4042:
maintaining the softcover format as standard for the Dutch-language editions for decades thereafter, as did
Dargaud. Being a relative newcomer in the field Dargaud entered into a joint venture for the album releases with Le Lombard for nearly two decades. This meant that Dargaud album titles were released by Lombard for French-speaking Belgium (initially as soft covers in the first decade) and with a couple of years lag, for Dutch-Belgium as well (for the Netherlands and likewise with a lag, Dargaud sought out cooperation with other, local publishers for their releases), whereas Lombard album titles were released in France by Dargaud, invariably as hardcovers for their own releases, but in softcover for the first five years or so for the Lombard releases before permanently switching to hardcover, even before Lombard did for its Belgian home market. By the late 1970s, Dargaud had its own international distribution system in place, and the cooperation with Le Lombard was dissolved, that is until both were merged into a single publisher in 1992 – though maintaining their respective imprints – after they were absorbed in 1988 and 1986 respectively into the French holding company
3654:
4879:
best of the Franco-Belgian comics. In France and
Belgium, most magazines have since then disappeared or have a largely reduced circulation for socio-economic reasons (but mostly because modern readership no longer possesses the patience to read their comics in weekly or monthly installments, instead preferring to have a story presented to them wholesale in album format), but the number of published and sold albums stays relatively high – the majority of new titles being currently directly published as albums without prior magazine serialization – with the biggest successes still on the juvenile and adolescent markets. This state of affairs has been mirrored in the other European countries as well. As a format, the Franco-Belgian comic has been near-universally adopted by native comic artists all over Europe, especially in the neighboring countries of Belgium and France (and including Italy, despite that country having had a rich and thriving comics culture of its own and with the Netherlands as an
3105:. Editor-in-chief Goscinny had at first refused to implement the changes demanded by its artists during the 1968 revolt in the editorial offices, but he now found himself suddenly confronted with the magazine hemorrhaging its most promising comic talents and diminishing sales. The magazine was eventually turned into a monthly magazine, its artists who had not yet left given more creative freedoms and the Belgian influence terminated definitively with the departure of co-editor Charlier in 1972 and the last Belgian artists Hubinon and Jijé following suit a short time thereafter, transforming the magazine into a purely French one. However, while the magazine was now targeted at an older adolescent readership with stories featuring more mature themes, Goscinny stopped short of letting the magazine become a truly adult magazine. Yet, the magazine was unable to regain the dominant position it had held in the previous one-and-a-half decade, due to the flooding of the market with alternatives.
3157:
4149:). A practical reason for publishers to proceed in this manner, is the more recent fact that these older series have to some extent ran their courses in decades-long reprint runs of the individual volumes, and that it has commercially become more expedient to re-issue sold out volumes in this format, instead of continuing to reprint the individual volumes, aside from tapping into a new replacement market by targeting the nostalgia of now grown-up and more affluent readers who want to upgrade their worn-out individual copies they had bought and read as youths. Initially only released in French and, to a lesser degree, Dutch, these editions have after the late-1990s surged in popularity, becoming increasingly popular in other European countries as well in (hardcover) translation, where the
2795:
need perceived for regulating measures in
Belgium as American productions, contrary to France, were already supplanted in popularity by the native comics (aided by the fact that Belgium had not seen the massive influx of American comics in the same measure France had, as Belgium had been predominantly liberated by British and Canadian forces, whose soldiers did not bring along their comics in the same volume the Americans did), whereas the majority of Belgian comics artists were either Catholics themselves (or at least sympathetic to the faith) such as Jijé (whose early realistic works were deeply steeped in the faith), or had, like Hergé did, strong ties with the as "healthy" considered
3798:, was rechristened "Le Vaisseau Mœbius" (English: "The Vessel Mœbius"), in honor of the in that year deceased comics artist. When Lang had presented his plans, he was faced with opposition from some politicians who had rather seen such a museum in the capital of France, Paris. These politicians did have a point however, as Angoulême is somewhat located off the beaten tourist track, resulting in that the museum only draws in about roughly half the visitor numbers its smaller Belgian counterpart does annually, and most of them visiting the museum during the festival season, whereas the Belgian museum draws in a steady stream of visitors all year round.
3114:
2364:
4739:, a contemporary with whom Moliterni had actually cooperated in the early years of their careers. Aside from this, Moliterni also became a prolific founder of comics conventions. The first one he co-founded was actually the Lucca one, experience gained on that experience put to good use for the Parisian one. Moliterni went on to co-found seven more conventions and permanent exhibitions in France and Italy, including Angoulême for which he is most renowned. His efforts for the medium gained Moliterni no less than three French civilian knighthoods.
3425:
people who were as often victimized as they were heroic, living in a world which was brutally hard while living a live which was therefore all too often very short for the common man, being habitually subjugated to the will of the powerful without any recourse whatsoever to objective justice, especially the women. Bourgeon however, made his harsh message to his readership palatable by his relatively soft art style and his optimistic view regarding human resilience. No such respite was afforded the reader however with
Hermann's 11th-century epos
3166:
3663:
4540:, who started to create more modern, more mature comics henceforth. It were these comics that were given attention by publisher Glénat, when they established the subsidiary Comics USA in 1988. Actually starting out with (hardcover!) comic book sized publications in the classic superhero genre, but created by a young generation of artists, the classic American comic failed to make a convincing come-back and the subsidiary folded in 1991 after 48 issues. Subsequently, Glénat focused solely on its concurrent
1308:, as their evolution started to take a different path from the late 1940s onward, due to cultural differences stemming from the increasing cultural self-awareness of the Flemish people. And while French-language publications are habitually translated into Dutch, Flemish publications are less commonly translated into French, for cultural reasons. Likewise, despite the shared language, Flemish comics do not do that well in the Netherlands and vice versa, save for some notable exceptions, such as the
3123:
1350:, to create their comics in French. Born Dieter Hermann Comès, Comès actually "Frenchified" his given name to this end, whereas Hermann has dispensed with his (Germanic) family name "Huppen" for his comics credits, though he maintained the Germanic spelling for his first name. Due to its relative modesty, both in size and in scope, and despite the close historical and cultural ties, no German-Belgian artists are as of 2018 known to have created comics specifically for the
2057:
3732:
2647:
9463:
2656:
5443:
1011:
2949:
823:
9452:
9440:
5457:
398:
3456:, around whom both narratives were centered, die violent deaths nowhere near the fulfillment of their respective quests, thereby reinforcing the futility of such endeavors. With such series driving home the point that real history is made by mere humans and not "super-humans", the Franco-Belgian historical comic had come a long way since their first romanticized and/or idealized appearances in the 1940s–1970s, particularly in
1276:. The shared language creates an artistic and commercial market where national identity is often blurred, and one of the main rationales for the conception of the "Franco-Belgian comics" expression itself. The potential appeal of the French-language comics extends beyond Francophone Europe, as France in particular has strong historical and cultural ties with several Francophone overseas territories. Of these territories it is
2791:
side of caution for the next decade. It is in this light that some of the other early French contemporary greats, such as Martin, Graton, Uderzo and his writing partner
Goscinny opted to start out their careers for Belgian comic publications, neither wanting to submit themselves to the scrutiny of the Commission de Surveillance directly, nor wanting to work for either the Catholic or communist magazines for personal reasons.
2431:" (Gang of 4), consisting of Jijé, Franquin, Morris and Will, was complete and constituted the foundation of what was coined the "Marcinelle school"-style. However, such was the success of these artists, that the work of pre-war artists Rob-Vel and Dineur, was eclipsed by that of the younger generation, causing them to slide into oblivion. In 1952, another future great working in the Marcinelle school tradition was added to
43:
3081:, artists worked in a studio system, namely a tenured exclusive working relationship at the magazine or publisher, with artists having little to no control over both commercial and creative aspects of their creations – except for a few artists who also held editorial offices at publishing houses such as Goscinny, Charlier and Greg, the former of which incidentally, having also been a major element for the revolt at
2815:, and as France was a too important market to lose, they too henceforth chose to err on the side of caution by screening the creations of their artists before magazine publication, essentially being forced by the French to exercise self-censorship. Having already embarked on their divergent evolutionary path, Flemish comics escaped this kind of scrutiny, as they were at the time rarely, if at all, translated into French.
5471:
757:
4375:) comics artists who increasingly introduced alternative art styles – sometimes extensive innovations/modernizations/expansions of the three existing basic styles, sometimes entirely new – in the medium from the mid-1970s onward, either by creating them directly for native publications, or by becoming major influences through translations which in Francophone Europe was especially the case for the Italians.
2355:
9473:
462:
3672:
3541:) as "Le Neuvième Art" ("the 9th art"), aside from becoming accepted as a mature part of French culture by Francophone society at large (in France and French-speaking Belgium it is as common to encounter grownup people reading comics in public places, such as cafe terraces or public transportation, as it is people reading books, newspapers or magazines). Since then more than one comic artist have received "
2024:. Thus, by imitating the style and flow of those comics, they improved their knowledge of how to make efficient comics. Soon even those homemade versions of American comics had to stop, and the authors had to create their own heroes and stories, giving the new talents a chance to be published. Many of the most famous artists of the Franco-Belgian comics started in this period, including the Belgians
3741:
1511:
2215:, Belgium's answer to King Features Syndicate. Originally hired as an editorial draughtsman, Troisfontaines recognized Charlier's talent for writing and persuaded him to switch from drawing to scripting comics, something Charlier did with great success for the remainder of his life, creating close to three dozen series, several of them becoming classics of the Franco-Belgian
3789:, only opened its doors in June 2009 (though two smaller sub-museums, eventually incorporated in the larger final one, were already open to the public as early as 1991) in the process becoming the largest comic museum in Europe. The museum is administered by the CNBDI, established in 1985 for upcoming museum, but which has since then expanded its work on behalf of the
1758:, a weekly 8-page early "comic-book". The success was immediate, and soon other publishers started publishing periodicals with American series, which enjoyed considerable popularity in both France and Belgium. This continued during the remainder of the decade, with hundreds of magazines publishing mostly imported material. The most important ones in France were
2373:
2544:. An added sense of urgency was, besides the huge popularity the American magazines enjoyed among France's youth, that the native publications had at that time a distinct disadvantage over their American counterparts as the country still experienced a serious post-war paper shortage (reflected as such in the poor paper quality, relatively low page count
2593:
in the comic according to writer
Charlier. Both volumes remained prohibited in France until 1969, though French fans on holiday in Belgium, Switzerland or Luxembourg could pick up the albums unhindered over there. The law also came in handy to somewhat regulate – though not prohibiting – the availability in France of Belgian magazines like
3626:, it should also be noted that both the law of 1949 and its oversight committee are as of 2017 still in existence, their legitimacy remaining as intact as it was in 1949. And while their impact and influence have significantly diminished in the wake of the events of 1968, their continued legal existence in the fringes does constitute the proverbial "
6526:
2605:
4072:. The album format has also been adopted for native comics in most other European countries (the United Kingdom having until recently been one of the most manifest exceptions), as well as being maintained in foreign translations, in the process becoming the preeminent publication format of comics on the European continent, including the former
3616:, who had personally awarded Giraud with his first civilian knighthood in 1985, thereby becoming one of the first comic artists to be bestowed the honor. Giraud's death was a considerable media event in France, but ample attention was also given to his demise in press releases all around the world in even as faraway places like Indonesia (
2940:(the first to feature completed stories in each issue, as opposed to the episodic approach of other magazines) would dominate the market. At this time, the French creations had already gained fame throughout Europe, and many countries had started importing the comics in addition to—or as substitute for—their own productions.
4682:" festival (est. 1965) excepted – though, as the name already suggest, that festival extents beyond comics alone, whereas the Angoulême festival is comics specific. During his tenure as culture minister, Jack Lang was a frequent guest of honor of the festival as part of his endeavors to advance the cultural status of the
3067:, of which the French May 1968 events were only a part. But unlike their American counterparts, the French magazines were mainstream from the start when they eventually burst onto the scene in the early 1970s, as publications of this kind could not escape the scrutiny of the Commission de Surveillance prior to 1968, as editor
2306:(with Paape and Jijé). Aside from being a very prolific comic script writer, becoming his trademark henceforth, Charlier also became an editorial driving force and spokesperson for the agency, because of his background in law and his assertive personality. As such, he was responsible for introducing the two Frenchmen
2566:, and it was but one of the many American comics published in France in the immediate post-war era. It was the very reason for the unlikely French Catholic-Communist alliance in this regard, and a very effective one at that as American comics all but disappeared from the French comic scene for the time being, the
3077:(launched in 1960) had experienced several times to his detriment, having had to reinvent his magazine on several occasions. Aside from the creative aspects, the 1960s brought in effect another kind of freedom for French comic artists as well - commercial and financial freedom. Until the revolt in the offices of
3645:
art" has been popularized in other countries as well, Belgium and France remain as of 2017, the only countries where the medium has been accorded the formal status (when discounting the manga, which has achieved a near-similar status in native Japan), with its resultant strong backing from cultural authorities.
1334:. Belgian comic home market first print releases, be it in Dutch or in French, are rarely translated into that language with German-speaking Belgians having to wait for internationally released editions for reading in their native tongue, typically those from licensed publishers stemming from neighboring
3408:, three volumes, set in 13th-century Europe and published by Casterman incidentally). Both series made short work of any romantic notion about the two historic eras still lingering in anyone's subconscious because of imagery imbued upon them by 1940s–1960s Hollywood movie productions or Franco-Belgian
4305:
The major factor in schematic drawings is a reduction of reality to easy, clear lines. Typical is the lack of shadows, the geometrical features, and the realistic proportions. Another trait is the often "slow" drawings, with little to no speed-lines, and strokes that are almost completely even. It is
4166:
While more recent comics can no longer be easily categorized into one art style anymore (due to the increasing blurring of the boundaries between the styles in more recent comic creations – aside from the introduction of new and/or other art styles), and the old artists who pioneered the market
3424:
in the same era for that matter. Renowned for his meticulous research into the subject matter of the comic series he was creating, not seldom taking as long as it took him to create the series in question, Bourgeon depicted an historical reality devoid of any so-called "heroes", only featuring common
3041:
folded in the early eighties, living on only in the
American edition, which soon had an independent development from its French-language parent. Nonetheless, it were these publications and their artists which are generally credited with the revolutionizing and emancipation of the Franco-Belgian comic
1472:, but with the specific intent to discriminate between comics intended for a younger and/or general readership, and publications which are more likely to feature mature content, literary subject matter or experimental styles. As a result, European comic scholars have retroactively identified the 1962
4346:
Even though Jijé has somewhat receded in oblivion outside his own native
Belgium, he is held in high esteem by many of his peers, both those he tutored like Franquin and Moebius, and others, and his versatility was such that it solicited an accolade of high praise from fellow artist Tibet, author of
4224:
The realistic comics are often laboriously detailed. An effort is made to make the comics look as convincing, as natural as possible, while still being drawings. No speed lines or exaggerations are used. This effect is often reinforced by the coloring, which is less even, less primary than schematic
4016:
for
Charlier's own native Belgium, somewhat reflecting the status comic albums still had in that country, as it had in other European countries. Charlier's initiative was not entirely devoid of a healthy dose of self-interest, as over half the releases in the collection were titles form comic series
3591:
art museum organized from 2 October 2010 – 13 March 2011. As of 2017, it stands out as one of the largest exhibitions ever dedicated to the work of an individual comic artist by an official, state-sanctioned art museum – art as in art with a capital "A" – alongside the 20 December 2006 -
3261:
that popularized the concept of the graphic novel – in French abbreviated as "Roman BD", "roman" being the translation for "novel" – as a longer, more adult, more literate and artistic comic in Europe. Unlike its Dupuis counterpart, and while their comic catalog has expanded considerably
2528:
stories — after seven issues. The formal and official justification for the law was the legislative desire to protect the youth of France from the perfidious and corruptive influence perceived to permeate foreign comics, especially in regard to violence and sexuality, the
American ones in particular
4693:
Typical for conventions are the expositions of original art, the signing sessions with authors, sale of small press and fanzines, an awards ceremony, and other comics related activities. Also, some artists from other counties travel to Angoulême and other festivals to show their work and meet their
4080:
in 1989. As with the Dutch-language editions, the soft cover format was initially the predominant format in which the foreign editions were released, but like the Dutch editions, the hard cover format has steadily gained ground in the other European countries as well, with Spain and Portugal having
3793:
beyond the confines of the museum alone, as already indicated above. On 11 December 2012, one of the buildings on the museum grounds, the futuristic building finished at the end of the 1980s housing the museum and CNBDI administrations, cinema, conference rooms, library and the other facilities for
3600:
modern art museum (likewise located in Paris and incidentally one of President Mitterrand's below-mentioned "Great Works") on the occasion of the centenary of that artist's birth. Giraud's funeral services in March 2012 was attended by a representative of the French nation in the person of Minister
2794:
the situation in Belgium was nowhere near as restrictive as it was in France. Catholics, who were the dominant factor in politics in the country as well at the time, did not have to contend with the negligible influence of the communists, contrary to their French counterparts. There was actually no
2629:
the punitive authority, but who took any and all Commission recommendations at face value, no questions asked), convened on a weekly basis, sifting through publications and weeding out those they felt subject to prohibition under the law, every decision they took being final, under no obligation to
2592:
to account for himself) and Hubinon, which were prohibited in 1954 as article 2 expressly forbade any mentioning of an actual, current armed conflict in a children's publication – but also because communist members of the commission had issues with the strong anticommunist sentiment expressed
2163:
book publisher Casterman, while Lombard itself only started album publications for those artist who joined the magazine at a later point in time. Nonetheless, with Lombard Francophone Europe had received its first specialized comics publisher actually conceived as such. Le Lombard went on to become
4878:
Franco-Belgian comics have been translated in most European languages, with some of them enjoying a worldwide success. Some magazines, aside from the Dutch-language editions, have been translated in Greek, Portuguese, Italian and Spanish, while in other cases foreign magazines were filled with the
4698:
counterparts, where other pop-culture media manifestations are increasingly taking precedence, movie and television productions in particular, continental European comics conventions remain to this day largely and firmly grounded in its source medium, the printed comics. US-style comic conventions
4199:
in the "comic-dynamic" style, but which quickly gravitated towards the realistic style, though traces of the former remain discernible in the depictions of his aliens, which therefore constituted an early example of the mixing of the three basic art styles. Another ambiguous, even earlier, example
4025:
series were released in softcover at the time – "his" albums were more than favorably received however, and the collection has attained a mythical status in the world of Franco-Belgian comics, especially in France where such releases had until then been rarities at best – excepting the
2773:
It has been observed that, unlike the Belgian publications, these mostly secular native magazines were largely left alone by the Commission de Surveillance, save for one notable exception; Pierre Mouchot, creator and editor of American inspired comic magazines in the immediate post-war era, was on
2158:
for the magazine's launch in conjuncture with Hergé as the latter could not find a publisher due to the fact that he was at that time still under investigation for alleged collaboration. Remarkably, album publications of the creations from the early group of artists centered around Hergé was, then
4011:
adventure, "Fort Navajo", becoming the last to be released in July 1965. After that, the collection was suspended and each comic hero(s) hitherto featured therein, spun off in album series of their own. In order to give these releases a more "mature" book-like image, the albums were from the very
3644:
Belgium, where the modern Franco-Belgian comic format was conceived after all, was somewhat slower in advancing the format as a bonafide art form, but has strongly followed suit in considering the Franco-Belgian comic as a "key aspect of Belgium's cultural heritage". While the expression "the 9th
3515:
It was not just the comic scene these new publications and their artists changed, the perception of the medium in French society also changed radically in the 1970s–1980s, in stark contrast to the one it held in the 1940s–1950s. Recognizing that the medium-advanced France's cultural status in the
2790:
serve as an effective deterrent for other native artists – and thus firmly establishing the Commission as a force to be reckoned with, even though they had a tough time becoming so as Mouchot kept winning his lower court cases – who continued to create their comics while erring on the
1707:
title by one to two years, but which failed to find an audience outside France however. The magazine continued to do so for the subsequent three stories until 1934 when the magazine, as such not particularly well-suited as book publisher, turned album publication over to Belgian specialized book
1369:
are two of the more substantial ones. But while these languages are culturally recognized as regional languages, they are not official national languages, contrary to Belgium in regard to German, with similar consequences as in Belgium for comics and their artists. Native comics are rarely, if at
4174:, was noted for creating comics in all three styles, the schematic style for his early work, "comic-dynamic" style for his later humoristic comics, as well as creating comics in the realistic style. The latter style he acquired during World War II when he had to complete realistic comics such as
2959:
The aftermath of the May 1968 social upheaval brought many mature – as in aimed at an adult readership – comic magazines, something that had not been seen previously and virtually all of them of purely French origin, which was also indicative of France rapidly becoming the preeminent
2539:
in the United States itself. But there was an equally important, but unofficial, reason for the law as well; American comics were doing so well in post-liberation France, that native comic magazines, particularly the Catholic ones, became threatened in their very existence, and the law therefore
2391:
with its new elan, Dupuis itself had contracted a group of artists who were as much responsible for its success and then some as it was this group that defined the rejuvenated magazine in the post-war era. Upon war's end three artists from the defunct animation studio CBA were hired by Dupuis as
4184:
after the occupying Germans prohibited the import of these American comics. At first influenced by the style of such American artists like Harman, Jijé developed a realistic style distinctively his own (and thus European), and which became a major source of inspiration for future French/Belgian
4041:
that the hardcover became the norm for album releases in France. Even though the success of the collection prompted Le Lombard to speed up its hitherto lackluster album releases, they did so initially in the predominant soft cover format until the mid-1970s like Dupuis was already doing, while
3967:
standard) or, to a lesser degree, 62 pages (discounting the two disclaimer, and title pages) for print and binding technical reasons as printers traditionally printed eight double-sided pages on one sheet of print paper, though albums with a larger page count—provided the total page count is a
4109:
habitually – material that hasn't been published in albums before, such as magazine covers not used for albums – as well, alongside detailed illustrated editorials providing background information on the series in question and its creator(s), predominantly written by native comics
2067:
A lot of the publishers and artists who had managed to continue working during the occupation were accused of being collaborators and were imprisoned after the liberation by the reinstated national authorities on the insistence of the former French resistance, although most were released soon
2575:
It was not just American productions which were prohibited under the law, several Belgian French-language comic creations of the era also fell victim to the scrutiny of the oversight committee charged with upholding the law for varying reasons, as stipulated in its rather sweeping article 2
6531:
2610:
1370:
all, released in these languages by the main comic publishers, whereas artists stemming from these regions, invariably create their comics in French – like their German-Belgian counterparts forced to do so in order to gain commercial access to the main market. The situation for
2615:(Committee in Charge of Surveillance and Control over Publications Aimed at Children and Adolescents), particularly in the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, the law turned out to be a stifling influence on the post-war development of the French comic world until the advent of
5635:
no. 1392 (17 December 1964): "Les bandes dessinées sont nées avant le cinématographe de MM. Lumière. Mais on ne les a guère prises au sérieux pendant les premières décennies de leur existence, et c'est pourquoi la série d'articles qui débute aujourd'hui s'appellera 9e Art." (Cf.
2076:(as Jean Vaillant) took up the publishing, moving the magazine in a more humorous direction. Likewise, Hergé was another artist who also found himself on the receiving end of similar accusations of the former Belgian resistance. He managed to clear his name and went on to create
3583:
stories, the post-war collaboration allegations, or both and neither of which he had ever managed to fully free himself from in his lifetime). Exemplary of Mœbius' standing in French culture, was the high-status, high-profile «Mœbius transe forme» exposition the prestigious
4735:(1966–1977), and writing numerous articles, reference books and, later on, (co-)launching specialized websites as well, on the subject matter. In doing so Moliterni became the European counterpart of equally renowned American – but French-born – comics scholar
4153:
format is in some cases also employed for native comics, particularly in Spain, The Netherlands and Germany, a few of them reciprocally translated into French. All of the great Franco-Belgian comic publishing houses, still in existence, are as of 2017 engaged in releasing
1732:
series went on to become one of the greatest post-war successes of the Franco-Belgian comic world, having seen translations in dozens of languages, including English, as well as becoming one of the relatively few European comics to have seen a major, successful, Hollywood
2479:
scholars consider the golden age of the (Franco-)Belgian comic. As a result, the American comics didn't come back in as great a volume as before in both Belgium and France after the war, but in the case of France not for want of popularity, quite the contrary actually.
2680:
magazine provided a platform for predominantly native comic talent born between the 1920s and the 1940s, not able or willing to work for the Catholic magazines, to showcase their work. French names of note who started out their career in the magazine were among others
3093:
founders having been early pioneers in that respect, and has as of 2017 become the predominant artist-publisher relationship. While contracts tend to be long-term for specific series at a particular publisher, they no longer prevent artists, like the below-mentioned
3204:
for its Dutch-language counterpart, both of which translating into English as "To Be Continued") in October 1977. Until then the old venerable publisher (est. in 1780 as a printing and publishing company) had somewhat limited itself as the album publisher of Hergé's
2000:. Both were, however, already very popular before the war and the hardships of the war period only seemed to increase the demand. This created an opportunity for many young artists to start working in the comics and animation business. At first, authors like Jijé in
4934:" imprints, have proven to be very popular, though their appeal remain somewhat limited to the classic series for an adolescent readership as conceived in the 1960s–1980s, and that more recent, more mature series have yet to make an impression in those territories.
3774:, already the locus of France's biggest annual comics festival since 1974. A major project in the making, involving the renovation of several ancient buildings and the designing of a new one spread over the grounds of the town's former brewery by renowned architect
3680:
Facade and library of the Centre belge de la Bande dessinée, housed in a building which as cultural heritage is state-owned, and the entrance of the especially built Musée Hergé, both expressive of the state backing the Franco-Belgian comic receives in its native
2782:, having to appear in court no less than eight times in the period 1950 - 1954, actually winning most of his cases in the lower courts. While both he and his creations are likewise forgotten, Mouchot became the only French comics artist to be legally persecuted,
2501:
1685:'s early massive success, the magazine decided to release the stories in hardcover book format as well, directly after they had run their respective courses in the magazine — in the process introducing something new in the Belgian comic world, the speech balloon
3356:(1985–1994, with emphasis on mature stories of an accurate historical nature), featuring predominantly the work of French comic talents, but who did so with a twist; Glénat targeted their magazines at a readership positioned between the adolescent readership of
3447:; Not only did Hermann's stark and uncompromising art style served to reinforce the grim atmosphere of his medieval settings, any and all redeeming optimistic commentary on human nature was also lacking in his narrative, quite the contrary actually, making his
1727:
of the modern Franco-Belgian comic as currently understood, and as amply demonstrated in the vast majority of treatises and reference works written on the subject since the 1960s, and the first to find a readership outside its originating country. As such the
4516:, the former of which having started out in the American underground comix scene, where artists created comics with the express intent to distance themselves from the classic American comics as produced by the big studios. Both men were published in the
3962:
a story or a convenient number of short stories had finished their run in serialized magazine (pre-)publication, usually with a one to two year lag. Since the inception of the format, it has been common for these albums to contain either 46 (for decades
2850:
In the 1960s, most of the French Catholic magazines, such as the Fleurus publications, waned in popularity, as they were "re-christianized" and went to a more traditional style with more text and fewer drawings. This meant that in France, magazines like
3759:
exhibition in the town's art museum in 1982, incidentally inspiring his long-term fifteen points policy plan for the medium that year, which included the establishment of a national comics museum – announced in 1984 the advent of a major national
4742:
The trailblazing journalistic – and subsequent scholastic – approach pioneered by Moliterni, which greatly aided in the acceptance of the medium as a mature part of Francophone culture, served as an inspiration for his successors, such as
2072:. It was founded by Abbot Courtois (under the alias Jacques Coeur) in 1929. As he had the backing of the church, he managed to publish the magazine throughout the war, and was charged with being a collaborator. After he was forced out, his successor
2770:, all of which filled with work from French artists, now forgotten save Marijac himself (who was honored for his efforts at the 1979 Angoulême comics festival with its most prestigious award), along with the magazines they created their work for.
1386:
is derived from the original description of the art form as "drawn strips". It was first introduced in the 1930s, but only became popular in the 1960s, by which time the "BD" abbreviation was also in use for its book, or album, publications (see
3930:
for the Dutch editions—though the hardcover format has steadily gained ground from the late-1980s onward as customer option alongside the softcover format, contrary to Francophone Europe, where the hardcover format is the norm. When compared to
4388:
Despite the large number of local publications, the French and Belgian editors release numerous adaptations of comics from all over the world. In particular these include other European publications, from countries such as, most conspicuously,
4869:
for content, before it managed to shake off its French roots and stand on its own, and is, contrary to its French progenitor, still being published as of 2020 and thus the oldest known professional comics journal still in existence worldwide.
3779:
3630:" for the French comic world, despite artists, publishers, politicians and academics having questioned the relevance of both manifestations in a modern world in a public debate during a 1999 national conference organized on the subject by the
1326:
contained within many Flemish comics also means that these comics have seen far less translations into other languages than their French-language counterparts have due to their more universal appeal, and the French language's cultural status.
1303:
Belgian comic books (originally written in Dutch) are influenced by Francophone comics, especially in the early years, they evolved into a distinctly different style, both in art and in spirit, which is why they are nowadays subcategorized as
3241:
and many others from French, Italian and/or Dutch origins, but relatively few from Belgian artist as there were not that many active in the adult field at that time, with Schuiten, Didier Comès – as already stated, one of the very few
4488:) is respected to such a high extent that it has actually led to the adoption of the English expression in mainland Europe as well, particularly for such mature works as published by Casterman or Les Humanoïdes Associés. Nonetheless, a few
4046:. Incidentally, Dupuis was in June 2004 bought by Média-Participations as well, though it has retained its separate status within the holding group because of its traditional focus on a somewhat younger readership than Dargaud/Le Lombard.
4216:), who created comics in his own distinct style that had the characteristics of both the realistic and schematic styles, but which can not be unambiguously be categorized as either, or at the most be categorized as an "in between" style.
2164:
one of the three great Belgian publishing houses to produce comics in French (and in Dutch as well for that matter due to the bi-lingual nature of the country), alongside Dupuis and Casterman, and like them as of 2017 still in existence.
2260:
in March 1954. Jijé incidentally, had magazine tenure, but closely cooperated with the World Press artists before embarking on his own creation. Successful series Charlier himself created in this period were the educational short series
2412:
by his mentor Jijé, who himself had taken over the series from original creator Rob-Vel in the war years, and it was Franquin who provided the series with its popularity, before he embarked for the magazine on his most popular creation
4678:, and the format has been adopted in other European countries as well, unsurprisingly perhaps considering the popularity the Franco-Belgian comics enjoy in these countries, though they are typically of a more modest size, the Italian "
2435:, artist Pierre "Peyo" Culliford upon introduction by Franquin. Peyo was actually a former colleague of Franquin at CBA, but was at the time of the demise of the animation studio not considered by Dupuis because of his young age. For
3451:
truly the Dark Ages where the vast majority of humanity was living short, violent lives in abject squalor, with not a single so-called "hero" in sight anywhere in his series. To hammer home the point, both artists had their medieval
1284:, where Franco-Belgian comics are doing best, due – aside from the fact that it has the largest comic reading Francophone population outside Europe – to that province's close historical and cultural ties with France from
1522:
During the 19th century, there were many artists in Europe drawing cartoons, occasionally even utilizing sequential multi-panel narration, albeit mostly with clarifying captions and dialogue placed under the panels rather than the
3631:
5748:
2704:
tradition, other native contemporaries were – in essence ranking among the first native French artists to provide the "Franco" element in what later would become the "Franco-Belgian comics" expression, with comic artist
4359:, who has stated that "If Hergé is considered as God the Father, then Jijé undoubtedly is the Godfather". After Jijé, it were predominantly French (Philippe Druillet, Jean Giraud as "Mœbius", Jacques Tardi, Annie Goetzinger,
1564:
7456:
are releasing "integralen" of the big three Franco-Belgian publishers Dargaud, Lombard and Dupuis, who are concurrently engaged in releasing such Dutch-language editions of other series not licensed to the Dutch publishers.
4326:
elements resulting in what several scholars came to consider a separate spin-off style, coined the "Atom style". This Jijé specific comics style enjoyed a revival in later works from French, Flemish and Dutch artists like
3578:
inventor of the Franco-Belgian comics, Hergé, has never achieved even once, not even from his own native country Belgium (presumably because of the lingering impressions left by either the criticisms regarding his early
2873:
for French-speaking Belgium, gained almost the entire market and became the obvious goal for new artists from their respective countries, who took up the styles prevalent in those magazines to break into the business.
1948:
however, Dupuis has increasingly focused on comic productions and is currently, as of 2017, a comics publisher exclusively and one of the two great Belgian Franco-Belgian comic publishing houses still in existence.
3898:, a key artist in the 1990s scene, founded and ran his own publication house, Gotoproduction, which he ran along with Jean Kristau and Anne-Fred Maurer from 1991 to 2000 or 2001, and which published over 60 books.
4914:, while many more recent series have not made a significant commercial impact outside mainland Europe and those overseas territories historically beholden to France, despite the critical acclaim for authors like
4049:
Since the mid-1980s, many comics are published directly as albums and do not appear in the magazines at all, as many comic magazines have disappeared since then for socio-economic reasons, including greats like
4687:
3531:) ministry policy plan in 1982, which was updated and reaffirmed by a latter-day successor of Lang in 1997. It was consequently in the 1980s–1990s era that the medium achieved its formal status in France's
1889:, the black and white/color hybrid magazine featured predominantly comics from an American origin at the time of its launch until the war years, but there were also native comics included. These concerned
2576:(presently article 3), which allowed for almost at will prohibition of comics for reasons that suited the policies of any French government in power at any given time. A famous example concerned the two
2506:
6315:
2670:
Yet, it were also the communists who provided the comic scene in France with a single bright-spot; Having its origins in the communist wartime underground resistance publications, the comic magazine
4718:), he became primarily renowned as a tireless champion for the medium, in the process becoming one of France's first serious comics scholars by launching one of the first professional and serious
4595:
Japanese manga started to receive more attention from the early to mid-1990s onward. Recently, more manga has been translated and published, with a particular emphasis on independent authors like
2511:" ("Law of July 16th 1949 on Publications Aimed at the Youth") and passed in response to the post-liberation influx of American comics, was invoked as late as 1969 to prohibit the comic magazine
2175:
only returned in 1952. In the second half of the 1940s many new magazines appeared, although in most cases they only survived for a few weeks or months. The situation stabilized around 1950 with
4322:
original template for the style as used in modern European comics. Other works in this style are the early comics of Jijé, who not only worked in the style, but also expanded upon it by adding
1639:
for the latter in the 1960s) other than the original creators, none of them succeeded to find a readership outside France itself and are consequently remembered in their native country only.
3262:
since then, Casterman has never evolved into a purely comics publisher by completely abandoning its book publishing roots, as it is currently also a prolific publisher of children's books.
2223:
magazine became the agency's first and foremost client, and the first post-war decade saw the infusion into the magazine with many new series from young, predominantly Belgian talents like
1864:, which utilized the text comic format its editors considered more appropriate from an educational point-of-view. Hergé won the argument, and speech balloon comics were henceforth featured
4835:
5741:
4816:
trade journal has seen a plethora of successors following suit all over western Europe as well. Actually, the second oldest known professional European comics trade journal was the Dutch
2730:
magazine. Marijac himself became a prolific figure of note in the French comic scene of the 1950s as co-editor and contributor for a series of native comic magazines other than his own
4942:
While hundreds of comic series have been produced in the Franco-Belgian group, some are more notable than others. Most of those listed are aimed at the juvenile or adolescent markets:
3265:
Yet, it remained French publications and French artists who would continue to dominate the field from the late-1970s onward to this day, with such (sometimes short-lived) magazines as
9332:
2625:. Legally, the Commission had no punitive powers, only advisory ones, but in practice Charlier begged to differ. The all powerful Commission, shielded by the Justice Ministry (which
1868:
text comics in the magazine (and that of its spin-offs) until the mid-1960s, when speech balloon comics were all but abandoned by the magazine(s), the general trend notwithstanding.
3784:
1574:, was creating and distributing "healthy and correct" magazines for children. In the early 1900s, the first popular French comics appeared. Two of the most prominent comics include
4456:) authors work almost exclusively for the Franco-Belgian market and their publishers such as Glénat and, most conspicuously, Le Lombard. Likewise, the French naturalized Yugoslav
2597:(which actually came close to prohibition however, as the Korean War stories were serialized in the magazine, but which was narrowly averted at the eleventh hour by Charlier) and
4666:
There are many comics conventions in Belgium and France. The most famous, prestigious and largest one is the "Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême" (English: "
6967:
4627:. Illustrative of the market share the manga has conquered is that Dargaud has in 1996 spun off their manga French-language publications into a specialized publisher of it own,
1840:
in syndication from 1930 onward, constituting one of the earliest known French-Belgian comic world cross-fertilizations, only reinforced when Abbot Courtois, editor-in-chief of
1778:
6510:
2548:
lower circulation numbers of the native magazines of that era), something the higher quality American ones did not suffer from, they receiving preferential treatment under the
1909:. Both series would survive the war and achieve considerable popularity after the war, albeit under the aegis of other artists (see below). Published in a bi-lingual country,
5698:
4694:
fans and editors. The Angoulême festival draws in over 200.000 visitors annually, including between 6,000 and 7,000 professionals and 800 journalists. Contrary to their US
3999:, collecting the stories as serialized in the magazine until then, becoming in effect Dargaud's first comic album releases. The first July 1961 title in the series, coined
2841:" series as an almost instantaneous success. The audience radicalized at a faster pace than the editors, however, which had trouble keeping up. The French satire magazine
2201:
3695:, and which, as one of the largest comic museum in Europe, draws in 200,000 visitors annually. The museum is housed in a state-owned 1905 building designed by architect
7769:
6949:
6901:
4918:. One out-of-the-ordinary overseas exception where Franco-Belgian comics are as of 2017 still doing well turned out to be the Indian subcontinent where translations in
3653:
3636:
3192:
Lagging behind the French for the first time in regard to the more mature comics, the Belgians made good on their arrear when publisher Casterman launched the magazine
4724:
4167:
are retiring, there were initially three basic, distinct styles within the field prior to the mid-1970s, featured in those comics with Belgian pedigree in particular.
3711:(est. 2009), located across the street of the Comic Center and dedicated to the work of the namesake Flemish comics creator, and, unsurprisingly, the especially built
3217:
couple. It was with the specific intent to expand beyond the somewhat limited Hergé boundaries with other, more diverse high quality work, that the publisher launched
6660:
6395:
7670:
4273:. These comics have very agitated drawings, often using lines of varying thickness to accent the drawings. The artists working in this style for Spirou, including
1809:
1569:
2967:
2786:
ultimately convicted by the highest court of appeal (though only receiving symbolic punishment) under article 2 of the 1949 law for real. However, the conviction
1099:. These countries have a long tradition in comics, separate from that of English-language comics. Belgium is a mostly bilingual country, and comics originally in
9146:
4476:
genres in particular, are not as well represented in the French and Belgian comics market, for the reasons as explored above, although the graphic novel work of
4097:
Since the mid-1980s, many of the popular, longer-lasting album series, and also several long out-of-print classic series, also get their own hardcover collected
2907:), three of the biggest influences for over 50 years, the market for domestic comics had reached (commercial) maturity. In the following decades, magazines like
2664:
Marcel Gotlib (2011) and Nikita Mandryka (2011) on the right, members of an early generation of French artists who created modern comics without Belgian tutelage
2529:(even though they were not mentioned by name in the law), and in this the French law actually foreshadowed the 1954 publication of the comic condemning treatise
1934:
4111:
2807:" in the first place, that is from the Belgian perspective at least. However, the incident Charlier had experienced with the Commission shook up the editors of
2381:
A constellation of Franco-Belgian BD superstars: (from l-r) Uderzo (Brussels, September 2005), Goscinny (l) & Morris (Amsterdam, May 1971), and Peyo (1990).
4636:
4571:). Of the post-classic superhero era, Mike Mignola has become one of the most in French translated American comic artists. Recently, Eaglemoss Collections and
4158:, either by themselves, or by licensing them out to local publishers for other European countries – or both, as is the case for Dutch language editions.
1669:
in 1929. It was quite different from future versions of Tintin, the style being very naïve and simple, even childish, compared to the later stories. The early
1607:
format would remain the predominant native format for the next two to three decades in France, propagated as such by France's educators. In 1920, the Abbot of
4773:, as well as the already mentioned Bocque, Gaumer and Ratier, who have followed in his footsteps. With Gaumer incidentally, Moliterni revisited his 1964-1967
7446:
6308:
5638:
3247:
2332:, which was already conceived as loose gags in 1951, but failed to find a magazine publisher. Reworked into complete stories, the comic became successful in
1346:, so that French is the most utilized (second) language in that area and has caused the handful of comic artists originating from there, such as Hermann and
7069:
1826:
1851:
s ambiguous age and family (and thus more in line with the Catholic norms and values on which the magazine was founded), which resulted in the 1936 comic
1796:
3922:" for short) format gained popularity, a book-like format about half the former size. The albums, usually colored all the way through, are almost always
3309:
3046:
comic artists, who had left the magazine to break out on their own, after they had staged a revolt in the editorial offices of Dargaud, the publisher of
2997:
2073:
4851:
4085:
were already released as such in the second half of the 1960s by local Dargaud/Lombard affiliated publishers, albeit as separate series contrary to the
1599:
in 1925. Saint-Ogan was one of the first French-speaking artists to fully utilize techniques popularized and formularized in the United States, such as
6341:
6194:
5766:
4464:
has, after his career failed to take off in his native country, first worked for Casterman before switching to Le Lombard and subsequently to Dargaud.
3886:
2322:
to each other in 1951 at the in that year opened Paris, France, office of World Press, in the process creating one of Franco-Belgium's most successful
2200:, in the process becoming one of its most towering figures. That year and a lawyer by trade, Charlier joined the newly formed comic syndication agency
1431:
7009:
6368:
4948:
4541:
2928:
6762:
6735:
6263:
4744:
4703:
festivals under the English denomination, and where the print materials are concerned focused on the US comic book, and Japanese manga publications.
3516:
world, the cultural authorities of the nation started to aid the advancement of the medium as a bonafide art form, especially under the patronage of
3332:
2326:
partnerships. One of the first comics both men created together in the employ of the agency was the in colonial French-Canada era set Western series
2236:
1632:
managed to survive the war for a little while longer, modernized in all three cases and all of them continued by artists (the most notable one being
3098:
and Hermann Huppen, to create other comics for other publishers, sometimes even suspending a series for the one in favor of a series for the other.
9347:
6708:
5578:
4122:
4105:, with each intégrale book generally containing between two and four original albums, and from the mid-1990s onward increasingly including several
2268:
1767:
9134:
4133:
3209:
since 1934, slightly expanded upon after the war with a couple of Hergé inspired creations by closely affiliated artists such as Jacques Martin,
2734:, and conceived in the era under the shadow of the all-present Catholic publications to fill the void left by the banned American comics such as
1402:
6437:
3764:
museum as part of President Mitterrand's grand scheme of providing the nation with major public works of a cultural nature (in France coined as
3400:
Europe, becoming one of the first comic series to deal realistically in considerable detail with the dark slavery chapter in human history) and
2601:
in favor of the native Catholic magazines, after the conservatives had reasserted their political predominance in the country during the 1950s.
9337:
4861:
and in effect the founding block of his namesake publishing house) had even entered the fray. During its first couple of years of publication,
4818:
4026:"recuil" magazine series releases, album-like hard/softcover editions, chronologically collecting several magazine issues into one volume like
3465:
3179:
1944:
as a printing business in 1898, but changed to being a publishing house in 1922, publishing non-comic books and magazines. Since the launch of
1464:
standard. In recent decades the English "graphic novel" expression has increasingly been adopted in Europe as well in the wake of the works of
9225:
3059:
Essentially, these new magazines along with other contemporaries of their kind, were the French counterparts of the slightly earlier American
5499:
4759:
1745:
6179:
4017:
he had (co-)created. While Charlier did not conceive the format as such—since Casterman already released such albums since the early 1930s (
9151:
4580:
3588:
1041:
6677:
4599:. Manga now represents more than one fourth of comics sales in France. French comics that draw inspiration from Japanese manga are called
3958:
the starting point of the modern Franco-Belgian comic, besides the art style and format—albums were usually published as a collected book
9098:
7458:
4883:
being one of the first, if not the first, to do so), solidifying the position of the Franco-Belgian comic as the preeminent force on the
3749:
Facade of the main building of the Cité museum with the "Vaisseau Mœbius" on the right, named for the nation's most revered comics artist
3279:
3050:, during the 1968 upheaval, demanding and ultimately receiving more creative freedom from then editor-in-chief René Goscinny (see also: "
2715:
787:
4504:
have had considerable success in France and Belgium. Yet, it was in the field of the graphic novels that American and British creations
3537:
9385:
7469:
2342:, one of the first purely French comics to appear in the Belgian magazine), effectively becoming the "spiritual father" of their later
6975:
6501:
4706:
One of the oldest Franco-Belgian comics conventions was the "Convention de la B.D. de Paris" (1969–2003), which was co-founded by the
4667:
3691:" (Dutch: "Belgisch Centrum voor het Beeldverhaal", English: "Belgian Comic Strip Center") established in 1989 in the Belgian capital
2286:
among others, several of whom switching over to industry competitor Lombard at a later point in their careers, most notably Hermann),
9380:
9294:
9183:
8695:
8421:
7741:
7435:
7181:
6841:
4007:
from Uderzo and Goscinny, a runaway success right from the bat, followed by sixteen further titles from the magazine, with the first
3388:. Exemplary of the different, older target audience Glénat was aiming at, became the two finite, historical series Bourgeon created;
2513:
4686:, and personally awarded the festival's awards to comic artists, which included Jean Giraud in 1985 when he received the festival's
3345:
1980:, eventually setting them off on their comic careers, but who were schoolboys at the time they became acquainted with the magazine.
9342:
5687:
426:
3766:
5504:
5484:
4434:
3622:, 11 March 2012), a country not particularly known for a thriving comic culture. Yet, and despite the nation having embraced the
2713:
in the 1930s, but distanced himself from the magazine directly after the liberation, when he started the secular comics magazine
1617:, a magazine consisting largely of text with few illustrations, which started printing comics more often in the following years.
963:
7202:
9299:
4575:
have embarked on yet another attempt to re-introduce Francophone readership to the classic American superhero genre with their
3156:
709:
7098:
6894:
4840:
2803:
series in Belgium, which was centered around a scouting chapter – and were thus, to use the modern expression, already "
2128:
for the Flemish and Dutch markets. Notable Belgian comic artists who at a later point in time achieved fame while working for
1416:, and was subsequently popularized in an article series about the history of comics, which appeared in weekly installments in
8714:
7773:
5995:
5968:
2799:– a significant presence in Belgian society at the time, which also explains the contemporary popularity of Charlier's
1853:
7479:
by nearly two decades as integrale publisher, though only for Disney and native comics, as well as the Flemish creations of
7325:
7300:
3574:
with a posthumous rank elevation of his Arts and Letters knighthood to boot, an unicum for a comic artist and something the
1674:
9200:
8934:
7844:
5941:
5509:
4890:
The greatest and most enduring success however was mainly for some series started in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s (including
1339:
1331:
4460:
worked exclusively for French publishers Dargaud and subsequently Les Humanoïdes Associés, whereas Dutch graphic novelist
1502:(for both art, and story style) in particular, as the comics up for consideration as the first European "graphic novels".
9289:
9103:
8702:
8606:
8309:
8250:
7185:
5592:
2080:
in 1950, where he acted as a sort of mentor for the assistants that it attracted. Among the people who worked there were
1899:(and thus another early cross-fertilization example) and who served as the mascot and namesake for the new magazine, and
1374:
is therefore identical to its more sizable counterpart in northern neighbor Belgium in regard to comics-related matters.
376:
8341:
8316:
7827:
7608:
6691:
4576:
3376:
and others. French comic artists of note who were nurtured into greatness in the Glénat publications were among others
1563:
as episodes or gags. Aside from these magazines, the Catholic Church, in the form of its then powerful and influential
7626:
7036:
4690:, the year after Lang had announced the advent of the national comics museum on the previous edition of the festival.
3707:
has employed for her comics. Belgium possesses two other, smaller, museums dedicated to individual comic artists, the
2267:(serving as proving ground in order to develop the talents and skills of young aspiring artists like Belgians Mitacq,
9124:
7942:
7923:
7875:
7372:
6772:
6745:
6718:
6405:
6378:
6005:
5978:
5951:
5776:
5670:
4021:), as did Dupuis sometime thereafter with some of its releases, but certainly not all as most of its albums like the
2676:(not to be confused with the two near-similarly named Fleurus publications) was launched in 1945 upon war's end. The
1659:
381:
6421:
4631:, currently co-existing alongside the already established specialist Delcourt, and since 2000 joined by specialists
3001:("The Wild Duck/ Mag"), an art-zine featuring music reviews and comics, were among the earliest. Following suit was
2185:
magazine (with the team focused around Hergé) as the most influential and successful magazines for the next decade.
9400:
9314:
8331:
8321:
8304:
8026:
7557:
7171:"La bande dessinée amphigourique chez l'éditeur Belge Fréon: Exploitation singulière d'un médium en transformation"
3834:), these books are often more artistic, graphically and narratively, than the usual products of the big companies.
2589:
1857:. Incidentally, as Hergé created his comics in the increasingly popular speech balloon format, it initially led to
1783:
1034:
3174:
The Glénat booth at the 2013 Angoulême comics festival with on the right one of its most important early artists,
1719:
The criticisms regarding the early stories notwithstanding and even though the format still had a long way to go,
9230:
9088:
7823:"How the French Kickstarted the Acceptance of Comics as Art in the US: the Books and Exhibitions of Maurice Horn"
3326:(founded in 1972, and who actually started out publishing graphic novels directly as albums before the launch of
3101:
The advent of the new adult magazines had a profound effect on France's hitherto most influential comic magazine
2960:
force in the (continental) European comics world, eventually usurping the position the Belgians held until then.
1952:
As post-war exports to France (like in the Netherlands, the magazine was not available in France until 1945-46),
1734:
780:
9390:
7644:
7418:
7073:
9304:
9062:
8482:
8362:
8044:
7901:
7051:
6572:
6351:
6044:
4802:
4786:
3593:
3319:
debuted, whereas veterans like Gotlib and Franquin found a home for their later, darker and more cynical work.
1678:
69:
6807:
4777:
article series he had co-edited with Morris, which resulted in the edited and greatly enhanced reference work
3806:
A further revival and expansion came in the 1990s with several small independent publishers emerging, such as
9395:
9141:
9093:
8276:
7795:
7527:
4414:
3542:
3520:
2496:, a major political force in France directly after the war (because of their highly successful and effective
7671:"Mangacast N°20 – Débat : Manga Français, qu'est-ce que c'est ? Quelle place sur le marché ?"
9476:
9309:
8707:
8680:
8675:
8326:
6244:
3517:
3008:
2630:
ever provide any formal justification whatsoever and without any possibility for appeal, which amounted to
419:
9497:
2774:
recommendation of the Commission persecuted for his likewise American (and Italian) inspired comic series
2720:
1555:
In the early decades of the 20th century, comics were not stand-alone publications, but were published in
8283:
8235:
7282:
4729:
3064:
2196:
were liberated before war's end) had already seen the start of the industry career of the French-Belgian
1494:
1027:
6021:
1925:
followed a few years later shortly after the war. The magazine was conceived and published by publisher
9284:
9256:
9240:
9178:
9129:
8634:
8396:
5554:
4579:
collection, launched in French in 2015, following in the wake of publisher Hachette who launched their
4551:
imprint which concentrated on album releases of modern American graphic novels from such publishers as
3688:
995:
773:
723:
559:
510:
6105:
3880:
2032:(who started together at the small Belgian animation studio Compagnie Belge d'Animation – CBA),
8884:
8740:
8416:
8411:
8406:
8401:
8288:
7257:
7052:"Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence"
5386:
5298:
4584:
4190:
2622:
2531:
2294:
2068:
afterwards without charges being pressed. For example, this happened to one of the famous magazines,
1977:
1814:
1441:, the article series was in itself an example of a Franco-Belgian comics project. The publication of
741:
594:
478:
160:
5381:
4195:
3545:" civilian knighthoods, and these were not restricted to French nationals alone, as Japanese artist
3337:
3113:
2972:
8517:
8088:
6527:
Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence
5359:
4314:
4185:
talents aspiring a career in creating realistic comics, the first and foremost of them having been
3936:
3602:
3431:
3300:. It were in these such magazines that a younger, post-war generation of French comic artists like
2606:
Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence
2400:, and it was Morris who created in 1946 the second one of the great Franco-Belgian comic classics,
1741:
1653:
1122:
837:
131:
4699:
are becoming popular as well though, but are invariably organized separately from the traditional
4269:
4116:
4034:
etc. and for decades a staple in Francophone Europe (and after the War, in Dutch-Europe as well).
3549:
has also received one in 2011 for his efforts to merge the Franco-Belgian comic with the Japanese
2962:
1292:
scene. This is in stark contrast to the English-speaking part of the country, which is culturally
9507:
9502:
9195:
9188:
9067:
8803:
8487:
8386:
8210:
8068:
7398:
7394:
5792:
5494:
4964:
4679:
4418:
3939:(such as the later American graphic novel format), the European albums are rather large (roughly
3597:
2492:
In France, a 1949 law about publications intended for the youth market was partly written by the
2085:
2037:
1749:
990:
490:
412:
9215:
7422:
4043:
3570:, who is considered the premier French standard bearer of "Le Neuvième Art", as he has received
1695:
title is generally considered the first of its kind – even though there are three similar
9512:
9405:
9362:
9352:
9220:
9156:
8998:
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8719:
8629:
8571:
8564:
8532:
8357:
7451:
6683:
6255:
5263:
4402:
4012:
start executed as hardcover editions for France, while being executed in softcover by licensee
3878:
all started their careers with these publishers, and would later gain fame with comics such as
3755:
In France, Minister Jack Lang – who hit upon the idea after he had visited the permanent
3252:
3033:
2493:
2338:
2212:
736:
7590:
4529:
3613:
3606:
2457:. It was this series that in 1957 spawned another of the great Franco-Belgian comic classics,
1858:
1527:
commonly used today. These were humorous short works rarely longer than a single page. In the
9119:
9010:
8843:
8690:
8336:
6271:
Tarzan under Attack: Youth, Comics, and Cultural Reconstruction in Postwar France pp. 687-725
6259:
4695:
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the year previously in an attempt to capitalize on the break-out success of the 21st-century
2363:
2246:, instituting an era in which Jijé's career truly took off with his best-known creation, the
2193:
931:
886:
506:
371:
361:
216:
6062:
5529:
5094:
5007:
3823:
3210:
3085:. That changed as well after 1968, when more and more artists decided to ply their trade as
1801:
1665:
1582:
9357:
8755:
8685:
8435:
8271:
8120:
8019:
7413:
The early 1980s/1990s intégrales were primarily released in joint ventures with specialist
7345:
6548:
5125:
5035:
4991:
4910:
4618:
4617:). In addition, in an attempt to unify the Franco-Belgian and Japanese schools, cartoonist
4564:
4426:
3982:
3314:
3073:
2843:
2568:
2197:
2189:
1754:
1700:
1608:
1209:
851:
844:
675:
662:
325:
6996:
Screech, Matthew. 2005. "A challenge to Convention: Jean Giraud/Gir/Moebius" Chapter 4 in
6833:
5349:
5099:
4856:
4790:
4244:
3863:
3819:
3234:
3175:
3136:
3095:
2447:
1227:
8:
9415:
9057:
9028:
8798:
8497:
8223:
8100:
6931:
6764:
Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels [2 volumes]: [Two Volumes]
6199:
5838:
5489:
5304:
5023:
4898:
3932:
3837:
3610:
3020:
2804:
2397:
1989:
1474:
1461:
1436:
1358:
1354:
world, when discounting commercial translations of their original Francophone creations.
1293:
1180:
1171:
1132:
869:
855:
701:
576:
529:
494:
482:
201:
169:
64:
7696:
4546:
3068:
2982:
9210:
9205:
9072:
8616:
8554:
8472:
7893:
7722:
5723:
5328:
5294:
5030:
5018:
4755:
4749:
4372:
4339:
respectively, the latter of whom incidentally, having actually coined the alternative "
4233:
3854:
3831:
3397:
2690:
2241:
1479:
1204:
1109:, literally "strip stories", or simply "strips") are culturally a part of the world of
977:
830:
813:
601:
7231:
6283:
3323:
1844:, asked Hergé to create a series about real children with a real family as opposed to
1790:
1518:(1954 book cover): an early 20th-century forerunner of the modern Franco-Belgian comic
9261:
8983:
8879:
8659:
8591:
8581:
8502:
8378:
8164:
8105:
8073:
7938:
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7897:
7871:
7480:
7368:
7357:
6768:
6741:
6714:
6687:
6568:
6503:
Producing Popularity: The Success in France of the Comics Series "Astérix le Gaulois"
6401:
6374:
6347:
6113:
6001:
5974:
5947:
5772:
5666:
5631:
5572:
5321:
5283:
5218:
5150:
4798:
4782:
4623:
4563:, and as such still in existence as of 2017. Glénat was actually preceded in 1986 by
4556:
4500:
4453:
4360:
4290:
4212:
4127:
4052:
3907:
3875:
3708:
3627:
3214:
3165:
3060:
3016:
2903:
2893:
2796:
2572:
excepted, which only reappeared three years later in former occupied western Europe.
2497:
2273:
2181:
2116:
2099:
2033:
1873:
1772:
1636:
1418:
1371:
1309:
1195:
936:
652:
633:
567:
551:
539:
498:
472:
452:
345:
315:
305:
141:
74:
6950:"Quinze mesures pour la BD. Le ministre de la Culture doit les annoncer à Angoulême"
5333:
5245:
5114:
5103:
4567:, a newcomer presently specialized in American/British graphic novels (and Japanese
4274:
3385:
3042:
world. As indicated, most of these early adult magazines were established by former
2025:
9420:
8951:
8901:
8874:
8831:
8793:
8776:
8771:
8639:
8576:
8544:
8492:
8430:
7911:
7353:
7116:
5427:
5375:
5076:
4793:(a renowned French encyclopedia publisher), and a work very similar to Horn's 1976
4628:
4513:
4445:
4422:
4368:
4138:
4077:
3859:
3815:
3807:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3662:
2935:
2554:
2441:
2372:
1590:
1442:
1407:
1366:
947:
926:
918:
908:
804:
680:
563:
547:
300:
295:
283:
253:
206:
174:
5233:
5140:
4975:
4508:
attract attention from the Franco-Belgian comic world, the early ones having been
4062:
3895:
3003:
2307:
1175:
1157:
1113:, even if the translation from French to Dutch far outweighs the other direction.
486:
9466:
9410:
9042:
8924:
8911:
8781:
8644:
8477:
8462:
8255:
8012:
6604:
6161:
5626:
5390:
5252:
5229:
5199:
5109:
4884:
4823:
4410:
4278:
4098:
3968:
multiple of eight—are not that uncommon, the graphic novel album publications of
3871:
3849:
3841:
3470:
3381:
2682:
2536:
2415:
2263:
2247:
2155:
2005:
1988:
When Germany invaded France and Belgium, it became close to impossible to import
1957:
1891:
1544:
1524:
1423:
1362:
1253:
1142:
1088:
985:
862:
691:
670:
648:
621:
580:
543:
535:
502:
443:
386:
243:
228:
223:
6787:
6617:
6140:
5900:
Yann Le Meur, « Bécassine, le racisme ordinaire du bien-pensant », in
4632:
2991:
2077:
1532:
1347:
9456:
9005:
8993:
8988:
8961:
8939:
8896:
8867:
8855:
8826:
8601:
8559:
8527:
8445:
8391:
8078:
7349:
7170:
6873:
6552:
5710:, and holds University of Brussels degrees in the moral, and cultural sciences.
5707:
5448:
5405:
5353:
5316:
5279:
5274:
5203:
5155:
5011:
4995:
4919:
4764:
4596:
4509:
4481:
4201:
3867:
3811:
3795:
3567:
3546:
3377:
3296:
3052:
2829:
launched, already from the start an attempt to be a more mature alternative to
2698:
2588:
was actually summoned to appear in person for a board of inquiry at the French
2279:
2228:
2206:
2141:
2137:
1997:
1939:
1906:
1744:, who had previously been distributing comics to the monthly magazines via his
1600:
1540:
1536:
1469:
1343:
1318:
1305:
1300:
1241:
1223:
1190:
1100:
1015:
897:
876:
731:
587:
555:
340:
330:
320:
268:
211:
186:
55:
47:
5629:
and Pierre Vanker, « Neuvième Art, musée de la bande dessinée » in:
9491:
9444:
8978:
8946:
8838:
8786:
8586:
8549:
8522:
8507:
8195:
8159:
8132:
8115:
7414:
7153:
6117:
5476:
5462:
5401:
5396:
5060:
5045:
4979:
4953:
4880:
4719:
4449:
3947:
from the mid-1970s onward all over Europe solidifying their status as books.
3940:
3775:
3618:
3226:
3132:
3027:) with the far-reaching science fiction and fantasy of Mœbius, Druillet, and
2694:
2549:
2541:
2525:
2420:
2319:
2133:
2041:
1484:
1457:
1453:
1351:
1289:
1237:
1232:
1161:
761:
611:
519:
402:
310:
258:
248:
194:
190:
136:
121:
22:
7974:
6938:; Long-term comics policy plan page on the official Culture Ministry website
5813:
4318:
is not only a very good example of this, it is currently also considered as
3222:
3122:
1397:
were described as the "ninth art" in Francophone scholarship on the medium (
8973:
8956:
8919:
8654:
8512:
8467:
8190:
8185:
8137:
8063:
7492:
7463:
7021:
5416:
5161:
5071:
5054:
4736:
4552:
4537:
4364:
4336:
4328:
4308:
4227:
4073:
3720:
3696:
3301:
3284:
2500:), to actually exclude most of the American publications. The law, called "
2252:
2094:
2089:
2020:
1913:
simultaneously appeared in a Dutch-language version as well under the name
1901:
1323:
1285:
263:
238:
233:
95:
6438:"How Tintin creator Hergé reflected the ups and downs of the 20th century"
5916:
5002:
4829:, launched in 1968 and coinciding with the definitive breakthrough of the
4671:
4532:
on an entire young generation of English-speaking comic creators, such as
4524:
and reciprocally translated for the French mother magazine. As mentioned,
3771:
2396:, Eddy Paape (before he switched over to World Press), André Franquin and
1877:
magazine was launched. Conceived in response to the immense popularity of
1740:
A further step towards modern comic books happened in 1934 when Hungarian
1576:
1456:, Franco-Belgian comics are often seen as equivalent to what are known as
8891:
8200:
8154:
8110:
8095:
7772:. Festival International de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême. Archived from
7474:
5422:
5257:
5240:
5194:
5144:
5129:
5039:
4986:
4931:
4915:
4770:
4715:
4641:
4533:
4489:
4477:
4394:
4332:
4186:
4175:
3954:
albums in the early 1930s—incidentally the second reason for considering
3906:
Before the Second World War, comics were almost exclusively published in
3827:
3700:
3571:
3448:
3086:
3024:
2986:
2686:
2283:
2081:
2061:
2056:
1973:
1922:
1604:
1595:
1593:
started out as a professional cartoonist, creating the successful series
1528:
1465:
1273:
1213:
335:
126:
116:
7990:
7493:
de Grand Ry, Michel; Nizette, André; Lechat, Jean-Louis (1986). "Jijé".
7177:
4323:
3970:
3950:
Conceived as a format as currently understood in Belgium with the first
3246:
artists of German-Belgian descent, alongside Hermann Huppen – and
3195:
3141:
8596:
8218:
8180:
8058:
7440:
6560:
5793:"1948: The Year Comics Met Their Match | Comic Book Legal Defense Fund"
5609:
Claude Beylie, « La bande dessinée est-elle un art ? »,
5411:
5289:
5268:
5224:
5214:
5209:
4923:
4892:
4457:
4355:
4349:
4256:
4206:
4013:
3985:
again turned out to be a seminal influence for the cultural phenomenon
3845:
3830:. Known as "la nouvelle bande dessinée" (similar to the North American
3731:
3230:
3028:
2952:
Comics artist Mœbius (2008), who achieved international renown through
2888:
2672:
2646:
2635:
2577:
2518:
2463:
2387:
But it were not just the artists contracted by World Press who infused
2328:
2288:
2224:
2151:
1499:
1322:) which is popular across the border. Concurrently, the socio-cultural
1269:
1257:
1166:
617:
366:
111:
6998:
Masters of the ninth art: bandes dessinées and Franco-Belgian identity
5943:
Masters of the Ninth Art: Bandes Dessinées and Franco-Belgian Identity
3350:
2427:
from original creator Fernand Dineur, the group that became known as "
1642:
1589:
In the 1920s, after the end of the first world war, the French artist
8649:
8083:
7746:
7648:
6808:"Métal Hurlant: the French comic that changed the world – Tom Lennon"
5065:
4927:
4572:
4560:
4473:
4461:
4406:
4282:
4180:
3975:
3927:
3923:
3562:
But it is however Jean "Mœbius" Giraud, coined "the most influential
3238:
1737:
as late as 2011, nearly thirty years after the death of its creator.
1724:
1709:
1613:
1556:
7885:
Forsdick, Charles; Grove, Laurence; McQuillan, Libbie, eds. (2005).
7845:"Disparition de Claude Moliterni, fondateur du Festival d'Angoulême"
7822:
3609:
at the services, and who was incidentally also the nephew of former
3186:
was exemplary of the new historical realism in Franco-Belgian comics
2948:
2655:
2584:, created by Belgians Charlier (who as spokesperson for World Press/
2483:
2120:
magazine, which quickly gained enormous popularity, like the weekly
9235:
8624:
8245:
8230:
8142:
7982:
7498:
6309:"History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels"
6081:
5183:
5135:
4472:
Classic American and British comic books, those of the traditional
4467:
4439:
3692:
2502:
Loi du 16 juillet 1949 sur les publications destinées à la jeunesse
2014:
1961:
1918:
1560:
1510:
1147:
1137:
146:
9439:
7966:
7799:
7535:
6710:
Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives
6141:"Rob-Vel: Robert Velter (9 February 1909 - 27 April 1991, France)"
5863:
La Place des bonnes : la domesticité féminine à Paris en 1900
5639:"L'apparition du terme bande dessinée dans la Nouvelle République"
5456:
5364:
3687:
A visible manifestation of the latter has become the prestigious "
3641:(CNBDI), France's largest and most important comics organization.
3305:
3007:(vol. 1: December 1974 – July 1987 from also new French publisher
2445:, which he had already started in 1947 for the Belgian newspapers
1996:
banned American animated movies and comics they deemed to be of a
1788:
a.k.a. Cœurs Vaillants et Âmes Vaillantes de France) publications
1648:
1127:
822:
397:
8147:
8125:
6618:"Marijac: Jacques Dumas (7 November 1908 - 21 July 1994, France)"
5344:
5177:
5172:
5083:
4970:
4904:
4494:
4239:
4145:
3996:
3322:
A major player in the field became French publisher and newcomer
2878:
2838:
2706:
2677:
2453:
2408:
appendix issue of 7 December 1946. Franquin was passed the comic
1896:
1427:
1335:
1265:
1218:
1152:
1096:
461:
151:
90:
42:
9451:
5337:
5166:
4833:
in the Netherlands, before a second Francophone comics journal (
4654:. In 2014, Delcourt acquired the earliest known such specialist
4647:
4263:
were almost exclusively comic-dynamic, and so were the ones in
4171:
3943:
standard). Comic albums started to receive their own individual
3037:. This trend continued during the seventies, until the original
2558:, enjoyed a weekly circulation of 300,000 copies, twice the one
2354:
1965:
9333:
Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
8862:
8821:
8539:
8035:
7935:
België gestript: het ultieme naslagwerk over de Belgische strip
6564:
5370:
5050:
4675:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4601:
4068:
3506:
3453:
3139:(2008) on the right: two of the most important contributors to
2898:
2883:
2853:
2825:
2617:
2336:
magazine in the period 1958–1962 (and thus, alongside Martin's
2232:
2150:
magazine publisher Les Éditions du Lombard (as of 1989 simply:
1993:
1956:– featuring the (early) creations of Belgian greats like
1930:
1926:
1281:
1277:
1261:
1092:
1084:
290:
278:
34:
7575:
4193:, who actually started out his famed science-fiction creation
3671:
2467:). With both magazines firmly in place, it was the success of
8850:
8240:
6968:"L'auteur japonais de bande dessinée Jiro Taniguchi est mort"
6917:
6209:
5902:
5662:
5188:
5120:
4568:
4430:
4398:
4390:
3585:
3550:
1820:(1945, for pre-adolescents), while Belgian examples included
273:
5706:; Kurt Geeraerts teaches philosophy at high-school level in
5559:
official-swiss-national-languages.all-about-switzerland.info
3740:
2709:
having been a trailblazer. Marijac actually started out for
2051:
1460:— most likely a result of their deviating from the American
1401:). The "ninth art" designation stems from a 1964 article by
7996:
7958:
7344:
7138:"la Cité internationale de la bande dessinée et de l'image"
5593:"La (presque) véritable histoire des mots "bande dessinée""
5309:
5088:
4959:
4286:
3944:
2111:
2029:
1968:– became a significant inspiration for future French
1338:. Though Dutch and German both are Germanic languages, the
1185:
7058:; Commission page on the official Justice Ministry website
3053:
Jean "Mœbius" Giraud on his part in the uprising at Pilote
3031:. Its translated counterpart made an impact in America as
2604:
Rigorously enforced by the government oversight committee
8004:
7137:
6834:"La BD fait sa révolution / Comics make their revolution"
6605:"Comics History: Vaillant/Pif (1945 - 1992, 2004 - 2009)"
1330:
Belgium is officially a trilingual country as there is a
7868:
Comics in French. The European Bande Dessinée in Context
5765:
Bramlett, Frank; Cook, Roy; Meskin, Aaron (2016-08-05).
1264:, but also by significant portions of the population of
1198:). Some highly-regarded realistically drawn and plotted
7993:
List of European graphic novels translated into English
4383:
4296:
3525:
Quinze mesures nouvelles en faveur de la Bande dessinée
2943:
7884:
7154:"Un nom pour le site Castro : le Vaisseau Mœbius"
6340:
Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (1989).
6284:"The Belgians Who Changed Comics | The Comics Journal"
5887:
Yves-Marie Labé, « Bécassine débarque », in
4259:
line of Franquin and Uderzo. The humoristic comics in
3995:, it was he who initiated a line of comic albums, for
3780:
Cité internationale de la bande dessinée et de l'image
3435:), whose original ten-volume series was serialized in
2092:, all of whom exhibit the easily recognizable Belgian
1681:
after the war, and which Hergé later regretted. After
7203:"Conte Demoniaque: The End of Times by Fabrice Neaud"
6932:"15 Mesures nouvelles en faveur de la Bande dessinée"
6420:
First Dutch price indication already on the cover of
6216:; translated from the French original, published in
6212::Vonk, issue 39/40, March/April 1972, pp. 12-17, 39
6162:"Fernand Dineur (17 May 1904 - April 1956, Belgium)"
5438:
3063:, also conceived and popularized as a result of the
2697:, and were less beholden to what was then still the
1288:, in the process heavily influencing its own native
6339:
4930:) published by Prakash Publishers under their own "
4397:among many others, and to a somewhat lesser degree
3396:, seven volumes, set in 18th-century seafaring and
2114:and Morris. In 1946, Hergé also founded the weekly
2106:publisher Dupuis), mostly proposed by authors from
1643:
1929–1940: Birth of the modern Franco-Belgian comic
7501:: Centre de la bande dessinée Belge. pp. 6–7.
7401:for Spain and Portugal respectively, stripINFO.be
6204:. "Interview met Giraud, tekenaar van Blueberry",
5764:
5530:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
3632:Centre national de la bande dessinée et de l'image
2818:
2060:Close Hergé collaborator and magazine contributor
1933:), which was established by its founding namesake
1807:("Valiant Souls", 1937, for adolescent girls) and
9348:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association
6178:The first Dutch price indication on the cover of
2552:. The first targeted American comic for example,
1550:
9489:
4468:Comics from the United States and United Kingdom
4189:. Another of these Jijé-inspired youngsters was
3767:Grandes Operations d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme
2877:With a number of publishers in place, including
2726:(1944–1963), France's first recognizable modern
2562:had and dwarfing the 76,000 copy circulation of
1983:
1565:Union des œuvres ouvrières catholiques de France
1357:A similar situation exists in France, which has
9147:Comics and comic strips made into feature films
7723:"Jean Giraud: Bibliographie, Photo, Biographie"
7289:, Leuven University Press, 2014, pp. 66 and 70.
7119:. Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Comic Strip Center
6547:
5917:"Les Pieds Nickelés, quelle histoire... !"
3719:, its interiors designed by Dutch comic artist
3384:, but most conspicuously François Bourgeon and
3368:and the mature readership of such magazines as
2847:was launched, also aimed at an adult audience.
1794:("Valiant Hearts", 1929, for adolescent boys),
1422:magazine from 1964 to 1967. Written by Belgian
9338:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association
9226:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
7168:
7067:
6856:
6737:Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels
6343:Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism
4658:, which had already been established in 1993.
4306:also known as the Belgian clean line style or
2167:Many other magazines did not survive the war:
1647:One of the earliest proper Belgian comics was
1256:is spoken natively not only in France and the
8020:
5967:Varnum, Robin; Gibbons, Christina T. (2007).
5966:
5878:, Gautier-Languereau/Hachette Jeunesse, 2005.
5865:, Grasset, 1979 (reprinted 1985, 1998, 2004).
5724:"Stripgeschiedenis: 2000-2010 Graphic novels"
5500:List of films based on French-language comics
4225:or comic-dynamic comics. Famous examples are
4037:It was only after the runaway success of the
2580:volumes of the popular aviation comic series
1447:Pour un neuvième art : la bande dessinée
1035:
781:
420:
7495:Le livre d'or de la bande dessinée 1925-1955
7096:
5993:
5665:Bank / La Renaissance du Livre. p. 11.
5577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4922:(spoken in the south-eastern part of India,
4805:) which in turn greatly resembled the older
4662:Conventions and journalistic professionalism
4081:been early adopters as several volumes from
3986:
3330:) with their two main magazine publications
2124:appearing in a Dutch version under the name
1723:is widely considered the starting point and
1078:
1063:
1055:
7510:
7508:
6947:
6665:. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1890.
6500:Dandridge, Eliza Bourque (April 30, 2008).
5997:Visible Writings: Cultures, Forms, Readings
5994:Dalbello, Marija; Shaw, Mary Lewis (2011).
3703:style, the same style French female artist
1104:
16:Comic of the classical Franco-Belgian style
9386:British Amateur Press Association (comics)
9184:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
8027:
8013:
7627:"Marvel Comics - La collection (Hachette)"
7367:(in French). Paris: Dargaud. p. 172.
7226:
7224:
7085:key aspect of Belgium's cultural heritage.
6633:
6631:
3770:), to be housed in the historical town of
3257:being three of the few exceptions. It was
2098:(clean line style), often opposed to the "
1042:
1028:
788:
774:
427:
413:
9381:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
9295:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
7842:
7689:
7609:"DC Comics - Le Meilleur des Super-Héros"
7169:Dufort Boucher, Sabrina (November 2006).
7099:"Nederlandse strip beleeft schrale jaren"
7000:. Liverpool University Press. pp 95 – 128
6499:
6156:
6154:
6135:
6133:
5718:
5716:
5685:
5659:Het Belgisch Centrum van het Beeldverhaal
4779:Dictionnaire mondial de la bande dessinée
4710:Claude Moliterni. Though Moliterni was a
4670:"), an annual festival begun in 1974, in
3723:, who had worked in the Hergé tradition.
3589:Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain
2837:, aimed at a teenage audience, with the "
2298:(with Mitacq after his apprenticeship on
2052:1944–1959: Post-war era Belgian supremacy
2012:continued unfinished American stories of
1069:; literally 'drawn strips'), abbreviated
9343:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics
7932:
7918:(in French). Bègles: Les Castor Astral.
7742:"Angoulême : la BD en pleine forme"
7739:
7505:
7258:"Léo Quievreux - Spécimens - Exhibition"
6948:de Gaudemar, Antoine (24 January 1997).
6706:
6543:
6541:
4873:
2947:
2404:, which made it first appearance in the
2314:comics career at the agency) and former
2055:
1509:
7221:
6831:
6628:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6393:
6366:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6226:
6220:, Paris:SRP Éditeur, issue 14, 1970/Q4.
6082:"Phantom Comic Strip for June 19, 2017"
5939:
5656:
5555:"Switzerland's Four National Languages"
5552:
5505:List of Franco-Belgian comics magazines
5485:Franco-Belgian comics publishing houses
4668:Angoulême International Comics Festival
2823:In 1959, the influential French weekly
2524:—which featured translated versions of
9490:
7910:
7820:
7525:
6760:
6733:
6473:Ratier, 2013, Chapters 2–3, pp. 25–140
6151:
6130:
5970:The Language of Comics: Word and Image
5713:
4577:DC Comics: Le Meilleur des Super-Héros
4250:
1547:began to be involved with the medium.
1449:in 1971 further established the term.
491:French Wars of Religion
21:For bandes dessinées québécoises, see
9201:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel
8008:
7865:
7843:Pasamonik, Didier (21 January 2009).
7740:Delcroix, Olivier (29 January 2012).
7647:. ACBD. December 2009. Archived from
7558:"Super Héros (Collection Comics USA)"
7037:"Jean Giraud (Gir, Moebius) est mort"
6832:Morales, Thomas (February 22, 2015).
6675:
6538:
6106:"The Press: EIGHTH WONDER SYNDICATED"
5906:, #21 (November 2005- February 2006).
5553:Switzerland, Markus G. Jud, Lucerne.
3529:15 new measures in favor of the comic
2419:in 1957. With the addition of artist
1854:The Adventures of Jo, Zette and Jocko
9152:Comics solicited but never published
7937:(in Dutch). Antwerp: Ballon Comics.
7916:Jean-Michel Charlier vous raconte...
7528:"Investigating the Clear Line Style"
7298:
6892:
6488:
6242:
6223:
5510:List of Franco-Belgian comics series
4590:
4384:Comics from other European countries
3464:as portrayed by such artists as the
3135:(2013) on the left, and the Belgian
2944:1974–1990: France becomes preeminent
2264:Les Belles Histoires de l'oncle Paul
2159:and now, outsourced to longstanding
1340:German-speaking Community of Belgium
1332:German-speaking Community of Belgium
9472:
9300:Australian Cartoonists' Association
9290:Association of Canadian Cartoonists
7483:, but went defunct in 2015 as well.
7362:L'Intégrale Tanguy et Laverdure 2:
5839:"Site J.P.Pinchon - page d'accueil"
3822:(the latter two later merging into
3555:
3523:, who had formulated his long-term
3221:, which printed comic creations by
2621:magazine and more specifically the
1482:(for its theme) and the first 1967
13:
7828:International Journal of Comic Art
7425:for French and Dutch respectively.
7250:
4393:with Guido Crepax, Hugo Pratt and
4219:
3572:two different civilian knighthoods
2985:and Marcel Gotlib), with Gotlib's
2736:Les Grandes Séries Internationales
14:
9524:
7991:Euro-comics: English translations
7952:
7526:Pleban, Dafna (7 November 2006).
6679:Masters of Spanish Comic Book Art
6269:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5837:AHPC, Rémi DUVERT - Association.
5768:The Routledge Companion to Comics
4937:
4378:
4170:One of the early greats, Belgian
3689:Centre belge de la Bande dessinée
2989:watching deities and Bretécher's
1660:Tintin in the Land of the Soviets
1372:France's German-speaking minority
1342:lies within the territory of the
9471:
9462:
9461:
9450:
9438:
9401:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund
9315:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
9216:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection
7836:
7821:Munson, Kim (Fall–Winter 2016).
7814:
7788:
7191:from the original on 2022-10-09.
7068:Susan Wilander (February 2004).
6907:from the original on 2022-10-09.
6844:from the original on May 9, 2017
6516:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5876:Bécassine, une légende du siècle
5836:
5754:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5704:from the original on 2024-09-24.
5469:
5455:
5441:
4836:Les Cahiers de la bande dessinée
4795:The World Encyclopedia of Comics
4143:are the most prolific ones (see
3739:
3730:
3670:
3661:
3652:
3164:
3155:
3121:
3112:
2654:
2645:
2371:
2362:
2353:
1675:racist and political stereotypes
1009:
821:
755:
460:
396:
41:
9231:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
7978:(in English, French, and Dutch)
7887:The Francophone Bande Dessinée
7762:
7733:
7715:
7663:
7637:
7619:
7601:
7583:
7568:
7550:
7519:
7514:
7486:
7428:
7407:
7388:
7338:
7319:
7292:
7287:The French Comics Theory Reader
7276:
7195:
7182:Université du Québec à Montréal
7162:
7147:
7131:
7109:
7090:
7061:
7045:
7030:
7015:
7003:
6990:
6960:
6941:
6925:
6911:
6886:
6867:
6862:
6825:
6800:
6781:
6761:Booker, M. Keith (2010-05-11).
6754:
6734:Booker, M. Keith (2010-05-11).
6727:
6700:
6669:
6653:
6648:
6642:
6637:
6610:
6598:
6593:
6587:
6520:
6483:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6430:
6414:
6387:
6360:
6333:
6321:from the original on 2022-10-09
6301:
6276:
6188:
6185:, the first issue of that year.
6172:
6098:
6074:
6056:
6038:
6022:"Image and Narrative - Article"
6014:
5987:
5960:
5933:
5909:
5894:
5881:
5868:
5855:
5830:
5806:
5785:
5758:
4887:scene, Great Britain excepted.
4707:
3801:
3566:artist after Hergé" by several
2819:1959–1974: Scale tips to France
2439:Peyo continued with the series
2132:magazine included among others
2102:"-style (named for the seat of
1087:that are usually originally in
511:France in the 20th century
507:French Third Republic
9305:Comic Art Professional Society
8045:Glossary of comics terminology
7010:Museum web page for exhibition
6243:Jobs, Richard I. (Fall 2003).
5973:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
5946:. Liverpool University Press.
5734:
5679:
5650:
5620:
5603:
5585:
5546:
5522:
5320:(Dutch: Suske & Wiske) by
4865:was in effect very reliant on
4484:(first published in French in
2488:under siege in post-war France
2475:that initiated what many fans
1611:in Belgium started publishing
1551:Early 1900s – 1929: Precursors
1426:with editorial input from the
1091:and created for readership in
1:
9396:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
7859:
7677:(in French). October 17, 2014
5843:www.pinchon-illustrateur.info
4926:, and on the island state of
4092:
4003:, was the first adventure of
3991:. As publishing co-editor of
3607:spoke on behalf of the nation
3596:in the even more prestigious
3543:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
2995:("The Frustrated Ones"), and
2540:became concurrently a veiled
1984:1940–1944: War and occupation
1779:Action catholique des enfants
1699:titles from French publisher
1377:
161:Comics by country and culture
9310:National Cartoonists Society
9099:Based on television programs
7097:Ron Rijghard (2 June 2016).
7012:, Retrieved 2 February 2013.
6895:"Must Museums Be Inclusive?"
6707:Petersen, Robert S. (2011).
6000:. Rutgers University Press.
5814:"The Ninth Art | ArtsEditor"
4585:Marvel Comics film adaptions
4581:Marvel Comics: La collection
3926:for the French editions and
3402:Les Compagnons du crépuscule
2154:) was especially founded by
1716:album publisher ever since.
1687:
1388:
7:
9241:Words & Pictures Museum
7515:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 132–134
6974:(in French). Archived from
6484:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 143–144
6425:, issue 9, 21 November 1946
6183:, issue 353, 2 January 1947
5688:"Wat is een graphic novel?"
5434:
4714:writer (usually for artist
4289:, are often grouped as the
4200:concerned the creations of
3538:Classifications of the arts
3439:in the same era Bourgeon's
3065:counterculture of the 1960s
2981:defectors Nikita Mandryka,
2542:market protection mechanism
2498:resistance in the war years
2423:, who took over the series
2136:, the aforementioned Greg,
2110:magazine such as Franquin,
1895:, created by the Frenchman
1490:Una ballata del mare salato
10:
9529:
9285:Academy of Comic Book Arts
9257:Center for Cartoon Studies
9179:Belgian Comic Strip Center
8034:
7697:"Type : Global-Manga"
4421:. Some well-known German (
3901:
3394:The Passengers of the Wind
3071:of the satirical magazine
2398:Maurice "Morris" De Bevere
2256:, that started its run in
1905:created by Belgian artist
1693:Tintin au pays des Soviets
1505:
1359:several regional languages
560:Languages of New Caledonia
20:
9433:
9391:Club des bandes dessinées
9371:
9323:
9277:
9270:
9249:
9169:
9125:Best-selling comic series
9112:
9081:
9050:
9041:
9021:
8910:
8814:
8764:
8748:
8739:
8703:Portrayal of black people
8668:
8615:
8455:
8444:
8377:
8350:
8297:
8264:
8209:
8173:
8051:
8042:
7395:"Editorial Bruguera S.A."
7364:L'escadrille des cigognes
7144:; official museum website
6863:Ratier, 2013, pp. 225–227
6638:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 89–90
6594:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 84–89
6509:(Thesis). Virginia Tech.
6462:Ratier, 2013, pp. 312–315
6247:French Historical Studies
5940:Screech, Matthew (2005).
5657:Dierick, Charles (2000).
4161:
3981:It is in this field that
3511:becomes cultural heritage
2532:Seduction of the Innocent
2295:La Patrouille des Castors
1748:bureau, made a deal with
1663:, which was published in
479:France in the Middle Ages
7933:de Weyer, Geert (2015).
7866:Grove, Laurence (2010).
7379:Ratier/Gaumer editorial
6394:Peeters, Benoit (2012).
6367:Peeters, Benoit (2012).
6026:www.imageandnarrative.be
5697:(in Dutch). p. 25.
5515:
4789:), published in 1994 by
4680:Lucca Comics & Games
4415:Héctor Germán Oesterheld
4315:The Adventures of Tintin
3884:(Trondheim & Sfar),
3432:The Towers of Bois-Maury
2801:La patrouille des Castor
2623:May 1968 social upheaval
1838:The Adventures of Tintin
1654:The Adventures of Tintin
1495:A Ballad of the Salt Sea
1247:
1240:), and the creations of
1123:The Adventures of Tintin
1073:and also referred to as
495:Louis XIV of France
9196:British Cartoon Archive
9189:National Cartoon Museum
7285:and Bart Beaty (eds.),
6346:. U of Nebraska Press.
5742:"Stylistics and comics"
5495:List of comics creators
4343:" designation in 1977.
3810:(established in 1990),
3715:(est. 2009) located in
3598:Centre Georges Pompidou
3568:academic comic scholars
3533:Classification des arts
3495:), François Craenhals (
3427:Les Tours de Bois-Maury
3009:Les Humanoïdes Associés
2638:according to Charlier.
2590:Ministry of Information
2310:(who also starting out
1750:King Features Syndicate
1703:, known to predate the
1673:stories often featured
1116:Among the most popular
9406:Finnish Comics Society
9363:Svenska Serieakademien
9353:Comics Studies Society
9221:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
8725:Women in Refrigerators
8720:The Hawkeye Initiative
8358:Female comics creators
7870:. New York: Berghahn.
7207:The Hooded Utilitarian
6972:Huffington Post France
6684:Dynamite Entertainment
6649:de Weyer, 2015, p. 120
6256:Durham, North Carolina
5686:Geeraerts, K. (2011).
5661:(in Dutch). Brussels:
5613:, literary supplement
5382:Valérian and Laureline
4908:), and the even older
4846:, launched in 1969 as
4688:most prestigious award
4196:Valérian and Laureline
3987:
3503:), to name but a few.
3406:Companions of the Dusk
3178:(2014), whose heroine
3011:, founded by likewise
2956:
2494:French Communist Party
2339:The Adventures of Alix
2213:Georges Troisfontaines
2064:
1998:questionable character
1921:market. Export to the
1810:Fripounet et Marisette
1559:and weekly or monthly
1519:
1105:
1079:
1064:
1056:
9142:Comic books on CD/DVD
8392:Comics historiography
7346:Charlier, Jean-Michel
6676:Roach, David (2017).
6662:The American Magazine
6549:Charlier, Jean-Michel
6260:Duke University Press
5695:Stripspeciaal-Zaak.be
4874:Impact and popularity
4621:started the movement
3499:) or Victor Hubinon (
3390:Les Passagers du vent
3184:Les Passagers du vent
2951:
2421:Willy "Will" Maltaite
2059:
1929:(as of 1989, simply:
1871:In 1938, the Belgian
1513:
1216:, a.k.a. "Moebius"),
1075:Franco-Belgian comics
29:Franco-Belgian comics
9358:Sequart Organization
9104:Based on video games
8686:Gender and webcomics
8251:Publishing companies
7381:La collection Pilote
7328:La Collection Pilote
7299:Magneron, Philippe.
7262:Huberty & Breyne
6397:Hergé, Son of Tintin
6370:Hergé, Son of Tintin
5861:Anne Martin-Fugier,
5387:Jean-Claude Mézières
5299:André-Paul Duchâteau
5126:Alejandro Jodorowsky
5036:Jean-Michel Charlier
4992:Jean-Michel Charlier
4911:Adventures of Tintin
4530:deep artistic impact
4427:Matthias Schultheiss
4191:Jean-Claude Mézières
4172:Joseph "Jijé" Gilian
4089:source publication.
4083:La Collection Pilote
4044:Média-Participations
4001:La Collection Pilote
3983:Jean-Michel Charlier
3933:American comic books
2966:(from new publisher
2569:Le Journal de Mickey
2198:Jean-Michel Charlier
2173:Le Journal de Mickey
2036:, and the Frenchmen
1978:Jean-Claude Mézières
1974:Jean "Mœbius" Giraud
1927:Éditions Dupuis S.A.
964:World Heritage Sites
710:World Heritage Sites
326:South African comics
9416:The Hero Initiative
8696:American mainstream
8498:Comics in education
8101:Comic strip formats
7967:Bande Dessinée Info
7651:on January 14, 2010
7447:Sherpa (uitgeverij)
7117:"About Us—In Short"
7070:"Comic book capers"
6580:Avions sans pilotes
6290:. 11 September 2015
5611:Lettres et Médecins
5490:List of comic books
4725:Phénix (périodique)
4255:This is the almost
4251:Comic-dynamic style
4101:album editions, or
3910:. Since 1945, the "
3838:Dupuy and Berberian
3614:François Mitterrand
3611:President of France
3603:Frédéric Mitterrand
3518:Minister of Culture
3248:Jean-Claude Servais
3021:Jean-Pierre Dionnet
2968:Éditions du Fromage
2805:politically correct
2776:Big Bill le Casseur
2429:La bande des quatre
1881:and the success of
1836:started to publish
1712:, who has been the
1414:Lettres et Médecins
1133:Spirou and Fantasio
483:Early Modern France
30:
9457:Cartoon portal
9211:The Cartoon Museum
9206:Cartoon Art Museum
8930:France and Belgium
8715:Portrayal of women
8708:African characters
8676:Ethnic stereotypes
7983:Cool French Comics
7802:on 18 January 2012
7776:on 28 January 2017
7576:"glenatcomics.com"
7264:. 25 February 2022
7054:, Justice.gouv.fr
6934:, Culture.gouv.fr
6893:Maleuvre, Didier.
6557:La guerre de Corée
5891:, August 28, 2005.
5874:Bernard Lehambre,
5329:Spirou et Fantasio
5095:Les Cités Obscures
5019:Blake and Mortimer
5008:Jacqueline Rivière
4756:Thierry Groensteen
4520:American spin-off
4419:José Antonio Muñoz
4373:Attilio Micheluzzi
4270:l'Écho des savanes
4112:José-Louis Bocquet
4110:scholars of which
3908:tabloid newspapers
3832:alternative comics
3483:), William Vance (
3477:Le Chevalier blanc
3215:C. & V. Hansen
3211:François Craenhals
3091:L'Écho des Savanes
2963:L'Écho des Savanes
2957:
2691:Jean-Claude Forest
2410:Spirou et Fantasio
2392:staff artists for
2282:and the Frenchman
2169:Le Petit Vingtième
2065:
1887:Le Petit Vingtième
1777:(on behalf of the
1666:Le Petit Vingtième
1622:Les Pieds Nickelés
1603:, even though the
1583:Les Pieds Nickelés
1531:, artists such as
1520:
1516:Les Pieds Nickelés
1480:Jean-Claude Forest
1462:32-page comic book
1016:Belgium portal
814:Culture of Belgium
487:Ancien Régime
28:
9485:
9484:
9445:Comics portal
9429:
9428:
9262:The Kubert School
9165:
9164:
9037:
9036:
8735:
8734:
8660:Widescreen comics
8503:Comics journalism
8373:
8372:
8165:Political cartoon
8106:Daily comic strip
7481:Willy Vandersteen
7434:Dutch publishers
7332:, Bedetheque.com
7022:L’Adieu à Moebius
6582:editorial, p. 100
6249:, Vol. 26, No. 4"
5921:lieuxdits.free.fr
5350:Grzegorz Rosiński
5322:Willy Vandersteen
5100:François Schuiten
4932:Lion/Muthu Comics
4791:Éditions Larousse
4624:La nouvelle manga
4591:Comics from Japan
4501:Calvin and Hobbes
4454:Grzegorz Rosinski
4297:Schematic style (
4291:Marcinelle school
3876:Emmanuel Larcenet
3864:Stéphane Blanquet
3709:Marc Sleen Museum
3628:Sword of Damocles
3592:19 February 2007
3310:Philippe Foerster
3235:François Schuiten
3176:François Bourgeon
3137:François Schuiten
3096:François Bourgeon
3061:underground comix
2998:Le Canard Sauvage
2797:scouting movement
2756:Héros du Far West
2448:La Dernière Heure
2442:Johan et Pirlouit
2171:had disappeared,
2100:Marcinelle school
2044:, who worked for
2034:Willy Vandersteen
1879:Journal de Mickey
1755:Journal de Mickey
1657:, with the story
1514:The French comic
1310:Willy Vandersteen
1236:(van Hamme &
1196:Willy Vandersteen
1052:
1051:
901:
798:
797:
762:France portal
499:French Revolution
453:Culture of France
437:
436:
403:Comics portal
346:Vietnamese comics
316:Portuguese comics
306:Philippine comics
287:
220:
202:Australian comics
198:
142:Political cartoon
9520:
9498:Bandes dessinées
9475:
9474:
9465:
9464:
9455:
9454:
9443:
9442:
9421:Xeric Foundation
9275:
9274:
9089:Based on fiction
9048:
9047:
8822:China and Taiwan
8746:
8745:
8545:Graphic medicine
8488:Autobiographical
8453:
8452:
8431:Japanese (manga)
8337:Japanese (manga)
8262:
8261:
8029:
8022:
8015:
8006:
8005:
8001:
7987:
7979:
7971:
7963:
7948:
7929:
7907:
7889:(Faux Titre 265)
7881:
7853:
7852:
7840:
7834:
7833:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7798:. Archived from
7792:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7737:
7731:
7730:
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7617:
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7598:
7587:
7581:
7579:
7572:
7566:
7565:
7554:
7548:
7547:
7545:
7543:
7534:. Archived from
7523:
7517:
7512:
7503:
7502:
7490:
7484:
7478:
7467:
7455:
7444:
7432:
7426:
7415:direct marketing
7411:
7405:
7404:
7399:"Editorial Íbis"
7392:
7386:
7385:
7360:(January 2015).
7342:
7336:
7335:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7314:
7312:
7296:
7290:
7280:
7274:
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7129:
7128:
7126:
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7113:
7107:
7106:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7081:
7072:. Archived from
7065:
7059:
7057:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7019:
7013:
7007:
7001:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6929:
6923:
6922:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6899:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6880:, BDoubliés.com
6871:
6865:
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6829:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6819:
6804:
6798:
6797:
6794:, BDoubliés.com
6785:
6779:
6778:
6758:
6752:
6751:
6731:
6725:
6724:
6704:
6698:
6697:
6673:
6667:
6666:
6657:
6651:
6646:
6640:
6635:
6626:
6625:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6591:
6585:
6584:
6555:(October 1984).
6545:
6536:
6535:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6508:
6497:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6459:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6449:
6434:
6428:
6418:
6412:
6411:
6391:
6385:
6384:
6364:
6358:
6357:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6326:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6280:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6253:
6240:
6221:
6215:
6203:
6195:Claude Moliterni
6192:
6186:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6158:
6149:
6148:
6137:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6124:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6068:, Bedeteque.com
6060:
6054:
6053:
6050:, Bedeteque.com
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6018:
6012:
6011:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5964:
5958:
5957:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5913:
5907:
5898:
5892:
5885:
5879:
5872:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5834:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5753:
5746:
5738:
5732:
5731:
5720:
5711:
5705:
5703:
5692:
5683:
5677:
5676:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5624:
5618:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5589:
5583:
5582:
5576:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5550:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5540:
5526:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5459:
5451:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5428:Alain Saint-Ogan
5077:Raymond Macherot
4860:
4844:
4827:
4809:article series.
4768:
4753:
4733:
4645:
4550:
4514:Bernie Wrightson
4443:
4369:Lorenzo Mattotti
4142:
4131:
4120:
4078:fall of the wall
4028:Coeurs Vaillants
3990:
3937:trade paperbacks
3887:Isaac the Pirate
3860:Christophe Blain
3788:
3743:
3734:
3717:Louvain-la-Neuve
3705:Annie Goetzinger
3674:
3665:
3656:
3640:
3594:Hergé exposition
3564:bandes dessinées
3497:Chevalier Ardent
3481:Harald le Viking
3474:
3414:Coeurs Vaillants
3412:as published in
3410:bandes dessinées
3354:
3343:(1975–1989) and
3341:
3318:
3288:
3256:
3168:
3159:
3125:
3116:
3069:François Cavanna
2983:Claire Bretécher
2976:
2939:
2724:
2711:Coeurs Vaillants
2658:
2649:
2614:
2560:Coeurs Vaillants
2522:
2510:
2375:
2366:
2357:
2292:(with Hubinon),
2277:
2245:
2210:
2188:Yet, 1944 (both
2070:Coeurs Vaillants
1992:. The occupying
1943:
1859:a conflict with
1850:
1842:Coeurs Vaillants
1834:Coeurs Vaillants
1818:
1805:
1787:
1776:
1735:movie adaptation
1591:Alain Saint-Ogan
1573:
1443:Francis Lacassin
1440:
1432:Claude Moliterni
1412:in the magazine
1411:
1395:Bandes dessinées
1384:bandes dessinées
1200:bandes dessinées
1118:bandes dessinées
1111:bandes dessinées
1108:
1082:
1067:
1059:
1057:Bandes dessinées
1044:
1037:
1030:
1014:
1013:
1012:
895:
893:Bandes dessinées
825:
816:
800:
799:
790:
783:
776:
760:
759:
758:
640:Bandes dessinées
464:
455:
439:
438:
429:
422:
415:
401:
400:
301:Pakistani comics
281:
254:Hungarian comics
214:
207:Brazilian comics
184:
175:Argentine comics
45:
31:
27:
9528:
9527:
9523:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9488:
9487:
9486:
9481:
9449:
9437:
9425:
9411:Friends of Lulu
9373:
9367:
9325:
9319:
9266:
9245:
9171:
9170:Collections and
9161:
9135:manga magazines
9108:
9077:
9068:Manga magazines
9033:
9017:
8906:
8810:
8760:
8731:
8664:
8635:Talking animals
8611:
8572:Science fiction
8483:Anthropomorphic
8449:and narratology
8448:
8440:
8387:Years in comics
8369:
8346:
8310:Jewish American
8293:
8260:
8205:
8169:
8089:Trade paperback
8047:
8038:
8033:
7999:
7985:
7977:
7969:
7961:
7955:
7945:
7926:
7904:
7878:
7862:
7857:
7856:
7841:
7837:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7794:
7793:
7789:
7779:
7777:
7770:"Professionals"
7768:
7767:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7738:
7734:
7721:
7720:
7716:
7706:
7704:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7680:
7678:
7675:Manga Sanctuary
7669:
7668:
7664:
7654:
7652:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7625:
7624:
7620:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7589:
7588:
7584:
7580:; Official site
7574:
7573:
7569:
7556:
7555:
7551:
7541:
7539:
7538:on 5 March 2016
7524:
7520:
7513:
7506:
7491:
7487:
7472:
7461:
7449:
7438:
7433:
7429:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7393:
7389:
7375:
7358:Gaumer, Patrick
7350:Hubinon, Victor
7343:
7339:
7333:
7324:
7320:
7310:
7308:
7297:
7293:
7281:
7277:
7267:
7265:
7256:
7255:
7251:
7241:
7239:
7232:"Léo Quiévreux"
7230:
7229:
7222:
7212:
7210:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7188:
7173:
7167:
7163:
7157:
7152:
7148:
7141:
7136:
7132:
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7120:
7115:
7114:
7110:
7095:
7091:
7079:
7077:
7066:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7046:
7040:
7035:
7031:
7025:
7020:
7016:
7008:
7004:
6995:
6991:
6981:
6979:
6978:on 2 March 2017
6966:
6965:
6961:
6946:
6942:
6935:
6930:
6926:
6920:
6918:"BDoubliés.com"
6916:
6912:
6904:
6897:
6891:
6887:
6881:
6874:"La mémoire de
6872:
6868:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6830:
6826:
6817:
6815:
6814:. 2 August 2016
6806:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6788:"La mémoire de
6786:
6782:
6775:
6759:
6755:
6748:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6674:
6670:
6659:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6616:
6615:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6592:
6588:
6575:
6567:. p. 160.
6553:Hubinon, Victor
6546:
6539:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6513:
6506:
6498:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6456:
6447:
6445:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6419:
6415:
6408:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6338:
6334:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6311:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6293:
6291:
6282:
6281:
6277:
6266:
6251:
6241:
6224:
6213:
6197:
6193:
6189:
6177:
6173:
6160:
6159:
6152:
6139:
6138:
6131:
6122:
6120:
6104:
6103:
6099:
6090:
6088:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6069:
6061:
6057:
6051:
6043:
6039:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6019:
6015:
6008:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5925:
5923:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5899:
5895:
5886:
5882:
5873:
5869:
5860:
5856:
5847:
5845:
5835:
5831:
5822:
5820:
5812:
5811:
5807:
5798:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5763:
5759:
5751:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5735:
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5721:
5714:
5701:
5690:
5684:
5680:
5673:
5655:
5651:
5637:
5625:
5621:
5615:La Vie médicale
5608:
5604:
5591:
5590:
5586:
5570:
5569:
5563:
5561:
5551:
5547:
5538:
5536:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5518:
5475:
5470:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5432:
5391:Pierre Christin
5253:Michel Vaillant
5200:Philippe Francq
4949:Adèle Blanc-Sec
4940:
4885:European comics
4876:
4854:
4838:
4821:
4762:
4747:
4745:Henri Filippini
4727:
4720:comics journals
4664:
4639:
4619:Frédéric Boilet
4593:
4544:
4470:
4437:
4411:Alberto Breccia
4386:
4381:
4363:) and Italian (
4303:
4253:
4237:by Giraud, and
4222:
4220:Realistic style
4164:
4136:
4125:
4114:
4095:
3988:bandes dessinée
3978:in particular.
3904:
3892:Professeur Bell
3850:Marjane Satrapi
3842:Lewis Trondheim
3804:
3782:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3736:
3735:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3634:
3513:
3468:
3382:Patrick Cothias
3348:
3335:
3333:Circus (comics)
3324:Glénat Editions
3312:
3282:
3277:, the feminist
3250:
3213:and the Danish
3190:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3118:
3117:
2970:
2946:
2933:
2919:(relaunched as
2861:(relaunched as
2821:
2752:Nano et Nanette
2718:
2683:Nikita Mandryka
2668:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2608:
2537:Fredric Wertham
2516:
2504:
2490:
2459:Les Schtroumpfs
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2368:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2271:
2239:
2237:Albert Weinberg
2204:
2156:Raymond Leblanc
2054:
2006:Edgar P. Jacobs
1990:American comics
1986:
1972:greats such as
1937:
1861:Cœurs Vaillants
1848:
1812:
1799:
1797:Âmes vaillantes
1791:Cœurs Vaillants
1781:
1770:
1677:, which caused
1645:
1601:Speech balloons
1567:
1553:
1525:speech balloons
1508:
1434:
1428:below-mentioned
1405:
1399:le neuvième art
1380:
1294:American comics
1250:
1080:BD franco-belge
1048:
1010:
1008:
1001:
1000:
996:National anthem
981:
980:
969:
968:
959:
958:
942:
941:
922:
921:
903:
902:
890:
889:
812:
794:
756:
754:
747:
746:
742:National anthem
727:
726:
715:
714:
705:
704:
686:
685:
666:
665:
653:performing arts
643:
642:
637:
636:
625:
624:
622:School of Paris
615:
614:
571:
570:
533:
532:
514:
513:
503:Napoleonic wars
476:
475:
451:
433:
395:
244:European comics
229:Croatian comics
224:Canadian comics
181:Bande dessinées
170:American comics
132:Trade paperback
50:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9526:
9516:
9515:
9510:
9508:Belgian comics
9505:
9503:Comics formats
9500:
9483:
9482:
9480:
9479:
9469:
9459:
9447:
9434:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9424:
9423:
9418:
9413:
9408:
9403:
9398:
9393:
9388:
9383:
9377:
9375:
9372:Charitable and
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9329:
9327:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9281:
9279:
9272:
9268:
9267:
9265:
9264:
9259:
9253:
9251:
9247:
9246:
9244:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9198:
9193:
9192:
9191:
9181:
9175:
9173:
9167:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9159:
9157:Limited series
9154:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9132:
9122:
9116:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9107:
9106:
9101:
9096:
9094:Based on films
9091:
9085:
9083:
9079:
9078:
9076:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9054:
9052:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9035:
9034:
9032:
9031:
9025:
9023:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9013:
9006:United Kingdom
9003:
9002:
9001:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8959:
8954:
8949:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8927:
8922:
8920:Czech Republic
8916:
8914:
8908:
8907:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8888:
8887:
8877:
8872:
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8870:
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8846:
8836:
8835:
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8807:
8806:
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8789:
8779:
8774:
8768:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8758:
8752:
8750:
8743:
8737:
8736:
8733:
8732:
8730:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8722:
8712:
8711:
8710:
8700:
8699:
8698:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8672:
8670:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8621:
8619:
8613:
8612:
8610:
8609:
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8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8568:
8567:
8557:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8459:
8457:
8450:
8446:Comics studies
8442:
8441:
8439:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8425:
8424:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8394:
8389:
8383:
8381:
8375:
8374:
8371:
8370:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8365:
8354:
8352:
8348:
8347:
8345:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8313:
8312:
8301:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8280:
8279:
8268:
8266:
8259:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8233:
8228:
8227:
8226:
8215:
8213:
8207:
8206:
8204:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8177:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8151:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8133:Digital comics
8130:
8129:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8079:Ongoing series
8076:
8071:
8069:Limited series
8066:
8055:
8053:
8049:
8048:
8043:
8040:
8039:
8032:
8031:
8024:
8017:
8009:
8003:
8002:
7994:
7988:
7980:
7972:
7964:
7954:
7953:External links
7951:
7950:
7949:
7943:
7930:
7924:
7912:Ratier, Gilles
7908:
7902:
7882:
7876:
7861:
7858:
7855:
7854:
7835:
7813:
7796:"Angoulême BD"
7787:
7761:
7732:
7727:BDparadiso.com
7714:
7701:manga-news.com
7688:
7662:
7636:
7631:Bedetheque.com
7618:
7613:Bedetheque.com
7600:
7595:Bedetheque.com
7591:"Mike Mignola"
7582:
7567:
7562:Bedetheque.com
7549:
7518:
7504:
7485:
7427:
7406:
7387:
7373:
7354:Ratier, Gilles
7337:
7318:
7305:bedetheque.com
7301:"Recherche BD"
7291:
7275:
7249:
7238:. 1 April 2022
7220:
7194:
7161:
7146:
7130:
7108:
7089:
7060:
7044:
7029:
7024:. Actuabd.com
7014:
7002:
6989:
6959:
6940:
6924:
6910:
6885:
6866:
6855:
6824:
6799:
6780:
6773:
6753:
6746:
6726:
6719:
6699:
6693:978-1524101312
6692:
6686:. p. 31.
6668:
6652:
6641:
6627:
6609:
6597:
6586:
6573:
6537:
6519:
6487:
6476:
6465:
6454:
6442:Deutsche Welle
6429:
6413:
6406:
6386:
6379:
6359:
6352:
6332:
6300:
6275:
6222:
6187:
6171:
6150:
6129:
6112:. 1941-09-15.
6097:
6086:Comics Kingdom
6073:
6055:
6037:
6013:
6006:
5986:
5979:
5959:
5952:
5932:
5908:
5893:
5880:
5867:
5854:
5829:
5805:
5784:
5777:
5757:
5733:
5712:
5708:Halle, Belgium
5678:
5671:
5649:
5619:
5602:
5584:
5545:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5466:
5452:
5449:Belgium portal
5436:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5419:
5408:
5406:Jean Van Hamme
5393:
5378:
5367:
5356:
5354:Jean Van Hamme
5341:
5334:André Franquin
5325:
5317:Spike and Suzy
5313:
5301:
5286:
5280:Roger Lecureux
5271:
5260:
5249:
5246:André Franquin
5237:
5221:
5206:
5204:Jean Van Hamme
5191:
5180:
5169:
5158:
5156:Hermann Huppen
5147:
5132:
5117:
5115:André Franquin
5106:
5104:Benoît Peeters
5091:
5080:
5068:
5061:Boule and Bill
5057:
5042:
5027:
5015:
5012:Joseph Pinchon
4999:
4996:Victor Hubinon
4983:
4967:
4965:Jacques Martin
4956:
4944:
4939:
4938:Notable comics
4936:
4875:
4872:
4852:Jacques Glénat
4831:bande dessinée
4812:Likewise, his
4712:bande dessinée
4708:aforementioned
4701:bande dessinée
4684:bande dessinée
4663:
4660:
4611:manga français
4597:Jiro Taniguchi
4592:
4589:
4510:Richard Corben
4482:Art Spiegelman
4469:
4466:
4452:) and Polish (
4385:
4382:
4380:
4379:Foreign comics
4377:
4367:, Hugo Pratt,
4302:
4295:
4252:
4249:
4221:
4218:
4202:Victor Hubinon
4163:
4160:
4123:Patrick Gaumer
4094:
4091:
3918:", in French "
3903:
3900:
3868:Edmond Baudoin
3812:Le Dernier Cri
3803:
3800:
3796:comics studies
3791:bande dessinée
3778:, the museum,
3762:bande dessinée
3757:bande dessinée
3748:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3679:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3624:bande dessinée
3547:Jiro Taniguchi
3512:
3509:bande dessinée
3505:
3386:André Juillard
3297:Fluide Glacial
3280:Ah ! Nana
3202:Wordt Vervolgd
3173:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3130:
3129:
3120:
3119:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3107:
2945:
2942:
2865:in 1969), and
2820:
2817:
2748:Ouest-Magazine
2740:Cricri Journal
2728:bande dessinée
2701:bande dessinée
2663:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2489:
2486:bande dessinée
2482:
2380:
2379:
2370:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2324:bande dessinée
2280:Dino Attanasio
2269:Arthur Piroton
2229:Victor Hubinon
2217:bande dessinée
2142:Hermann Huppen
2086:Jacques Martin
2053:
2050:
2038:Jacques Martin
2026:André Franquin
1985:
1982:
1970:bande dessinée
1907:Fernand Dineur
1768:Fleurus presse
1752:to create the
1644:
1641:
1552:
1549:
1507:
1504:
1470:Art Spiegelman
1458:graphic novels
1379:
1376:
1344:Walloon Region
1324:idiosyncrasies
1319:Spike and Suzy
1314:Suske en Wiske
1306:Flemish comics
1249:
1246:
1191:Spike and Suzy
1065:bande dessinée
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
993:
988:
982:
976:
975:
974:
971:
970:
967:
966:
960:
956:
955:
954:
951:
950:
944:
943:
940:
939:
934:
929:
923:
917:
916:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
898:Belgian comics
891:
885:
884:
883:
880:
879:
873:
872:
866:
865:
859:
858:
848:
847:
841:
840:
834:
833:
827:
826:
818:
817:
809:
808:
796:
795:
793:
792:
785:
778:
770:
767:
766:
765:
764:
749:
748:
745:
744:
739:
734:
728:
722:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
706:
700:
699:
698:
695:
694:
688:
687:
684:
683:
678:
673:
667:
661:
660:
659:
656:
655:
645:
644:
638:
632:
631:
630:
627:
626:
616:
610:
609:
608:
605:
604:
598:
597:
591:
590:
584:
583:
573:
572:
534:
528:
527:
526:
523:
522:
516:
515:
477:
471:
470:
469:
466:
465:
457:
456:
448:
447:
435:
434:
432:
431:
424:
417:
409:
406:
405:
392:
391:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
349:
348:
343:
341:Turkish comics
338:
333:
331:Spanish comics
328:
323:
321:Serbian comics
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
296:Mexican comics
293:
288:
276:
271:
269:Italian comics
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
217:Welsh-language
212:British comics
209:
204:
199:
177:
172:
164:
163:
157:
156:
155:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
106:
105:
101:
100:
99:
98:
93:
85:
84:
80:
79:
78:
77:
72:
67:
59:
58:
56:Comics studies
52:
51:
48:Speech balloon
46:
38:
37:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9525:
9514:
9513:French comics
9511:
9509:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9499:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9478:
9470:
9468:
9460:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9446:
9441:
9436:
9435:
9432:
9422:
9419:
9417:
9414:
9412:
9409:
9407:
9404:
9402:
9399:
9397:
9394:
9392:
9389:
9387:
9384:
9382:
9379:
9378:
9376:
9370:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9322:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9276:
9273:
9271:Organizations
9269:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9248:
9242:
9239:
9237:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9227:
9224:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9197:
9194:
9190:
9187:
9186:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9176:
9174:
9168:
9158:
9155:
9153:
9150:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9127:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9102:
9100:
9097:
9095:
9092:
9090:
9087:
9086:
9084:
9080:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9055:
9053:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9030:
9027:
9026:
9024:
9020:
9012:
9009:
9008:
9007:
9004:
9000:
8997:
8996:
8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8932:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8917:
8915:
8913:
8909:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8869:
8866:
8865:
8864:
8861:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8841:
8840:
8837:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8817:
8813:
8805:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8799:United States
8797:
8795:
8792:
8788:
8785:
8784:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8767:
8763:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8751:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8738:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8709:
8706:
8705:
8704:
8701:
8697:
8694:
8693:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8673:
8671:
8667:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8630:Decompression
8628:
8626:
8623:
8622:
8620:
8618:
8614:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8587:Tijuana bible
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8566:
8563:
8562:
8561:
8558:
8556:
8553:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8534:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8508:Comics poetry
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8484:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8454:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8423:
8420:
8419:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8376:
8364:
8361:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8303:
8302:
8300:
8296:
8290:
8287:
8285:
8282:
8278:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8270:
8269:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8237:
8234:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8220:
8217:
8216:
8214:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8196:Silent comics
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8160:Graphic novel
8158:
8156:
8153:
8149:
8146:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8122:
8119:
8117:
8116:Sunday comics
8114:
8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8098:
8097:
8094:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8061:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8041:
8037:
8030:
8025:
8023:
8018:
8016:
8011:
8010:
8007:
7998:
7995:
7992:
7989:
7984:
7981:
7976:
7973:
7968:
7965:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7946:
7944:9789462102026
7940:
7936:
7931:
7927:
7925:9782859209346
7921:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7895:
7892:. Amsterdam:
7891:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7877:9781845455880
7873:
7869:
7864:
7863:
7850:
7846:
7839:
7831:
7829:
7824:
7817:
7801:
7797:
7791:
7775:
7771:
7765:
7749:
7748:
7743:
7736:
7728:
7724:
7718:
7702:
7698:
7692:
7676:
7672:
7666:
7650:
7646:
7640:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7614:
7610:
7604:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7577:
7571:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7537:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7516:
7511:
7509:
7500:
7497:(in French).
7496:
7489:
7482:
7476:
7471:
7465:
7460:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7437:
7431:
7424:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7400:
7396:
7391:
7384:
7382:
7376:
7374:9782205073119
7370:
7366:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7331:
7329:
7322:
7306:
7302:
7295:
7288:
7284:
7279:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7237:
7233:
7227:
7225:
7208:
7204:
7198:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7176:(in French).
7172:
7165:
7156:, Citebd.org
7155:
7150:
7140:, Citebd.org
7139:
7134:
7118:
7112:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7076:on 2007-09-26
7075:
7071:
7064:
7053:
7048:
7038:
7033:
7023:
7018:
7011:
7006:
6999:
6993:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6955:
6954:Libération.fr
6951:
6944:
6933:
6928:
6919:
6914:
6903:
6896:
6889:
6879:
6877:
6870:
6864:
6859:
6843:
6840:(in French).
6839:
6835:
6828:
6813:
6812:tomlennon.com
6809:
6803:
6793:
6791:
6790:Métal Hurlant
6784:
6776:
6774:9780313357473
6770:
6766:
6765:
6757:
6749:
6747:9780313357466
6743:
6739:
6738:
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272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
259:Indian comics
257:
255:
252:
250:
249:German comics
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
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210:
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196:
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171:
168:
167:
166:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
137:Graphic novel
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
122:Digital comic
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
108:
107:
104:Media formats
103:
102:
97:
94:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
82:
81:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
60:
57:
54:
53:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:
33:
32:
24:
23:Quebec comics
19:
9324:Critical and
9278:Professional
9063:Comic strips
8929:
8756:South Africa
8655:Supervillain
8191:Photo comics
8186:Motion comic
8138:Mobile comic
8064:Ashcan comic
7997:stripINFO.be
7986:(in English)
7975:Comiclopedia
7934:
7915:
7890:
7886:
7867:
7851:(in French).
7848:
7838:
7826:
7816:
7804:. Retrieved
7800:the original
7790:
7778:. Retrieved
7774:the original
7764:
7752:. Retrieved
7745:
7735:
7729:(in French).
7726:
7717:
7707:December 14,
7705:. Retrieved
7700:
7691:
7681:December 14,
7679:. Retrieved
7674:
7665:
7653:. Retrieved
7649:the original
7645:"Bilan 2009"
7639:
7633:(in French).
7630:
7621:
7615:(in French).
7612:
7603:
7597:(in French).
7594:
7585:
7578:(in French).
7570:
7564:(in French).
7561:
7552:
7540:. Retrieved
7536:the original
7532:ComicFoundry
7531:
7521:
7494:
7488:
7430:
7409:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7365:
7361:
7340:
7327:
7321:
7309:. Retrieved
7304:
7294:
7286:
7278:
7266:. Retrieved
7261:
7252:
7240:. Retrieved
7235:
7211:. Retrieved
7209:. 7 May 2019
7206:
7197:
7164:
7149:
7133:
7121:. Retrieved
7111:
7102:
7092:
7084:
7078:. Retrieved
7074:the original
7063:
7047:
7032:
7017:
7005:
6997:
6992:
6980:. Retrieved
6976:the original
6971:
6962:
6956:(in French).
6953:
6943:
6927:
6913:
6888:
6875:
6869:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6837:
6827:
6816:. Retrieved
6811:
6802:
6789:
6783:
6767:. ABC-CLIO.
6763:
6756:
6740:. ABC-CLIO.
6736:
6729:
6713:. ABC-CLIO.
6709:
6702:
6678:
6671:
6661:
6655:
6644:
6621:
6612:
6600:
6589:
6579:
6578:
6556:
6522:
6502:
6479:
6468:
6457:
6446:. Retrieved
6444:. 2016-09-27
6441:
6432:
6422:
6416:
6396:
6389:
6369:
6362:
6342:
6335:
6323:. Retrieved
6303:
6292:. Retrieved
6287:
6278:
6270:
6246:
6217:
6206:Stripschrift
6205:
6190:
6180:
6174:
6165:
6144:
6121:. Retrieved
6109:
6100:
6089:. Retrieved
6085:
6076:
6063:
6058:
6045:
6040:
6029:. Retrieved
6025:
6016:
5996:
5989:
5969:
5962:
5942:
5935:
5924:. Retrieved
5920:
5911:
5901:
5896:
5888:
5883:
5875:
5870:
5862:
5857:
5846:. Retrieved
5842:
5832:
5821:. Retrieved
5817:
5808:
5797:. Retrieved
5787:
5767:
5760:
5736:
5727:
5694:
5681:
5658:
5652:
5645:(in French).
5643:ComixTrip.fr
5642:
5630:
5622:
5614:
5610:
5605:
5599:(in French).
5597:Comixtrip.fr
5596:
5587:
5562:. Retrieved
5558:
5548:
5537:. Retrieved
5533:
5524:
5421:
5417:Roger Leloup
5410:
5395:
5380:
5369:
5358:
5343:
5327:
5315:
5303:
5288:
5284:André Chéret
5273:
5262:
5251:
5239:
5223:
5208:
5193:
5182:
5171:
5162:Jerry Spring
5160:
5149:
5134:
5119:
5108:
5093:
5082:
5072:Chlorophylle
5070:
5059:
5055:Raoul Cauvin
5051:Willy Lambil
5044:
5029:
5017:
5001:
4985:
4969:
4958:
4947:
4941:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4891:
4889:
4877:
4866:
4863:Stripschrift
4862:
4847:
4834:
4830:
4819:Stripschrift
4817:
4813:
4811:
4806:
4794:
4778:
4774:
4741:
4737:Maurice Horn
4723:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4692:
4683:
4665:
4633:Pika Édition
4622:
4615:global manga
4614:
4610:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4553:Image Comics
4538:Mike Mignola
4525:
4521:
4517:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4490:comic strips
4485:
4471:
4387:
4365:Guido Crepax
4354:
4348:
4345:
4340:
4337:Joost Swarte
4329:Yves Chaland
4319:
4313:
4309:ligne claire
4307:
4304:
4299:ligne claire
4298:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4254:
4238:
4232:
4228:Jerry Spring
4226:
4223:
4211:
4205:
4194:
4179:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4106:
4102:
4096:
4086:
4082:
4074:Eastern Bloc
4067:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3992:
3980:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3919:
3916:comics album
3915:
3911:
3905:
3891:
3885:
3879:
3853:
3836:
3805:
3802:1990–present
3790:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3721:Joost Swarte
3697:Victor Horta
3686:
3643:
3623:
3617:
3580:
3575:
3563:
3561:
3554:
3553:format (see
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3485:Howard Flynn
3484:
3480:
3476:
3466:Fred Funcken
3461:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3430:
3429:(1984–1994,
3426:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3404:(1983–1989,
3401:
3393:
3392:(1979–2009,
3389:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3344:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3302:Yves Chaland
3295:
3291:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3243:
3218:
3206:
3201:
3193:
3191:
3183:
3140:
3102:
3100:
3090:
3087:free-lancers
3082:
3078:
3072:
3058:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3032:
3012:
3002:
2996:
2992:Les Frustrés
2990:
2978:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2812:
2808:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2768:Allez-France
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2714:
2710:
2700:
2671:
2669:
2631:
2626:
2616:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2545:
2530:
2512:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:Tif et Tondu
2424:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2300:L'oncle Paul
2299:
2293:
2287:
2262:
2257:
2253:Jerry Spring
2251:
2220:
2216:
2187:
2180:
2179:and the new
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2147:
2146:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2095:ligne claire
2093:
2090:Roger Leloup
2078:Studio Hergé
2069:
2066:
2045:
2021:Flash Gordon
2019:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1987:
1969:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1914:
1910:
1902:Tif et Tondu
1900:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1852:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1821:
1808:
1795:
1789:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1742:Paul Winkler
1739:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1682:
1670:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1620:Even though
1619:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1554:
1545:Caran d'Ache
1533:Gustave Doré
1529:Francophonie
1521:
1515:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1473:
1451:
1446:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1356:
1348:Didier Comès
1329:
1317:
1313:
1298:
1286:colonization
1251:
1231:
1217:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1179:
1165:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1054:
1053:
991:Coat of arms
892:
737:Coat of arms
639:
264:Irish comics
239:Dutch comics
234:Czech comics
180:
179:
96:Photo comics
18:
9477:WikiProject
9113:Other lists
9058:Comic books
8974:Netherlands
8880:Philippines
8592:Underground
8555:Non-fiction
8473:Alternative
8219:Cartoonists
8201:Text comics
8155:Gag cartoon
8111:Lianhuanhua
8096:Comic strip
7970:(in French)
7962:(in French)
7830:vol. 18, #2
7750:(in French)
7703:(in French)
7473: [
7462: [
7450: [
7445:, Saga and
7439: [
7423:"Lecturama"
7417:publishers
7334:(in French)
7307:(in French)
7236:lambiek.net
7158:(in French)
7142:(in French)
7105:(in Dutch).
7056:(in French)
7041:(in French)
7039:, Voici.fr
7026:(in French)
6936:(in French)
6921:(in French)
6882:(in French)
6796:(in French)
6622:Lambiek.net
6530: [
6288:www.tcj.com
6198: [
6166:Lambiek.net
6145:Lambiek.net
6070:(in French)
6064:Zig et Puce
6052:(in French)
6046:Zig et Puce
5730:(in Dutch).
5728:Lambiek.net
5534:www.cia.gov
5423:Zig et Puce
5258:Jean Graton
5241:Marsupilami
5195:Largo Winch
5145:Jean Tabary
5130:Jean Giraud
5040:Jean Giraud
5024:E.P. Jacobs
4987:Barbe Rouge
4855: [
4839: [
4822: [
4771:Numa Sadoul
4763: [
4760:Stan Barets
4748: [
4728: [
4722:worldwide,
4716:Robert Gigi
4640: [
4545: [
4534:Neil Gaiman
4526:Heavy Metal
4522:Heavy Metal
4478:Will Eisner
4438: [
4395:Milo Manara
4341:ligne clair
4333:Ever Meulen
4187:Jean Giraud
4176:Fred Harman
4137: [
4126: [
4115: [
3912:comic album
3828:Ego comme X
3783: [
3713:Musée Hergé
3701:Art Nouveau
3635: [
3605:, who also
3601:of Culture
3501:Barbe Rouge
3469: [
3449:Middle Ages
3349: [
3336: [
3313: [
3283: [
3251: [
3034:Heavy Metal
3015:defectors,
2987:pornography
2971: [
2934: [
2719: [
2687:Paul Gillon
2609: [
2517: [
2505: [
2284:Jean Graton
2278:, Hermann,
2272: [
2240: [
2205: [
2202:World Press
2082:Bob de Moor
2062:Bob de Moor
1938: [
1935:Jean Dupuis
1923:Netherlands
1813: [
1800: [
1782: [
1771: [
1746:Opera Mundi
1697:Zig et Puce
1691:. The 1930
1688:comic album
1630:Zig et Puce
1596:Zig et Puce
1568: [
1466:Will Eisner
1435: [
1406: [
1361:, of which
1274:Switzerland
1252:In Europe,
367:Cartoonists
336:Thai comics
127:Gag cartoon
117:Comic strip
9492:Categories
8741:By country
8582:Teen humor
8417:Modern Age
8412:Bronze Age
8407:Silver Age
8402:Golden Age
8342:Macedonian
8317:Australian
8298:By country
8284:Minicomics
8181:Film comic
8174:Techniques
8059:Comic book
8000:(in Dutch)
7903:9042017767
7860:References
7806:30 January
7780:30 January
7754:30 January
7542:24 October
7419:"Rombaldi"
7403:(in Dutch)
7283:Ann Miller
7080:2007-04-24
6876:(À Suivre)
6838:Causeur.fr
6818:2017-06-19
6574:2800110627
6561:Marcinelle
6448:2017-06-19
6353:080327243X
6294:2017-06-19
6214:(in Dutch)
6123:2017-06-19
6091:2017-06-19
6066:(original)
6031:2017-06-19
5926:2017-06-19
5848:2017-06-19
5823:2017-06-19
5818:ArtsEditor
5799:2017-06-19
5564:2017-06-19
5539:2017-06-19
5412:Yoko Tsuno
5340:and others
5324:and others
5312:and others
5305:The Smurfs
5290:Ric Hochet
5269:Marc Sleen
5248:and others
5236:and others
5225:Lucky Luke
5215:Eddy Paape
5210:Luc Orient
5079:and others
5026:and others
5014:and others
4998:and others
4982:and others
4924:Tamil Nadu
4899:The Smurfs
4893:Lucky Luke
4848:Schtroumpf
4803:0877540306
4787:2035235103
4557:Dark Horse
4458:Enki Bilal
4429:), Swiss (
4356:Chick Bill
4350:Ric Hochet
4207:Buck Danny
4156:intégrales
4103:intégrales
4093:Intégrales
4087:Collection
4076:after the
4039:Collection
4023:Buck Danny
4014:Le Lombard
3974:publisher
3855:Persepolis
3846:Joann Sfar
3370:(À Suivre)
3292:Casablanca
3259:(À Suivre)
3231:Hugo Pratt
3223:Ted Benoît
3219:(À Suivre)
3131:Frenchman
2923:in 1969),
2921:Pif Gadget
2889:Le Lombard
2863:Pif gadget
2780:P’tit Gars
2636:censorship
2582:Buck Danny
2578:Korean War
2464:The Smurfs
2402:Lucky Luke
2346:creation.
2329:Oumpah-pah
2289:Buck Danny
2225:Eddy Paape
2152:Le Lombard
1766:, and the
1708:publisher
1605:text comic
1557:newspapers
1541:Christophe
1500:Hugo Pratt
1488:adventure
1475:Barbarella
1430:Frenchman
1378:Vocabulary
1296:oriented.
1270:Luxembourg
1258:city state
1181:The Smurfs
1167:Lucky Luke
1061:(singular
932:Television
887:Literature
676:Television
634:Literature
618:French Art
377:Publishers
372:Collecting
112:Comic book
91:Cartooning
9082:By source
9073:Webcomics
9051:By format
9029:Australia
8832:Hong Kong
8772:Argentina
8650:Superhero
8607:Wrestling
8577:Superhero
8518:Dystopian
8493:Celebrity
8478:Ambiguous
8436:Webcomics
8289:Webcomics
8272:Editorial
8265:By format
8246:Letterers
8231:Colorists
8084:Minicomic
7747:Le Figaro
7655:6 January
7468:outlived
7459:Lecturama
7383:, pp. 6-8
7311:18 August
6181:Robbedoes
6118:0040-781X
5066:Jean Roba
5031:Blueberry
5003:Bécassine
4928:Sri Lanka
4696:Comic Con
4672:Angoulême
4605:(or also
4573:DC Comics
4561:Oni Press
4474:superhero
4462:Paul Teng
4407:Argentina
4283:Jean Roba
4234:Blueberry
4231:by Jijé,
4181:Red Ryder
4151:intégrale
4099:"omnibus"
4009:Blueberry
3976:Casterman
3928:softcover
3924:hardcover
3890:(Blain),
3772:Angoulême
3521:Jack Lang
3441:Passagers
3239:Paul Teng
3074:Hara-Kiri
2844:Hara-Kiri
2760:Frimousse
2732:Coq Hardi
2716:Coq hardi
1915:Robbedoes
1866:alongside
1725:archetype
1710:Casterman
1626:Bécassine
1614:Zonneland
1577:Bécassine
1561:magazines
1478:comic by
1382:The term
1312:creation
1224:van Hamme
1205:Blueberry
1140:et al.),
957:Monuments
852:Mythology
845:Languages
702:Monuments
595:Festivals
577:Mythology
530:Languages
354:Community
284:Hong Kong
65:Education
9467:Category
9374:outreach
9326:academic
9236:ToonSeum
8984:Portugal
8892:Thailand
8875:Pakistan
8765:Americas
8681:Feminist
8625:Antihero
8463:Abstract
8397:American
8332:Filipino
8322:Canadian
8305:American
8211:Creators
8143:Webcomic
8074:One-shot
7914:(2013).
7499:Brussels
7470:Rombaldi
7186:Archived
7178:Montréal
6902:Archived
6842:Archived
6511:Archived
6316:Archived
6264:Archived
5889:Le Monde
5749:Archived
5699:Archived
5573:cite web
5435:See also
5184:Kiekeboe
5151:Jeremiah
5136:Iznogoud
4637:Kurokawa
4565:Delcourt
4486:À Suivre
4324:Art Déco
4275:Franquin
4257:Barksian
4245:Rosiński
4213:Redbeard
4058:À Suivre
3971:À Suivre
3920:album BD
3894:(Sfar).
3693:Brussels
3586:Parisian
3576:de facto
3196:À Suivre
3142:À Suivre
3017:Druillet
2917:Vaillant
2897:), and
2859:Vaillant
2764:Cocorico
2744:Mireille
2699:Belgian
2673:Vaillant
2632:de facto
2406:Almanach
2015:Superman
1962:Franquin
1917:for the
1760:Robinson
1701:Hachette
1609:Averbode
1445:'s book
1228:Rosiński
1210:Charlier
1202:include
1176:Goscinny
1158:Goscinny
1148:Franquin
1138:Franquin
870:Religion
856:folklore
805:a series
803:Part of
602:Religion
581:folklore
568:Tahitian
552:Corsican
550: •
542: •
540:Alsatian
538: •
509: •
505: •
501: •
444:a series
442:Part of
147:Webcomic
70:Glossary
9250:Schools
9172:museums
9022:Oceania
8957:Ireland
8952:Hungary
8947:Germany
8940:Belgium
8925:Croatia
8902:Vietnam
8640:Masking
8602:Western
8560:Romance
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