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and the aforementioned WEBTOON offering the ability for anyone to submit their own work. In the beginning, many of the webtoons created outside of Asia tended to just be webcomics released in the webtoon format but over time, more artists have released more titles that are full-fledged comics rather
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In the past, it was divided into two ratings: All (webtoon suitable for all ages) and 18 (No one under 18 is allowed to read this webtoon). From May 2019, the webtoon rating system was implemented. It is said that 10 platforms including Naver and Daum will participate. The ratings are expected to be
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In the USA, Germany, and France, printoonized manhwa (a portmanteau of "print" and "webtoon") are completely restructured to achieve dynamic storytelling akin to the best action mangas, moving away from the native vertical scrolling narration of webtoons. Thanks to printoonization, the manhwa Solo
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that play during each chapter; and unlike the majority of East Asian comics, they are usually in color instead of black-and-white since they are published digitally on a website or app rather than physically in a magazine. In the case of South Korea, there are also different censorship laws for
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With the advent of the smartphone and tablet, webtoons have also migrated to new platforms such as apps. There have also been sounds introduced to imply further expressions and tones, as well as interactive motions to create excitement and bring attention to certain objects for the viewers.
1460:. It mainly targets the 15-24 age group, especially females, and supports both Korean and Indian webtoon content creators. Popularity of digital comics is now encouraging Indian publishers such as Graphic India to launch their own service called Toonsutra in the market. In 2021,
1373:, which have seen a recent rise in popularity, are often in black-and-white instead of color, as is common in their Korean and Chinese counterparts, despite being released digitally. Despite this, there have been some strides to penetrate the Japanese market and slowly more
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are trying out the webtoon format to release their titles. Lezhin, Comico, Naver, Line, and Kakao offer webtoon portals with translated works for
Japanese readers. Comico, one of the biggest webtoon publishers in the world, was created by the Japanese subsidiary of
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and that most manhwa are released as webtoons. In the country, as digital manhwa have emerged as a popular medium, print publication of manhwa has decreased. The amount of material published in webtoon form has now reached an equal amount as that published offline.
1647:
Noh, Sueen. ""To Be or Not to Be, That Is the
Question": What Is Happening with Korean manga, (Manhwa), Today?" International Journal of manga Art (IJOCA) 9.2 (2007): n. pag. International Journal of manga Art (IJOCA). John A. Lent, Sept. 2007. Web. 3 Dec.
1399:
has announced that it will start offering original
Japanese, Korean, and Chinese webtoons for Piccoma in the Summer of 2018. 2021 saw a great deal of tracking for webtoon in Japan with investment from traditional Japanese manga publishers like
931:
Like other online publications, there are a variety of payment models used for webtoons. Some offer a limited set of chapters for free and charge for the rest. Others allow only a certain number of chapters to be read per day without payment.
935:
Creators of webtoons can earn money from ads displayed on their series. Until 2019, amateur creators could earn money from the credit that was given by their fans. The money that the pro and amateur creators receive depends on the page view.
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in 2014, it became the first go to app that introduced webtoons in India. Kross Komics launched the first dedicated Indian webtoon portal in 2020 targeting domestic audience and offering 40 translated South Korean titles in
English,
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have even been translated and published outside the countries . Vietnam launched its first webtoon portal, Vinatoon, which offers translated titles from Daum
Webtoon and Mr. Blue with the intention of opening up another market.
1344:
industry as more content is consumed digitally. Almost all of the big webtoon portals in China are offered by the big internet companies in the country while in Taiwan the bigger webtoon publishers outside of the country like
944:
While there has been webcomics uploaded and hosted by individual creators since the mid-to-late 1990s, the advent of the webtoon model dates back to 2000, when Lycos Korea, the Korean version of the
American search engine
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The webtoon format has also expanded to other countries with many different distributors offering original and translated webtoons for users to read as well as offering platforms for anyone to upload their own webtoons.
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service, launched in 2014, is now the biggest webtoon platform in Korea. According to Naver, it reaches over 6.2 million daily users. The free WEBTOON translation service has allowed webtoons to form part of the global
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Enhanced preloading enabled later authors to adopt a vertical layout with scrolling. In contrast to comics with a dense panel composition, scrolling brings new panels into view. This makes webtoons suitable for
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a
Japanese Manga service while XOY was up until its demise in January 2019. Kakao has also had success in the Japanese market by offering both licensed manga and translated Korean webtoons with their service,
1972:
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have become big markets for the webtoon industry with both Naver (under WEBTOON) and Comico offering both original webtoons and fully translated titles. Some webtoons made in
Indonesia and Thailand, such as
2652:
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1521:'s TopToonPlus service, launched in July 2021, was another global launch by a Korean webtoon company for their global fans. In its first month of service, it gained over 200,000 subscribers.
1464:
was planning to enter the Indian market after its acquisition of Kross Komics in 2020. From Q3 2022, Kakao
Entertainment will provide webtoon content and customer support for Kross Komics.
1386:. To date, there are only two webtoon portals that offer original Japanese webtoons, Comico and Naver (under the name XOY 2017–2018 to 2019). All XOY webtoons have been integrated onto
889:
While webtoons were mostly unknown outside of South Korea during their inception, there has been a surge in popularity internationally thanks in great part to the rise in popularity of
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are the only big publishers who translate their own titles rather than licensing them out. WEBTOON even offers the ability for fan translations to be offered in different languages.
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Although digital comics are increasingly popular, print publication remains the primary means of comic retail. Some publishers offer online content and print content simultaneously.
1441:. It is also planning to introduce content from the Chinese and Japanese markets. After its official mobile app release on 7 December 2019, it was downloaded over 200,000 times on
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Many webtoon publishers have had success in penetrating markets outside of Asia with the biggest successes being the United States and other
English speaking countries.
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have seen an increase in production and popularity since they are rarely published and just like in South Korea, have resulted in a resurgence and interest in the
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1445:. As of July 2021, it registered 1.1 million monthly active uses and 3.5 million app downloads. Webtoon dramatization further helped increase readership.
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1869:[Webtoon company 'Lezhin Comics' and 'Top Comics', 'cultivate the self-sustaining power of the webtoon industry' by entering the global market].
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Besides just the consumption of translated works, there has also been a rise in the creation of original non-Asian webtoons thanks in part to sites like
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Webtoons have been taken as source material by a number of different mediums, including film and television; one of the earliest examples of this was '
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materials published online than in print which has led to more manhwa that is erotic and sexually explicit being produced and published as webtoons.
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1395:. This has been credited to the webtoon pay model that the service implements where some chapters are offered for free for a short period of time.
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1044:, Toomics, and TopToon have begun to self translate their works. Examples of popular webtoons that have been translated into English are
817:
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2238:"[Japan] LINE Manga Operator, LINE Digital Frontier, Procures JPY 8.6 B from NAVER WEBTOON | LINE Corporation | News"
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2002:
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2653:"Kross Comics and Kross Pictures' to grow in India and produce a lot more K-webtoons based K-dramas: co-founder Hyunwoo Thomas Kim"
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988:, comics account for a quarter of all book sales in South Korea, while more than 3 million Korean users paid to access online
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As of July 2014, Naver had published 520 webtoons while Daum had published 434. Since the early 2010s, services such as
1819:
3982:
3716:
2446:"K-omics revolution: Korea's Kross Komics launches first-of-its-kind webtoon app with content in English, Hindi and Telugu"
2394:"[LINE] LINE Webtoon Released First on Android, Offers Free Comic Content on Smartphones | LINE Corporation | News"
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2714:"Toptoon Global to being services for English-speaking countries in full swing as the members surpass 200,000 in number"
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2626:"Kross Komic's best-selling webtoon – A Business Proposal to be remade into a K-drama; expected to air in early 2022"
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Webtoon is also pursuing an international diversification strategy to grow its market in Asia and around the world.
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The market for webtoons and their derivatives is currently valued at around KR₩420 billion (US$ 368 million).
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in 2004. These services regularly release webtoons that are available for free. According to David Welsh of
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two years later. By the year of 2002, based on the Cultural Industry Promoting Law, the predecessor of the
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offer translated licensed works from various publishers including KToon, Bomtoon, Foxtoon, and many more.
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1109:. In recent years, these webtoons have been gaining popularity in Western markets, rivalling Japanese
24:
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announced on that they will support webtoon in their CLIP STUDIO READER platform from February 2022.
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2471:"Netflix Korean drama series 'Business Proposal' increases Kross Komics' readership by 20 per cent"
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3139:
2733:"« Solo Leveling », le webtoon sud-coréen parmi les BD les plus populaires en France"
2257:"Kakao Will Use Wildly Popular South Korean Webtoons To Build An Audience In Japan & China"
1261:
1093:
1087:
3901:
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3625:
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3118:
2735:[“Solo Leveling”, the South Korean webtoon among the most popular comics in France].
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562:
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2902:
2801:
2070:"The Impact of Spread of Webtoon on the Development of Hallyu: The Case Study of Indonesia"
1698:"A Study on the Role of Web-Toon Agency from the Viewpoint of Industrial Life Cycle theory"
1635:"Millions in Korea are obsessed with these revolutionary comics — now they're going global"
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have begun to officially translate webtoons into English while some Korean publishers like
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With the development of technology, authors were able to utilize flash animation effects.
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Webtoons usually feature a few of common traits: each episode is published on one long,
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2344:"viviONの電子コミックストア「DLsite comipo」のWEBTOON作品の配信にセルシスが提供する電子書籍ビューア「CLIP STUDIO READER」が採用"
2130:
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20:
1117:△ All △ 12 years or older △ 15 years or older △ 19 years old (18 years old) or older.
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3284:
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2855:
2766:"Kakao Entertainment merges two American subsidiaries to compete with domestic rival"
2134:
1973:"Popular Mobile Webcomic Service, WEBTOON, Debuts in the United States and Worldwide"
1954:
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was established and started to support the manhwa and related industries as a whole.
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3212:
2751:"Tapas Media aims to turn digital comics into the next big entertainment franchise"
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industry still being the main way in which manga gets released and published. Even
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and garnered over 100 million homepage views, later being adapted into two films. (
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To better serve the US market and increase the intellectual property value chain,
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were slow to catch on as well as in other countries mainly due to the traditional
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2202:"As manga goes digital via smartphone apps, do paper comics still have a place?"
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Prior to 2014, most webtoons were only available in English through unofficial
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2376:"India's first comic app, Kross Komics gets 200k downloads in just six weeks"
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2549:"Friendship Day 2021: Best Korean webtoons to binge read with your friends"
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1201:
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1105:
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1999:"Korea's webtoon market experiences exponential growth over past 10 years"
1949:
1936:
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Leveling has sold over 900,000 copies of its first six volumes in France.
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2936:
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1609:
1594:
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began publication of translations of popular webtoons to English via the
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2318:"誰でもマンガをつくれる？"縦スクロール漫画" コンテスト！ 小学館×バンダイ主催『TOON GATE(トゥーンゲート)』12月3日スタート"
1405:
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1337:
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911:
530:
368:
113:
1924:. 한국 애니메이션 학회(Korean cartoon and animation studies). pp. 124–139.
1535:
provides French translations of licensed works, mostly Korean titles.
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The earliest webtoons were scanned original comics uploaded onto the
1033:
724:
4017:
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3027:
3012:
2924:
2025:"South Korean 'webtoon' craze makes global waves | The Japan Times"
1532:
1524:
1476:
1401:
1134:
1037:
915:
148:
4221:
2678:"Launching the first digital cartoon service in Vietnam, Vinatoon"
2420:"Kross Komics completes its first successful year in the industry"
1580:
399:
2907:
2497:"Webtoon app Kross Komics crosses 1 million monthly active users"
1424:, webtoons have grown into popularity. With the global launch of
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774:
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671:
487:
92:
44:
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had grown to 180 million monthly active users (MAUs) worldwide.
1308:
19:
This article is about the type of comics. For the platform, see
4115:
Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
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699:
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591:
292:
280:
36:
2523:"After K-Pop and K-Drama, Korean webtoons engage Indian Gen-Z"
1937:"Webtoon as a New Korean Wave in the Process of Glocalization"
3632:
3022:
1449:
1434:
1421:
1366:
1362:
1329:
1286:
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for five years and sold 540,000 copies in paperback version.
1244:
1217:
1110:
1010:
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rather than multiple pages so that it is easier to read on a
638:
471:
275:
2575:"Graphic India launches webtoon comics platform 'Toonsutra'"
1353:
are more popular since their services are available there.
1129:
Layout of an early webtoon. Buttons allow turning the page.
2786:
2183:"台灣線上原創漫畫發威，看LINE WEBTOON和comico如何經營IP｜數位時代 BusinessNext"
2695:
2293:"Made-in-Japan manga goes global with Webtoon, Deadpool"
1841:"Rolling Story takes Korean webtoons to global audience"
2275:"Kakao Japan ramps up manga content via smartphone app"
1448:
Kross Komics, founded in May 2019, is headquartered in
2051:"2009해외콘텐츠 시장조사(2009 abroad contents market research)"
1558:
and the aforementioned Tapas to form a single entity.
2068:
Song, Jung-Eun; Nahm, Kee-Bom; Jang, Won-Ho (2014).
1576:
1196:
webtoon viewed through a webtoon viewing interface (
1024:
4130:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association
1893:"[다시 도전이다] 미생·스틸레인 웹툰작가들, 美·中 독자도 웃고 울린다"
1725:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1166:, allowing webtoon reading to become more fluid.
4271:
2417:
2220:"Korean game, webtoon providers cruise in Japan"
2115:"웹툰 플랫폼의 국제적다각화 전략-네이버웹툰과 카카오웹툰의 일본 진출 사례를 중심으로"
1811:
3929:Comics and comic strips made into feature films
2113:Kim, Sangim; Lee, Youngju (February 24, 2022).
1935:Jang, Wonho; Song, Jung Eun (August 31, 2017).
1659:"Watchdog hit for excessive digital censorship"
4120:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association
4008:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
2802:
1568:Category:Works based on South Korean webtoons
842:
422:
2601:"Naver takes on the world, market by market"
2067:
1323:
1014:
1004:
957:followed suit with a similar service called
869:
2443:
2057:. 한국콘텐츠진흥원(Korea creative contents agency).
1820:"Startup Battles Naver in English Webtoons"
4168:British Amateur Press Association (comics)
3966:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
2809:
2795:
1965:
1907:"웹툰 속 '극단적 선택' 표현…네이버·다음 등 '웹툰 등급제' 시행 예정"
1137:, usually formatted on a one-page layout.
849:
835:
429:
415:
4163:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
4077:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
1948:
1314:
1157:An example of a second generation webtoon
992:and 10 million users read free webtoons.
4125:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics
1934:
1867:"웹툰 기업 레진·탑코믹스, 글로벌 진출로 '웹툰 산업 자생력 키운다'"
1187:
1173:
1152:
1124:
25:Computer animation § Web animations
2731:Croquet, Pauline (September 19, 2022).
2730:
1991:
1795:[Cartoon industry in numbers].
4272:
2706:
2374:Shete, Yugandhara (February 3, 2020).
2199:
2112:
2005:from the original on November 22, 2021
1739:
939:
23:. For animation made for the Web, see
3983:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel
2790:
2650:
2418:Yugandhara Shete (December 7, 2020).
2373:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2157:"네이버, 웹툰 '글로벌 1위' 굳히기… 해외 시장 공략 '박차'"
1913:
1765:
1164:gradual and continuous representation
3934:Comics solicited but never published
2688:
2598:
2572:
2444:Dutta Yadav, Medha (July 18, 2021).
2154:
1864:
1492:
1248:, a 2006 film based on the comic by
1148:
4254:
4082:Australian Cartoonists' Association
4072:Association of Canadian Cartoonists
2763:
2254:
2042:
1919:
1838:
1817:
1301:They also collaborate with movies.
1169:
1140:
972:created a webtoon service known as
13:
2362:
2322:プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1｜PR TIMES
2200:Nagata, Kazuaki (August 2, 2017).
2155:Yang, Jinwon (September 1, 2023).
1865:Park, Chul-hyun (March 17, 2016).
1740:Herald, The Korea (May 25, 2014).
1561:
1252:. This work was serialized in the
1120:
976:in 2003 and was later followed by
14:
4306:
2573:Paul, Mathures (March 23, 2021).
1673:"Creators 101 :: MAKE MONEY"
1467:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4232:
4220:
4183:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund
4097:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
3998:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection
2048:
1920:Han, Chang-wan (June 30, 2012).
1579:
926:
444:
398:
43:
4013:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
2764:Lim, Chang-won (May 19, 2022).
2757:
2743:
2724:
2670:
2644:
2618:
2599:Park, Eun-jee (July 18, 2021).
2592:
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2515:
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2336:
2310:
2285:
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2212:
2193:
2175:
2148:
2106:
2100:"영화를 웹툰으로 미리 본다? 영화X웹툰 콜라보의 세계"
2092:
2061:
2017:
1928:
1899:
1885:
1858:
1832:
1818:Lee, Jun-Youb (April 3, 2015).
1766:Welsh, David (April 23, 2007).
995:South Korea's first webtoon is
4087:Comic Art Professional Society
2827:Glossary of comics terminology
2651:Joshi, Dhruvi (June 7, 2022).
1785:
1759:
1742:"Korean webtoons going global"
1733:
1715:(inactive September 12, 2024).
1690:
1665:
1651:
1641:
1627:
1264:), and one television series (
1015:
1005:
953:section in their portal site.
870:
1:
4178:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
1922:애니메이션 연구6(Animation studies6)
1768:"Forget Manga. Here's Manhwa"
1620:
963:Korea Creative Content Agency
823:100 Cultural Symbols of Korea
163:Comics by country and culture
4092:National Cartoonists Society
3881:Based on television programs
2102:. Cineplay. August 14, 2017.
1975:. PRNewswire. Archived from
1547:than reformatted webcomics.
1184:, a third-generation webtoon
882:usually meant to be read on
7:
4023:Words & Pictures Museum
1572:
1452:with additional offices in
1268:). Another of Huh's works,
1025:
16:South Korean digital comics
10:
4311:
4067:Academy of Comic Book Arts
4039:Center for Cartoon Studies
3961:Belgian Comic Strip Center
2816:
2127:10.7230/KOSCAS.2022.66.589
1909:. Segyeilbo. May 14, 2019.
1895:. Wow TV. January 1, 2015.
1799:(in Korean). June 23, 2016
1713:10.7230/KOSCAS.2018.51.225
1565:
1029:) by Han Hee-jak in 1996.
918:); some feature music and
18:
4215:
4173:Club des bandes dessinées
4153:
4105:
4059:
4052:
4031:
3951:
3907:Best-selling comic series
3894:
3863:
3832:
3823:
3803:
3692:
3596:
3546:
3530:
3521:
3485:Portrayal of black people
3450:
3397:
3237:
3226:
3159:
3132:
3079:
3046:
2991:
2955:
2833:
2824:
1839:박형기 (November 18, 2015).
1600:Web novels in South Korea
1324:Mainland China and Taiwan
1231:
1178:A scene from the webtoon
897:
874:) are a type of episodic
1415:
1356:
906:strip (making use of an
3978:British Cartoon Archive
3971:National Cartoon Museum
1825:The Wall Street Journal
1279:, was published in the
1258:Tazza: The High Rollers
1192:An example of a modern
4188:Finnish Comics Society
4145:Svenska Serieakademien
4135:Comics Studies Society
4003:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
3507:Women in Refrigerators
3502:The Hawkeye Initiative
3140:Female comics creators
2450:The New Indian Express
1336:, webtoons along with
1315:Outside of South Korea
1307:As of September 2023,
1262:Tazza: The Hidden Card
1205:
1185:
1158:
1130:
1088:The God of High School
968:The Korean web portal
4285:Electronic publishing
3924:Comic books on CD/DVD
3174:Comics historiography
1950:10.13185/kk2017.02908
1191:
1177:
1156:
1128:
813:Emblem of South Korea
808:Emblem of North Korea
4140:Sequart Organization
3886:Based on video games
3468:Gender and webcomics
3033:Publishing companies
2696:"Yonhap News Agency"
2605:Korea JoongAng Daily
1637:. February 11, 2016.
1554:in 2022 merged with
1069:Tales of the Unusual
818:World Heritage Sites
328:South African comics
4295:South Korean manhwa
4198:The Hero Initiative
3478:American mainstream
3280:Comics in education
2883:Comic strip formats
1746:www.koreaherald.com
1552:Kakao Entertainment
1462:Kakao Entertainment
1094:Girls of the Wild's
980:with the launch of
940:Origins and history
878:that originated in
518:Arts and literature
32:
4239:Cartoon portal
3993:The Cartoon Museum
3988:Cartoon Art Museum
3712:France and Belgium
3497:Portrayal of women
3490:African characters
3458:Ethnic stereotypes
2770:Aju Business Daily
2720:. August 13, 2021.
2700:Yonhap News Agency
2553:Free Press Journal
2324:. December 3, 2021
2226:. August 31, 2017.
1605:Webtoon (platform)
1206:
1186:
1159:
1131:
1063:The Sound of Heart
997:Uninhabited Island
30:
21:Webtoon (platform)
4267:
4266:
4227:Comics portal
4211:
4210:
4044:The Kubert School
3947:
3946:
3819:
3818:
3517:
3516:
3442:Widescreen comics
3285:Comics journalism
3155:
3154:
2947:Political cartoon
2888:Daily comic strip
2753:. March 22, 2018.
2684:on April 3, 2018.
2255:Ramirez, Elaine.
2049:Choi, yun cheol.
1661:. March 30, 2015.
1493:Western countries
1430:NAVER Corporation
1380:NHN Entertainment
1266:Tazza (TV series)
1149:Second generation
859:
858:
439:
438:
405:Comics portal
348:Vietnamese comics
318:Portuguese comics
308:Philippine comics
289:
222:
204:Australian comics
200:
144:Political cartoon
4302:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4246:
4237:
4236:
4225:
4224:
4203:Xeric Foundation
4057:
4056:
3871:Based on fiction
3830:
3829:
3604:China and Taiwan
3528:
3527:
3327:Graphic medicine
3270:Autobiographical
3235:
3234:
3213:Japanese (manga)
3119:Japanese (manga)
3044:
3043:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2788:
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2781:
2780:
2778:
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2747:
2741:
2740:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2704:
2703:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2680:. Archived from
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2632:. August 9, 2021
2622:
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2441:
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2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2398:LINE Corporation
2390:
2384:
2383:
2380:Animation Xpress
2371:
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2242:LINE Corporation
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2065:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2001:. Arirang News.
1995:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1952:
1932:
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1911:
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1683:
1677:www.webtoons.com
1669:
1663:
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1655:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1216:. In July 2014,
1214:fan translations
1170:Third generation
1141:First generation
1077:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1008:
1007:
873:
872:
851:
844:
837:
474:
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464:Culture of Korea
448:
441:
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417:
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303:Pakistani comics
283:
256:Hungarian comics
216:
209:Brazilian comics
186:
177:Argentine comics
47:
33:
29:
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4309:
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4303:
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4270:
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4207:
4193:Friends of Lulu
4155:
4149:
4107:
4101:
4048:
4027:
3953:
3952:Collections and
3943:
3917:manga magazines
3890:
3859:
3850:Manga magazines
3815:
3799:
3688:
3592:
3542:
3513:
3446:
3417:Talking animals
3393:
3354:Science fiction
3265:Anthropomorphic
3231:and narratology
3230:
3222:
3169:Years in comics
3151:
3128:
3092:Jewish American
3075:
3042:
2987:
2951:
2871:Trade paperback
2829:
2820:
2815:
2785:
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2712:
2711:
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2694:
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2671:
2661:
2659:
2657:AnimationXpress
2649:
2645:
2635:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2579:Telegraph India
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2547:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2529:. June 29, 2021
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2503:. June 17, 2021
2501:AnimationXpress
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2475:AnimationXpress
2469:
2468:
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2454:
2452:
2442:
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2428:
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2424:AnimationXpress
2416:
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2218:
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2213:
2206:The Japan Times
2198:
2194:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2121:(66): 589–629.
2111:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2074:한국엔터테인먼트산업학회논문지
2066:
2062:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2031:
2029:The Japan Times
2023:
2022:
2018:
2008:
2006:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1979:on July 7, 2014
1971:
1970:
1966:
1941:Kritika Kultura
1933:
1929:
1918:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1845:koreaherald.com
1837:
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1646:
1642:
1633:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1562:Media franchise
1495:
1470:
1418:
1359:
1349:, Toomics, and
1326:
1317:
1234:
1172:
1151:
1143:
1123:
1121:Generation Zero
1071:
949:, launched the
942:
929:
908:infinite canvas
900:
855:
769:Paektu Mountain
472:
462:
435:
397:
246:European comics
231:Croatian comics
226:Canadian comics
183:Bande dessinées
172:American comics
134:Trade paperback
52:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4308:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4280:Comics formats
4265:
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4262:
4261:
4251:
4241:
4229:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4154:Charitable and
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4103:
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4100:
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3975:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3939:Limited series
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3876:Based on films
3873:
3867:
3865:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3857:
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3834:
3827:
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3788:United Kingdom
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3752:
3751:
3741:
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3709:
3704:
3702:Czech Republic
3698:
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3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
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3257:
3252:
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3239:
3232:
3228:Comics studies
3224:
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2915:Digital comics
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:Ongoing series
2858:
2853:
2851:Limited series
2848:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2791:
2783:
2782:
2756:
2742:
2737:www.lemonde.fr
2723:
2705:
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2591:
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2540:
2527:Lokmat English
2514:
2488:
2477:. May 11, 2022
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2016:
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1898:
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1871:ITChosun(IT조선)
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1469:
1468:Southeast Asia
1466:
1417:
1414:
1358:
1355:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1313:
1233:
1230:
1200:by Jang Yi in
1171:
1168:
1150:
1147:
1142:
1139:
1122:
1119:
959:Cartoon Sesang
941:
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343:Turkish comics
340:
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333:Spanish comics
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323:Serbian comics
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298:Mexican comics
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271:Italian comics
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219:Welsh-language
214:British comics
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3369:Tijuana bible
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2167:September 24,
2162:
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1794:
1793:"숫자로 보는 만화산업"
1788:
1773:
1772:Bloomberg.com
1769:
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1587:Comics portal
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1501:Lezhin Comics
1498:
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1309:NAVER Webtoon
1305:
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1275:Le Grand Chef
1272:
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1259:
1255:
1254:Sports Chosun
1251:
1250:Huh Young-man
1247:
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1198:Amazing Rumor
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982:Naver Webtoon
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927:Revenue model
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876:digital comic
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313:Polish comics
311:
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301:
299:
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279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
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261:Indian comics
259:
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251:German comics
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139:Graphic novel
137:
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132:
130:
127:
125:
124:Digital comic
122:
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117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:Media formats
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56:
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42:
41:
38:
35:
34:
26:
22:
4106:Critical and
4060:Professional
3845:Comic strips
3538:South Africa
3437:Supervillain
2973:Photo comics
2968:Motion comic
2929:
2920:Mobile comic
2846:Ashcan comic
2773:. Retrieved
2769:
2759:
2745:
2739:(in French).
2736:
2726:
2708:
2699:
2690:
2682:the original
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2656:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2629:
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2604:
2594:
2582:. Retrieved
2578:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2500:
2491:
2479:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:
2388:
2379:
2352:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2321:
2312:
2300:. Retrieved
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2223:
2214:
2205:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2160:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2118:
2108:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2080:(2): 357–367
2077:
2073:
2063:
2055:www.kocca.kr
2054:
2044:
2034:November 30,
2032:. Retrieved
2028:
2019:
2007:. Retrieved
1993:
1981:. Retrieved
1977:the original
1967:
1940:
1930:
1921:
1915:
1901:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1860:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1834:
1823:
1813:
1803:November 20,
1801:. Retrieved
1796:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1721:cite journal
1704:
1692:
1680:. Retrieved
1676:
1667:
1653:
1643:
1629:
1556:Radish Media
1549:
1541:
1537:
1523:
1517:
1499:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1447:
1426:LINE Webtoon
1419:
1361:Webtoons in
1360:
1328:In mainland
1327:
1318:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1285:
1269:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1211:
1207:
1202:Daum Webtoon
1197:
1181:Tower of God
1179:
1160:
1144:
1132:
1115:
1106:Tower of God
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1061:
1057:Yumi's Cells
1055:
1051:
1045:
1031:
996:
994:
974:Daum Webtoon
967:
958:
955:Yahoo! Korea
950:
943:
934:
930:
901:
888:
861:
860:
761:
729:
720:Martial arts
705:
698:
596:
526:Architecture
266:Irish comics
241:Dutch comics
236:Czech comics
181:
153:
98:Photo comics
4259:WikiProject
3895:Other lists
3840:Comic books
3756:Netherlands
3662:Philippines
3374:Underground
3337:Non-fiction
3255:Alternative
3001:Cartoonists
2983:Text comics
2937:Gag cartoon
2893:Lianhuanhua
2878:Comic strip
2279:Nikkei Asia
1873:(in Korean)
1705:한국만화애니메이션학회
1610:Web fiction
1595:Korean wave
1458:Los Angeles
1443:Google Play
1397:Kakao Japan
1296:Korean Wave
1281:Dong-a Ilbo
1220:subsidiary
1072: [
1052:Untouchable
1023::
1013::
1003::
951:Manhwa Bang
884:smartphones
880:South Korea
868::
792:South Korea
780:North Korea
739:Video games
624:Traditional
369:Cartoonists
338:Thai comics
129:Gag cartoon
119:Comic strip
4274:Categories
3523:By country
3364:Teen humor
3199:Modern Age
3194:Bronze Age
3189:Silver Age
3184:Golden Age
3124:Macedonian
3099:Australian
3080:By country
3066:Minicomics
2963:Film comic
2956:Techniques
2841:Comic book
2718:PRNewswire
2224:koreatimes
2119:만화애니메이션 연구
2009:August 16,
1983:August 16,
1621:References
1566:See also:
1406:Shogakukan
1388:Line Manga
1338:web manhua
920:animations
912:smartphone
609:Television
570:Literature
379:Publishers
374:Collecting
114:Comic book
93:Cartooning
3864:By source
3855:Webcomics
3833:By format
3811:Australia
3614:Hong Kong
3554:Argentina
3432:Superhero
3389:Wrestling
3359:Superhero
3300:Dystopian
3275:Celebrity
3260:Ambiguous
3218:Webcomics
3071:Webcomics
3054:Editorial
3047:By format
3028:Letterers
3013:Colorists
2866:Minicomic
2636:August 9,
2610:August 4,
2584:August 1,
2558:August 1,
2354:March 10,
2328:March 10,
2302:March 10,
2140:March 31,
2135:248796176
1959:2094-6937
1777:April 27,
1751:April 27,
1682:April 24,
1529:Tappytoon
1473:Indonesia
1384:NHN Japan
1371:web manga
1228:service.
1082:The Gamer
1034:Tappytoon
986:Bloomberg
763:Mugunghwa
725:Taekwondo
679:Mythology
356:Community
286:Hong Kong
67:Education
4290:Webtoons
4249:Category
4156:outreach
4108:academic
4018:ToonSeum
3766:Portugal
3674:Thailand
3657:Pakistan
3547:Americas
3463:Feminist
3407:Antihero
3245:Abstract
3179:American
3114:Filipino
3104:Canadian
3087:American
2993:Creators
2925:Webcomic
2856:One-shot
2533:June 29,
2507:June 17,
2455:July 22,
2429:June 17,
2297:ABC News
2084:April 8,
2003:Archived
1877:June 23,
1573:See also
1533:Delitoon
1525:Spottoon
1486:Eggnoid,
1482:Teen Mom
1477:Thailand
1402:Shueisha
1135:Internet
1100:Noblesse
1038:Spottoon
916:computer
904:vertical
862:Webtoons
694:Clothing
689:Holidays
684:Folklore
541:Painting
510:Religion
500:Language
493:Diaspora
455:a series
453:Part of
149:Webcomic
72:Glossary
4032:Schools
3954:museums
3804:Oceania
3739:Ireland
3734:Hungary
3729:Germany
3722:Belgium
3707:Croatia
3684:Vietnam
3422:Masking
3384:Western
3342:Romance
3310:Fantasy
3161:History
3038:Writers
3018:Editors
2930:Webtoon
2908:Yonkoma
2834:Formats
2775:May 19,
2662:June 7,
2481:May 16,
2403:May 16,
2163:. Korea
1519:TopToon
1513:WEBTOON
1505:Toomics
1393:Piccoma
1375:mangaka
1351:Webtoon
1291:Webtoon
1271:Sikgaek
1226:Webtoon
1047:Lookism
803:Taegeuk
787:Aegukga
775:Aegukka
756:Arirang
747:Symbols
731:Ssireum
672:Banchan
662:Cuisine
646:Theater
614:K-drama
597:Webtoon
536:Pottery
483:History
473:Society
389:Writers
189:Belgium
154:Webtoon
85:Methods
77:History
31:Webtoon
3902:Awards
3771:Serbia
3761:Poland
3694:Europe
3679:Turkey
3576:Mexico
3569:Quebec
3564:Canada
3559:Brazil
3531:Africa
3451:Themes
3399:Tropes
3332:Horror
3322:Gekiga
3305:Erotic
3238:Genres
3204:events
3023:Inkers
2903:Topper
2818:Comics
2348:CELSYS
2261:Forbes
2161:머니S리포트
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1850:May 8,
1797:Etnews
1615:Manhwa
1511:, and
1454:Mumbai
1439:Telugu
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1342:manhua
1334:Taiwan
1232:Market
1194:Korean
1103:, and
1026:Muindo
1019:;
1009:;
1001:Korean
990:manhwa
898:Format
891:manhwa
866:Korean
715:Sports
700:Hanbok
667:Kimchi
620:Music
592:Manhwa
585:Poetry
488:People
457:on the
364:Awards
293:Manhwa
281:Manhua
197:Quebec
193:France
37:Comics
3912:manga
3825:Lists
3793:Wales
3776:Spain
3744:Italy
3645:Korea
3638:lists
3633:Japan
3621:India
3427:Rogue
3295:Crime
3250:Adult
3133:Other
3109:Cuban
2131:S2CID
1701:(PDF)
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1544:Tapas
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1450:Seoul
1435:Hindi
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1330:China
1287:Naver
1245:Tazza
1218:Naver
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947:Lycos
798:Flags
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639:K-pop
634:South
629:North
604:Media
580:South
575:North
563:South
558:North
548:Dance
384:Sales
276:Manga
3781:list
3749:list
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3609:list
3597:Asia
3586:list
3473:LGBT
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3059:list
3006:list
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