667:. thinkquest.com. 6368:The island history 6122:on 8 December 2008 5031:Scientific Reports 4000:on 14 October 2007 3965:www.eastonbh.ac.nz 3897:Canada 2016 Census 3495:Scottish Canadians 3468:Bernardo O'Higgins 3424:American Catholics 3388:United States Army 3380: 3358:United States Navy 3352:, who was born in 3306: 3295: 3178:. In the words of 3147: 3128: 2996: 2975: 2971:Bernardo O'Higgins 2871:European Community 2827: 2819: 2727: 2673:Anglo-Irish Treaty 2665: 2585: 2553:Great Irish Famine 2369: 2246:Munster planations 2218:Age of exploration 2214: 2163:Clann Fhir Bhisigh 2071: 2046: 1895:), Mac Lochlainn ( 1859:), Mac Domhnaill ( 1844:) and Ó Tuathail ( 1820:), Ó Mathghamhna ( 1788:), Ó Conchobhair ( 1674:families of mixed 1632: 1534:Since the time of 1423: 1343: 1335:Finnian of Clonard 1166: 1044: 926:Sir Robert McClure 643:History of Ireland 114: 105: 88: 57: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11742: 11741: 11594: 11593: 11453: 11452: 11314: 11313: 11105: 11104: 11081: 11080: 11013: 11012: 10905: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10864:Cisalpine Gaulish 10684: 10683: 10570:national identity 10565:Welsh nationalism 10558:national identity 10538:Irish nationalism 10486: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10419:Cornish wrestling 10287: 10286: 10208:Breton Folk music 10173:Regional cultures 10016:National cultures 10002:Gaelic literature 9957:Breton literature 9918: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9909: 9698: 9697: 9610:Chief of the Name 9478:Celtic polytheism 9395:Sub-Roman Britain 9335: 9334: 9222:Irish Australians 9202:Cornish Americans 9161:Scottish diaspora 8908: 8907: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8881: 8293: 8292: 8184:Bacon and cabbage 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8003:Foreign relations 7926: 7925: 7922: 7921: 7853:Notable buildings 7747: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7251:978-0-14-100003-9 7230:978-3-8331-4676-3 7207:978-0-593-05652-3 7185:978-0-7867-1890-0 7161:978-0-7171-0561-8 7142:978-0-85045-358-4 7133:Osprey Publishing 7110:978-0-517-06408-5 7083:978-0-582-49341-4 7064:978-0-19-820171-7 7053:Europe: A History 7041:978-1-84724-195-5 6801:"Commodore Barry" 6748:Politico Magazine 6692:"Harry S. Truman" 6639:"William H. Taft" 6537:"The Black Irish" 6395:Osprey Publishing 6316:978-976-8125-25-5 6191:St. Austin Review 5964:978-0-520-93316-3 5919:978-0-8020-9018-8 5678:978-0-85613-922-2 5667:. Orbis. p. 5324:Campbell, Ewan. " 5311:978-0-7607-4284-6 5302:The Celtic Realms 5286:978-0-7486-0754-9 4817:(7555): 167–172. 4661:978-0-521-54697-3 4613:(12): 1293–1302. 4556:(20): 1758–1762. 4498:(5949): 137–140. 4311:. 18 April 2021. 4019:O'Higgins Tours. 3935:Statistics Canada 3902:Statistics Canada 3583:The Ireland Funds 3326:George Washington 3302:Ignacio Comonfort 3281:Caribbean English 3164:English Civil War 3086:St. Patrick's Day 2879:Maastricht Treaty 2628:Irish nationalism 2549: 2548: 2541: 2484:Anti-Irish racism 2407:. A knowledge of 2381:Dáibhí Ó Bruadair 2358:George FitzGerald 2242:Queen Elizabeth I 2222:Mary I of England 2216:The 16th century 1887:), Mac Aonghuis ( 1867:) Mac(g) Uidhir ( 1855:), Mac Diarmada ( 1790:O'Connor, O'Conor 1758: 1757: 1750: 1698:Celtic onomastics 1638:brought also the 1593:Njáll Þorgeirsson 1256:Neolithic woman. 910:Máirtín Ó Cadhain 886:Dáibhí Ó Bruadair 677: 676: 586:Latter-day Saints 571:Church of Ireland 386: 385: 16:(Redirected from 11856: 11779:Irish Travellers 11610: 11609: 11606:Modern languages 11603: 11602: 11554:Irish Free State 11511:Northern Ireland 11470: 11469: 11323: 11322: 11231:Northern Ireland 11209:Sovereign states 11205: 11204: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11109: 11108: 11098: 11019: 11018: 10911: 10910: 10893:Galwegian Gaelic 10792: 10791: 10690: 10689: 10598:Welsh devolution 10492: 10491: 10244: 10243: 10233:Sean-nós singing 10228:Welsh folk music 10218:Irish folk music 10185:Highland culture 9967:Irish literature 9947:Arthurian Legend 9935: 9934: 9924: 9923: 9876: 9864: 9852: 9840: 9828: 9816: 9796: 9795: 9787: 9786: 9764:Neo-Christianity 9704: 9703: 9635:Gaelic astrology 9595:Celtic festivals 9493:Celtic mythology 9466:Ancient religion 9383:Iron Age Britain 9350: 9349: 9343: 9322:Welsh Argentines 9262:Irish Uruguayans 9257:Irish Travellers 9227:Irish Brazilians 9217:Irish Argentines 9197:Breton Americans 9151:Cornish diaspora 9113:Irish Travellers 8987: 8986: 8979:Celtic languages 8935: 8928: 8921: 8912: 8911: 8899: 8898: 8897: 8576:Tuatha Dé Danann 8164: 8163: 8155: 8154: 8142: 8141: 8077:Northern Ireland 8055: 8045: 8035: 7945: 7944: 7932: 7931: 7766: 7765: 7753: 7752: 7629:Home Rule crisis 7459:Northern Ireland 7372: 7371: 7359: 7358: 7346:Northern Ireland 7317: 7310: 7303: 7294: 7293: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7254:. Archived from 7234: 7211: 7189: 7165: 7146: 7121: 7119: 7117: 7087: 7068: 7056: 7045: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7012: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6972: 6964: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6938: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6862:. Archived from 6855: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6828: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6807:on 5 August 2013 6803:. Archived from 6796: 6790: 6789: 6787: 6785: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6759: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6714: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6703: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6676: 6661: 6655: 6654: 6652: 6650: 6634: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6608: 6602: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6522: 6503: 6497: 6490: 6484: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6427: 6421: 6418: 6412: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6397:. Archived from 6387: 6378: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6289: 6274: 6268: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6249:on 27 March 2014 6238: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6211: 6200: 6199: 6182: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6158: 6153:on 16 April 2008 6149:. Archived from 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6108: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5969: 5968: 5956: 5946: 5940: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5911:Boyle on Atheism 5908: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5888: 5882: 5875: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5757:colaisteeanna.ie 5754: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5730:on 16 April 2008 5726:. Archived from 5715: 5704: 5701: 5695: 5692: 5683: 5682: 5655: 5649: 5646: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5584: 5575:. Archived from 5567:Richard Hooker. 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5534: 5528: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5474: 5468: 5465: 5459: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5433: 5408: 5397: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5365: 5346: 5340: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5272: 5266: 5263: 5234: 5231: 5220: 5217: 5211: 5208: 5202: 5199: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5166:Ahlstrom, Dick. 5163: 5157: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5072: 5062: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5004: 4989: 4979: 4953: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4890: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4766: 4748: 4739:(7555): 207–11. 4723: 4717: 4716: 4706: 4696: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4649: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4622: 4598: 4592: 4591: 4573: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4515: 4482: 4476: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4392: 4386: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4279: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4191: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4049:. Archived from 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4032: 4016: 4010: 4009: 4007: 4005: 3990: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3967:. 14 June 2003. 3957: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3875: 3867: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3797: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3781:on 10 April 2010 3770: 3764: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3740: 3734: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3711:. 3 April 2022. 3701: 3695: 3694: 3684: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3648: 3631: 3628: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3543:Irish Travellers 3521: 3516: 3515: 3514: 3310:German Americans 3267:, especially on 3196:were units that 2989:Grandee of Spain 2934:Irish Australian 2812:St Patrick's Day 2768:Northern Ireland 2735:Northern Ireland 2681:Northern Ireland 2677:Irish Free State 2671:(1919–1921) the 2648:Northern Ireland 2644:Irish Free State 2544: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2524: 2501: 2493: 2444:Oliver Goldsmith 2424:Irish literature 2393:Art Mac Cumhaigh 2389:Peadar Ó Doirnín 2330:Francis Beaufort 2227:West Country Men 2154:Annals of Ulster 2149:Cathal Mac Manus 2014: 1995:(Mac Gearailt), 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1875:), Mac Conmara ( 1808:), Ó Drisceoil ( 1804:), Ó Domhnaill ( 1784:), Ó Ceallaigh ( 1753: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1710: 1702: 1668:Late Middle Ages 1583:Icelandic people 1505:Abbey of St Gall 1285:Irish Travellers 1280:Irish Travellers 1093:Fir Ol nEchmacht 1041: 878:Irish literature 860:. The scientist 772:Northern Ireland 717:recorded history 669: 662: 655: 435:Irish Travellers 425:Northern Ireland 407: 388: 387: 341:Irish Travellers 140: 115: 111:Northern Ireland 107:5,149,139 (2022) 106: 80: 70:Total population 60: 56: 47:The Irish People 21: 11864: 11863: 11859: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11853: 11824: 11823: 11822: 11813: 11769:English Gypsies 11738: 11707: 11669: 11650:Scottish Gaelic 11631: 11590: 11542: 11484: 11461: 11449: 11396: 11392:Isles of Scilly 11333:Channel Islands 11310: 11274: 11246: 11196: 11141: 11136: 11106: 11101: 11077: 11024: 11009: 10951: 10947:Early Scots law 10936:Early Irish law 10922: 10897: 10874:Scottish Gaelic 10868: 10809:Proto-Brittonic 10781: 10777:Beurla Reagaird 10753: 10749:Scottish Gaelic 10725: 10697: 10680: 10676:Columba Project 10656:Celtic Congress 10637: 10602: 10576: 10497: 10478: 10439:Gaelic handball 10429:Gaelic football 10414:Cornish hurling 10373: 10283: 10242: 10189: 10168: 10154:Gaelic clothing 10137: 10052: 10011: 9972:Manx literature 9929: 9906: 9885:Other claimants 9880: 9785: 9735:Celtic Congress 9711: 9694: 9590:Celtic calendar 9568: 9527: 9461: 9357: 9344: 9331: 9317:Welsh Americans 9237:Irish Catholics 9232:Irish Canadians 9212:Irish Americans 9170: 9144:Celtic diaspora 9139: 9073: 9002: 8994: 8981: 8948: 8939: 8909: 8904: 8895: 8893: 8878: 8846:outside Ireland 8817:Historic houses 8785: 8766:Irish Wolfhound 8737:Brighid's Cross 8723: 8694:Gaelic handball 8689:Gaelic football 8660: 8631:Hiberno-Normans 8600: 8513: 8461: 8416: 8397:Hiberno-English 8383: 8328: 8289: 8243: 8149: 8128: 8071: 8053: 8043: 8033: 7974: 7965:Ulster loyalism 7939: 7918: 7836: 7760: 7739: 7698: 7624:Dublin lock-out 7560:Confederate War 7511:Norman invasion 7498:Battles of Tara 7486: 7442:1801–1923 7430:1691–1800 7425:1536–1691 7413:1169–1536 7366: 7353: 7329: 7321: 7287:Wayback Machine 7274: 7261: 7259: 7252: 7231: 7208: 7200:. DNA, Fossil. 7186: 7162: 7143: 7115: 7113: 7111: 7084: 7065: 7042: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7010: 7008: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6976: 6974: 6965: 6961: 6951: 6949: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6925: 6923: 6910: 6906: 6896: 6894: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6866:on 3 March 2000 6856: 6852: 6842: 6840: 6829: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6797: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6771: 6767: 6757: 6755: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6716: 6715: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6690:Marck, John T. 6688: 6684: 6674: 6672: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6648: 6646: 6637:Marck, John T. 6635: 6631: 6621: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6605: 6599:Wayback Machine 6590: 6586: 6576: 6574: 6565: 6564: 6560: 6550: 6548: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6518: 6505: 6504: 6500: 6491: 6487: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6448: 6440:. p. 210. 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6410: 6406: 6389: 6388: 6381: 6375:Wayback Machine 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6317: 6301: 6297: 6287: 6285: 6276: 6275: 6271: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6223: 6212: 6203: 6183: 6179: 6173: 6169: 6156: 6154: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6110: 6109: 6102: 6092: 6090: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6029: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 6003: 6002: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5976: 5972: 5965: 5947: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5930:MacManus, p 461 5929: 5925: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5743: 5733: 5731: 5716: 5707: 5703:MacManus, p 352 5702: 5698: 5694:MacManus, p 348 5693: 5686: 5679: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5636:MacManus, p 340 5635: 5631: 5627:MacManus, p 343 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5582: 5580: 5579:on 14 June 2008 5565: 5561: 5551: 5549: 5536: 5535: 5531: 5521: 5519: 5512:The Irish Times 5506:Burdess, Neil. 5504: 5500: 5490: 5488: 5475: 5471: 5466: 5462: 5445: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5410: 5409: 5400: 5396:MacManus, p 215 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5378:MacManus, p 221 5377: 5373: 5363: 5361: 5354:The Independent 5348: 5347: 5343: 5333:Wayback Machine 5323: 5319: 5312: 5298: 5294: 5287: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5237: 5232: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5191: 5181: 5179: 5172:The Irish Times 5164: 5160: 5154:Wayback Machine 5145: 5141: 5128: 5126: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5085: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4912: 4908: 4898: 4896: 4870: 4866: 4856: 4854: 4802: 4798: 4724: 4720: 4673: 4669: 4662: 4640: 4636: 4599: 4595: 4550:Current Biology 4541: 4537: 4483: 4479: 4469:Wayback Machine 4460: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4393: 4389: 4379: 4377: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4303: 4302: 4298: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4276: 4266: 4264: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4225:on 15 June 2008 4213: 4212: 4205: 4152: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4097: 4096: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4053:on 7 March 2023 4045: 4044: 4040: 4030: 4028: 4017: 4013: 4003: 4001: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3944: 3942: 3929: 3928: 3921: 3911: 3909: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3828: 3824: 3814: 3812: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3771: 3767: 3757: 3755: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3661:scotland.gov.uk 3649: 3645: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3538:Hiberno-Normans 3517: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3499:Irish Canadians 3384:Irish regiments 3368:John F. Kennedy 3330:John F. Kennedy 3194:British Legions 3176:Napoleonic Wars 3078:Oliver Cromwell 2964: 2938:Irish Brazilian 2926:Irish Argentine 2918: 2912: 2859: 2804: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2661:A Market Square 2654: 2636: 2610:Jeanie Johnston 2555: 2545: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2514: 2502: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2436:Laurence Sterne 2342:Boolean algebra 2294: 2288:Nicholas Callan 2284:United Irishmen 2280: 2272:Oliver Cromwell 2208:, whose father 2195: 2185: 2135:(Daly) and the 2081:, the explorer 2079:Seumas MacManus 2056: 2029: 1879:), Mac Craith ( 1792:), Ó Chonaill ( 1754: 1743: 1737: 1734: 1723: 1711: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1613:Queen of Dublin 1605:. According to 1495:in Germany and 1440:Kingdom of Alba 1411: 1401: 1367:Seumas MacManus 1355:Cormac mac Airt 1328: 1322: 1317: 1282: 1158: 1144: 1099:, the mythical 1029: 1021:Main articles: 1019: 1014: 815:Irish (Gaeilge) 693:Na hÉireannaigh 673: 624:Hiberno-English 576:Presbyterianism 488:Education (ROI) 330: 311:Presbyterianism 282: 257:Hiberno-English 119: 113: 104: 78: 65: 55: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11862: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11819: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11812: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11794:Northern Irish 11791: 11786: 11781: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11756: 11750: 11748: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11739: 11737: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11679: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11641: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11618: 11616: 11607: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11592: 11591: 11589: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11556: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11535: 11530: 11525: 11524: 11523: 11518: 11513: 11508: 11501:United Kingdom 11498: 11492: 11490: 11489:Current states 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11476: 11474: 11467: 11455: 11454: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11428:United Kingdom 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11404: 11402: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11394: 11389: 11388: 11387: 11382: 11375:Northern Isles 11372: 11367: 11362: 11361: 11360: 11355: 11345: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11327: 11320: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11256: 11254: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11244: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11222:United Kingdom 11219: 11213: 11211: 11202: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11152: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11135: 11134: 11127: 11120: 11112: 11103: 11102: 11100: 11099: 11092: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11078: 11076: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11015: 11014: 11011: 11010: 11008: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10965:Gaelic warfare 10961: 10959: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10941:Cyfraith Hywel 10938: 10932: 10930: 10924: 10923: 10907: 10906: 10903: 10902: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10888:Deeside Gaelic 10885: 10879: 10877: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10859:Hispano-Celtic 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10814:Proto-Goidelic 10811: 10806: 10800: 10798: 10789: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10763: 10761: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10735: 10733: 10727: 10726: 10724: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10673: 10668: 10666:Celtic society 10663: 10661:Celtic Revival 10658: 10653: 10647: 10645: 10639: 10638: 10636: 10635: 10629:United Ireland 10626: 10621: 10616: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10577: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10572: 10562: 10561: 10560: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10535: 10534: 10533: 10523: 10522: 10521: 10516: 10505: 10503: 10499: 10498: 10488: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10479: 10477: 10476: 10474:Welsh handball 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10454:Highland games 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10387: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10340: 10339: 10330: 10321: 10312: 10297: 10295: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10250: 10248: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10199: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10180:Gaelic culture 10176: 10174: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10161: 10159:Highland dress 10156: 10151: 10145: 10143: 10139: 10138: 10136: 10135: 10130: 10125: 10123:Pictish stones 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10068: 10062: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10051: 10050: 10045: 10040: 10035: 10030: 10025: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9943: 9941: 9931: 9930: 9920: 9919: 9916: 9915: 9912: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9866: 9854: 9842: 9830: 9818: 9805: 9803: 9793: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9781: 9776: 9766: 9761: 9760: 9759: 9749: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9727: 9725:Celtic nations 9722: 9720:Celtic Revival 9716: 9713: 9712: 9700: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9687: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9567: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9535: 9533: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9488:Celtic Animism 9485: 9483:Celtic deities 9480: 9475: 9469: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9444: 9442:Cisalpine Gaul 9439: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9414: 9405: 9380: 9371: 9369:Gaelic Ireland 9365: 9363: 9359: 9358: 9346: 9345: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9267:Manx Americans 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9242:Irish Chileans 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9207:English people 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9168: 9166:Welsh diaspora 9163: 9158: 9156:Irish diaspora 9153: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9122: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9083: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9010: 9008: 8996: 8995: 8983: 8982: 8963:Celtic studies 8955:Celtic nations 8953: 8950: 8949: 8938: 8937: 8930: 8923: 8915: 8906: 8905: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8877: 8876: 8871: 8866: 8857: 8848: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8812:Heritage Sites 8809: 8804: 8799: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8761: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8733: 8731: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8636:Irish diaspora 8633: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8624:Gaelic Ireland 8616: 8610: 8608: 8602: 8601: 8599: 8598: 8593: 8586: 8579: 8572: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8523: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8512: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8484: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8415: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8399: 8393: 8391: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8367: 8365:Rose of Tralee 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8291: 8290: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8174:List of dishes 8170: 8168: 8161: 8151: 8150: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8090:D'Hondt method 8081: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8062: 8057: 8051:Seanad Éireann 8047: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7984: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7941: 7940: 7928: 7927: 7924: 7923: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7855: 7844: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7834: 7825: 7824: 7823: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7791:Extreme points 7788: 7783: 7781:Climate change 7778: 7772: 7770: 7762: 7761: 7749: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7599:1803 Rebellion 7596: 7591: 7589:1798 Rebellion 7586: 7581: 7576: 7574:Williamite War 7571: 7562: 7556:1641 Rebellion 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Spanish Armada 7533: 7528: 7526:Tudor conquest 7523: 7518: 7516:Bruce campaign 7513: 7508: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7473: 7472: 7462: 7461:(1921–present) 7456: 7451: 7449:Irish Republic 7446: 7445: 7444: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7427: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7408:800–1169 7399:Gaelic Ireland 7396: 7391: 7386: 7380: 7378: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7343: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7320: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7297: 7291: 7290: 7273: 7272:External links 7270: 7269: 7268: 7250: 7235: 7229: 7212: 7206: 7190: 7184: 7166: 7160: 7147: 7141: 7122: 7109: 7094: 7088: 7082: 7069: 7063: 7046: 7040: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018: 6992: 6959: 6933: 6904: 6877: 6850: 6818: 6791: 6765: 6735: 6709: 6682: 6656: 6629: 6603: 6584: 6558: 6528: 6498: 6485: 6465: 6446: 6422: 6413: 6411:McLaughlin, p4 6404: 6379: 6360: 6334: 6315: 6295: 6269: 6260: 6233: 6201: 6186:Pearce, Joseph 6177: 6167: 6133: 6100: 6074: 6048: 6022: 5996: 5970: 5963: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5903: 5894: 5859: 5850: 5835: 5826: 5816: 5777: 5741: 5705: 5696: 5684: 5677: 5650: 5638: 5629: 5620: 5590: 5559: 5529: 5498: 5469: 5467:Smiley, p. 274 5460: 5446:Toman, p 10: " 5439: 5398: 5389: 5380: 5371: 5341: 5317: 5310: 5292: 5285: 5267: 5235: 5233:MacManus, p 89 5221: 5212: 5210:MacManus, p 87 5203: 5201:MacManus, p 86 5189: 5158: 5139: 5110: 5074: 5016: 4962:(2): 368–373. 4939: 4906: 4888:10.1101/016477 4864: 4796: 4764:10.1101/013433 4718: 4687:(1): 119–122. 4667: 4660: 4634: 4593: 4535: 4477: 4454: 4436:Family TreeDNA 4422: 4413: 4398:, ed. (1911). 4396:Chisholm, Hugh 4387: 4357: 4326: 4296: 4274: 4248: 4246:Smiley, p. 630 4236: 4203: 4172:10.1086/303046 4166:(3): 697–717. 4146: 4116: 4090: 4064: 4038: 4011: 3982: 3952: 3919: 3883: 3855: 3822: 3792: 3765: 3735: 3726: 3696: 3642: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3623: 3614: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3522: 3519:Ireland portal 3506: 3503: 3497:. As of 2006, 3459:, and admiral 3354:County Wexford 3261:Afro-Caribbean 3224:veterans from 3222:Napoleonic War 3143:Argentine Navy 3080:following the 3074:chattel slaves 3056:Third Republic 2946:Irish Mexicans 2942:Irish Canadian 2922:Irish American 2916:Irish diaspora 2914:Main article: 2911: 2910:Irish diaspora 2908: 2895:European Union 2867:United Kingdom 2858: 2855: 2850:Irish language 2832:, a prominent 2803: 2802:Irish identity 2800: 2721:procession in 2719:Corpus Christi 2711: 2708: 2696: 2695:Recent history 2693: 2635: 2632: 2551:Main article: 2547: 2546: 2505: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2487: 2482:Main article: 2479: 2476: 2456:Samuel Beckett 2432:Jonathan Swift 2373:Gaelic culture 2334:Beaufort scale 2279: 2276: 2269:Lord Protector 2184: 2181: 2068:Albrecht Dürer 2050:Gaelic Ireland 2028: 2025: 1883:), Mac Aodha ( 1800:), Ó Cuilinn ( 1796:), O'Coiligh ( 1756: 1755: 1714: 1712: 1705: 1690:Main article: 1687: 1684: 1565:The influx of 1540:Frankish court 1400: 1397: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1281: 1278: 1274:Spanish Armada 1250:Rathlin Island 1143: 1140: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 949:Irish diaspora 902:Samuel Beckett 890:Jonathan Swift 835:style of dress 780:United Kingdom 725:Gaelic Ireland 675: 674: 672: 671: 664: 657: 649: 646: 645: 639: 638: 637: 636: 631: 626: 621: 613: 612: 606: 605: 604: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 560: 559: 553: 552: 551: 550: 545: 540: 535: 533:Religion (ROI) 530: 525: 523:Politics (ROI) 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 493:Education (NI) 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 447: 446: 440: 439: 438: 437: 432: 430:Irish diaspora 427: 422: 414: 413: 409: 408: 400: 399: 393: 392: 384: 383: 337: 336: 332: 331: 329: 328: 322: 299: 292: 289: 288: 284: 283: 281: 280: 275: 270: 260: 250: 244: 241: 240: 236: 235: 232: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 202: 196: 195: 192: 186: 185: 182: 176: 175: 172: 166: 165: 162: 156: 155: 152: 146: 145: 142: 135:United Kingdom 131: 130: 127: 121: 120: 118: 117: 116:627,814 (2021) 108: 98: 95: 94: 90: 89: 72: 71: 67: 66: 53: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11861: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11829: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11663: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11619: 11617: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11597: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11547:Former states 11545: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11519: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11503: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473:Island groups 11471: 11468: 11465: 11460: 11456: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11399: 11393: 11390: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11343:Great Britain 11341: 11339: 11336: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326:Island groups 11324: 11321: 11317: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11281: 11277: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11257: 11255: 11253: 11249: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11227: 11223: 11220: 11218: 11215: 11214: 11212: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11144: 11140: 11139:British Isles 11133: 11128: 11126: 11121: 11119: 11114: 11113: 11110: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11084: 11074: 11073:– in Portugal 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11053:– in Galician 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11027: 11020: 11016: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10954: 10948: 10945: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10912: 10908: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10801: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10756: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10736: 10734: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10696: 10691: 10687: 10677: 10674: 10672: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10652: 10651:Celtic League 10649: 10648: 10646: 10644: 10643:Pan-Celticism 10640: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10579: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10536: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10519:reunification 10517: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10500: 10493: 10489: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10409: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10392: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10376: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10251: 10249: 10245: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10200: 10198: 10196: 10192: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10133:Triple spiral 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10072: 10069: 10067: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10031: 10029: 10026: 10024: 10021: 10020: 10018: 10014: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9952:Bardic Poetry 9950: 9948: 9945: 9944: 9942: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9925: 9921: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9883: 9875: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9843: 9839: 9834: 9831: 9827: 9822: 9819: 9815: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9800:Celtic League 9797: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9740:Celtic League 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9730:Pan-Celticism 9728: 9726: 9723: 9721: 9718: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9630:Gaelicisation 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9605:Celticisation 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9530: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9420: 9419: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9409: 9408:Iron Age Gaul 9406: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9391:Roman Britain 9388: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9351: 9347: 9342: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9247:Irish Mexican 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9132: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9001: 8997: 8993: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8971:Celtic tribes 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8936: 8931: 8929: 8924: 8922: 8917: 8916: 8913: 8903: 8902: 8889: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8869:Public houses 8867: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8732: 8730: 8726: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8669: 8667: 8663: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8625: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8587: 8585: 8584: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8522: 8520: 8516: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8468: 8464: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8403: 8400: 8398: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8331: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8252: 8250: 8246: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8125: 8124:Peace process 8122: 8120: 8117: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8078: 8074: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8054:(upper house) 8052: 8048: 8046: 8044:(lower house) 8042: 8038: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7960:Republicanism 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7839: 7833: 7829: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7754: 7750: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7674:Peace process 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7654:The Emergency 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634:Easter Rising 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7619:Fenian Rising 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7394:Early history 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7360: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7306: 7304: 7299: 7298: 7295: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7129: 7123: 7112: 7106: 7102: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6971: 6963: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6865: 6861: 6858:Mark R. Day. 6854: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6779: 6775: 6769: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6739: 6723: 6719: 6713: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6670: 6666: 6660: 6644: 6640: 6633: 6617: 6613: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6593: 6588: 6573:on 9 May 2008 6572: 6568: 6562: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6482:1-84205-164-4 6479: 6475: 6469: 6453: 6449: 6447:9781846310447 6443: 6439: 6435: 6434: 6426: 6420:Davies, p 832 6417: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6386: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6312: 6308: 6307: 6299: 6283: 6279: 6273: 6267:Aldous, p 185 6264: 6248: 6244: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6181: 6171: 6164: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6121: 6117: 6116:Time Magazine 6113: 6107: 6105: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5966: 5960: 5955: 5954: 5945: 5936: 5927: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5907: 5898: 5879: 5872: 5871: 5863: 5857:Lennon p. 279 5854: 5846: 5839: 5830: 5820: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5762: 5758: 5751: 5745: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5700: 5691: 5689: 5680: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5569:"The Normans" 5563: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5481: 5473: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5393: 5384: 5375: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5230: 5228: 5226: 5219:MacManus, p67 5216: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5143: 5136: 5124: 5120: 5114: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5020: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4792: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4657: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4481: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4463: 4458: 4442: 4438: 4437: 4432: 4426: 4417: 4409: 4408: 4402: 4397: 4391: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4345: 4341: 4340:TheJournal.ie 4337: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4284: 4278: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4150: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4104: 4100: 4094: 4078: 4074: 4068: 4052: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4022: 4015: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3987: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3926: 3924: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3873: 3865: 3859: 3843: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3780: 3776: 3769: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3730: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3647: 3643: 3627: 3618: 3609: 3605: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472:Mario Testino 3469: 3464: 3462: 3461:William Brown 3458: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3400:San Patricios 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3370:visiting the 3369: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3180:Field Marshal 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:William Brown 3132: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3102:Mary Robinson 3099: 3096:, Chile, and 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3065:, to work as 3064: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3050:, the second 3049: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2930:Irish Chilean 2927: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Celtic nation 2839: 2838:Young Ireland 2835: 2831: 2823: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2751:Time Magazine 2747: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2631: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2606:Coffin Ships' 2602: 2599:, as well as 2598: 2594: 2591:, especially 2590: 2589:United States 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2543: 2540: 2532: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2506:This section 2504: 2500: 2495: 2494: 2485: 2475: 2473: 2472:Brendan Behan 2469: 2468:Séamus Heaney 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428:Irish writers 2425: 2420: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:George Stoney 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2308:for his book 2307: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236:which pitted 2235: 2230: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:Mic Aodhagáin 2156: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2145:Western Isles 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2064:Low Countries 2060: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2038:Lucas d'Heere 2033: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2013: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1959: 1953: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1914:Ní Mhaolagáin 1909: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891:), Mac Cana ( 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816:), Ó Máille ( 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780:), Ó Briain ( 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1752: 1749: 1741: 1738:February 2010 1731: 1727: 1721: 1720: 1715:This section 1713: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1693: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1660:Irish culture 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1636:Anglo-Normans 1629: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548:scholasticism 1545: 1541: 1537: 1531: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1485:Saints Kilian 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1465:Saint Columba 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1431:Ewan Campbell 1428: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1347: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1269:"Black Irish" 1265: 1263: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:autosomal DNA 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058:Great Britain 1055: 1051: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958:United States 955: 954:Great Britain 950: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 918:Seamus Heaney 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Robert Mallet 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 787: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762: 758: 755:brought many 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 737:Anglo-Normans 734: 730: 726: 722: 721:Gaelic people 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 670: 665: 663: 658: 656: 651: 650: 648: 647: 644: 641: 640: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 615: 614: 611: 608: 607: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 562: 561: 558: 555: 554: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 538:Religion (NI) 536: 534: 531: 529: 528:Politics (NI) 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 450: 449: 448: 445: 444:Irish culture 442: 441: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 411: 410: 406: 402: 401: 398: 395: 394: 390: 389: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 327: 323: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:Protestantism 304: 300: 298: 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