Comics - Knowledge

933: 1973: 1910:" as "the arrangement of pictures or images and words to narrate a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott McCloud defined comics as "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in deliberate sequence, intended to convey information and/or to produce an aesthetic response in the viewer", a strictly formal definition which detached comics from its historical and cultural trappings. R. C. Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the picture area within speech balloons) usually contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has had its detractors. Harvey saw McCloud's definition as excluding single-panel cartoons, and objected to McCloud's de-emphasizing verbal elements, insisting "the essential characteristic of comics is the incorporation of verbal content". Aaron Meskin saw McCloud's theories as an artificial attempt to legitimize the place of comics in art history. 916: 1846: 1855: 1058: 892: 1581: 1444: 683: 704: 1729:, David Carrier, Alain Rey, and Lawrence Grove emphasize the combination of text and images, though there are prominent examples of pantomime comics throughout its history. Other critics, such as Thierry Groensteen and Scott McCloud, have emphasized the primacy of sequences of images. Towards the close of the 20th century, different cultures' discoveries of each other's comics traditions, the rediscovery of forgotten early comics forms, and the rise of new forms made defining comics a more complicated task. 9262: 748: 725: 38: 9214: 1168: 1580: 9250: 9203: 9191: 415: 60: 662: 9274: 9224: 607:) propose origins as early as the 12th century. Japanese comics are generally held separate from the evolution of Euro-American comics, and Western comic art probably originated in 17th century Italy. Modern Japanese comic strips emerged in the early 20th century, and the output of comic magazines and books rapidly expanded in the post-World War II era (1945–) with the popularity of cartoonists such as 1043:, who wrote his comic series "The UpsideDowns of Old Man Muffaroo and Little Lady Lovekins" between 1903 and 1905. These comics were made in such a way that one could read the 6-panel comic, flip the book and keep reading. He made 64 such comics in total. In 2012 a remake of a selection of the comics was made by Marcus Ivarsson in the book 'In Uppåner med Lilla Lisen & Gamle Muppen'. ( 1992:), with tails pointing at their respective speakers. Captions can give voice to a narrator, convey characters' dialogue or thoughts, or indicate place or time. Speech balloons themselves are strongly associated with comics, such that the addition of one to an image is sufficient to turn the image into comics. Sound effects mimic non-vocal sounds textually using 1241:; cultural elites sometimes saw popular culture as threatening culture and society. In the latter half of the 20th century, popular culture won greater acceptance, and the lines between high and low culture began to blur. Comics nevertheless continued to be stigmatized, as the medium was seen as entertainment for children and illiterates. 1345:(1946–1993), and full-colour comic albums became the primary outlet for comics in the mid-20th century. As in the US, at the time comics were seen as infantile and a threat to culture and literacy; commentators stated that "none bear up to the slightest serious analysis", and that comics were "the sabotage of all art and all literature". 1968:

Panels are individual images containing a segment of action, often surrounded by a border. Prime moments in a narrative are broken down into panels via a process called encapsulation. The reader puts the pieces together via the process of closure by using background knowledge and an understanding of

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usually consist of a single panel, often incorporating a caption or speech balloon. Definitions of comics which emphasize sequence usually exclude gag, editorial, and other single-panel cartoons; they can be included in definitions that emphasize the combination of word and image. Gag cartoons first

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movement – is sometimes used to address such ambiguities. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history since they are most often not humorous and are periodicals, not regular books. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their languages,

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format originating from collected comic books have also been chosen for original material. Otherwise, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to

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Illustrated magazines for Western expatriates introduced Western-style satirical cartoons to Japan in the late 19th century. New publications in both the Western and Japanese styles became popular, and at the end of the 1890s, American-style newspaper comics supplements began to appear in Japan, as

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began analyzing how comics are understood using tools from cognitive science, extending beyond theory by using actual psychological and neuroscience experiments. This work has argued that sequential images and page layouts both use separate rule-bound "grammars" to be understood that extend beyond

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have focused on developing a "manga expression theory", with emphasis on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, distinguishing the medium from film or literature, in which the flow of time is the basic organizing element. Comics studies courses have proliferated at Japanese

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to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to deliver a narrative.

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can indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. There is no consensus among theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass

1574:, primarily an American format, are thin periodicals usually published in colour. European and Japanese comics are frequently serialized in magazines—monthly or weekly in Europe, and usually black-and-white and weekly in Japan. Japanese comics magazine typically run to hundreds of pages. 1969:

panel relations to combine panels mentally into events. The size, shape, and arrangement of panels each affect the timing and pacing of the narrative. The contents of a panel may be asynchronous, with events depicted in the same image not necessarily occurring at the same time.

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self-censoring body. The Code has been blamed for stunting the growth of American comics and maintaining its low status in American society for much of the remainder of the century. Superheroes re-established themselves as the most prominent comic book genre by the early 1960s.

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started a comics studio, which eventually at its height employed 40 artists working for 50 different publishers who helped make the comics medium flourish in "the Golden Age of Comics" after World War II. In the post-war era modern Japanese comics began to flourish when

1707:"Comics ... are sometimes four-legged and sometimes two-legged and sometimes fly and sometimes don't ... to employ a metaphor as mixed as the medium itself, defining comics entails cutting a Gordian-knotted enigma wrapped in a mystery ..." 1354:("drawn strips") came into wide use in French to denote the medium. Cartoonists began creating comics for mature audiences, and the term "Ninth Art" was coined, as comics began to attract public and academic attention as an artform. A group including 1551:-format books. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, nearly a quarter of all printed material in Japan was comics. Translations became extremely popular in foreign markets—in some cases equaling or surpassing the sales of domestic comics. 1566:

have been given multiple tiers. Since the early 20th century, daily newspaper comic strips have typically been printed in black-and-white and Sunday comics have usually been printed in colour and have often occupied a full newspaper page.

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European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a

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Similar to the problems of defining literature and film, no consensus has been reached on a definition of the comics medium, and attempted definitions and descriptions have fallen prey to numerous exceptions. Theorists such as Töpffer,

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are comics that are available on the internet, first being published the 1980s. They are able to potentially reach large audiences, and new readers can often access archives of previous installments. Webcomics can make use of an

1164:" have been read by generations of British children. The comics originally experimented with superheroes and action stories before settling on humorous strips featuring a mix of the Amalgamated Press and US comic book styles. 1414:

From the 1980s, mainstream sensibilities were reasserted and serialization became less common as the number of comics magazines decreased and many comics began to be published directly as albums. Smaller publishers such as

1425:-istic creators also became common. Since the 1990s, mergers resulted in fewer large publishers, while smaller publishers proliferated. Sales overall continued to grow despite the trend towards a shrinking print market. 1543:. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick and may contain over a dozen stories; they are later compiled in 1906:(2000) was the first full-length treatment of comics from a philosophical perspective. Prominent American attempts at definitions of comics include Eisner's, McCloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called " 1737:

approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-level image relations, and image discontinuities, or what Scott McCloud later dubbed "closure". In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term

1766:" (or "drawn literatures"). French theory has come to give special attention to the page, in distinction from American theories such as McCloud's which focus on panel-to-panel transitions. In the mid-2000s, 1213:, and humour. Following a sales peak in the early 1950s, the content of comic books (particularly crime and horror) was subjected to scrutiny from parent groups and government agencies, which culminated in 7165: 1057: 1771:

panel-to-panel transitions and categorical distinctions of types of layouts, and that the brain's comprehension of comics is similar to comprehending other domains, such as language and music.

2025:, and artists may specialize in parts of the artwork such as characters or backgrounds, as is common in Japan. Particularly in American superhero comic books, the art may be divided between a 932: 1562:

are generally short, multipanel comics that have, since the early 20th century, most commonly appeared in newspapers. In the US, daily strips have normally occupied a single tier, while

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and Harry Morgan have held relativistic views of the definition of comics, a medium that has taken various, equally valid forms over its history. Morgan sees comics as a subset of "

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began the first modern Japanese comic strip. By the 1930s, comic strips were serialized in large-circulation monthly girls' and boys' magazine and collected into hardback volumes.

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in many ways, amongst them "whimsical pictures", "disreputable pictures", "irresponsible pictures", "derisory pictures", and "sketches made for or out of a sudden inspiration".

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The popularity of superhero comic books declined in the years following World War II, while comic book sales continued to increase as other genres proliferated, such as

2565:"Why mild contrast medium-induced reactions are sometimes over-treated and moderate/severe reactions of internal organs are undertreated: a summary based on RadioComics" 1913:

Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics,

2057:") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, but usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The alternate spelling 1214: 8897: 7179: 1064: 2017:

While comics are often the work of a single creator, the labour of making them is frequently divided between a number of specialists. There may be separate

1107:. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became popular. 891: 6349:

Morita, Naoko (2010). "Cultural Recognition of Comics and Comics Studies: Comments on Thierry Groensteen's Keynote Lecture". In Berndt, Jaqueline (ed.).

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appeared in the 1930s, at first reprinting newspaper comic strips; by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate. The success in 1938 of

724: 1919:("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term 1587: 7717: 767:

The European, American, and Japanese comics traditions have followed different paths. Europeans have seen their tradition as beginning with the Swiss

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produced a prolific body of work. Towards the close of the 20th century, these three traditions converged in a trend towards book-length comics: the

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were full-page and often in colour. Between 1896 and 1901 cartoonists experimented with sequentiality, movement, and speech balloons. An example is

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reputation for much of their history, but towards the end of the 20th century, they began to find greater acceptance with the public and academics.

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Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of

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published in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the term "cartoon" was first used to describe them in 1843 in the British humour magazine

8885: 7029: 7138: 9088: 6119: 8976: 1152:(1938) became successful humor-based titles, with a combined circulation of over 2 million copies by the 1950s. Their characters, including " 1276:

in the mid-1980s. In the 21st century graphic novels became established in mainstream bookstores and libraries and webcomics became common.

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challenged the Code and readers with adult, countercultural content in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The underground gave birth to the

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used to express ideas with images, often combined with text or other visual information. It typically takes the form of a sequence of

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in 1924. Early post-war Japanese criticism was mostly of a left-wing political nature until the 1986 publication of Tomofusa Kure's

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appeared in it and went on to become the best-selling French-language comics series. From 1960, the satirical and taboo-breaking

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appears as a countable noun it refers to instances of the medium, such as individual comic strips or comic books: "Tom's comics

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The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific

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tend to focus either on its recent, post-WWII history, or on attempts to demonstrate deep roots in the past, such as to the

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style, was first serialized in newspaper comics supplements beginning in 1929, and became an icon of Franco-Belgian comics.

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also had a global impact from 1865 on, and became popular following the success in the 1930s of strips and books such as

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in 1972. Adult-oriented and experimental comics flourished in the 1970s, such as in the experimental science fiction of

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in 1925 popularized the use of speech balloons in European comics, after which Franco-Belgian comics began to dominate.

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featured in the earliest serialized comic strip when the character began to feature in its own weekly magazine in 1884.

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The Early Comic Strip: Narrative Strips and Picture Stories in the European Broadsheet from c. 1450 to 1825

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for its humorous caricatures. On occasion the cartoons in these magazines appeared in sequences; the character

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Illustrated humour periodicals were popular in 19th-century Britain, the earliest of which was the short-lived

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Drawing Comics Lab: 52 Exercises on Characters, Panels, Storytelling, Publishing & Professional Practices

9227: 9060: 8458: 8431: 8426: 8077: 7729: 7113:"From Ponyo to 'My Garfield Story': Using Digital Comics as an Alternative Pathway to Literary Composition" 5948: 5512: 3756: 535:

has followed different paths in different cultures. Scholars have posited a pre-history as far back as the

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studies increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of

793:. Japan has a long history of satirical cartoons and comics leading up to the World War II era. The 6851:

Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives: Essays on Readers, Research, History and Cataloging

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A comparison of book formats for comics around the world. The left group is from Japan and shows the

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or ink brushes; mixed media and digital technology have become common. Cartooning techniques such as

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Outside of these genealogies, comics theorists and historians have seen precedents for comics in the

650: 177: 5724:(2001). "Comedy at the Juncture of Word and Image". In Varnum, Robin; Gibbons, Christina T. (eds.). 1306:

in 1865. Cartoons appeared widely in newspapers and magazines from the 19th century. The success of

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From Comic Strips to Graphic Novels. Contributions to the Theory and History of Graphic Narrative

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The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images

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The Visual Language of Comics: Introduction to the Structure and Cognition of Sequential Images

1153: 20: 7196:"Glossary of Specialized Cartoon-related Words and Phrases Used in Don Markstein's Toonopedia" 6296: 5323: 5296: 5227: 2433:, meaning "card", which referred to the cardboard on which the cartoons were typically drawn. 8870: 8761: 8594: 8441: 8087: 6725: 6268: 5875: 5798: 5598: 5135: 4642: 2757: 2229: 2083: 1988:, captions, and sound effects. Speech balloons indicate dialogue (or thought, in the case of 1607: 1289: 1218: 460: 388: 378: 233: 1639:

non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called

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A caption (the yellow box) gives the narrator a voice. The characters' dialogue appears in

1898: 1854: 1376: 1328: 1161: 844: 342: 7166:"Defining Comics Again: Another in the Long List of Unnecessarily Complicated Definitions" 6758: 6748: 1845: 1634:, a larger page size than used in many other cultures. In English-speaking countries, the 1230:

movement in the 1980s and its mature, often experimental content in non-superhero genres.

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Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature

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David Kunzle has compiled extensive collections of these and other proto-comics in his

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The Everything Cartooning Book: Create Unique And Inspired Cartoons For Fun And Profit

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established a popular style of a sequence of images with text beneath them, including

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newspaper—the first use of the word "manga" in its modern sense, and where, in 1902,

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a visual art form."), but becomes plural when referring to works collectively (e.g. "

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Comics worlds & the world of comics : towards scholarship on a global scale

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in the early 20th century with the advent of newspaper comic strips; magazine-style

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Thorne, Amy (2010). "Part Eight: Metacomic/Webcomics". In Weiner, Robert G. (ed.).

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Reinventing Comics: How Tmagination and Technology are Revolutionizing an Art Form

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Reinventing Comics: How Imagination and Technology Are Revolutionizing an Art Form

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Groensteen, Thierry (Spring 2012a). "The Current State of French Comics Theory".

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The Rise and Reason of Comics and Graphic Literature: Critical Essays on the Form

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is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.

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produced comic strips beginning in 1827, and published theories behind the form.

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The comics may be further adapt to animations (anime), dramas, TV shows, movies.

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Many cultures have taken their word for comics from English, including Russian (

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cave paintings. By the mid-20th century, comics flourished, particularly in the

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in 1959 to give artists greater freedom over their work. Goscinny and Uderzo's

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is most frequently used in making comics, traditionally using ink (especially

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Global Perspectives on Tarzan: From King of the Jungle to International Icon

5849:"Pop Cosmopolitanism: Mapping Cultural Flows in an Age of Media Convergence" 5750:

Imagined Families, Lived Families: Culture and Kinship in Contemporary Japan

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contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

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Specialized comics periodicals formats vary greatly in different cultures.

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Reading Bande Dessinée: Critical Approaches to French-language Comic Strip

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Graphic Novels Now: Building, Managing, And Marketing a Dynamic Collection

4686: 3728: 2424: 1873:(right) have proposed influential and controversial definitions of comics. 1823:

was established in 2001 to promote comics scholarship. The publication of

1790:. The first historical overview of Japanese comics was Seiki Hosokibara's 843:

in France (some of which appear to be chronological sequences of images),

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picture scroll of the 12th and 13th centuries, or the early 19th-century

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Frustration with censorship and editorial interference led to a group of

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Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European

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Making Comics: Storytelling Secrets of Comics, Manga and Graphic Novels

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God of Comics: Osamu Tezuka and the Creation of Post-World War II Manga

6123: 5754: 3928: 1999: 1683: 1659: 1571: 1137: 1103: 1082: 1067: 872: 578: 505: 481: 383: 128: 6702:

Masters of the Ninth Art: Bandes Dessinées and Franco-Belgian Identity

5851:. In Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M.; Qin-Hilliard, Desirée Baolian (eds.). 4618: 4422: 3983: 2054: 1621:

is from English-speaking countries, where there is no standard format.

771:

from as early as 1827 and Americans have seen the origin of theirs in

8400: 7834: 6998:"The Publication and Formats of Comics, Graphic Novels, and Tankobon" 6660: 6608: 6306: 6148:

Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga and Anime

4842: 4602: 2155: 2026: 2003: 1767: 1734: 1539: 1380:

defied censorship laws in the countercultural spirit that led to the

1167: 1148: 1142: 781:, though many Americans have come to recognize Töpffer's precedence. 586: 27: 7090:

Cohen, Martin S. (April 1977). "The Novel in Woodcuts: A Handbook".

4974:

Unpopular Culture: Transforming the European Comic Book in The 1990s

3780: 3712: 1837:

outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics".

8986: 8375: 7996: 7981: 7893: 7648: 6630:. In Forsdick, Charles; Grove, Laurence; McQuillan, Libbie (eds.). 6458: 6406: 6101: 6043: 5055: 3484: 2331:

Histoires de la littérature enfantine de ma Mère l'Oye au Roi Babar

2038: 2034: 1671: 1601: 1266: 1121: 955: 590: 525: 163: 9249: 9190: 6454:

Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives

6018:"Between Fan Culture and Copyright Infringement: Manga Scanlation" 4151: 4149: 1882:

attempted the first comprehensive history of American comics with

1815:

universities, and Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics

414: 7898: 7876: 7618: 7062:"Introduction - Justice framed: law in comics and graphic novels" 7030:"Too much is too much. The never innocent laughter of the Comics" 6245:

History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels

5969:

Adult Manga: Culture & Power in Contemporary Japanese Society

3354: 3338: 2676:

Gothic in Comics and Graphic Novels by Julia Round page 24 and 25

2007: 1753: 1503: 1370: 840: 798: 794: 673: 536: 168: 107: 59: 9202: 4904:

Comics and the City: Urban Space in Print, Picture, and Sequence

4782: 4630: 3108: 3060: 2839: 1407:, even mainstream publishers took to publishing prestige-format 9084:

Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée

8613: 8572: 8290: 7622: 6750:

The Oxford Companion to Twentieth-Century Literature in English

4379: 4146: 4107: 3912: 3856: 2127: 2117: 1482: 1364: 307: 295: 9273: 5631:

Text/Image Mosaics in French Culture: Emblems and Comic Strips

4586: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4178: 4176: 4038: 3700: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3435: 3433: 2751:"Max and Moritz: A Tale of Mischief and Influence - Toons Mag" 2663:"Max and Moritz: A Tale of Mischief and Influence - Toons Mag" 1518:

well as some American comic strips. 1900 saw the debut of the

1076:(1907–1982) was the first successful daily comic strip (1907). 492:

is a form that uses photographic images. Common forms include

8601: 7991: 7703: 7689: 7634: 6941:

The Rise of the American Comics Artist: Creators and Contexts

6728:. In Berndt, Jaqueline; Kümmerling-Meibauer, Bettina (eds.). 5481:

Of Comics and Men: A Cultural History of American Comic Books

5325:

Cartoon Cultures: The Globalization of Japanese Popular Media

4858: 4450: 4250: 4248: 4070: 4068: 4055: 4053: 3884: 2070: 2030: 1462: 1438: 948:

The Upside Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo

805: 601: 548: 290: 4323: 3971: 3844: 3264: 1506:

which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The

7684: 6074:

Demanding Respect: The Evolution of the American Comic Book

4758: 4518: 4311: 4265: 4263: 4188: 4173: 4134: 3644: 3430: 3096: 2982: 2980: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 1260: 623: 16:

Creative work in which pictures and text convey information

4702: 4506: 4438: 4245: 4124: 4122: 4065: 4050: 3584: 3168: 3144: 3009: 2304:"... aucune ne supporte une analyse un peu serieuse." 1419:

that published longer works in non-traditional formats by

1035:, led to the development of newspaper comic strips. Early 7755: 7275:

Strips, Toons, And Bluesies: Essays in Comics And Culture

5853:

Globalization: Culture and Education for a New Millennium

5451:

Forceville, Charles; Veale, Tony; Feyaerts, Kurt (2010).

5052:

Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas

4806: 4494: 4217: 4004: 4002: 801:

popularized the Japanese term for comics and cartooning,

7662: 7543:

Comics, Comix and Graphic Novels: A History of Comic Art

5652:

Comics in French: The European Bande Dessinée in Context

5484:. translated from French by Bart Beaty and Nick Nguyen. 5349:

Manhua Modernity: Chinese Culture and the Pictorial Turn

5094:

Bramlett, Frank; Cook, Roy; Meskin, Aaron, eds. (2016).

4770: 4726: 4412: 4410: 4275: 4260: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3676: 3276: 2977: 2887: 2326:"C'est le sabotage de tout art et de toute littérature." 6824:"10: Invisible Art, Invisible Planes, Invisible People" 6128:

Graphic Novels in Your Media Center: A Definitive Guide

5900:

Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives

5450: 4624: 4119: 4097: 4095: 3666: 3664: 3620: 3608: 3560: 3548: 3224: 3212: 3180: 3156: 3132: 3120: 3050: 3048: 3021: 2999: 2997: 2995: 1019:. The success of illustrated humour supplements in the 885:'s 18th-century sequential engravings, amongst others. 5878:. In Wannamaker, Annette; Abate, Michelle Ann (eds.). 5140:

The Comics of Chris Ware: Drawing Is a Way of Thinking

4287: 4161: 4080: 4014: 3999: 3688: 3524: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3402: 3326: 2272:, translation close to "independently appearing book") 2139: 2068: 1921: 1808: 1801: 1791: 1780: 1599: 1591: 1544: 1508: 1490: 1480: 1470: 1460: 825: 803: 599: 517: 9238: 7750: 5204:

Graphic Women: Life Narrative and Contemporary Comics

4714: 4530: 4407: 4026: 3956: 3796: 3744: 3288: 2115: 2097: 1279: 508:. Since the late 20th century, bound volumes such as 488:

are the most common means of image-making in comics.

4818: 4395: 4367: 4299: 4092: 3900: 3661: 3632: 3596: 3536: 3512: 3500: 3370: 3084: 3072: 3045: 3033: 2992: 2125: 7059: 5301:

Graphic Novels and Comics in Libraries and Archives

4788: 3472: 3445: 2938: 2926: 2685: 2683: 1001:American comics developed out of such magazines as 7516: 7474:History of the Comic Strip: The Nineteenth Century 6425: 5825: 5746: 5695: 5504: 5367: 5093: 4830: 4482: 3832: 3766: 3572: 3300: 3114: 3066: 2562: 1248:—book-length comics—began to gain attention after 26:"Comic art" redirects here. For the magazine, see 9099:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association 6525:Riding the Black Ship: Japan and Tokyo Disneyland 6479:Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know 4205: 3872: 480:reproduction or the use of recurring characters. 9286: 6403:Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels: 6098:Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels: 6020:. In O'Reilly, Daragh; Kerrigan, Finola (eds.). 5455:. In Goggin, Joyce; Hassler-Forest, Dan (eds.). 5138:. In Ball, David M.; Kuhlman, Martha B. (eds.). 2680: 1984:Text is frequently incorporated into comics via 1980:. The tail of the balloon indicates the speaker. 1450:created the first modern Japanese comic strip. ( 8898:Comics and comic strips made into feature films 5453:"Balloonics: The Visuals of Balloons in Comics" 2535: 2520:Japan Society for Studies in Cartoon and Comics 2505: 2379: 9089:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association 8977:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection 7690:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection 7636:The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship 6917:Drawing France: French Comics and the Republic 6747:Stringer, Jenny, ed. (1996). "Graphic novel". 5990: 4901: 4345: 3254: 2267: 1640: 7771: 6938: 6828:Multicultural Comics: From Zap to Blue Beetle 5896: 5747:Hashimoto, Akiko; Traphagan, John W. (2008). 5230:. In Glover, David; McCracken, Scott (eds.). 4864: 4456: 4235: 3738: 3706: 3655: 3258: 2428: 2090: 2041:, who adds the captions and speech balloons. 1833:in 1983 led to the spread of use of the word 1333:(est. 1934), dedicated comics magazines like 437: 7560:Stein, Daniel; Thon, Jan-Noël, eds. (2015). 7139:"The Adventures of Obadiah Oldbuck Part III" 5920:From Krakow to Krypton: Jews and Comic Books 5903:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 5698:The Art of the Funnies: An Aesthetic History 5393:. Continuum International Publishing Group. 5370:Lila & Ecco's Do-It-Yourself Comics Club 5225: 5184:Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture 5181: 4472: 3102: 2329: 2307: 2106: 2077: 1945:refers to the comics medium when used as an 1914: 1761: 1739: 1630:are most commonly colour volumes printed at 1349: 1326: 856: 688: 524:have become increasingly common, along with 19:"Comic" redirects here. For other uses, see 7643:ImageTexT: Interdisciplinary Comics Studies 7272:Dowd, Douglas Bevan; Hignite, Todd (2006). 7076: 6302:Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture 6270:The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach 6144: 5803:The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach 5388: 5321: 5024:Wordless Books: The Original Graphic Novels 4876: 4852: 4764: 4636: 4548: 4524: 4512: 4199: 4182: 4155: 3762: 2556: 864: 626:when it refers to the medium itself (e.g. " 595:Histories of Japanese comics and cartooning 9137:British Amateur Press Association (comics) 8935:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum 7778: 7764: 7685:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum 7387:Heer, Jeet; Worcester, Kent, eds. (2012). 6553:A Complete History of American Comic Books 6396: 6267:Meskin, Aaron; Cook, Roy T., eds. (2012). 6266: 5775:Alternative Comics: An Emerging Literature 5596: 5569: 5252: 5232:The Cambridge Companion to Popular Fiction 5226:Chute, Hillary; DeKoven, Marianne (2012). 4800: 4708: 4444: 4428: 4317: 4113: 4074: 4059: 4044: 3015: 2986: 2869: 2442: 2161:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum 1830:Manga! Manga! The World of Japanese Comics 910: 811:, in the early 19th century. In the 1930s 735:Some of the Mysteries of Loan and Discount 444: 430: 9132:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors 9046:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers 7523:(1st Perennial ed.). HarperCollins. 7193: 7060:Gomez Romero, Luis; Dahlman, Ian (2012). 6681:Dreamland Japan: Writings on Modern Manga 6299:. In Hughes, Alex; Reader, Keith (eds.). 6165: 5940: 5801:. In Meskin, Aaron; Cook, Roy T. (eds.). 5574:. In Heer, Jeet; Worcester, Kent (eds.). 5502: 5477: 5429: 4744: 4696: 4692: 4648: 4612: 4568: 4552: 4476: 3938: 3934: 3682: 3626: 3270: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3150: 3138: 3126: 2912: 2900: 2861: 2763: 2590: 2580: 2306: – Jacqueline & Raoul Dubois in 2029:, who lays out the artwork in pencil; an 2014:and abstract symbols are often employed. 640: 9094:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics 7136: 6892: 6800: 6775: 6746: 6652: 6450: 6371: 6241: 6118: 5965: 5771: 5389:Duncan, Randy; Smith, Matthew J (2009). 5297:"Drawing Comics into Canadian Libraries" 5072: 4953:Comics: Ideology, Power, and the Critics 4908:Continuum International Publishing Group 4880: 4812: 4776: 4748: 4732: 4672: 4652: 4608: 4596: 4580: 4269: 4254: 3989: 3977: 3922: 3770: 3718: 3694: 3439: 3420: 3396: 3388: 3250: 3230: 3198: 3027: 2849: 2787: 2767: 2363:Tagosaku and Mokube Sightseeing in Tokyo 1971: 1442: 1166: 914: 36: 6913: 6723: 6698: 6578:Herbie and Friends: Cartoons in Wartime 6574: 6546: 6475: 6213: 6193:Understanding Comics: The Invisible Art 6190: 6091: 5991:Kovacs, George; Marshall, C.W. (2011). 5846: 5548: 5294: 5182:Childs, Peter; Storry, Michael (2013). 5160: 5112: 4660: 4468: 4361: 4293: 4239: 4223: 4008: 3993: 3950: 3866: 3826: 3814: 3802: 3790: 3774: 3750: 3722: 3638: 3590: 3530: 3494: 3424: 3392: 3360: 3344: 3332: 3206: 3090: 3078: 2795: 2775: 950:, comics by Gustave Verbeek containing 9287: 7160: 6871: 6848: 6821: 6677: 6348: 6327: 6291: 5917: 5726:The Language of Comics: Word and Image 5720: 5690: 5669: 5529: 5407: 5365: 5346: 5045: 5020: 4949: 4924: 4824: 4720: 4676: 4576: 4572: 4536: 4500: 4432: 4416: 4401: 4389: 4353: 4333: 4281: 4167: 4140: 4086: 4020: 3965: 3906: 3890: 3850: 3786: 3734: 3670: 3614: 3566: 3554: 3542: 3518: 3506: 3490: 3376: 3364: 3348: 3306: 3294: 3242: 3054: 3039: 3003: 2865: 2737:"The original story of Max and Moritz" 2649:"The original story of Max and Moritz" 1606:formats. Those in the middle group of 1237:reputation stemming from its roots in 559:'s cartoon strips of the 1830s, while 528:as well as scientific/medical comics. 8952:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel 7759: 7500:(1st Perennial ed.). Perennial. 7089: 7027: 6995: 6939:Williams, Paul; Lyons, James (2010). 6625: 6599: 6496: 6070: 5944:Graphic Novels in Your School Library 5796: 5648: 5627: 5200: 5133: 4995: 4970: 4902:Ahrens, Jörn; Meteling, Arno (2010). 4836: 4680: 4625:Forceville, Veale & Feyaerts 2010 4385: 4373: 4357: 4349: 4128: 4101: 4032: 3918: 3818: 3602: 3578: 3478: 3466: 3454: 3408: 3282: 3246: 3218: 3202: 2944: 2932: 2920: 2916: 2877: 2873: 2845: 2807: 2791: 2771: 2689: 2563:Lombardo P, Nairz K, Boehm I (2023). 2033:, who finishes the artwork in ink; a 1949:and thus takes the singular: "comics 1391:cartoonists to found the adults-only 1217:that led to the establishment of the 8903:Comics solicited but never published 7718:"Comics in the National Art Library" 7672:Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics 7110: 6988: 6961: 6022:Marketing the Arts: A Fresh Approach 5873: 5828:Handbook of American Popular Culture 5823: 5273: 4848: 4329: 4305: 4211: 2956: 2881: 2461: 2382:Tagosaku to Mokube no Tokyo Kenbutsu 2215:List of Franco-Belgian comics series 1554: 1452:Tagosaku to Mokube no Tōkyō Kenbutsu 9223: 9051:Australian Cartoonists' Association 9041:Association of Canadian Cartoonists 7704:Cartoon Art Museum of San Francisco 6826:. In Aldama, Frederick Luis (ed.). 6804:The Media and the Making of History 6779:An Introduction to Japanese Society 6628:"Some Observations on BD in the US" 6521: 6423: 6042: 6015: 5253:Clark, Alan; Clark, Laurel (1991). 5136:"Comic and the Grammar of Diagrams" 5076:Linguistics and the Study of Comics 4752: 4656: 4592: 4564: 4488: 3894: 3878: 3862: 3838: 3822: 2205:List of comics publishing companies 1252:popularized the term with his book 836:in the English-speaking countries. 467:of images. Textual devices such as 13: 7221: 6145:MacWilliams, Mark Wheeler (2008). 5552:Manga: 60 Years of Japanese Comics 5351:. University of California Press. 2468:Modern Manga: The Complete Picture 1798:Modern Manga: The Complete Picture 1647:following magazine serialization. 1428: 1280:Franco-Belgian and European comics 14: 9311: 7612: 7278:. Princeton Architectural Press. 7143:The Search For Töpffer in America 7079:Scandinavian Journal of Comic Art 6049:How to Draw Comics the Marvel Way 5941:Karp, Jesse; Kress, Rush (2011). 5532:Comic Strips and Consumer Culture 5433:The Rough Guide to Graphic Novels 5096:The Routledge Companion to Comics 2180:List of best-selling comic series 2172: 1694: 1132:was prominent. In the UK and the 851:in Rome, the 11th-century Norman 9272: 9260: 9248: 9222: 9213: 9212: 9201: 9189: 9152:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund 9066:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas 8967:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection 7417:The World Encyclopedia of Comics 5228:"Comic books and graphic novels" 3115:Bramlett, Cook & Meskin 2016 3067:Bramlett, Cook & Meskin 2016 2514: 2484: 2455: 2436: 2417: 1853: 1844: 1579: 1458:Japanese comics and cartooning ( 1056: 931: 890: 746: 723: 702: 681: 660: 413: 58: 8982:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art 7594:University Press of Mississippi 7395:University Press of Mississippi 7344:University Press of Mississippi 7318:A History of Underground Comics 6945:University Press of Mississippi 6922:University Press of Mississippi 6505:University Press of Mississippi 6250:University Press of Mississippi 5780:University Press of Mississippi 5730:University Press of Mississippi 5704:University Press of Mississippi 5607:The French Comics Theory Reader 5580:University Press of Mississippi 5486:University Press of Mississippi 5144:University Press of Mississippi 4956:. Manchester University Press. 4933:University Press of Mississippi 4789:Gomez Romero & Dahlman 2012 3312: 2950: 2828:from the original on 2018-11-28 2801: 2743: 2729: 2703:"8 Things about Max und Moritz" 2615:"8 Things about Max und Moritz" 2470:]. Joho Center Publishing. 2390: 2356: 2341: 2315: 2293: 2276: 2258: 2113:). Similarly, the Chinese term 2053:derives from the humorous (or " 939:At the house of the writing pig 690:Histoire de Monsieur Cryptogame 9056:Comic Art Professional Society 7796:Glossary of comics terminology 7712:Archives' Collection of Comics 7479:University of California Press 7446:University of California Press 6996:Couch, Chris (December 2000). 6899:. New York: Ballantine Books. 6632:The Francophone Bande Dessinée 6530:Harvard University Asia Center 5882:. Routledge. pp. 73–106. 5857:University of California Press 5299:. In Weiner, Robert G. (ed.). 5256:Comics: An Illustrated History 5119:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 5046:Booker, M. Keith, ed. (2014). 4889: 3767:Hashimoto & Traphagan 2008 2965:. National Library of Scotland 2808:Ewing, Emma Mai (1976-09-12). 2709: 2695: 2669: 2655: 2641: 2621: 2607: 2288:The History of the Comic Strip 2220:List of newspaper comic strips 2210:List of comic strip syndicates 1953:a medium" rather than "comics 1937:Glossary of comics terminology 1930: 1182: 984:in 1825. The most popular was 585:followed in the 1930s, in the 1: 9147:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund 7336:Groensteen, Thierry (2007) . 6970:Princeton Architectural Press 6732:. Routledge. pp. 27–49. 6605:Adult Comics: An Introduction 6401:. In Booker, M. Keith (ed.). 6096:. In Booker, M. Keith (ed.). 5570:Groensteen, Thierry (2012) . 5503:Goldsmith, Francisca (2005). 5478:Gabilliet, Jean-Paul (2010). 5322:Cooper-Chen, Anne M. (2010). 5116:Understanding Manga and Anime 4803:, p. 131 (translator's note). 3320:"150 years of Max and Moritz" 2550: 2309:La Presse enfantine française 2137:with which the Japanese term 1752:turned attention to artists' 990:, which popularized the term 901:Theorists debate whether the 589:genre became prominent after 543:, western Europe (especially 178:Comics by country and culture 9061:National Cartoonists Society 8850:Based on television programs 7092:Journal of Modern Literature 6678:Schodt, Frederik L. (1996). 6242:McKinney, Mark, ed. (2011). 5949:American Library Association 5897:Johnson-Woods, Toni (2010). 5597:Groensteen, Thierry (2014). 5578:. translated by Bart Beaty. 5555:. Laurence King Publishing. 5513:American Library Association 5098:. Routledge. pp. 45–6. 2044: 1124:marked the beginning of the 634:popular reading material."). 7: 8992:Words & Pictures Museum 7315:Estren, Mark James (1993). 7028:Frahm, Ole (October 2003). 6730:Manga's Cultural Crossroads 6497:Power, Natsu Onoda (2009). 6166:Mansfield, Stephen (2009). 6077:. Temple University Press. 5874:Jobs, Richard Ivan (2012). 5572:"The Impossible Definition" 5004:University of Toronto Press 4979:University of Toronto Press 4928:Komiks: Comic Art in Russia 2536: 2506: 2380: 2328: – Jean de Trignon in 2148: 2140: 2126: 2116: 2098: 2069: 1922: 1809: 1802: 1792: 1781: 1641: 1617:format. The right group of 1600: 1592: 1545: 1509: 1491: 1481: 1471: 1461: 1233:Comics in the US has had a 881:in the Sistine Chapel, and 826: 804: 600: 518: 10: 9316: 9036:Academy of Comic Book Arts 9008:Center for Cartoon Studies 8930:Belgian Comic Strip Center 7785: 7726:Victoria and Albert Museum 7364:; Fiore, R., eds. (1988). 7201:Don Markstein's Toonopedia 6962:Wong, Wendy Siuyi (2002). 6784:Cambridge University Press 6707:Liverpool University Press 6575:Rowland, Barry D. (1990). 6297:"Comic Strips/Cartoonists" 5974:University of Hawaii Press 5924:Jewish Publication Society 5772:Hatfield, Charles (2005). 5236:Cambridge University Press 5186:. Routledge. p. 532. 5113:Brenner, Robin E. (2007). 4346:Kovacs & Marshall 2011 3255:Ahrens & Meteling 2010 2582:10.1186/s13244-023-01554-y 2443:Hosokibara, Seiki (1924). 2185:List of best-selling manga 2049:The English-language term 1934: 1763:les littératures dessinées 1698: 1432: 1283: 1031:, particularly Outcault's 970:History of American comics 963: 863:woodcut, the 15th-century 644: 25: 18: 9184: 9142:Club des bandes dessinées 9122: 9074: 9028: 9021: 9000: 8920: 8876:Best-selling comic series 8863: 8832: 8801: 8792: 8772: 8661: 8565: 8515: 8499: 8490: 8454:Portrayal of black people 8419: 8366: 8206: 8195: 8128: 8101: 8048: 8015: 7960: 7924: 7802: 7793: 7137:Beerbohm, Robert (2003). 6914:Vessels, Joel E. (2010). 6896:Manga: The Complete Guide 6832:University of Texas Press 6776:Sugimoto, Yoshio (2010). 6699:Screech, Matthew (2005). 6451:Petersen, Robert (2010). 6380:Andrews McMeel Publishing 6375:Your Career in the Comics 6169:Tokyo: A Cultural History 5966:Kinsella, Sharon (2000). 5430:Fingeroth, Danny (2008). 5413:Comics and Sequential Art 5209:Columbia University Press 5201:Chute, Hillary L (2010). 5021:Beronä, David A. (2008). 3259:Williams & Lyons 2010 2527: 2497: 2490:"Manga expression theory" 2405: 2371: 2268: 2195:List of comics by country 2091: 1889:Comics and Sequential Art 1774:Historical narratives of 1371:The Adventures of Asterix 1325:Following the success of 1126:Golden Age of Comic Books 981:The Glasgow Looking Glass 905:is a precursor to comics. 775:'s 1890s newspaper strip 651:List of comics by country 7234:The Aesthetics of Comics 6893:Thompson, Jason (2007). 6724:Stewart, Ronald (2014). 6653:Saraceni, Mario (2003). 6476:Poitras, Gilles (2001). 6092:Lefèvre, Pascal (2010). 5824:Inge, Thomas M. (1989). 5670:Guigar, Brad J. (2010). 5649:Grove, Laurence (2010). 5628:Grove, Laurence (2005). 5295:Collins, Rachel (2010). 5073:Bramlett, Frank (2012). 4894: 4473:Chute & DeKoven 2012 3103:Childs & Storry 2013 2251: 2240:List of manga publishers 2076:for Japanese comics, or 1904:The Aesthetics of Comics 1658:began to proliferate in 1315:The Adventures of Tintin 1110:Thin periodicals called 773:Richard F. Outcault 656:Examples of early comics 570:The Adventures of Tintin 8947:British Cartoon Archive 8940:National Cartoon Museum 7515:McCloud, Scott (2006). 7496:McCloud, Scott (2000). 7390:A Comics Studies Reader 7194:Markstein, Don (2010). 6855:McFarland & Company 6801:Theobald, John (2004). 6755:Oxford University Press 6397:O'Nale, Robert (2010). 6191:McCloud, Scott (1993). 6174:Oxford University Press 6130:. Libraries Unlimited. 6016:Lee, Hye-Kyung (2010). 5999:Oxford University Press 5847:Jenkins, Henry (2004). 5611:Leuven University Press 5576:A Comics Studies Reader 5461:McFarland & Company 5366:Dawson, Willow (2010). 5305:McFarland & Company 5161:Chapman, Robyn (2012). 5058:. pp. xxv–xxxvii. 4950:Barker, Martin (1989). 4765:Duncan & Smith 2009 4637:Duncan & Smith 2009 4549:Duncan & Smith 2009 4525:Duncan & Smith 2009 4513:Duncan & Smith 2009 2959:"Glasgow Looking Glass" 2462:Kure, Tomofusa (1986). 2449:Japanese Comics History 2245:List of years in comics 2235:List of manga magazines 2200:List of comics creators 1348:In the 1960s, the term 1273:The Dark Knight Returns 958:sentences (March 1904). 911:English-language comics 44:, August 19, 1906 strip 9157:Finnish Comics Society 9114:Svenska Serieakademien 9104:Comics Studies Society 8972:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo 8476:Women in Refrigerators 8471:The Hawkeye Initiative 8109:Female comics creators 7699:University of Missouri 7471:Kunzle, David (1990). 7438:Kunzle, David (1973). 7257:. London: Bloomsbury. 7129: 6872:Tondro, Jason (2011). 6807:. Ashgate Publishing. 6684:. Stone Bridge Press. 6656:The Language of Comics 6522:Raz, Aviad E. (1999). 6482:. Stone Bridge Press. 6372:Nordling, Lee (1995). 6355:Kyoto Seika University 5634:. Ashgate Publishing. 5605:; Beaty, Bart (eds.). 5549:Gravett, Paul (2004). 5374:. Kids Can Press Ltd. 5280:. London: Bloomsbury. 5079:. Palgrave Macmillan. 4318:Meskin & Cook 2012 3016:Meskin & Cook 2012 2987:Clark & Clark 1991 2923:, pp. 16, 21, 59. 2429: 2351: 2330: 2325: 2308: 2303: 2107: 2078: 1981: 1915: 1886:(1947). Will Eisner's 1762: 1740: 1709: 1455: 1350: 1327: 1294:The francophone Swiss 1194: 1174:have been a staple of 924: 865: 857: 841:Lascaux cave paintings 689: 641:Origins and traditions 45: 21:Comic (disambiguation) 8893:Comic books on CD/DVD 8143:Comics historiography 7751:Grand Comics Database 7034:Image & Narrative 7002:Image & Narrative 6822:Thomas, Evan (2010). 6626:Sabin, Roger (2005). 6275:John Wiley & Sons 5918:Kaplan, Arie (2008). 5876:"Tarzan under Attack" 5807:John Wiley & Sons 5347:Crespi, John (2020). 5134:Cates, Isaac (2010). 4925:Alaniz, José (2010). 4697:Karp & Kress 2011 4613:Karp & Kress 2011 4553:Karp & Kress 2011 3939:Karp & Kress 2011 3853:, p. xxvi–xxvii. 3627:Karp & Kress 2011 2284:The Early Comic Strip 2230:List of manga artists 2084:Franco-Belgian comics 1975: 1705: 1608:Franco-Belgian comics 1446: 1362:founded the magazine 1318:, with its signature 1290:Franco-Belgian comics 1219:Comics Code Authority 1170: 918: 40: 9109:Sequart Organization 8855:Based on video games 8437:Gender and webcomics 8002:Publishing companies 7695:Comic Art Collection 7665:Journal of Comic Art 7339:The System of Comics 7321:. Ronin Publishing. 7298:Graphic Storytelling 7236:. Penn State Press. 6857:. pp. 209–212. 6638:. pp. 175–188. 6409:. pp. 378–387. 6328:Miller, Ann (2007). 6104:. pp. 185–192. 6071:Lopes, Paul (2009). 6054:Simon & Schuster 6028:. pp. 153–170. 6026:Taylor & Francis 5859:. pp. 114–140. 5797:Holbo, John (2012). 5582:. pp. 124–131. 5530:Gordon, Ian (2002). 5307:. pp. 226–241. 5238:. pp. 175–195. 4996:Beaty, Bart (2012). 4971:Beaty, Bart (2007). 4777:Lyga & Lyga 2004 4749:Lyga & Lyga 2004 4733:Lyga & Lyga 2004 4653:Lyga & Lyga 2004 4639:, pp. 156, 318. 4597:Lyga & Lyga 2004 4143:, pp. 157, 170. 4116:, pp. 126, 131. 3423:, pp. 214–215; 2427:": from the Italian 2082:for French-language 1899:Understanding Comics 1610:are in the standard 1537:and the comic strip 1329:Le Journal de Mickey 1302:first published his 1176:American comic books 1162:The Bash Street Kids 845:Egyptian hieroglyphs 785:directly influenced 676:, early 19th century 343:South African comics 9167:The Hero Initiative 8447:American mainstream 8249:Comics in education 7852:Comic strip formats 7300:. Poorhouse Press. 7251:Cohn, Neil (2013). 7176:Fantagraphics Books 7117:Childhood Education 7111:Yuan, Ting (2011). 6424:Orr, Tamra (2008). 6334:. Intellect Books. 5994:Classics and Comics 5832:. Greenwood Press. 5799:"Redefining Comics" 5613:. pp. 93–114. 5415:. Poorhouse Press. 5391:The Power of Comics 5274:Cohn, Neil (2013). 5146:. pp. 90–105. 4158:, pp. 112–113. 4047:, pp. 128–129. 3980:, pp. 234–236. 3593:, pp. 189–190. 3442:, pp. 214–215. 3273:, pp. 210–211. 3201:, pp. 20, 26; 2957:Dempster, Michael. 2190:List of comic books 1782:Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga 1498:picture books, and 1473:Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga 1255:A Contract with God 974:American comic book 611:. Comics has had a 555:is often traced to 484:and other forms of 9208:Cartoon portal 8962:The Cartoon Museum 8957:Cartoon Art Museum 8681:France and Belgium 8466:Portrayal of women 8459:African characters 8427:Ethnic stereotypes 7722:Prints & Books 7656:2020-11-06 at the 7171:The Comics Journal 6357:. pp. 31–39. 6197:Kitchen Sink Press 6120:Lyga, Allyson A.W. 5732:. pp. 75–96. 5655:. Berghahn Books. 4865:Johnson-Woods 2010 4503:, pp. 28, 45. 4457:Johnson-Woods 2010 4236:Johnson-Woods 2010 3739:Johnson-Woods 2010 3707:Johnson-Woods 2010 3656:Johnson-Woods 2010 3322:. 22 October 2015. 3285:, p. 151–152. 3221:, pp. xx–xxi. 2814:The New York Times 2537:Nihon Manga Gakkai 2135:Chinese characters 1982: 1965:in the basement." 1825:Frederik L. Schodt 1756:creative choices. 1750:Thierry Groensteen 1655:editorial cartoons 1456: 1394:L'Écho des savanes 1228:alternative comics 1195: 1180:Wonderworld Comics 1120:and its lead hero 1091:. In Britain, the 952:reversible figures 925: 832:in Japan, and the 739:Charles Henry Ross 593:appeared in 1938. 545:France and Belgium 46: 9236: 9235: 9196:Comics portal 9180: 9179: 9013:The Kubert School 8916: 8915: 8788: 8787: 8486: 8485: 8411:Widescreen comics 8254:Comics journalism 8124: 8123: 7916:Political cartoon 7857:Daily comic strip 7629:Academic journals 7603:978-0-87805-499-2 7577:978-3-11-042656-4 7552:978-0-7148-3993-6 7488:978-0-520-01865-5 7455:978-0-520-05775-3 7430:978-0-87754-323-7 7404:978-1-60473-109-5 7379:978-0-425-11366-0 7353:978-1-57806-925-5 7328:978-0-914171-64-5 7307:978-0-9614728-3-2 7285:978-1-56898-621-0 7264:978-1-4411-8145-9 7243:978-0-271-02188-1 6989:Academic journals 6979:978-1-56898-269-4 6954:978-1-60473-792-9 6931:978-1-60473-444-7 6906:978-0-345-48590-8 6885:978-0-7864-8876-6 6864:978-0-7864-5693-2 6841:978-0-292-73743-3 6814:978-0-7546-3822-3 6793:978-0-521-87956-9 6768:978-0-19-212271-1 6739:978-1-134-10283-9 6716:978-0-85323-938-3 6691:978-1-880656-23-5 6670:978-0-415-21422-3 6645:978-90-420-1776-4 6618:978-0-415-04419-6 6592:978-0-920474-52-5 6567:978-1-4331-0107-6 6539:978-0-674-76894-9 6514:978-1-60473-478-2 6489:978-1-880656-53-2 6468:978-0-313-36330-6 6443:978-1-4042-1854-3 6416:978-0-313-35747-3 6389:978-0-8362-0748-4 6364:978-4-905187-03-5 6341:978-1-84150-177-2 6320:978-0-415-13186-5 6284:978-1-4443-3464-7 6259:978-1-60473-761-5 6234:978-0-06-095350-8 6206:978-0-87816-243-7 6183:978-0-19-538634-9 6158:978-0-7656-1602-9 6137:978-1-59158-142-0 6111:978-0-313-35747-3 6094:"European Comics" 6084:978-1-59213-443-4 6063:978-0-671-53077-8 6035:978-0-415-49685-8 6008:978-0-19-979290-0 5983:978-0-8248-2318-4 5958:978-0-8389-1089-4 5933:978-0-8276-0843-6 5910:978-0-8264-2938-4 5889:978-1-136-44791-4 5866:978-0-520-24125-1 5839:978-0-313-25406-2 5816:978-1-4443-3464-7 5809:. pp. 3–30. 5789:978-1-57806-719-0 5764:978-0-7914-7577-5 5739:978-1-57806-414-4 5713:978-0-87805-674-3 5683:978-1-4405-2306-9 5662:978-1-84545-588-0 5641:978-0-7546-3488-1 5620:978-90-5867-988-8 5589:978-1-60473-109-5 5562:978-1-85669-391-2 5541:978-1-58834-031-3 5522:978-0-8389-0904-1 5495:978-1-60473-267-2 5470:978-0-7864-4294-2 5443:978-1-84353-993-3 5422:978-0-9614728-0-1 5400:978-0-8264-2936-0 5381:978-1-55453-438-8 5358:978-0-520-97386-2 5339:978-1-4331-0368-1 5314:978-0-7864-5693-2 5287:978-1-4411-8145-9 5266:978-1-872532-55-4 5245:978-0-521-51337-1 5218:978-0-231-15062-0 5193:978-1-134-75555-4 5174:978-1-61058-629-0 5153:978-1-60473-442-3 5126:978-0-313-09448-4 5105:978-1-317-91538-6 5086:978-0-230-36282-6 5065:978-0-313-39751-6 5038:978-0-8109-9469-0 5013:978-1-4426-9627-3 4999:Comics Versus Art 4988:978-0-8020-9412-4 4963:978-0-7190-2589-1 4942:978-1-60473-366-2 4917:978-0-8264-4019-8 4284:, pp. 37–38. 4257:, pp. 96–97. 4226:, pp. 28–29. 4131:, pp. 17–19. 3793:, pp. 13–14. 3741:, pp. 23–24. 3709:, pp. 21–22. 3617:, pp. 49–53. 3569:, pp. 33–34. 3557:, pp. 25–28. 3469:, pp. 45–46. 3411:, pp. 76–78. 3177:, pp. 52–55. 3153:, pp. 49–50. 2753:. 8 October 2023. 2665:. 8 October 2023. 2477:978-4-575-71090-8 2451:]. Yuzankaku. 2063:underground comix 1758:Thierry Smolderen 1555:Forms and formats 1224:Underground comix 1154:Dennis the Menace 1098:Illustrated Chips 1093:Amalgamated Press 1049:978-91-7089-524-1 1028:New York American 878:The Last Judgment 875:, Michelangelo's 813:Harry "A" Chesler 791:Katzenjammer Kids 647:History of comics 618:The English term 551:. The history of 533:history of comics 454: 453: 420:Comics portal 363:Vietnamese comics 333:Portuguese comics 323:Philippine comics 304: 237: 219:Australian comics 215: 159:Political cartoon 9307: 9277: 9276: 9265: 9264: 9253: 9252: 9244: 9226: 9225: 9216: 9215: 9206: 9205: 9194: 9193: 9172:Xeric Foundation 9026: 9025: 8840:Based on fiction 8799: 8798: 8573:China and Taiwan 8497: 8496: 8296:Graphic medicine 8239:Autobiographical 8204: 8203: 8182:Japanese (manga) 8088:Japanese (manga) 8013: 8012: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7757: 7756: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7728:. Archived from 7650:Image Narrative 7607: 7581: 7556: 7534: 7522: 7511: 7492: 7467: 7434: 7408: 7383: 7357: 7332: 7311: 7289: 7268: 7247: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7204:. Archived from 7190: 7188: 7187: 7178:. Archived from 7157: 7155: 7154: 7145:. Archived from 7124: 7107: 7086: 7073: 7066:Law Text Culture 7056: 7054: 7053: 7044:. Archived from 7024: 7022: 7021: 7012:. Archived from 6983: 6965:Hong Kong Comics 6958: 6935: 6910: 6889: 6868: 6845: 6818: 6797: 6772: 6743: 6720: 6695: 6674: 6649: 6622: 6596: 6571: 6548:Rhoades, Shirrel 6543: 6518: 6493: 6472: 6447: 6434:Rosen Publishing 6431: 6420: 6393: 6368: 6345: 6324: 6288: 6263: 6238: 6210: 6187: 6162: 6141: 6115: 6088: 6067: 6039: 6012: 5987: 5962: 5937: 5914: 5893: 5870: 5843: 5831: 5820: 5793: 5768: 5743: 5717: 5701: 5687: 5666: 5645: 5624: 5593: 5566: 5545: 5526: 5510: 5499: 5474: 5447: 5436:. Rough Guides. 5426: 5404: 5385: 5373: 5362: 5343: 5318: 5291: 5270: 5249: 5222: 5197: 5178: 5167:. Quarry Books. 5157: 5130: 5109: 5090: 5069: 5042: 5017: 4992: 4967: 4946: 4921: 4884: 4877:Cooper-Chen 2010 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4853:Cooper-Chen 2010 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4718: 4712: 4706: 4700: 4699:, p. 13–14. 4690: 4684: 4670: 4664: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4606: 4600: 4590: 4584: 4562: 4556: 4555:, p. 12–13. 4546: 4540: 4534: 4528: 4522: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4480: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4442: 4436: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4343: 4337: 4327: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4267: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4233: 4227: 4221: 4215: 4209: 4203: 4200:Groensteen 2012a 4197: 4186: 4183:Groensteen 2012a 4180: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4156:Groensteen 2012a 4153: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4117: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4063: 4057: 4048: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 3997: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3963: 3954: 3953:, p. 66–67. 3948: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3784: 3778: 3763:MacWilliams 2008 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3732: 3726: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3659: 3653: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3428: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3358: 3352: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3262: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2990: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2885: 2859: 2853: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2805: 2799: 2785: 2779: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2713: 2707: 2706: 2705:. 30 March 2015. 2699: 2693: 2687: 2678: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2639: 2638: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2617:. 30 March 2015. 2611: 2605: 2604: 2594: 2584: 2569:Insights Imaging 2560: 2544: 2543: 2542: 2539: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2509: 2499: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2440: 2434: 2432: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2407: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2373: 2360: 2354: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2297: 2291: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2262: 2143: 2133:derive from the 2131: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2093: 2081: 2079:bandes dessinées 2074: 2061:– coined by the 1990:thought balloons 1957:a medium". When 1947:uncountable noun 1925: 1918: 1916:bandes dessinées 1857: 1848: 1822: 1812: 1805: 1795: 1784: 1765: 1743: 1716: 1646: 1605: 1598:and the smaller 1597: 1583: 1550: 1528:Rakuten Kitazawa 1512: 1500:woodblock prints 1496: 1486: 1476: 1466: 1448:Rakuten Kitazawa 1435:History of manga 1353: 1351:bandes dessinées 1339:(est. 1938) and 1332: 1296:Rodolphe Töpffer 1185:3, 1939; cover: 1184: 1060: 935: 894: 870: 862: 831: 809: 769:Rodolphe Töpffer 750: 727: 706: 695:Rodolphe Töpffer 692: 685: 664: 605: 557:Rodolphe Töpffer 523: 446: 439: 432: 418: 417: 318:Pakistani comics 298: 271:Hungarian comics 231: 224:Brazilian comics 201: 192:Argentine comics 62: 48: 47: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9300:Narrative forms 9285: 9284: 9283: 9271: 9259: 9247: 9239: 9237: 9232: 9200: 9188: 9176: 9162:Friends of Lulu 9124: 9118: 9076: 9070: 9017: 8996: 8922: 8921:Collections and 8912: 8886:manga magazines 8859: 8828: 8819:Manga magazines 8784: 8768: 8657: 8561: 8511: 8482: 8415: 8386:Talking animals 8362: 8323:Science fiction 8234:Anthropomorphic 8200:and narratology 8199: 8191: 8138:Years in comics 8120: 8097: 8061:Jewish American 8044: 8011: 7956: 7920: 7840:Trade paperback 7798: 7789: 7784: 7735: 7733: 7716: 7658:Wayback Machine 7615: 7610: 7604: 7584: 7578: 7559: 7553: 7537: 7531: 7514: 7508: 7495: 7489: 7470: 7456: 7437: 7431: 7411: 7405: 7386: 7380: 7360: 7354: 7335: 7329: 7314: 7308: 7292: 7286: 7271: 7265: 7250: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7222:Further reading 7219: 7211: 7209: 7185: 7183: 7152: 7150: 7149:on June 9, 2013 7132: 7127: 7051: 7049: 7019: 7017: 6991: 6986: 6980: 6955: 6932: 6907: 6886: 6865: 6842: 6815: 6794: 6769: 6740: 6717: 6692: 6671: 6646: 6619: 6593: 6568: 6540: 6515: 6490: 6469: 6444: 6417: 6390: 6365: 6342: 6321: 6285: 6260: 6235: 6207: 6184: 6159: 6151:. M.E. Sharpe. 6138: 6112: 6085: 6064: 6036: 6009: 5984: 5959: 5934: 5911: 5890: 5867: 5840: 5817: 5790: 5765: 5740: 5714: 5684: 5676:. Adams Media. 5663: 5642: 5621: 5590: 5563: 5542: 5534:. Smithsonian. 5523: 5496: 5471: 5444: 5423: 5401: 5382: 5359: 5340: 5315: 5288: 5267: 5246: 5219: 5194: 5175: 5154: 5127: 5106: 5087: 5066: 5039: 5014: 4989: 4964: 4943: 4918: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4883:, p. xiii. 4879:, p. 177; 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4815:, p. xiii. 4811: 4807: 4801:Groensteen 2012 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751:, p. 161; 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4679:, p. 126; 4671: 4667: 4659:, p. 145; 4655:, p. 161; 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4619: 4607: 4603: 4591: 4587: 4579:, p. 112; 4575:, p. 157; 4563: 4559: 4551:, p. 315; 4547: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4511: 4507: 4499: 4495: 4487: 4483: 4475:, p. 175; 4467: 4463: 4455: 4451: 4445:Groensteen 2012 4443: 4439: 4431:, p. 130; 4429:Groensteen 2012 4427: 4423: 4415: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4320:, p. xxix. 4316: 4312: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4261: 4253: 4246: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4189: 4181: 4174: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4127: 4120: 4114:Groensteen 2012 4112: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4075:Groensteen 2012 4073: 4066: 4060:Groensteen 2012 4058: 4051: 4045:Groensteen 2012 4043: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3992:, p. 234; 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3941:, pp. 4–6. 3933: 3929: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3889: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825:, p. 162; 3821:, p. 152; 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3785: 3781: 3773:, p. 255; 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3733: 3729: 3721:, p. 128; 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3689: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3662: 3654: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3601: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493:, p. 116; 3489: 3485: 3477: 3473: 3465: 3461: 3453: 3446: 3438: 3431: 3419: 3415: 3407: 3403: 3387: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3327: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3253:, p. 262; 3249:, p. 246; 3245:, p. 172; 3241: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205:, p. 123; 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3097: 3089: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3018:, p. xxii. 3014: 3010: 3002: 2993: 2985: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2931: 2927: 2915:, p. xiv; 2911: 2907: 2899: 2888: 2870:Groensteen 2014 2864:, p. xiv; 2860: 2856: 2844: 2840: 2831: 2829: 2810:"The 'Funnies'" 2806: 2802: 2786: 2782: 2774:, p. 186; 2766:, p. xiv; 2762: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2744: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2715: 2714: 2710: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2627: 2626: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2507:manga hyōgenron 2491: 2489: 2485: 2478: 2460: 2456: 2441: 2437: 2422: 2418: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2346: 2342: 2320: 2316: 2298: 2294: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2175: 2170: 2151: 2123:and the Korean 2047: 1986:speech balloons 1978:speech balloons 1939: 1933: 1877: 1876: 1875: 1874: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1816: 1793:Nihon Manga-Shi 1718: 1711: 1703: 1697: 1688:wordless novels 1677:infinite canvas 1636:trade paperback 1624: 1623: 1622: 1589: 1584: 1557: 1478:, 17th-century 1441: 1433:Main articles: 1431: 1429:Japanese comics 1382:May 1968 events 1292: 1286:European comics 1284:Main articles: 1282: 1215:Senate hearings 1130:superhero genre 1128:, in which the 1079: 1078: 1077: 1066: 1061: 1041:Gustave Verbeek 976: 964:Main articles: 962: 961: 960: 959: 944: 943: 942: 936: 921:Caroline Affair 913: 908: 907: 906: 903:Bayeux Tapestry 900: 895: 883:William Hogarth 853:Bayeux Tapestry 849:Trajan's Column 824:in Europe, the 763: 758: 751: 742: 737: 728: 719: 713: 707: 698: 693: 686: 677: 672: 665: 653: 645:Main articles: 643: 575:American comics 553:European comics 469:speech balloons 450: 412: 261:European comics 246:Croatian comics 241:Canadian comics 198:Bande dessinées 187:American comics 149:Trade paperback 67: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9313: 9303: 9302: 9297: 9282: 9281: 9269: 9257: 9234: 9233: 9231: 9230: 9220: 9210: 9198: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9178: 9177: 9175: 9174: 9169: 9164: 9159: 9154: 9149: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9128: 9126: 9123:Charitable and 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9032: 9030: 9023: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9015: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8932: 8926: 8924: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910: 8908:Limited series 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8888: 8883: 8873: 8867: 8865: 8861: 8860: 8858: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8845:Based on films 8842: 8836: 8834: 8830: 8829: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8776: 8774: 8770: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8757:United Kingdom 8754: 8753: 8752: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8721: 8720: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8678: 8673: 8671:Czech Republic 8667: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8639: 8638: 8628: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8611: 8610: 8609: 8599: 8598: 8597: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8547: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8503: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8473: 8463: 8462: 8461: 8451: 8450: 8449: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8372: 8370: 8364: 8363: 8361: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8210: 8208: 8201: 8197:Comics studies 8193: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8175: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8145: 8140: 8134: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8052: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8019: 8017: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7978: 7977: 7966: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7954: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7884:Digital comics 7881: 7880: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7830:Ongoing series 7827: 7822: 7820:Limited series 7817: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7799: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7760: 7754: 7753: 7742: 7741: 7714: 7706: 7701: 7692: 7687: 7676: 7675: 7668: 7663:International 7660: 7646: 7639: 7626: 7625: 7614: 7613:External links 7611: 7609: 7608: 7602: 7586:Waugh, Coulton 7582: 7576: 7557: 7551: 7535: 7529: 7512: 7506: 7493: 7487: 7468: 7454: 7435: 7429: 7415:, ed. (1977). 7409: 7403: 7384: 7378: 7366:The New Comics 7358: 7352: 7333: 7327: 7312: 7306: 7290: 7284: 7269: 7263: 7248: 7242: 7230:Carrier, David 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7191: 7164:(2010-12-20). 7158: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7108: 7098:(2): 171–195. 7087: 7074: 7057: 7025: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6978: 6959: 6953: 6936: 6930: 6911: 6905: 6890: 6884: 6869: 6863: 6846: 6840: 6819: 6813: 6798: 6792: 6773: 6767: 6744: 6738: 6721: 6715: 6696: 6690: 6675: 6669: 6650: 6644: 6623: 6617: 6597: 6591: 6572: 6566: 6544: 6538: 6519: 6513: 6494: 6488: 6473: 6467: 6448: 6442: 6421: 6415: 6394: 6388: 6369: 6363: 6346: 6340: 6325: 6319: 6289: 6283: 6264: 6258: 6239: 6233: 6215:McCloud, Scott 6211: 6205: 6188: 6182: 6163: 6157: 6142: 6136: 6116: 6110: 6089: 6083: 6068: 6062: 6040: 6034: 6013: 6007: 5988: 5982: 5963: 5957: 5938: 5932: 5915: 5909: 5894: 5888: 5871: 5865: 5844: 5838: 5821: 5815: 5794: 5788: 5769: 5763: 5744: 5738: 5718: 5712: 5688: 5682: 5667: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5625: 5619: 5594: 5588: 5567: 5561: 5546: 5540: 5527: 5521: 5500: 5494: 5475: 5469: 5463:. p. 54. 5448: 5442: 5427: 5421: 5405: 5399: 5386: 5380: 5363: 5357: 5344: 5338: 5319: 5313: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5265: 5259:. Green Wood. 5250: 5244: 5223: 5217: 5198: 5192: 5179: 5173: 5158: 5152: 5131: 5125: 5110: 5104: 5091: 5085: 5070: 5064: 5048:"Introduction" 5043: 5037: 5018: 5012: 4993: 4987: 4968: 4962: 4947: 4941: 4922: 4916: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4869: 4867:, p. 301. 4857: 4855:, p. 177. 4851:, p. 11; 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4779:, p. 163. 4769: 4767:, p. 315. 4757: 4755:, p. 145. 4745:Markstein 2010 4737: 4735:, p. 161. 4725: 4713: 4711:, p. 384. 4701: 4695:, p. 21; 4693:Goldsmith 2005 4685: 4675:, p. 25; 4665: 4663:, p. 139. 4649:Markstein 2010 4641: 4629: 4617: 4601: 4595:, p. 15; 4585: 4569:Markstein 2010 4567:, p. 15; 4557: 4541: 4529: 4527:, p. 316. 4517: 4505: 4493: 4481: 4477:Fingeroth 2008 4461: 4459:, p. 336. 4449: 4447:, p. 130. 4437: 4421: 4406: 4394: 4378: 4366: 4352:, p. 13; 4348:, p. 10; 4338: 4322: 4310: 4308:, p. 214. 4298: 4286: 4274: 4272:, p. 100. 4259: 4244: 4238:, p. 23; 4228: 4216: 4204: 4202:, p. 113. 4187: 4185:, p. 112. 4172: 4170:, p. 101. 4160: 4145: 4133: 4118: 4106: 4091: 4089:, p. 158. 4079: 4077:, p. 126. 4064: 4062:, p. 124. 4049: 4037: 4035:, p. 181. 4025: 4023:, p. 225. 4013: 3998: 3996:, p. 222. 3982: 3970: 3955: 3943: 3937:, p. 16; 3935:Goldsmith 2005 3927: 3921:, p. 24; 3911: 3899: 3893:, p. 23; 3883: 3871: 3869:, p. 227. 3865:, p. 11; 3855: 3843: 3841:, p. 158. 3831: 3829:, p. 121. 3817:, p. 13; 3807: 3795: 3789:, p. 23; 3779: 3769:, p. 21; 3755: 3743: 3737:, p. 22; 3727: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3685:, p. 253. 3683:Mansfield 2009 3675: 3660: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3605:, p. 153. 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3533:, p. 204. 3523: 3511: 3499: 3497:, p. 186. 3483: 3471: 3459: 3444: 3429: 3427:, p. 186. 3413: 3401: 3395:, p. 48; 3391:, p. 82; 3381: 3369: 3363:, p. 27; 3353: 3347:, p. 45; 3337: 3335:, p. 186. 3325: 3311: 3299: 3297:, p. 209. 3287: 3275: 3271:Gabilliet 2010 3263: 3235: 3233:, p. 222. 3223: 3211: 3209:, p. 140. 3191: 3187:Gabilliet 2010 3179: 3175:Gabilliet 2010 3167: 3163:Gabilliet 2010 3155: 3151:Gabilliet 2010 3143: 3139:Gabilliet 2010 3131: 3127:Gabilliet 2010 3119: 3107: 3105:, p. 532. 3095: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3044: 3032: 3030:, p. 123. 3020: 3008: 2991: 2976: 2949: 2937: 2925: 2919:, p. 61; 2913:Gabilliet 2010 2905: 2903:, p. xiv. 2901:Gabilliet 2010 2886: 2876:, p. 59; 2862:Gabilliet 2010 2854: 2852:, p. 175. 2838: 2800: 2794:, p. 24; 2790:, p. 41; 2780: 2764:Gabilliet 2010 2756: 2742: 2728: 2722:Deutsche Welle 2708: 2694: 2679: 2668: 2654: 2640: 2634:Deutsche Welle 2620: 2606: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2513: 2483: 2476: 2454: 2435: 2416: 2389: 2355: 2340: 2314: 2312:(Midol, 1957) 2292: 2275: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2225:Lists of manga 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2174: 2173:See also lists 2171: 2169: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2105:) and German ( 2046: 2043: 1935:Main article: 1932: 1929: 1908:sequential art 1862: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1843: 1842: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1746:Benoît Peeters 1704: 1701:Comics studies 1699:Main article: 1696: 1695:Comics studies 1693: 1682:Some consider 1619:graphic novels 1586: 1585: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1556: 1553: 1430: 1427: 1401:and others in 1304:Max and Moritz 1281: 1278: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1033:The Yellow Kid 1025:and later the 1022:New York World 966:British comics 946: 945: 937: 930: 929: 928: 927: 926: 912: 909: 897: 896: 889: 888: 887: 778:The Yellow Kid 765: 764: 760:R. F. Outcault 755:The Yellow Kid 752: 745: 743: 729: 722: 720: 710:Max and Moritz 708: 701: 699: 687: 680: 678: 666: 659: 657: 642: 639: 565:Max and Moritz 510:graphic novels 452: 451: 449: 448: 441: 434: 426: 423: 422: 409: 408: 407: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 373: 372: 368: 367: 366: 365: 360: 358:Turkish comics 355: 350: 348:Spanish comics 345: 340: 338:Serbian comics 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 313:Mexican comics 310: 305: 293: 288: 286:Italian comics 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 234:Welsh-language 229:British comics 226: 221: 216: 194: 189: 181: 180: 174: 173: 172: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 123: 122: 118: 117: 116: 115: 110: 102: 101: 97: 96: 95: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 73:Comics studies 69: 68: 65:Speech balloon 63: 55: 54: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9312: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9245: 9242: 9229: 9221: 9219: 9211: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9155: 9153: 9150: 9148: 9145: 9143: 9140: 9138: 9135: 9133: 9130: 9129: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9022:Organizations 9020: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8925: 8919: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8791: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8771: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8755: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8719: 8716: 8715: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8551: 8550:United States 8548: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8514: 8508: 8505: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8455: 8452: 8448: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:Decompression 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8338:Tijuana bible 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8317: 8314: 8313: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8259:Comics poetry 8257: 8255: 8252: 8250: 8247: 8245: 8242: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8144: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8133: 8131: 8127: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8029: 8026: 8025: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7947:Silent comics 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7911:Graphic novel 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7867:Sunday comics 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7849: 7848: 7845: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7769: 7767: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7747: 7746: 7732:on 2009-11-04 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7661: 7659: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7630: 7624: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7605: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7558: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7413:Horn, Maurice 7410: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7391: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7371: 7370:Berkley Books 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7324: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7270: 7266: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7226: 7208:on 2009-10-16 7207: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7182:on 2011-09-14 7181: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7163: 7162:Harvey, R. C. 7159: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7135: 7134: 7122: 7118: 7114: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7088: 7085:(1): 111–122. 7084: 7080: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7058: 7048:on 2021-05-06 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7031: 7026: 7016:on 2013-11-04 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6993: 6981: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6878:. McFarland. 6877: 6876: 6870: 6866: 6860: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6816: 6810: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6683: 6682: 6676: 6672: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6583:Dundurn Press 6580: 6579: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6428:Manga Artists 6422: 6418: 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6265: 6261: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6240: 6236: 6230: 6226: 6225:HarperCollins 6222: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6189: 6185: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6080: 6076: 6075: 6069: 6065: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5995: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5872: 5868: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5745: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722:Harvey, R. C. 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5700: 5699: 5693: 5692:Harvey, R. C. 5689: 5685: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5599:"Definitions" 5595: 5591: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5568: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5497: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5472: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5428: 5424: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5392: 5387: 5383: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5350: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5278: 5272: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5176: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4899: 4882: 4881:Thompson 2007 4878: 4873: 4866: 4861: 4854: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4833: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4813:McKinney 2011 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4729: 4723:, p. 51. 4722: 4717: 4710: 4705: 4698: 4694: 4689: 4683:, p. 98. 4682: 4678: 4674: 4673:Bramlett 2012 4669: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4627:, p. 56. 4626: 4621: 4615:, p. 18. 4614: 4611:, p. 9; 4610: 4609:Saraceni 2003 4605: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4581:Saraceni 2003 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4554: 4550: 4545: 4539:, p. 30. 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4515:, p. 10. 4514: 4509: 4502: 4497: 4491:, p. 15. 4490: 4485: 4478: 4474: 4471:, p. 8; 4470: 4465: 4458: 4453: 4446: 4441: 4435:, p. 33. 4434: 4430: 4425: 4419:, p. 33. 4418: 4413: 4411: 4403: 4398: 4392:, p. 76. 4391: 4388:, p. 7; 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 67. 4375: 4370: 4363: 4360:, p. 6; 4359: 4356:, p. 1; 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4302: 4296:, p. 30. 4295: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4271: 4270:Kinsella 2000 4266: 4264: 4256: 4255:Kinsella 2000 4251: 4249: 4242:, p. 29. 4241: 4237: 4232: 4225: 4220: 4213: 4208: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4184: 4179: 4177: 4169: 4164: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4142: 4137: 4130: 4125: 4123: 4115: 4110: 4104:, p. 65. 4103: 4098: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4069: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4011:, p. 38. 4010: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3991: 3990:Petersen 2010 3986: 3979: 3978:Petersen 2010 3974: 3968:, p. 76. 3967: 3962: 3960: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3923:McKinney 2011 3920: 3915: 3909:, p. 23. 3908: 3903: 3897:, p. 10. 3896: 3892: 3887: 3881:, p. 10. 3880: 3875: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3811: 3805:, p. 14. 3804: 3799: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3772: 3771:Sugimoto 2010 3768: 3765:, p. 3; 3764: 3759: 3753:, p. 24. 3752: 3747: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3725:, p. 21. 3724: 3720: 3719:Petersen 2010 3715: 3708: 3703: 3697:, p. 42. 3696: 3695:Petersen 2010 3691: 3684: 3679: 3673:, p. 22. 3672: 3667: 3665: 3658:, p. 22. 3657: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3640: 3635: 3629:, p. 19. 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3545:, p. 22. 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3521:, p. 21. 3520: 3515: 3509:, p. 23. 3508: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3481:, p. 51. 3480: 3475: 3468: 3463: 3457:, p. 46. 3456: 3451: 3449: 3441: 3440:Petersen 2010 3436: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3421:Petersen 2010 3417: 3410: 3405: 3398: 3397:McKinney 2011 3394: 3390: 3389:Theobald 2004 3385: 3379:, p. 17. 3378: 3373: 3367:, p. 18. 3366: 3362: 3357: 3351:, p. 17. 3350: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3321: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3267: 3260: 3257:, p. 1; 3256: 3252: 3251:Stringer 1996 3248: 3244: 3239: 3232: 3231:Petersen 2010 3227: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3199:Hatfield 2005 3195: 3189:, p. 66. 3188: 3183: 3176: 3171: 3165:, p. 50. 3164: 3159: 3152: 3147: 3141:, p. 49. 3140: 3135: 3129:, p. 51. 3128: 3123: 3117:, p. 46. 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3075: 3069:, p. 45. 3068: 3063: 3057:, p. 11. 3056: 3051: 3049: 3042:, p. 35. 3041: 3036: 3029: 3028:Nordling 1995 3024: 3017: 3012: 3006:, p. 77. 3005: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2989:, p. 17. 2988: 2983: 2981: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2947:, p. 62. 2946: 2941: 2935:, p. 79. 2934: 2929: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2884:, p. 98. 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2868:, p. 6; 2867: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2850:Petersen 2010 2847: 2842: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2788:Petersen 2010 2784: 2778:, p. 13. 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768:Beerbohm 2003 2765: 2760: 2752: 2746: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2723: 2718: 2712: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2677: 2672: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2644: 2636: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2616: 2610: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2517: 2508: 2503: 2495: 2487: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2431: 2426: 2420: 2413: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2384: 2383: 2377: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2289: 2285: 2279: 2261: 2257: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2087: 2085: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996:sound-words. 1995: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1917: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894:Scott McCloud 1891: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1880:Coulton Waugh 1872: 1871:Scott McCloud 1868: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1813: 1811: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1788:Hokusai Manga 1785: 1783: 1777: 1772: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1692: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1573: 1568: 1565: 1564:Sunday strips 1561: 1552: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1484: 1477: 1475: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1464: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1417:L'Association 1412: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1404:Métal hurlant 1400: 1396: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1372: 1367: 1366: 1361: 1360:Albert Uderzo 1357: 1356:René Goscinny 1352: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1301: 1300:Wilhelm Busch 1297: 1291: 1287: 1277: 1275: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1246:graphic novel 1242: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1158:Desperate Dan 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1117:Action Comics 1113: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1088:Mutt and Jeff 1084: 1075: 1074: 1073:Mutt and Jeff 1069: 1065: 1059: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:Sunday strips 1034: 1030: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1005: 999: 997: 993: 989: 988: 983: 982: 975: 971: 967: 957: 953: 949: 940: 934: 922: 917: 904: 899: 893: 886: 884: 880: 879: 874: 869: 868: 861: 860: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 834:graphic novel 830: 829: 823: 819: 814: 810: 808: 807: 800: 796: 792: 788: 787:Rudolph Dirks 784: 783:Wilhelm Busch 780: 779: 774: 770: 761: 757: 756: 749: 744: 740: 736: 732: 726: 721: 718: 716: 715:Wilhelm Busch 711: 705: 700: 696: 691: 684: 679: 675: 671: 670: 663: 658: 655: 654: 652: 648: 638: 635: 633: 629: 625: 624:singular noun 622:is used as a 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 604: 603: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 577:emerged as a 576: 572: 571: 566: 562: 561:Wilhelm Busch 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 541:United States 538: 534: 529: 527: 522: 521: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 447: 442: 440: 435: 433: 428: 427: 425: 424: 421: 416: 411: 410: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 376: 375: 374: 370: 369: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Polish comics 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 302: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 276:Indian comics 274: 272: 269: 267: 266:German comics 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 235: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 199: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 183: 182: 179: 176: 175: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 154:Graphic novel 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 139:Digital comic 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 125: 124: 121:Media formats 120: 119: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 104: 103: 99: 98: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 79: 78: 77: 74: 71: 70: 66: 61: 57: 56: 53: 50: 49: 43: 39: 35: 31: 30: 22: 9075:Critical and 9029:Professional 8814:Comic strips 8507:South Africa 8406:Supervillain 7942:Photo comics 7937:Motion comic 7889:Mobile comic 7815:Ashcan comic 7786: 7744: 7743: 7734:. 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