4053:
maintaining the softcover format as standard for the Dutch-language editions for decades thereafter, as did
Dargaud. Being a relative newcomer in the field Dargaud entered into a joint venture for the album releases with Le Lombard for nearly two decades. This meant that Dargaud album titles were released by Lombard for French-speaking Belgium (initially as soft covers in the first decade) and with a couple of years lag, for Dutch-Belgium as well (for the Netherlands and likewise with a lag, Dargaud sought out cooperation with other, local publishers for their releases), whereas Lombard album titles were released in France by Dargaud, invariably as hardcovers for their own releases, but in softcover for the first five years or so for the Lombard releases before permanently switching to hardcover, even before Lombard did for its Belgian home market. By the late 1970s, Dargaud had its own international distribution system in place, and the cooperation with Le Lombard was dissolved, that is until both were merged into a single publisher in 1992 – though maintaining their respective imprints – after they were absorbed in 1988 and 1986 respectively into the French holding company
3665:
4890:
best of the Franco-Belgian comics. In France and
Belgium, most magazines have since then disappeared or have a largely reduced circulation for socio-economic reasons (but mostly because modern readership no longer possesses the patience to read their comics in weekly or monthly installments, instead preferring to have a story presented to them wholesale in album format), but the number of published and sold albums stays relatively high – the majority of new titles being currently directly published as albums without prior magazine serialization – with the biggest successes still on the juvenile and adolescent markets. This state of affairs has been mirrored in the other European countries as well. As a format, the Franco-Belgian comic has been near-universally adopted by native comic artists all over Europe, especially in the neighboring countries of Belgium and France (and including Italy, despite that country having had a rich and thriving comics culture of its own and with the Netherlands as an
3116:. Editor-in-chief Goscinny had at first refused to implement the changes demanded by its artists during the 1968 revolt in the editorial offices, but he now found himself suddenly confronted with the magazine hemorrhaging its most promising comic talents and diminishing sales. The magazine was eventually turned into a monthly magazine, its artists who had not yet left given more creative freedoms and the Belgian influence terminated definitively with the departure of co-editor Charlier in 1972 and the last Belgian artists Hubinon and Jijé following suit a short time thereafter, transforming the magazine into a purely French one. However, while the magazine was now targeted at an older adolescent readership with stories featuring more mature themes, Goscinny stopped short of letting the magazine become a truly adult magazine. Yet, the magazine was unable to regain the dominant position it had held in the previous one-and-a-half decade, due to the flooding of the market with alternatives.
3168:
4160:). A practical reason for publishers to proceed in this manner, is the more recent fact that these older series have to some extent ran their courses in decades-long reprint runs of the individual volumes, and that it has commercially become more expedient to re-issue sold out volumes in this format, instead of continuing to reprint the individual volumes, aside from tapping into a new replacement market by targeting the nostalgia of now grown-up and more affluent readers who want to upgrade their worn-out individual copies they had bought and read as youths. Initially only released in French and, to a lesser degree, Dutch, these editions have after the late-1990s surged in popularity, becoming increasingly popular in other European countries as well in (hardcover) translation, where the
2806:
need perceived for regulating measures in
Belgium as American productions, contrary to France, were already supplanted in popularity by the native comics (aided by the fact that Belgium had not seen the massive influx of American comics in the same measure France had, as Belgium had been predominantly liberated by British and Canadian forces, whose soldiers did not bring along their comics in the same volume the Americans did), whereas the majority of Belgian comics artists were either Catholics themselves (or at least sympathetic to the faith) such as Jijé (whose early realistic works were deeply steeped in the faith), or had, like Hergé did, strong ties with the as "healthy" considered
3809:, was rechristened "Le Vaisseau Mœbius" (English: "The Vessel Mœbius"), in honor of the in that year deceased comics artist. When Lang had presented his plans, he was faced with opposition from some politicians who had rather seen such a museum in the capital of France, Paris. These politicians did have a point however, as Angoulême is somewhat located off the beaten tourist track, resulting in that the museum only draws in about roughly half the visitor numbers its smaller Belgian counterpart does annually, and most of them visiting the museum during the festival season, whereas the Belgian museum draws in a steady stream of visitors all year round.
3125:
2375:
4750:, a contemporary with whom Moliterni had actually cooperated in the early years of their careers. Aside from this, Moliterni also became a prolific founder of comics conventions. The first one he co-founded was actually the Lucca one, experience gained on that experience put to good use for the Parisian one. Moliterni went on to co-found seven more conventions and permanent exhibitions in France and Italy, including Angoulême for which he is most renowned. His efforts for the medium gained Moliterni no less than three French civilian knighthoods.
3436:
people who were as often victimized as they were heroic, living in a world which was brutally hard while living a live which was therefore all too often very short for the common man, being habitually subjugated to the will of the powerful without any recourse whatsoever to objective justice, especially the women. Bourgeon however, made his harsh message to his readership palatable by his relatively soft art style and his optimistic view regarding human resilience. No such respite was afforded the reader however with
Hermann's 11th-century epos
3177:
3674:
4551:, who started to create more modern, more mature comics henceforth. It were these comics that were given attention by publisher Glénat, when they established the subsidiary Comics USA in 1988. Actually starting out with (hardcover!) comic book sized publications in the classic superhero genre, but created by a young generation of artists, the classic American comic failed to make a convincing come-back and the subsidiary folded in 1991 after 48 issues. Subsequently, Glénat focused solely on its concurrent
1319:, as their evolution started to take a different path from the late 1940s onward, due to cultural differences stemming from the increasing cultural self-awareness of the Flemish people. And while French-language publications are habitually translated into Dutch, Flemish publications are less commonly translated into French, for cultural reasons. Likewise, despite the shared language, Flemish comics do not do that well in the Netherlands and vice versa, save for some notable exceptions, such as the
3134:
1361:, to create their comics in French. Born Dieter Hermann Comès, Comès actually "Frenchified" his given name to this end, whereas Hermann has dispensed with his (Germanic) family name "Huppen" for his comics credits, though he maintained the Germanic spelling for his first name. Due to its relative modesty, both in size and in scope, and despite the close historical and cultural ties, no German-Belgian artists are as of 2018 known to have created comics specifically for the
2068:
3743:
2658:
9474:
2667:
5454:
1022:
2960:
834:
9463:
9451:
5468:
409:
3467:, around whom both narratives were centered, die violent deaths nowhere near the fulfillment of their respective quests, thereby reinforcing the futility of such endeavors. With such series driving home the point that real history is made by mere humans and not "super-humans", the Franco-Belgian historical comic had come a long way since their first romanticized and/or idealized appearances in the 1940s–1970s, particularly in
1287:. The shared language creates an artistic and commercial market where national identity is often blurred, and one of the main rationales for the conception of the "Franco-Belgian comics" expression itself. The potential appeal of the French-language comics extends beyond Francophone Europe, as France in particular has strong historical and cultural ties with several Francophone overseas territories. Of these territories it is
2802:
side of caution for the next decade. It is in this light that some of the other early French contemporary greats, such as Martin, Graton, Uderzo and his writing partner
Goscinny opted to start out their careers for Belgian comic publications, neither wanting to submit themselves to the scrutiny of the Commission de Surveillance directly, nor wanting to work for either the Catholic or communist magazines for personal reasons.
2442:" (Gang of 4), consisting of Jijé, Franquin, Morris and Will, was complete and constituted the foundation of what was coined the "Marcinelle school"-style. However, such was the success of these artists, that the work of pre-war artists Rob-Vel and Dineur, was eclipsed by that of the younger generation, causing them to slide into oblivion. In 1952, another future great working in the Marcinelle school tradition was added to
54:
3092:, artists worked in a studio system, namely a tenured exclusive working relationship at the magazine or publisher, with artists having little to no control over both commercial and creative aspects of their creations – except for a few artists who also held editorial offices at publishing houses such as Goscinny, Charlier and Greg, the former of which incidentally, having also been a major element for the revolt at
2826:, and as France was a too important market to lose, they too henceforth chose to err on the side of caution by screening the creations of their artists before magazine publication, essentially being forced by the French to exercise self-censorship. Having already embarked on their divergent evolutionary path, Flemish comics escaped this kind of scrutiny, as they were at the time rarely, if at all, translated into French.
5482:
768:
4386:) comics artists who increasingly introduced alternative art styles – sometimes extensive innovations/modernizations/expansions of the three existing basic styles, sometimes entirely new – in the medium from the mid-1970s onward, either by creating them directly for native publications, or by becoming major influences through translations which in Francophone Europe was especially the case for the Italians.
2366:
9484:
473:
3683:
3552:) as "Le Neuvième Art" ("the 9th art"), aside from becoming accepted as a mature part of French culture by Francophone society at large (in France and French-speaking Belgium it is as common to encounter grownup people reading comics in public places, such as cafe terraces or public transportation, as it is people reading books, newspapers or magazines). Since then more than one comic artist have received "
2035:. Thus, by imitating the style and flow of those comics, they improved their knowledge of how to make efficient comics. Soon even those homemade versions of American comics had to stop, and the authors had to create their own heroes and stories, giving the new talents a chance to be published. Many of the most famous artists of the Franco-Belgian comics started in this period, including the Belgians
3752:
1522:
2226:, Belgium's answer to King Features Syndicate. Originally hired as an editorial draughtsman, Troisfontaines recognized Charlier's talent for writing and persuaded him to switch from drawing to scripting comics, something Charlier did with great success for the remainder of his life, creating close to three dozen series, several of them becoming classics of the Franco-Belgian
3800:, only opened its doors in June 2009 (though two smaller sub-museums, eventually incorporated in the larger final one, were already open to the public as early as 1991) in the process becoming the largest comic museum in Europe. The museum is administered by the CNBDI, established in 1985 for upcoming museum, but which has since then expanded its work on behalf of the
1769:, a weekly 8-page early "comic-book". The success was immediate, and soon other publishers started publishing periodicals with American series, which enjoyed considerable popularity in both France and Belgium. This continued during the remainder of the decade, with hundreds of magazines publishing mostly imported material. The most important ones in France were
2384:
2555:. An added sense of urgency was, besides the huge popularity the American magazines enjoyed among France's youth, that the native publications had at that time a distinct disadvantage over their American counterparts as the country still experienced a serious post-war paper shortage (reflected as such in the poor paper quality, relatively low page count
2604:
in the comic according to writer
Charlier. Both volumes remained prohibited in France until 1969, though French fans on holiday in Belgium, Switzerland or Luxembourg could pick up the albums unhindered over there. The law also came in handy to somewhat regulate – though not prohibiting – the availability in France of Belgian magazines like
3637:, it should also be noted that both the law of 1949 and its oversight committee are as of 2017 still in existence, their legitimacy remaining as intact as it was in 1949. And while their impact and influence have significantly diminished in the wake of the events of 1968, their continued legal existence in the fringes does constitute the proverbial "
6537:
2616:
4083:. The album format has also been adopted for native comics in most other European countries (the United Kingdom having until recently been one of the most manifest exceptions), as well as being maintained in foreign translations, in the process becoming the preeminent publication format of comics on the European continent, including the former
3627:, who had personally awarded Giraud with his first civilian knighthood in 1985, thereby becoming one of the first comic artists to be bestowed the honor. Giraud's death was a considerable media event in France, but ample attention was also given to his demise in press releases all around the world in even as faraway places like Indonesia (
2951:(the first to feature completed stories in each issue, as opposed to the episodic approach of other magazines) would dominate the market. At this time, the French creations had already gained fame throughout Europe, and many countries had started importing the comics in addition to—or as substitute for—their own productions.
4693:" festival (est. 1965) excepted – though, as the name already suggest, that festival extents beyond comics alone, whereas the Angoulême festival is comics specific. During his tenure as culture minister, Jack Lang was a frequent guest of honor of the festival as part of his endeavors to advance the cultural status of the
3078:, of which the French May 1968 events were only a part. But unlike their American counterparts, the French magazines were mainstream from the start when they eventually burst onto the scene in the early 1970s, as publications of this kind could not escape the scrutiny of the Commission de Surveillance prior to 1968, as editor
2317:(with Paape and Jijé). Aside from being a very prolific comic script writer, becoming his trademark henceforth, Charlier also became an editorial driving force and spokesperson for the agency, because of his background in law and his assertive personality. As such, he was responsible for introducing the two Frenchmen
2577:, and it was but one of the many American comics published in France in the immediate post-war era. It was the very reason for the unlikely French Catholic-Communist alliance in this regard, and a very effective one at that as American comics all but disappeared from the French comic scene for the time being, the
3088:(launched in 1960) had experienced several times to his detriment, having had to reinvent his magazine on several occasions. Aside from the creative aspects, the 1960s brought in effect another kind of freedom for French comic artists as well - commercial and financial freedom. Until the revolt in the offices of
3656:
art" has been popularized in other countries as well, Belgium and France remain as of 2017, the only countries where the medium has been accorded the formal status (when discounting the manga, which has achieved a near-similar status in native Japan), with its resultant strong backing from cultural authorities.
1345:. Belgian comic home market first print releases, be it in Dutch or in French, are rarely translated into that language with German-speaking Belgians having to wait for internationally released editions for reading in their native tongue, typically those from licensed publishers stemming from neighboring
3419:, three volumes, set in 13th-century Europe and published by Casterman incidentally). Both series made short work of any romantic notion about the two historic eras still lingering in anyone's subconscious because of imagery imbued upon them by 1940s–1960s Hollywood movie productions or Franco-Belgian
4316:
The major factor in schematic drawings is a reduction of reality to easy, clear lines. Typical is the lack of shadows, the geometrical features, and the realistic proportions. Another trait is the often "slow" drawings, with little to no speed-lines, and strokes that are almost completely even. It is
4177:
While more recent comics can no longer be easily categorized into one art style anymore (due to the increasing blurring of the boundaries between the styles in more recent comic creations – aside from the introduction of new and/or other art styles), and the old artists who pioneered the market
3435:
in the same era for that matter. Renowned for his meticulous research into the subject matter of the comic series he was creating, not seldom taking as long as it took him to create the series in question, Bourgeon depicted an historical reality devoid of any so-called "heroes", only featuring common
3052:
folded in the early eighties, living on only in the
American edition, which soon had an independent development from its French-language parent. Nonetheless, it were these publications and their artists which are generally credited with the revolutionizing and emancipation of the Franco-Belgian comic
1483:, but with the specific intent to discriminate between comics intended for a younger and/or general readership, and publications which are more likely to feature mature content, literary subject matter or experimental styles. As a result, European comic scholars have retroactively identified the 1962
4357:
Even though Jijé has somewhat receded in oblivion outside his own native
Belgium, he is held in high esteem by many of his peers, both those he tutored like Franquin and Moebius, and others, and his versatility was such that it solicited an accolade of high praise from fellow artist Tibet, author of
4235:
The realistic comics are often laboriously detailed. An effort is made to make the comics look as convincing, as natural as possible, while still being drawings. No speed lines or exaggerations are used. This effect is often reinforced by the coloring, which is less even, less primary than schematic
4027:
for
Charlier's own native Belgium, somewhat reflecting the status comic albums still had in that country, as it had in other European countries. Charlier's initiative was not entirely devoid of a healthy dose of self-interest, as over half the releases in the collection were titles form comic series
3602:
art museum organized from 2 October 2010 – 13 March 2011. As of 2017, it stands out as one of the largest exhibitions ever dedicated to the work of an individual comic artist by an official, state-sanctioned art museum – art as in art with a capital "A" – alongside the 20 December 2006 -
3272:
that popularized the concept of the graphic novel – in French abbreviated as "Roman BD", "roman" being the translation for "novel" – as a longer, more adult, more literate and artistic comic in Europe. Unlike its Dupuis counterpart, and while their comic catalog has expanded considerably
2539:
stories — after seven issues. The formal and official justification for the law was the legislative desire to protect the youth of France from the perfidious and corruptive influence perceived to permeate foreign comics, especially in regard to violence and sexuality, the
American ones in particular
4704:
Typical for conventions are the expositions of original art, the signing sessions with authors, sale of small press and fanzines, an awards ceremony, and other comics related activities. Also, some artists from other counties travel to Angoulême and other festivals to show their work and meet their
4091:
in 1989. As with the Dutch-language editions, the soft cover format was initially the predominant format in which the foreign editions were released, but like the Dutch editions, the hard cover format has steadily gained ground in the other European countries as well, with Spain and Portugal having
3804:
beyond the confines of the museum alone, as already indicated above. On 11 December 2012, one of the buildings on the museum grounds, the futuristic building finished at the end of the 1980s housing the museum and CNBDI administrations, cinema, conference rooms, library and the other facilities for
3611:
modern art museum (likewise located in Paris and incidentally one of President Mitterrand's below-mentioned "Great Works") on the occasion of the centenary of that artist's birth. Giraud's funeral services in March 2012 was attended by a representative of the French nation in the person of Minister
2805:
the situation in Belgium was nowhere near as restrictive as it was in France. Catholics, who were the dominant factor in politics in the country as well at the time, did not have to contend with the negligible influence of the communists, contrary to their French counterparts. There was actually no
2640:
the punitive authority, but who took any and all Commission recommendations at face value, no questions asked), convened on a weekly basis, sifting through publications and weeding out those they felt subject to prohibition under the law, every decision they took being final, under no obligation to
2603:
to account for himself) and Hubinon, which were prohibited in 1954 as article 2 expressly forbade any mentioning of an actual, current armed conflict in a children's publication – but also because communist members of the commission had issues with the strong anticommunist sentiment expressed
2174:
book publisher Casterman, while Lombard itself only started album publications for those artist who joined the magazine at a later point in time. Nonetheless, with Lombard Francophone Europe had received its first specialized comics publisher actually conceived as such. Le Lombard went on to become
4889:
Franco-Belgian comics have been translated in most European languages, with some of them enjoying a worldwide success. Some magazines, aside from the Dutch-language editions, have been translated in Greek, Portuguese, Italian and Spanish, while in other cases foreign magazines were filled with the
4709:
counterparts, where other pop-culture media manifestations are increasingly taking precedence, movie and television productions in particular, continental European comics conventions remain to this day largely and firmly grounded in its source medium, the printed comics. US-style comic conventions
4210:
in the "comic-dynamic" style, but which quickly gravitated towards the realistic style, though traces of the former remain discernible in the depictions of his aliens, which therefore constituted an early example of the mixing of the three basic art styles. Another ambiguous, even earlier, example
4036:
series were released in softcover at the time – "his" albums were more than favorably received however, and the collection has attained a mythical status in the world of Franco-Belgian comics, especially in France where such releases had until then been rarities at best – excepting the
2784:
It has been observed that, unlike the Belgian publications, these mostly secular native magazines were largely left alone by the Commission de Surveillance, save for one notable exception; Pierre Mouchot, creator and editor of American inspired comic magazines in the immediate post-war era, was on
2169:
for the magazine's launch in conjuncture with Hergé as the latter could not find a publisher due to the fact that he was at that time still under investigation for alleged collaboration. Remarkably, album publications of the creations from the early group of artists centered around Hergé was, then
4022:
adventure, "Fort Navajo", becoming the last to be released in July 1965. After that, the collection was suspended and each comic hero(s) hitherto featured therein, spun off in album series of their own. In order to give these releases a more "mature" book-like image, the albums were from the very
3655:
Belgium, where the modern Franco-Belgian comic format was conceived after all, was somewhat slower in advancing the format as a bonafide art form, but has strongly followed suit in considering the Franco-Belgian comic as a "key aspect of Belgium's cultural heritage". While the expression "the 9th
3526:
It was not just the comic scene these new publications and their artists changed, the perception of the medium in French society also changed radically in the 1970s–1980s, in stark contrast to the one it held in the 1940s–1950s. Recognizing that the medium-advanced France's cultural status in the
2801:
serve as an effective deterrent for other native artists – and thus firmly establishing the Commission as a force to be reckoned with, even though they had a tough time becoming so as Mouchot kept winning his lower court cases – who continued to create their comics while erring on the
1718:
title by one to two years, but which failed to find an audience outside France however. The magazine continued to do so for the subsequent three stories until 1934 when the magazine, as such not particularly well-suited as book publisher, turned album publication over to Belgian specialized book
1380:
are two of the more substantial ones. But while these languages are culturally recognized as regional languages, they are not official national languages, contrary to Belgium in regard to German, with similar consequences as in Belgium for comics and their artists. Native comics are rarely, if at
4185:, was noted for creating comics in all three styles, the schematic style for his early work, "comic-dynamic" style for his later humoristic comics, as well as creating comics in the realistic style. The latter style he acquired during World War II when he had to complete realistic comics such as
2970:
The aftermath of the May 1968 social upheaval brought many mature – as in aimed at an adult readership – comic magazines, something that had not been seen previously and virtually all of them of purely French origin, which was also indicative of France rapidly becoming the preeminent
2550:
in the United States itself. But there was an equally important, but unofficial, reason for the law as well; American comics were doing so well in post-liberation France, that native comic magazines, particularly the Catholic ones, became threatened in their very existence, and the law therefore
2402:
with its new elan, Dupuis itself had contracted a group of artists who were as much responsible for its success and then some as it was this group that defined the rejuvenated magazine in the post-war era. Upon war's end three artists from the defunct animation studio CBA were hired by Dupuis as
4195:
after the occupying Germans prohibited the import of these American comics. At first influenced by the style of such American artists like Harman, Jijé developed a realistic style distinctively his own (and thus European), and which became a major source of inspiration for future French/Belgian
4052:
that the hardcover became the norm for album releases in France. Even though the success of the collection prompted Le Lombard to speed up its hitherto lackluster album releases, they did so initially in the predominant soft cover format until the mid-1970s like Dupuis was already doing, while
3978:
standard) or, to a lesser degree, 62 pages (discounting the two disclaimer, and title pages) for print and binding technical reasons as printers traditionally printed eight double-sided pages on one sheet of print paper, though albums with a larger page count—provided the total page count is a
4120:
habitually – material that hasn't been published in albums before, such as magazine covers not used for albums – as well, alongside detailed illustrated editorials providing background information on the series in question and its creator(s), predominantly written by native comics
2078:
A lot of the publishers and artists who had managed to continue working during the occupation were accused of being collaborators and were imprisoned after the liberation by the reinstated national authorities on the insistence of the former French resistance, although most were released soon
2586:
It was not just American productions which were prohibited under the law, several Belgian French-language comic creations of the era also fell victim to the scrutiny of the oversight committee charged with upholding the law for varying reasons, as stipulated in its rather sweeping article 2
6542:
2621:
1381:
all, released in these languages by the main comic publishers, whereas artists stemming from these regions, invariably create their comics in French – like their German-Belgian counterparts forced to do so in order to gain commercial access to the main market. The situation for
2626:(Committee in Charge of Surveillance and Control over Publications Aimed at Children and Adolescents), particularly in the 1950s and the first half of the 1960s, the law turned out to be a stifling influence on the post-war development of the French comic world until the advent of
5646:
no. 1392 (17 December 1964): "Les bandes dessinées sont nées avant le cinématographe de MM. Lumière. Mais on ne les a guère prises au sérieux pendant les premières décennies de leur existence, et c'est pourquoi la série d'articles qui débute aujourd'hui s'appellera 9e Art." (Cf.
2087:(as Jean Vaillant) took up the publishing, moving the magazine in a more humorous direction. Likewise, Hergé was another artist who also found himself on the receiving end of similar accusations of the former Belgian resistance. He managed to clear his name and went on to create
3594:
stories, the post-war collaboration allegations, or both and neither of which he had ever managed to fully free himself from in his lifetime). Exemplary of Mœbius' standing in French culture, was the high-status, high-profile «Mœbius transe forme» exposition the prestigious
4746:(1966–1977), and writing numerous articles, reference books and, later on, (co-)launching specialized websites as well, on the subject matter. In doing so Moliterni became the European counterpart of equally renowned American – but French-born – comics scholar
4164:
format is in some cases also employed for native comics, particularly in Spain, The Netherlands and Germany, a few of them reciprocally translated into French. All of the great Franco-Belgian comic publishing houses, still in existence, are as of 2017 engaged in releasing
1743:
series went on to become one of the greatest post-war successes of the Franco-Belgian comic world, having seen translations in dozens of languages, including English, as well as becoming one of the relatively few European comics to have seen a major, successful, Hollywood
2490:
scholars consider the golden age of the (Franco-)Belgian comic. As a result, the American comics didn't come back in as great a volume as before in both Belgium and France after the war, but in the case of France not for want of popularity, quite the contrary actually.
2691:
magazine provided a platform for predominantly native comic talent born between the 1920s and the 1940s, not able or willing to work for the Catholic magazines, to showcase their work. French names of note who started out their career in the magazine were among others
3104:
founders having been early pioneers in that respect, and has as of 2017 become the predominant artist-publisher relationship. While contracts tend to be long-term for specific series at a particular publisher, they no longer prevent artists, like the below-mentioned
3215:
for its Dutch-language counterpart, both of which translating into English as "To Be Continued") in October 1977. Until then the old venerable publisher (est. in 1780 as a printing and publishing company) had somewhat limited itself as the album publisher of Hergé's
2011:. Both were, however, already very popular before the war and the hardships of the war period only seemed to increase the demand. This created an opportunity for many young artists to start working in the comics and animation business. At first, authors like Jijé in
4945:" imprints, have proven to be very popular, though their appeal remain somewhat limited to the classic series for an adolescent readership as conceived in the 1960s–1980s, and that more recent, more mature series have yet to make an impression in those territories.
3785:, already the locus of France's biggest annual comics festival since 1974. A major project in the making, involving the renovation of several ancient buildings and the designing of a new one spread over the grounds of the town's former brewery by renowned architect
3691:
Facade and library of the Centre belge de la Bande dessinée, housed in a building which as cultural heritage is state-owned, and the entrance of the especially built Musée Hergé, both expressive of the state backing the Franco-Belgian comic receives in its native
2793:, having to appear in court no less than eight times in the period 1950 - 1954, actually winning most of his cases in the lower courts. While both he and his creations are likewise forgotten, Mouchot became the only French comics artist to be legally persecuted,
2512:
1696:'s early massive success, the magazine decided to release the stories in hardcover book format as well, directly after they had run their respective courses in the magazine — in the process introducing something new in the Belgian comic world, the speech balloon
3367:(1985–1994, with emphasis on mature stories of an accurate historical nature), featuring predominantly the work of French comic talents, but who did so with a twist; Glénat targeted their magazines at a readership positioned between the adolescent readership of
3458:; Not only did Hermann's stark and uncompromising art style served to reinforce the grim atmosphere of his medieval settings, any and all redeeming optimistic commentary on human nature was also lacking in his narrative, quite the contrary actually, making his
1738:
of the modern Franco-Belgian comic as currently understood, and as amply demonstrated in the vast majority of treatises and reference works written on the subject since the 1960s, and the first to find a readership outside its originating country. As such the
4527:, the former of which having started out in the American underground comix scene, where artists created comics with the express intent to distance themselves from the classic American comics as produced by the big studios. Both men were published in the
3973:
a story or a convenient number of short stories had finished their run in serialized magazine (pre-)publication, usually with a one to two year lag. Since the inception of the format, it has been common for these albums to contain either 46 (for decades
2861:
In the 1960s, most of the French Catholic magazines, such as the Fleurus publications, waned in popularity, as they were "re-christianized" and went to a more traditional style with more text and fewer drawings. This meant that in France, magazines like
3770:
exhibition in the town's art museum in 1982, incidentally inspiring his long-term fifteen points policy plan for the medium that year, which included the establishment of a national comics museum – announced in 1984 the advent of a major national
4753:
The trailblazing journalistic – and subsequent scholastic – approach pioneered by Moliterni, which greatly aided in the acceptance of the medium as a mature part of Francophone culture, served as an inspiration for his successors, such as
2083:. It was founded by Abbot Courtois (under the alias Jacques Coeur) in 1929. As he had the backing of the church, he managed to publish the magazine throughout the war, and was charged with being a collaborator. After he was forced out, his successor
2781:, all of which filled with work from French artists, now forgotten save Marijac himself (who was honored for his efforts at the 1979 Angoulême comics festival with its most prestigious award), along with the magazines they created their work for.
1397:
is derived from the original description of the art form as "drawn strips". It was first introduced in the 1930s, but only became popular in the 1960s, by which time the "BD" abbreviation was also in use for its book, or album, publications (see
3941:
for the Dutch editions—though the hardcover format has steadily gained ground from the late-1980s onward as customer option alongside the softcover format, contrary to Francophone Europe, where the hardcover format is the norm. When compared to
4399:
Despite the large number of local publications, the French and Belgian editors release numerous adaptations of comics from all over the world. In particular these include other European publications, from countries such as, most conspicuously,
4880:
for content, before it managed to shake off its French roots and stand on its own, and is, contrary to its French progenitor, still being published as of 2020 and thus the oldest known professional comics journal still in existence worldwide.
3790:
3641:" for the French comic world, despite artists, publishers, politicians and academics having questioned the relevance of both manifestations in a modern world in a public debate during a 1999 national conference organized on the subject by the
1337:
contained within many Flemish comics also means that these comics have seen far less translations into other languages than their French-language counterparts have due to their more universal appeal, and the French language's cultural status.
1314:
Belgian comic books (originally written in Dutch) are influenced by Francophone comics, especially in the early years, they evolved into a distinctly different style, both in art and in spirit, which is why they are nowadays subcategorized as
3252:
and many others from French, Italian and/or Dutch origins, but relatively few from Belgian artist as there were not that many active in the adult field at that time, with Schuiten, Didier Comès – as already stated, one of the very few
4499:) is respected to such a high extent that it has actually led to the adoption of the English expression in mainland Europe as well, particularly for such mature works as published by Casterman or Les Humanoïdes Associés. Nonetheless, a few
4057:. Incidentally, Dupuis was in June 2004 bought by Média-Participations as well, though it has retained its separate status within the holding group because of its traditional focus on a somewhat younger readership than Dargaud/Le Lombard.
4227:), who created comics in his own distinct style that had the characteristics of both the realistic and schematic styles, but which can not be unambiguously be categorized as either, or at the most be categorized as an "in between" style.
2175:
one of the three great Belgian publishing houses to produce comics in French (and in Dutch as well for that matter due to the bi-lingual nature of the country), alongside Dupuis and Casterman, and like them as of 2017 still in existence.
2271:
in March 1954. Jijé incidentally, had magazine tenure, but closely cooperated with the World Press artists before embarking on his own creation. Successful series Charlier himself created in this period were the educational short series
2423:
by his mentor Jijé, who himself had taken over the series from original creator Rob-Vel in the war years, and it was Franquin who provided the series with its popularity, before he embarked for the magazine on his most popular creation
4689:, and the format has been adopted in other European countries as well, unsurprisingly perhaps considering the popularity the Franco-Belgian comics enjoy in these countries, though they are typically of a more modest size, the Italian "
2446:, artist Pierre "Peyo" Culliford upon introduction by Franquin. Peyo was actually a former colleague of Franquin at CBA, but was at the time of the demise of the animation studio not considered by Dupuis because of his young age. For
3462:
truly the Dark Ages where the vast majority of humanity was living short, violent lives in abject squalor, with not a single so-called "hero" in sight anywhere in his series. To hammer home the point, both artists had their medieval
1295:, where Franco-Belgian comics are doing best, due – aside from the fact that it has the largest comic reading Francophone population outside Europe – to that province's close historical and cultural ties with France from
1533:
During the 19th century, there were many artists in Europe drawing cartoons, occasionally even utilizing sequential multi-panel narration, albeit mostly with clarifying captions and dialogue placed under the panels rather than the
3642:
5759:
2715:
tradition, other native contemporaries were – in essence ranking among the first native French artists to provide the "Franco" element in what later would become the "Franco-Belgian comics" expression, with comic artist
4370:, who has stated that "If Hergé is considered as God the Father, then Jijé undoubtedly is the Godfather". After Jijé, it were predominantly French (Philippe Druillet, Jean Giraud as "Mœbius", Jacques Tardi, Annie Goetzinger,
1575:
7467:
are releasing "integralen" of the big three Franco-Belgian publishers Dargaud, Lombard and Dupuis, who are concurrently engaged in releasing such Dutch-language editions of other series not licensed to the Dutch publishers.
4337:
elements resulting in what several scholars came to consider a separate spin-off style, coined the "Atom style". This Jijé specific comics style enjoyed a revival in later works from French, Flemish and Dutch artists like
3589:
inventor of the Franco-Belgian comics, Hergé, has never achieved even once, not even from his own native country Belgium (presumably because of the lingering impressions left by either the criticisms regarding his early
2884:
for French-speaking Belgium, gained almost the entire market and became the obvious goal for new artists from their respective countries, who took up the styles prevalent in those magazines to break into the business.
1959:
however, Dupuis has increasingly focused on comic productions and is currently, as of 2017, a comics publisher exclusively and one of the two great Belgian Franco-Belgian comic publishing houses still in existence.
3909:, a key artist in the 1990s scene, founded and ran his own publication house, Gotoproduction, which he ran along with Jean Kristau and Anne-Fred Maurer from 1991 to 2000 or 2001, and which published over 60 books.
4925:, while many more recent series have not made a significant commercial impact outside mainland Europe and those overseas territories historically beholden to France, despite the critical acclaim for authors like
4060:
Since the mid-1980s, many comics are published directly as albums and do not appear in the magazines at all, as many comic magazines have disappeared since then for socio-economic reasons, including greats like
4698:
3542:) ministry policy plan in 1982, which was updated and reaffirmed by a latter-day successor of Lang in 1997. It was consequently in the 1980s–1990s era that the medium achieved its formal status in France's
1900:, the black and white/color hybrid magazine featured predominantly comics from an American origin at the time of its launch until the war years, but there were also native comics included. These concerned
2587:(presently article 3), which allowed for almost at will prohibition of comics for reasons that suited the policies of any French government in power at any given time. A famous example concerned the two
2517:
6326:
2681:
Yet, it were also the communists who provided the comic scene in France with a single bright-spot; Having its origins in the communist wartime underground resistance publications, the comic magazine
4729:), he became primarily renowned as a tireless champion for the medium, in the process becoming one of France's first serious comics scholars by launching one of the first professional and serious
4606:
Japanese manga started to receive more attention from the early to mid-1990s onward. Recently, more manga has been translated and published, with a particular emphasis on independent authors like
2522:" ("Law of July 16th 1949 on Publications Aimed at the Youth") and passed in response to the post-liberation influx of American comics, was invoked as late as 1969 to prohibit the comic magazine
2186:
only returned in 1952. In the second half of the 1940s many new magazines appeared, although in most cases they only survived for a few weeks or months. The situation stabilized around 1950 with
4333:
original template for the style as used in modern European comics. Other works in this style are the early comics of Jijé, who not only worked in the style, but also expanded upon it by adding
1650:
for the latter in the 1960s) other than the original creators, none of them succeeded to find a readership outside France itself and are consequently remembered in their native country only.
3273:
since then, Casterman has never evolved into a purely comics publisher by completely abandoning its book publishing roots, as it is currently also a prolific publisher of children's books.
2234:
magazine became the agency's first and foremost client, and the first post-war decade saw the infusion into the magazine with many new series from young, predominantly Belgian talents like
1875:, which utilized the text comic format its editors considered more appropriate from an educational point-of-view. Hergé won the argument, and speech balloon comics were henceforth featured
4846:
5752:
4827:
trade journal has seen a plethora of successors following suit all over western Europe as well. Actually, the second oldest known professional European comics trade journal was the Dutch
2741:
magazine. Marijac himself became a prolific figure of note in the French comic scene of the 1950s as co-editor and contributor for a series of native comic magazines other than his own
4953:
While hundreds of comic series have been produced in the Franco-Belgian group, some are more notable than others. Most of those listed are aimed at the juvenile or adolescent markets:
3276:
Yet, it remained French publications and French artists who would continue to dominate the field from the late-1970s onward to this day, with such (sometimes short-lived) magazines as
9343:
2636:. Legally, the Commission had no punitive powers, only advisory ones, but in practice Charlier begged to differ. The all powerful Commission, shielded by the Justice Ministry (which
1879:
text comics in the magazine (and that of its spin-offs) until the mid-1960s, when speech balloon comics were all but abandoned by the magazine(s), the general trend notwithstanding.
3795:
1585:, was creating and distributing "healthy and correct" magazines for children. In the early 1900s, the first popular French comics appeared. Two of the most prominent comics include
4467:) authors work almost exclusively for the Franco-Belgian market and their publishers such as Glénat and, most conspicuously, Le Lombard. Likewise, the French naturalized Yugoslav
2608:(which actually came close to prohibition however, as the Korean War stories were serialized in the magazine, but which was narrowly averted at the eleventh hour by Charlier) and
4677:
There are many comics conventions in Belgium and France. The most famous, prestigious and largest one is the "Festival international de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême" (English: "
6978:
4638:. Illustrative of the market share the manga has conquered is that Dargaud has in 1996 spun off their manga French-language publications into a specialized publisher of it own,
1851:
in syndication from 1930 onward, constituting one of the earliest known French-Belgian comic world cross-fertilizations, only reinforced when Abbot Courtois, editor-in-chief of
1789:
6521:
2559:
lower circulation numbers of the native magazines of that era), something the higher quality American ones did not suffer from, they receiving preferential treatment under the
1920:. Both series would survive the war and achieve considerable popularity after the war, albeit under the aegis of other artists (see below). Published in a bi-lingual country,
5709:
4705:
fans and editors. The Angoulême festival draws in over 200.000 visitors annually, including between 6,000 and 7,000 professionals and 800 journalists. Contrary to their US
4010:, collecting the stories as serialized in the magazine until then, becoming in effect Dargaud's first comic album releases. The first July 1961 title in the series, coined
2852:" series as an almost instantaneous success. The audience radicalized at a faster pace than the editors, however, which had trouble keeping up. The French satire magazine
2212:
3706:, and which, as one of the largest comic museum in Europe, draws in 200,000 visitors annually. The museum is housed in a state-owned 1905 building designed by architect
7780:
6960:
6912:
4929:. One out-of-the-ordinary overseas exception where Franco-Belgian comics are as of 2017 still doing well turned out to be the Indian subcontinent where translations in
3664:
3647:
3203:
Lagging behind the French for the first time in regard to the more mature comics, the Belgians made good on their arrear when publisher Casterman launched the magazine
4735:
4178:
are retiring, there were initially three basic, distinct styles within the field prior to the mid-1970s, featured in those comics with Belgian pedigree in particular.
3722:(est. 2009), located across the street of the Comic Center and dedicated to the work of the namesake Flemish comics creator, and, unsurprisingly, the especially built
3228:
couple. It was with the specific intent to expand beyond the somewhat limited Hergé boundaries with other, more diverse high quality work, that the publisher launched
6671:
6406:
7681:
4284:. These comics have very agitated drawings, often using lines of varying thickness to accent the drawings. The artists working in this style for Spirou, including
1820:
1580:
2978:
2797:
ultimately convicted by the highest court of appeal (though only receiving symbolic punishment) under article 2 of the 1949 law for real. However, the conviction
1110:. These countries have a long tradition in comics, separate from that of English-language comics. Belgium is a mostly bilingual country, and comics originally in
9157:
4487:
genres in particular, are not as well represented in the French and Belgian comics market, for the reasons as explored above, although the graphic novel work of
4108:
Since the mid-1980s, many of the popular, longer-lasting album series, and also several long out-of-print classic series, also get their own hardcover collected
2918:), three of the biggest influences for over 50 years, the market for domestic comics had reached (commercial) maturity. In the following decades, magazines like
2675:
Marcel Gotlib (2011) and Nikita Mandryka (2011) on the right, members of an early generation of French artists who created modern comics without Belgian tutelage
2540:(even though they were not mentioned by name in the law), and in this the French law actually foreshadowed the 1954 publication of the comic condemning treatise
1945:
4122:
2818:" in the first place, that is from the Belgian perspective at least. However, the incident Charlier had experienced with the Commission shook up the editors of
2392:
A constellation of Franco-Belgian BD superstars: (from l-r) Uderzo (Brussels, September 2005), Goscinny (l) & Morris (Amsterdam, May 1971), and Peyo (1990).
4647:
4582:). Of the post-classic superhero era, Mike Mignola has become one of the most in French translated American comic artists. Recently, Eaglemoss Collections and
4169:, either by themselves, or by licensing them out to local publishers for other European countries – or both, as is the case for Dutch language editions.
1680:
in 1929. It was quite different from future versions of Tintin, the style being very naïve and simple, even childish, compared to the later stories. The early
1618:
format would remain the predominant native format for the next two to three decades in France, propagated as such by France's educators. In 1920, the Abbot of
4784:, as well as the already mentioned Bocque, Gaumer and Ratier, who have followed in his footsteps. With Gaumer incidentally, Moliterni revisited his 1964-1967
7457:
6319:
5649:
3258:
2343:, which was already conceived as loose gags in 1951, but failed to find a magazine publisher. Reworked into complete stories, the comic became successful in
1357:, so that French is the most utilized (second) language in that area and has caused the handful of comic artists originating from there, such as Hermann and
7080:
1837:
1862:
s ambiguous age and family (and thus more in line with the Catholic norms and values on which the magazine was founded), which resulted in the 1936 comic
1807:
3933:" for short) format gained popularity, a book-like format about half the former size. The albums, usually colored all the way through, are almost always
3320:
3057:
comic artists, who had left the magazine to break out on their own, after they had staged a revolt in the editorial offices of Dargaud, the publisher of
3008:
2084:
4862:
4096:
were already released as such in the second half of the 1960s by local Dargaud/Lombard affiliated publishers, albeit as separate series contrary to the
1610:
in 1925. Saint-Ogan was one of the first French-speaking artists to fully utilize techniques popularized and formularized in the United States, such as
6352:
6205:
5777:
4475:
has, after his career failed to take off in his native country, first worked for Casterman before switching to Le Lombard and subsequently to Dargaud.
3897:
2333:
to each other in 1951 at the in that year opened Paris, France, office of World Press, in the process creating one of Franco-Belgium's most successful
2211:, in the process becoming one of its most towering figures. That year and a lawyer by trade, Charlier joined the newly formed comic syndication agency
1442:
7020:
6379:
4959:
4552:
2939:
6773:
6746:
6274:
4755:
4714:
festivals under the English denomination, and where the print materials are concerned focused on the US comic book, and Japanese manga publications.
3527:
world, the cultural authorities of the nation started to aid the advancement of the medium as a bonafide art form, especially under the patronage of
3343:
2337:
partnerships. One of the first comics both men created together in the employ of the agency was the in colonial French-Canada era set Western series
2247:
1643:
managed to survive the war for a little while longer, modernized in all three cases and all of them continued by artists (the most notable one being
3109:
and Hermann Huppen, to create other comics for other publishers, sometimes even suspending a series for the one in favor of a series for the other.
9358:
6719:
5589:
4133:
4116:, with each intégrale book generally containing between two and four original albums, and from the mid-1990s onward increasingly including several
2279:
1778:
9145:
4144:
3220:
since 1934, slightly expanded upon after the war with a couple of Hergé inspired creations by closely affiliated artists such as Jacques Martin,
2745:, and conceived in the era under the shadow of the all-present Catholic publications to fill the void left by the banned American comics such as
1413:
6448:
3775:
museum as part of President Mitterrand's grand scheme of providing the nation with major public works of a cultural nature (in France coined as
3411:
Europe, becoming one of the first comic series to deal realistically in considerable detail with the dark slavery chapter in human history) and
2612:
in favor of the native Catholic magazines, after the conservatives had reasserted their political predominance in the country during the 1950s.
9348:
4872:
and in effect the founding block of his namesake publishing house) had even entered the fray. During its first couple of years of publication,
4829:
4037:"recuil" magazine series releases, album-like hard/softcover editions, chronologically collecting several magazine issues into one volume like
3476:
3190:
1955:
as a printing business in 1898, but changed to being a publishing house in 1922, publishing non-comic books and magazines. Since the launch of
1475:
standard. In recent decades the English "graphic novel" expression has increasingly been adopted in Europe as well in the wake of the works of
9236:
3070:
Essentially, these new magazines along with other contemporaries of their kind, were the French counterparts of the slightly earlier American
5510:
4770:
1756:
6190:
4028:
he had (co-)created. While Charlier did not conceive the format as such—since Casterman already released such albums since the early 1930s (
9162:
4591:
3599:
1052:
6688:
4610:. Manga now represents more than one fourth of comics sales in France. French comics that draw inspiration from Japanese manga are called
3969:
the starting point of the modern Franco-Belgian comic, besides the art style and format—albums were usually published as a collected book
9109:
7469:
4894:
being one of the first, if not the first, to do so), solidifying the position of the Franco-Belgian comic as the preeminent force on the
3760:
Facade of the main building of the Cité museum with the "Vaisseau Mœbius" on the right, named for the nation's most revered comics artist
3290:
3061:, during the 1968 upheaval, demanding and ultimately receiving more creative freedom from then editor-in-chief René Goscinny (see also: "
2726:
798:
4515:
have had considerable success in France and Belgium. Yet, it was in the field of the graphic novels that American and British creations
3548:
9396:
7480:
2353:, one of the first purely French comics to appear in the Belgian magazine), effectively becoming the "spiritual father" of their later
6986:
6512:
4717:
One of the oldest Franco-Belgian comics conventions was the "Convention de la B.D. de Paris" (1969–2003), which was co-founded by the
4678:
3702:" (Dutch: "Belgisch Centrum voor het Beeldverhaal", English: "Belgian Comic Strip Center") established in 1989 in the Belgian capital
2297:
among others, several of whom switching over to industry competitor Lombard at a later point in their careers, most notably Hermann),
9391:
9305:
9194:
8706:
8432:
7752:
7446:
7192:
6852:
4018:
from Uderzo and Goscinny, a runaway success right from the bat, followed by sixteen further titles from the magazine, with the first
3399:. Exemplary of the different, older target audience Glénat was aiming at, became the two finite, historical series Bourgeon created;
2524:
4697:, and personally awarded the festival's awards to comic artists, which included Jean Giraud in 1985 when he received the festival's
3356:
1991:, eventually setting them off on their comic careers, but who were schoolboys at the time they became acquainted with the magazine.
9353:
5698:
437:
3777:
5515:
5495:
4445:
3633:, 11 March 2012), a country not particularly known for a thriving comic culture. Yet, and despite the nation having embraced the
2724:
in the 1930s, but distanced himself from the magazine directly after the liberation, when he started the secular comics magazine
1628:, a magazine consisting largely of text with few illustrations, which started printing comics more often in the following years.
974:
7213:
9310:
4586:
have embarked on yet another attempt to re-introduce Francophone readership to the classic American superhero genre with their
3167:
720:
7109:
6905:
4851:
2814:
series in Belgium, which was centered around a scouting chapter – and were thus, to use the modern expression, already "
2139:
for the Flemish and Dutch markets. Notable Belgian comic artists who at a later point in time achieved fame while working for
1427:, and was subsequently popularized in an article series about the history of comics, which appeared in weekly installments in
8725:
7784:
6006:
5979:
2810:– a significant presence in Belgian society at the time, which also explains the contemporary popularity of Charlier's
1864:
7490:
by nearly two decades as integrale publisher, though only for Disney and native comics, as well as the Flemish creations of
7336:
7311:
3585:
with a posthumous rank elevation of his Arts and Letters knighthood to boot, an unicum for a comic artist and something the
1685:
9211:
8945:
7855:
5952:
5520:
4901:
The greatest and most enduring success however was mainly for some series started in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s (including
1350:
1342:
4471:
worked exclusively for French publishers Dargaud and subsequently Les Humanoïdes Associés, whereas Dutch graphic novelist
1513:(for both art, and story style) in particular, as the comics up for consideration as the first European "graphic novels".
9300:
9114:
8713:
8617:
8320:
8261:
7196:
5603:
2091:
in 1950, where he acted as a sort of mentor for the assistants that it attracted. Among the people who worked there were
1910:(and thus another early cross-fertilization example) and who served as the mascot and namesake for the new magazine, and
1385:
is therefore identical to its more sizable counterpart in northern neighbor Belgium in regard to comics-related matters.
387:
8352:
8327:
7838:
7619:
6702:
4587:
3387:
and others. French comic artists of note who were nurtured into greatness in the Glénat publications were among others
1574:
as episodes or gags. Aside from these magazines, the Catholic Church, in the form of its then powerful and influential
7637:
7047:
4701:, the year after Lang had announced the advent of the national comics museum on the previous edition of the festival.
3718:
has employed for her comics. Belgium possesses two other, smaller, museums dedicated to individual comic artists, the
2278:(serving as proving ground in order to develop the talents and skills of young aspiring artists like Belgians Mitacq,
9135:
7953:
7934:
7886:
7383:
6783:
6756:
6729:
6416:
6389:
6016:
5989:
5962:
5787:
5681:
4032:), as did Dupuis sometime thereafter with some of its releases, but certainly not all as most of its albums like the
2687:(not to be confused with the two near-similarly named Fleurus publications) was launched in 1945 upon war's end. The
1670:
392:
6432:
4642:, currently co-existing alongside the already established specialist Delcourt, and since 2000 joined by specialists
3012:("The Wild Duck/ Mag"), an art-zine featuring music reviews and comics, were among the earliest. Following suit was
2196:
magazine (with the team focused around Hergé) as the most influential and successful magazines for the next decade.
9411:
9325:
8342:
8332:
8315:
8037:
7568:
7182:"La bande dessinée amphigourique chez l'éditeur Belge Fréon: Exploitation singulière d'un médium en transformation"
3845:), these books are often more artistic, graphically and narratively, than the usual products of the big companies.
2600:
1868:. Incidentally, as Hergé created his comics in the increasingly popular speech balloon format, it initially led to
1794:
1045:
3185:
The Glénat booth at the 2013 Angoulême comics festival with on the right one of its most important early artists,
1730:
The criticisms regarding the early stories notwithstanding and even though the format still had a long way to go,
9241:
9099:
7834:"How the French Kickstarted the Acceptance of Comics as Art in the US: the Books and Exhibitions of Maurice Horn"
3337:(founded in 1972, and who actually started out publishing graphic novels directly as albums before the launch of
3112:
The advent of the new adult magazines had a profound effect on France's hitherto most influential comic magazine
2971:
force in the (continental) European comics world, eventually usurping the position the Belgians held until then.
1963:
As post-war exports to France (like in the Netherlands, the magazine was not available in France until 1945-46),
1745:
791:
9401:
7655:
7429:
7084:
9315:
9073:
8493:
8373:
8055:
7912:
7062:
6583:
6362:
6055:
4813:
4797:
3604:
3330:
debuted, whereas veterans like Gotlib and Franquin found a home for their later, darker and more cynical work.
1689:
80:
6818:
4788:
article series he had co-edited with Morris, which resulted in the edited and greatly enhanced reference work
3817:
A further revival and expansion came in the 1990s with several small independent publishers emerging, such as
9406:
9152:
9104:
8287:
7806:
7538:
4425:
3553:
3531:
2507:, a major political force in France directly after the war (because of their highly successful and effective
17:
7682:"Mangacast N°20 – Débat : Manga Français, qu'est-ce que c'est ? Quelle place sur le marché ?"
9487:
9320:
8718:
8691:
8686:
8337:
6255:
3528:
3019:
2641:
ever provide any formal justification whatsoever and without any possibility for appeal, which amounted to
430:
9508:
2785:
recommendation of the Commission persecuted for his likewise American (and Italian) inspired comic series
2731:
1566:
In the early decades of the 20th century, comics were not stand-alone publications, but were published in
8294:
8246:
7293:
4740:
3075:
2207:
were liberated before war's end) had already seen the start of the industry career of the French-Belgian
1505:
1038:
6032:
1936:
followed a few years later shortly after the war. The magazine was conceived and published by publisher
9295:
9267:
9251:
9189:
9140:
8645:
8407:
5565:
4590:
collection, launched in French in 2015, following in the wake of publisher Hachette who launched their
4562:
imprint which concentrated on album releases of modern American graphic novels from such publishers as
3699:
1006:
784:
734:
570:
521:
6116:
3891:
2043:(who started together at the small Belgian animation studio Compagnie Belge d'Animation – CBA),
8895:
8751:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8299:
7268:
7063:"Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence"
5397:
5309:
4595:
4201:
2633:
2542:
2305:
2079:
afterwards without charges being pressed. For example, this happened to one of the famous magazines,
1988:
1825:
1452:, the article series was in itself an example of a Franco-Belgian comics project. The publication of
752:
605:
489:
171:
5392:
4206:
3556:" civilian knighthoods, and these were not restricted to French nationals alone, as Japanese artist
3348:
3124:
2983:
8528:
8099:
6538:
Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence
5370:
4325:
4196:
talents aspiring a career in creating realistic comics, the first and foremost of them having been
3947:
3613:
3442:
3311:. It were in these such magazines that a younger, post-war generation of French comic artists like
2617:
Commission de surveillance et de contrôle des publications destinées à l'enfance et à l'adolescence
2411:, and it was Morris who created in 1946 the second one of the great Franco-Belgian comic classics,
1752:
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1133:
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are becoming popular as well though, but are invariably organized separately from the traditional
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etc. and for decades a staple in Francophone Europe (and after the War, in Dutch-Europe as well).
3560:
has also received one in 2011 for his efforts to merge the Franco-Belgian comic with the Japanese
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1303:
scene. This is in stark contrast to the English-speaking part of the country, which is culturally
9518:
9513:
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8498:
8397:
8221:
8079:
7409:
7405:
5803:
5505:
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4690:
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3950:(such as the later American graphic novel format), the European albums are rather large (roughly
3608:
2503:
In France, a 1949 law about publications intended for the youth market was partly written by the
2096:
2048:
1760:
1001:
501:
423:
9226:
7433:
4054:
3581:, who is considered the premier French standard bearer of "Le Neuvième Art", as he has received
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title is generally considered the first of its kind – even though there are three similar
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start executed as hardcover editions for France, while being executed in softcover by licensee
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all started their careers with these publishers, and would later gain fame with comics such as
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In France, Minister Jack Lang – who hit upon the idea after he had visited the permanent
3263:
3044:
2504:
2349:
2223:
747:
7601:
4540:
3624:
3617:
2468:. It was this series that in 1957 spawned another of the great Franco-Belgian comic classics,
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commonly used today. These were humorous short works rarely longer than a single page. In the
9130:
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8854:
8701:
8347:
6282:
Tarzan under Attack: Youth, Comics, and Cultural Reconstruction in Postwar France pp. 687-725
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the year previously in an attempt to capitalize on the break-out success of the 21st-century
2374:
2257:, instituting an era in which Jijé's career truly took off with his best-known creation, the
2204:
942:
897:
517:
382:
372:
227:
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3096:. That changed as well after 1968, when more and more artists decided to ply their trade as
1812:
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1593:
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8696:
8446:
8282:
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The early 1980s/1990s intégrales were primarily released in joint ventures with specialist
7356:
6559:
5136:
5046:
5002:
4921:
4629:
4628:). In addition, in an attempt to unify the Franco-Belgian and Japanese schools, cartoonist
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3325:
3084:
2854:
2579:
2208:
2200:
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336:
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Screech, Matthew. 2005. "A challenge to Convention: Jean Giraud/Gir/Moebius" Chapter 4 in
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4255:
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3106:
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1238:
8:
9426:
9068:
9039:
8809:
8508:
8234:
8111:
6942:
6775:
Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels [2 volumes]: [Two Volumes]
6210:
5849:
5500:
5315:
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4909:
3943:
3848:
3621:
3031:
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2408:
2000:
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world, when discounting commercial translations of their original Francophone creations.
1304:
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1182:
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880:
866:
712:
587:
540:
505:
493:
212:
180:
75:
7707:
4557:
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9221:
9216:
9083:
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8483:
7904:
7733:
5734:
5339:
5305:
5041:
5029:
4766:
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4383:
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respectively, the latter of whom incidentally, having actually coined the alternative "
4244:
3865:
3842:
3408:
2701:
2252:
1490:
1215:
1120:, literally "strip stories", or simply "strips") are culturally a part of the world of
988:
841:
824:
612:
7242:
6294:
3334:
1855:, asked Hergé to create a series about real children with a real family as opposed to
1801:
1529:(1954 book cover): an early 20th-century forerunner of the modern Franco-Belgian comic
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7379:
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6698:
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6514:
Producing Popularity: The Success in France of the Comics Series "Astérix le Gaulois"
6412:
6385:
6358:
6124:
6012:
5985:
5958:
5783:
5677:
5642:
5583:
5332:
5294:
5229:
5161:
4809:
4793:
4634:
4574:, and as such still in existence as of 2017. Glénat was actually preceded in 1986 by
4567:
4511:
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4371:
4301:
4223:
4138:
4063:
3918:
3886:
3719:
3638:
3225:
3176:
3071:
3027:
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excepted, which only reappeared three years later in former occupied western Europe.
2508:
2284:
2192:
2127:
2110:
2044:
1884:
1783:
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1429:
1382:
1320:
1206:
947:
663:
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578:
562:
550:
509:
483:
463:
356:
326:
316:
152:
85:
6961:"Quinze mesures pour la BD. Le ministre de la Culture doit les annoncer à Angoulême"
5344:
5256:
5125:
5114:
4578:, a newcomer presently specialized in American/British graphic novels (and Japanese
4285:
3396:
3053:
world. As indicated, most of these early adult magazines were established by former
2036:
9431:
8962:
8912:
8885:
8842:
8804:
8787:
8782:
8650:
8587:
8555:
8503:
8441:
7922:
7364:
7127:
5438:
5386:
5087:
4804:(a renowned French encyclopedia publisher), and a work very similar to Horn's 1976
4639:
4524:
4456:
4433:
4379:
4149:
4088:
3870:
3826:
3818:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3673:
2946:
2565:
2452:
2383:
1601:
1453:
1418:
1377:
958:
937:
929:
919:
815:
691:
574:
558:
311:
306:
294:
264:
217:
185:
5244:
5151:
4986:
4519:
attract attention from the Franco-Belgian comic world, the early ones having been
4073:
3906:
3014:
2318:
1186:
1168:
1124:, even if the translation from French to Dutch far outweighs the other direction.
497:
9477:
9421:
9053:
8935:
8922:
8792:
8655:
8488:
8473:
8266:
8023:
6615:
6172:
5637:
5401:
5263:
5240:
5210:
5120:
4895:
4834:
4421:
4289:
4109:
3979:
multiple of eight—are not that uncommon, the graphic novel album publications of
3882:
3860:
3852:
3481:
3392:
2693:
2547:
2426:
2274:
2258:
2166:
2016:
1999:
When Germany invaded France and Belgium, it became close to impossible to import
1968:
1902:
1555:
1535:
1434:
1373:
1264:
1153:
1099:
996:
873:
702:
681:
659:
632:
591:
554:
546:
513:
454:
397:
254:
239:
234:
6798:
6628:
6151:
5911:
Yann Le Meur, « Bécassine, le racisme ordinaire du bien-pensant », in
4643:
3002:
2088:
1543:
1358:
9467:
9016:
9004:
8999:
8972:
8950:
8907:
8878:
8866:
8837:
8612:
8570:
8538:
8456:
8402:
8089:
7360:
7181:
6884:
6563:
5721:, and holds University of Brussels degrees in the moral, and cultural sciences.
5718:
5459:
5416:
5364:
5327:
5290:
5285:
5214:
5166:
5022:
5006:
4930:
4775:
4607:
4520:
4492:
4212:
3878:
3822:
3806:
3578:
3557:
3388:
3307:
3063:
2840:
launched, already from the start an attempt to be a more mature alternative to
2709:
2599:
was actually summoned to appear in person for a board of inquiry at the French
2290:
2239:
2217:
2152:
2148:
2008:
1950:
1917:
1755:, who had previously been distributing comics to the monthly magazines via his
1611:
1551:
1547:
1480:
1354:
1329:
1316:
1311:
1252:
1234:
1201:
1111:
1026:
908:
887:
742:
598:
566:
351:
341:
331:
279:
222:
197:
66:
58:
5640:
and Pierre Vanker, « Neuvième Art, musée de la bande dessinée » in:
9502:
9455:
8989:
8957:
8849:
8797:
8597:
8560:
8533:
8518:
8206:
8170:
8143:
8126:
7425:
7164:
6128:
5487:
5473:
5412:
5407:
5071:
5056:
4990:
4964:
4891:
4730:
4460:
3958:
from the mid-1970s onward all over Europe solidifying their status as books.
3951:
3786:
3629:
3237:
3143:
3038:) with the far-reaching science fiction and fantasy of Mœbius, Druillet, and
2705:
2560:
2552:
2536:
2431:
2330:
2144:
2052:
1495:
1468:
1464:
1362:
1300:
1248:
1243:
1172:
772:
622:
530:
413:
321:
269:
259:
205:
201:
147:
132:
33:
7985:
6949:; Long-term comics policy plan page on the official Culture Ministry website
5824:
4329:
is not only a very good example of this, it is currently also considered as
3233:
3133:
1408:
were described as the "ninth art" in Francophone scholarship on the medium (
8984:
8967:
8930:
8665:
8523:
8478:
8201:
8196:
8148:
8074:
7503:
7474:
7032:
5427:
5172:
5082:
5065:
4747:
4563:
4548:
4375:
4347:
4339:
4319:
4238:
4084:
3731:
3707:
3312:
3295:
2511:), to actually exclude most of the American publications. The law, called "
2263:
2105:
2100:
2031:
1924:
simultaneously appeared in a Dutch-language version as well under the name
1912:
1334:
1296:
274:
249:
244:
106:
6449:"How Tintin creator Hergé reflected the ups and downs of the 20th century"
5927:
5013:
4840:, launched in 1968 and coinciding with the definitive breakthrough of the
4682:
4543:
on an entire young generation of English-speaking comic creators, such as
4535:
and reciprocally translated for the French mother magazine. As mentioned,
3782:
2407:, Eddy Paape (before he switched over to World Press), André Franquin and
1888:
magazine was launched. Conceived in response to the immense popularity of
1751:
A further step towards modern comic books happened in 1934 when Hungarian
1587:
1467:, Franco-Belgian comics are often seen as equivalent to what are known as
8902:
8211:
8165:
8121:
8106:
7783:. Festival International de la bande dessinée d'Angoulême. Archived from
7485:
5433:
5268:
5251:
5205:
5155:
5140:
5050:
4997:
4942:
4926:
4781:
4726:
4652:
4544:
4500:
4488:
4405:
4343:
4197:
4186:
3965:
albums in the early 1930s—incidentally the second reason for considering
3917:
Before the Second World War, comics were almost exclusively published in
3838:
3711:
3582:
3459:
3097:
3035:
2997:
2697:
2294:
2092:
2072:
2067:
1984:
1933:
1615:
1606:
1604:
started out as a professional cartoonist, creating the successful series
1539:
1476:
1284:
1224:
346:
137:
127:
8001:
7504:
de Grand Ry, Michel; Nizette, André; Lechat, Jean-Louis (1986). "Jijé".
7188:
4334:
3981:
3961:
Conceived as a format as currently understood in Belgium with the first
3257:
artists of German-Belgian descent, alongside Hermann Huppen – and
3206:
3152:
8607:
8229:
8191:
8069:
7451:
6571:
5804:"1948: The Year Comics Met Their Match | Comic Book Legal Defense Fund"
5620:
Claude Beylie, « La bande dessinée est-elle un art ? »,
5422:
5300:
5279:
5235:
5225:
5220:
4934:
4903:
4468:
4366:
4360:
4267:
4217:
4024:
3996:
again turned out to be a seminal influence for the cultural phenomenon
3856:
3841:. Known as "la nouvelle bande dessinée" (similar to the North American
3742:
3241:
3039:
2963:
Comics artist Mœbius (2008), who achieved international renown through
2899:
2683:
2657:
2646:
2588:
2529:
2474:
2398:
But it were not just the artists contracted by World Press who infused
2339:
2299:
2235:
2162:
1510:
1333:) which is popular across the border. Concurrently, the socio-cultural
1280:
1268:
1177:
628:
377:
122:
7009:
Masters of the ninth art: bandes dessinées and Franco-Belgian identity
5954:
Masters of the Ninth Art: Bandes Dessinées and Franco-Belgian Identity
3361:
2438:
from original creator Fernand Dineur, the group that became known as "
1653:
1600:
In the 1920s, after the end of the first world war, the French artist
8660:
8094:
7757:
7659:
6819:"Métal Hurlant: the French comic that changed the world – Tom Lennon"
5076:
4938:
4583:
4571:
4484:
4472:
4417:
4293:
4191:
3986:
3938:
3934:
3573:
But it is however Jean "Mœbius" Giraud, coined "the most influential
3249:
1748:
as late as 2011, nearly thirty years after the death of its creator.
1735:
1720:
1624:
1567:
7896:
Forsdick, Charles; Grove, Laurence; McQuillan, Libbie, eds. (2005).
7856:"Disparition de Claude Moliterni, fondateur du Festival d'Angoulême"
7833:
3620:
at the services, and who was incidentally also the nephew of former
3197:
was exemplary of the new historical realism in Franco-Belgian comics
2959:
2666:
2595:, created by Belgians Charlier (who as spokesperson for World Press/
2494:
2131:
magazine, which quickly gained enormous popularity, like the weekly
9246:
8635:
8256:
8241:
8153:
7993:
7509:
6320:"History and Politics in French-Language Comics and Graphic Novels"
6092:
5194:
5146:
4483:
Classic American and British comic books, those of the traditional
4478:
4450:
3703:
2513:
Loi du 16 juillet 1949 sur les publications destinées à la jeunesse
2025:
1972:
1929:
1571:
1521:
1158:
1148:
157:
9450:
7977:
7810:
7546:
6721:
Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives
6152:"Rob-Vel: Robert Velter (9 February 1909 - 27 April 1991, France)"
5874:
La Place des bonnes : la domesticité féminine à Paris en 1900
5650:"L'apparition du terme bande dessinée dans la Nouvelle République"
5467:
5375:
3698:
A visible manifestation of the latter has become the prestigious "
3652:(CNBDI), France's largest and most important comics organization.
3316:
3018:(vol. 1: December 1974 – July 1987 from also new French publisher
2456:, which he had already started in 1947 for the Belgian newspapers
2007:
banned American animated movies and comics they deemed to be of a
1799:
a.k.a. Cœurs Vaillants et Âmes Vaillantes de France) publications
1659:
1138:
833:
408:
8158:
8136:
6629:"Marijac: Jacques Dumas (7 November 1908 - 21 July 1994, France)"
5355:
5188:
5183:
5094:
4981:
4915:
4505:
4250:
4156:
4007:
3333:
A major player in the field became French publisher and newcomer
2889:
2849:
2717:
2688:
2464:
2419:
appendix issue of 7 December 1946. Franquin was passed the comic
1907:
1438:
1346:
1276:
1229:
1163:
1107:
472:
162:
101:
53:
9462:
5348:
5177:
4844:
in the Netherlands, before a second Francophone comics journal (
4665:. In 2014, Delcourt acquired the earliest known such specialist
4658:
4274:
were almost exclusively comic-dynamic, and so were the ones in
4182:
3954:
standard). Comic albums started to receive their own individual
3048:. This trend continued during the seventies, until the original
2569:, enjoyed a weekly circulation of 300,000 copies, twice the one
2365:
1976:
9344:
Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée
8873:
8832:
8550:
8046:
7946:
België gestript: het ultieme naslagwerk over de Belgische strip
6575:
5381:
5061:
4686:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4612:
4079:
3517:
3464:
3150:(2008) on the right: two of the most important contributors to
2909:
2894:
2864:
2836:
2628:
2347:
magazine in the period 1958–1962 (and thus, alongside Martin's
2243:
2161:
magazine publisher Les Éditions du Lombard (as of 1989 simply:
2004:
1967:– featuring the (early) creations of Belgian greats like
1941:
1937:
1292:
1288:
1272:
1103:
1095:
301:
289:
45:
7586:
4204:, who actually started out his famed science-fiction creation
3682:
2478:). With both magazines firmly in place, it was the success of
8861:
8251:
6979:"L'auteur japonais de bande dessinée Jiro Taniguchi est mort"
6928:
6220:
5913:
5673:
5199:
5131:
4579:
4441:
4409:
4401:
3596:
3561:
1831:(1945, for pre-adolescents), while Belgian examples included
284:
5717:; Kurt Geeraerts teaches philosophy at high-school level in
5570:
official-swiss-national-languages.all-about-switzerland.info
3751:
2720:
having been a trailblazer. Marijac actually started out for
2062:
1471:— most likely a result of their deviating from the American
1412:). The "ninth art" designation stems from a 1964 article by
8007:
7969:
7355:
7149:"la Cité internationale de la bande dessinée et de l'image"
5604:"La (presque) véritable histoire des mots "bande dessinée""
5320:
5099:
4970:
4297:
3955:
2122:
2040:
1979:– became a significant inspiration for future French
1349:. Though Dutch and German both are Germanic languages, the
1196:
7069:; Commission page on the official Justice Ministry website
3064:
Jean "Mœbius" Giraud on his part in the uprising at Pilote
3042:. Its translated counterpart made an impact in America as
2615:
Rigorously enforced by the government oversight committee
8015:
7148:
6845:"La BD fait sa révolution / Comics make their revolution"
6616:"Comics History: Vaillant/Pif (1945 - 1992, 2004 - 2009)"
1341:
Belgium is officially a trilingual country as there is a
7879:
Comics in French. The European Bande Dessinée in Context
5776:
Bramlett, Frank; Cook, Roy; Meskin, Aaron (2016-08-05).
1275:, but also by significant portions of the population of
1209:). Some highly-regarded realistically drawn and plotted
8004:
List of European graphic novels translated into English
4394:
4307:
3536:
Quinze mesures nouvelles en faveur de la Bande dessinée
2954:
7895:
7165:"Un nom pour le site Castro : le Vaisseau Mœbius"
6351:
Hamacher, Werner; Hertz, Neil; Keenan, Thomas (1989).
6295:"The Belgians Who Changed Comics | The Comics Journal"
5898:
Yves-Marie Labé, « Bécassine débarque », in
4270:
line of Franquin and Uderzo. The humoristic comics in
4006:, it was he who initiated a line of comic albums, for
3791:
Cité internationale de la bande dessinée et de l'image
3446:), whose original ten-volume series was serialized in
2103:, all of whom exhibit the easily recognizable Belgian
1692:
after the war, and which Hergé later regretted. After
7214:"Conte Demoniaque: The End of Times by Fabrice Neaud"
6943:"15 Mesures nouvelles en faveur de la Bande dessinée"
6431:
First Dutch price indication already on the cover of
6227:; translated from the French original, published in
6223::Vonk, issue 39/40, March/April 1972, pp. 12-17, 39
6173:"Fernand Dineur (17 May 1904 - April 1956, Belgium)"
5449:
3074:, also conceived and popularized as a result of the
2708:, and were less beholden to what was then still the
1299:, in the process heavily influencing its own native
6350:
4941:) published by Prakash Publishers under their own "
4408:among many others, and to a somewhat lesser degree
3407:, seven volumes, set in 18th-century seafaring and
2125:and Morris. In 1946, Hergé also founded the weekly
2117:publisher Dupuis), mostly proposed by authors from
1654:
1929–1940: Birth of the modern Franco-Belgian comic
7512:: Centre de la bande dessinée Belge. pp. 6–7.
7412:for Spain and Portugal respectively, stripINFO.be
6215:. "Interview met Giraud, tekenaar van Blueberry",
5775:
5541:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
3643:Centre national de la bande dessinée et de l'image
2829:
2071:Close Hergé collaborator and magazine contributor
1944:), which was established by its founding namesake
1818:("Valiant Souls", 1937, for adolescent girls) and
9359:Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association
6189:The first Dutch price indication on the cover of
2563:. The first targeted American comic for example,
1561:
9500:
4479:Comics from the United States and United Kingdom
4200:. Another of these Jijé-inspired youngsters was
3778:Grandes Operations d'Architecture et d'Urbanisme
2888:With a number of publishers in place, including
2737:(1944–1963), France's first recognizable modern
2573:had and dwarfing the 76,000 copy circulation of
1994:
1576:Union des œuvres ouvrières catholiques de France
1368:A similar situation exists in France, which has
9158:Comics and comic strips made into feature films
7734:"Jean Giraud: Bibliographie, Photo, Biographie"
7300:, Leuven University Press, 2014, pp. 66 and 70.
7130:. Brussels, Belgium: Belgian Comic Strip Center
6558:
5928:"Les Pieds Nickelés, quelle histoire... !"
3730:, its interiors designed by Dutch comic artist
3395:, but most conspicuously François Bourgeon and
3379:and the mature readership of such magazines as
2858:was launched, also aimed at an adult audience.
1805:("Valiant Hearts", 1929, for adolescent boys),
1433:magazine from 1964 to 1967. Written by Belgian
9349:Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association
9237:Michigan State University Comic Art Collection
7179:
7078:
6867:
6748:Encyclopedia of Comic Books and Graphic Novels
6354:Responses: On Paul de Man's Wartime Journalism
4669:, which had already been established in 1993.
4317:also known as the Belgian clean line style or
2178:Many other magazines did not survive the war:
1658:One of the earliest proper Belgian comics was
1267:is spoken natively not only in France and the
8031:
5978:Varnum, Robin; Gibbons, Christina T. (2007).
5977:
5889:, Gautier-Languereau/Hachette Jeunesse, 2005.
5876:, Grasset, 1979 (reprinted 1985, 1998, 2004).
5735:"Stripgeschiedenis: 2000-2010 Graphic novels"
5511:List of films based on French-language comics
4236:or comic-dynamic comics. Famous examples are
4048:It was only after the runaway success of the
2591:volumes of the popular aviation comic series
1458:Pour un neuvième art : la bande dessinée
1046:
792:
431:
7506:Le livre d'or de la bande dessinée 1925-1955
7107:
6004:
5676:Bank / La Renaissance du Livre. p. 11.
5588:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4933:(spoken in the south-eastern part of India,
4816:) which in turn greatly resembled the older
4673:Conventions and journalistic professionalism
4092:been early adopters as several volumes from
3997:
3341:) with their two main magazine publications
2135:appearing in a Dutch version under the name
1734:is widely considered the starting point and
1089:
1074:
1066:
7521:
7519:
6958:
6676:. Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. 1890.
6511:Dandridge, Eliza Bourque (April 30, 2008).
6008:Visible Writings: Cultures, Forms, Readings
6005:Dalbello, Marija; Shaw, Mary Lewis (2011).
3714:style, the same style French female artist
1115:
27:Comic of the classical Franco-Belgian style
9397:British Amateur Press Association (comics)
9195:Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum
8038:
8024:
7638:"Marvel Comics - La collection (Hachette)"
7378:(in French). Paris: Dargaud. p. 172.
7237:
7235:
7096:key aspect of Belgium's cultural heritage.
6644:
6642:
3781:), to be housed in the historical town of
3268:being three of the few exceptions. It was
2109:(clean line style), often opposed to the "
1053:
1039:
799:
785:
438:
424:
9392:Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors
9306:Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
7853:
7700:
7620:"DC Comics - Le Meilleur des Super-Héros"
7180:Dufort Boucher, Sabrina (November 2006).
7110:"Nederlandse strip beleeft schrale jaren"
7011:. Liverpool University Press. pp 95 – 128
6510:
6167:
6165:
6146:
6144:
5729:
5727:
5696:
5670:Het Belgisch Centrum van het Beeldverhaal
4790:Dictionnaire mondial de la bande dessinée
4721:Claude Moliterni. Though Moliterni was a
4681:"), an annual festival begun in 1974, in
3734:, who had worked in the Hergé tradition.
3600:Fondation Cartier pour l'Art Contemporain
2848:, aimed at a teenage audience, with the "
2309:(with Mitacq after his apprenticeship on
2063:1944–1959: Post-war era Belgian supremacy
2023:continued unfinished American stories of
1080:; literally 'drawn strips'), abbreviated
9354:Canadian Society for the Study of Comics
7943:
7929:(in French). Bègles: Les Castor Astral.
7753:"Angoulême : la BD en pleine forme"
7750:
7516:
7269:"Léo Quievreux - Spécimens - Exhibition"
6959:de Gaudemar, Antoine (24 January 1997).
6717:
6554:
6552:
4884:
2958:
2415:, which made it first appearance in the
2325:comics career at the agency) and former
2066:
1520:
7232:
6842:
6639:
6506:
6504:
6502:
6404:
6377:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6239:
6237:
6231:, Paris:SRP Éditeur, issue 14, 1970/Q4.
6093:"Phantom Comic Strip for June 19, 2017"
5950:
5667:
5566:"Switzerland's Four National Languages"
5563:
5516:List of Franco-Belgian comics magazines
5496:Franco-Belgian comics publishing houses
4679:Angoulême International Comics Festival
2834:In 1959, the influential French weekly
2535:—which featured translated versions of
14:
9501:
7921:
7831:
7536:
6771:
6744:
6484:Ratier, 2013, Chapters 2–3, pp. 25–140
6162:
6141:
5981:The Language of Comics: Word and Image
5724:
4588:DC Comics: Le Meilleur des Super-Héros
4261:
1558:began to be involved with the medium.
1460:in 1971 further established the term.
502:French Wars of Religion
32:For bandes dessinées québécoises, see
9212:Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel
8019:
7876:
7854:Pasamonik, Didier (21 January 2009).
7751:Delcroix, Olivier (29 January 2012).
7658:. ACBD. December 2009. Archived from
7569:"Super Héros (Collection Comics USA)"
7048:"Jean Giraud (Gir, Moebius) est mort"
6843:Morales, Thomas (February 22, 2015).
6686:
6549:
6117:"The Press: EIGHTH WONDER SYNDICATED"
5917:, #21 (November 2005- February 2006).
5564:Switzerland, Markus G. Jud, Lucerne.
3540:15 new measures in favor of the comic
2430:in 1957. With the addition of artist
1865:The Adventures of Jo, Zette and Jocko
9163:Comics solicited but never published
7948:(in Dutch). Antwerp: Ballon Comics.
7927:Jean-Michel Charlier vous raconte...
7539:"Investigating the Clear Line Style"
7309:
6903:
6499:
6253:
6234:
5521:List of Franco-Belgian comics series
4601:
4395:Comics from other European countries
3475:as portrayed by such artists as the
3146:(2013) on the left, and the Belgian
2955:1974–1990: France becomes preeminent
2275:Les Belles Histoires de l'oncle Paul
2170:and now, outsourced to longstanding
1351:German-speaking Community of Belgium
1343:German-speaking Community of Belgium
9483:
9311:Australian Cartoonists' Association
9301:Association of Canadian Cartoonists
7494:, but went defunct in 2015 as well.
7373:L'Intégrale Tanguy et Laverdure 2:
5850:"Site J.P.Pinchon - page d'accueil"
3833:(the latter two later merging into
3566:
3534:, who had formulated his long-term
3232:, which printed comic creations by
2632:magazine and more specifically the
1493:(for its theme) and the first 1967
24:
7839:International Journal of Comic Art
7436:for French and Dutch respectively.
7261:
4404:with Guido Crepax, Hugo Pratt and
4230:
3583:two different civilian knighthoods
2996:and Marcel Gotlib), with Gotlib's
2747:Les Grandes Séries Internationales
25:
9535:
8002:Euro-comics: English translations
7963:
7537:Pleban, Dafna (7 November 2006).
6690:Masters of Spanish Comic Book Art
6280:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5848:AHPC, Rémi DUVERT - Association.
5779:The Routledge Companion to Comics
4948:
4389:
4181:One of the early greats, Belgian
3700:Centre belge de la Bande dessinée
3000:watching deities and Bretécher's
1671:Tintin in the Land of the Soviets
1383:France's German-speaking minority
1353:lies within the territory of the
9482:
9473:
9472:
9461:
9449:
9412:Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund
9326:Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas
9227:Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection
7847:
7832:Munson, Kim (Fall–Winter 2016).
7825:
7799:
7202:from the original on 2022-10-09.
7079:Susan Wilander (February 2004).
6918:from the original on 2022-10-09.
6855:from the original on May 9, 2017
6527:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5887:Bécassine, une légende du siècle
5847:
5765:from the original on 2022-10-09.
5715:from the original on 2024-09-24.
5480:
5466:
5452:
4847:Les Cahiers de la bande dessinée
4806:The World Encyclopedia of Comics
4154:are the most prolific ones (see
3750:
3741:
3681:
3672:
3663:
3175:
3166:
3132:
3123:
2665:
2656:
2382:
2373:
2364:
1686:racist and political stereotypes
1020:
832:
766:
471:
407:
52:
9242:Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art
7989:(in English, French, and Dutch)
7898:The Francophone Bande Dessinée
7773:
7744:
7726:
7674:
7648:
7630:
7612:
7594:
7579:
7561:
7530:
7525:
7497:
7439:
7418:
7399:
7349:
7330:
7303:
7298:The French Comics Theory Reader
7287:
7206:
7193:Université du Québec à Montréal
7173:
7158:
7142:
7120:
7101:
7072:
7056:
7041:
7026:
7014:
7001:
6971:
6952:
6936:
6922:
6897:
6878:
6873:
6836:
6811:
6792:
6772:Booker, M. Keith (2010-05-11).
6765:
6745:Booker, M. Keith (2010-05-11).
6738:
6711:
6680:
6664:
6659:
6653:
6648:
6621:
6609:
6604:
6598:
6531:
6494:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6472:
6466:
6441:
6425:
6398:
6371:
6344:
6332:from the original on 2022-10-09
6312:
6287:
6199:
6196:, the first issue of that year.
6183:
6109:
6085:
6067:
6049:
6033:"Image and Narrative - Article"
6025:
5998:
5971:
5944:
5920:
5905:
5892:
5879:
5866:
5841:
5817:
5796:
5769:
4898:scene, Great Britain excepted.
4718:
3812:
3577:artist after Hergé" by several
2830:1959–1974: Scale tips to France
2450:Peyo continued with the series
2143:magazine included among others
2113:"-style (named for the seat of
1098:that are usually originally in
522:France in the 20th century
518:French Third Republic
9316:Comic Art Professional Society
8056:Glossary of comics terminology
7021:Museum web page for exhibition
6254:Jobs, Richard I. (Fall 2003).
5984:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
5957:. Liverpool University Press.
5745:
5690:
5661:
5631:
5614:
5596:
5557:
5533:
5331:(Dutch: Suske & Wiske) by
4876:was in effect very reliant on
4495:(first published in French in
2499:under siege in post-war France
2486:that initiated what many fans
1622:in Belgium started publishing
1562:Early 1900s – 1929: Precursors
1437:with editorial input from the
1102:and created for readership in
13:
1:
9407:Comic Book Legal Defense Fund
7870:
7688:(in French). October 17, 2014
5854:www.pinchon-illustrateur.info
4937:, and on the island state of
4103:
4014:, was the first adventure of
4002:. As publishing co-editor of
3618:spoke on behalf of the nation
3607:in the even more prestigious
3554:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres
3006:("The Frustrated Ones"), and
2551:became concurrently a veiled
1995:1940–1944: War and occupation
1790:Action catholique des enfants
1710:titles from French publisher
1388:
172:Comics by country and culture
9321:National Cartoonists Society
9110:Based on television programs
7108:Ron Rijghard (2 June 2016).
7023:, Retrieved 2 February 2013.
6906:"Must Museums Be Inclusive?"
6718:Petersen, Robert S. (2011).
6011:. Rutgers University Press.
5825:"The Ninth Art | ArtsEditor"
4596:Marvel Comics film adaptions
4592:Marvel Comics: La collection
3937:for the French editions and
3413:Les Compagnons du crépuscule
2165:) was especially founded by
1727:album publisher ever since.
1698:
1399:
7:
9252:Words & Pictures Museum
7526:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 132–134
6985:(in French). Archived from
6495:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 143–144
6436:, issue 9, 21 November 1946
6194:, issue 353, 2 January 1947
5699:"Wat is een graphic novel?"
5445:
4725:writer (usually for artist
4300:, are often grouped as the
4211:concerned the creations of
3549:Classifications of the arts
3450:in the same era Bourgeon's
3076:counterculture of the 1960s
2992:defectors Nikita Mandryka,
2553:market protection mechanism
2509:resistance in the war years
2434:, who took over the series
2147:, the aforementioned Greg,
2121:magazine such as Franquin,
1906:, created by the Frenchman
1501:Una ballata del mare salato
10:
9540:
9296:Academy of Comic Book Arts
9268:Center for Cartoon Studies
9190:Belgian Comic Strip Center
8045:
7708:"Type : Global-Manga"
4432:. Some well-known German (
3912:
3405:The Passengers of the Wind
3082:of the satirical magazine
2409:Maurice "Morris" De Bevere
2267:, that started its run in
1916:created by Belgian artist
1704:Tintin au pays des Soviets
1516:
1370:several regional languages
571:Languages of New Caledonia
31:
9444:
9402:Club des bandes dessinées
9382:
9334:
9288:
9281:
9260:
9180:
9136:Best-selling comic series
9123:
9092:
9061:
9052:
9032:
8921:
8825:
8775:
8759:
8750:
8714:Portrayal of black people
8679:
8626:
8466:
8455:
8388:
8361:
8308:
8275:
8220:
8184:
8062:
8053:
7406:"Editorial Bruguera S.A."
7375:L'escadrille des cigognes
7155:; official museum website
6874:Ratier, 2013, pp. 225–227
6649:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 89–90
6605:de Weyer, 2015, pp. 84–89
6520:(Thesis). Virginia Tech.
6473:Ratier, 2013, pp. 312–315
6258:French Historical Studies
5951:Screech, Matthew (2005).
5668:Dierick, Charles (2000).
4172:
3992:It is in this field that
3522:becomes cultural heritage
2543:Seduction of the Innocent
2306:La Patrouille des Castors
1759:bureau, made a deal with
1674:, which was published in
490:France in the Middle Ages
7944:de Weyer, Geert (2015).
7877:Grove, Laurence (2010).
7390:Ratier/Gaumer editorial
6405:Peeters, Benoit (2012).
6378:Peeters, Benoit (2012).
6037:www.imageandnarrative.be
5708:(in Dutch). p. 25.
5526:
4800:), published in 1994 by
4691:Lucca Comics & Games
4426:Héctor Germán Oesterheld
4326:The Adventures of Tintin
3895:(Trondheim & Sfar),
3443:The Towers of Bois-Maury
2812:La patrouille des Castor
2634:May 1968 social upheaval
1849:The Adventures of Tintin
1665:The Adventures of Tintin
1506:A Ballad of the Salt Sea
1258:
1251:), and the creations of
1134:The Adventures of Tintin
1084:and also referred to as
506:Louis XIV of France
9207:British Cartoon Archive
9200:National Cartoon Museum
7296:and Bart Beaty (eds.),
6357:. U of Nebraska Press.
5753:"Stylistics and comics"
5506:List of comics creators
4354:" designation in 1977.
3821:(established in 1990),
3726:(est. 2009) located in
3609:Centre Georges Pompidou
3579:academic comic scholars
3544:Classification des arts
3506:), François Craenhals (
3438:Les Tours de Bois-Maury
3020:Les Humanoïdes Associés
2649:according to Charlier.
2601:Ministry of Information
2321:(who also starting out
1761:King Features Syndicate
1714:, known to predate the
1684:stories often featured
1127:Among the most popular
9417:Finnish Comics Society
9374:Svenska Serieakademien
9364:Comics Studies Society
9232:Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo
8736:Women in Refrigerators
8731:The Hawkeye Initiative
8369:Female comics creators
7881:. New York: Berghahn.
7218:The Hooded Utilitarian
6983:Huffington Post France
6695:Dynamite Entertainment
6660:de Weyer, 2015, p. 120
6267:Durham, North Carolina
5697:Geeraerts, K. (2011).
5672:(in Dutch). Brussels:
5624:, literary supplement
5393:Valérian and Laureline
4919:), and the even older
4857:, launched in 1969 as
4699:most prestigious award
4207:Valérian and Laureline
3998:
3514:), to name but a few.
3417:Companions of the Dusk
3189:(2014), whose heroine
3022:, founded by likewise
2967:
2505:French Communist Party
2350:The Adventures of Alix
2224:Georges Troisfontaines
2075:
2009:questionable character
1932:market. Export to the
1821:Fripounet et Marisette
1570:and weekly or monthly
1530:
1116:
1090:
1075:
1067:
9153:Comic books on CD/DVD
8403:Comics historiography
7357:Charlier, Jean-Michel
6687:Roach, David (2017).
6673:The American Magazine
6560:Charlier, Jean-Michel
6271:Duke University Press
5706:Stripspeciaal-Zaak.be
4885:Impact and popularity
4632:started the movement
3510:) or Victor Hubinon (
3401:Les Passagers du vent
3195:Les Passagers du vent
2962:
2432:Willy "Will" Maltaite
2070:
1940:(as of 1989, simply:
1882:In 1938, the Belgian
1524:
1227:, a.k.a. "Moebius"),
1086:Franco-Belgian comics
40:Franco-Belgian comics
9369:Sequart Organization
9115:Based on video games
8697:Gender and webcomics
8262:Publishing companies
7392:La collection Pilote
7339:La Collection Pilote
7310:Magneron, Philippe.
7273:Huberty & Breyne
6408:Hergé, Son of Tintin
6381:Hergé, Son of Tintin
5872:Anne Martin-Fugier,
5398:Jean-Claude Mézières
5310:André-Paul Duchâteau
5137:Alejandro Jodorowsky
5047:Jean-Michel Charlier
5003:Jean-Michel Charlier
4922:Adventures of Tintin
4541:deep artistic impact
4438:Matthias Schultheiss
4202:Jean-Claude Mézières
4183:Joseph "Jijé" Gilian
4100:source publication.
4094:La Collection Pilote
4055:Média-Participations
4012:La Collection Pilote
3994:Jean-Michel Charlier
3944:American comic books
2977:(from new publisher
2580:Le Journal de Mickey
2209:Jean-Michel Charlier
2184:Le Journal de Mickey
2047:, and the Frenchmen
1989:Jean-Claude Mézières
1985:Jean "Mœbius" Giraud
1938:Éditions Dupuis S.A.
975:World Heritage Sites
721:World Heritage Sites
337:South African comics
9427:The Hero Initiative
8707:American mainstream
8509:Comics in education
8112:Comic strip formats
7978:Bande Dessinée Info
7662:on January 14, 2010
7458:Sherpa (uitgeverij)
7128:"About Us—In Short"
7081:"Comic book capers"
6591:Avions sans pilotes
6301:. 11 September 2015
5622:Lettres et Médecins
5501:List of comic books
4736:Phénix (périodique)
4266:This is the almost
4262:Comic-dynamic style
4112:album editions, or
3921:. Since 1945, the "
3849:Dupuy and Berberian
3625:François Mitterrand
3622:President of France
3614:Frédéric Mitterrand
3529:Minister of Culture
3259:Jean-Claude Servais
3032:Jean-Pierre Dionnet
2979:Éditions du Fromage
2816:politically correct
2787:Big Bill le Casseur
2440:La bande des quatre
1892:and the success of
1847:started to publish
1723:, who has been the
1425:Lettres et Médecins
1144:Spirou and Fantasio
494:Early Modern France
41:
9468:Cartoon portal
9222:The Cartoon Museum
9217:Cartoon Art Museum
8941:France and Belgium
8726:Portrayal of women
8719:African characters
8687:Ethnic stereotypes
7994:Cool French Comics
7813:on 18 January 2012
7787:on 28 January 2017
7587:"glenatcomics.com"
7275:. 25 February 2022
7065:, Justice.gouv.fr
6945:, Culture.gouv.fr
6904:Maleuvre, Didier.
6568:La guerre de Corée
5902:, August 28, 2005.
5885:Bernard Lehambre,
5340:Spirou et Fantasio
5106:Les Cités Obscures
5030:Blake and Mortimer
5019:Jacqueline Rivière
4767:Thierry Groensteen
4531:American spin-off
4430:José Antonio Muñoz
4384:Attilio Micheluzzi
4281:l'Écho des savanes
4123:José-Louis Bocquet
4121:scholars of which
3919:tabloid newspapers
3843:alternative comics
3494:), William Vance (
3488:Le Chevalier blanc
3226:C. & V. Hansen
3222:François Craenhals
3102:L'Écho des Savanes
2974:L'Écho des Savanes
2968:
2702:Jean-Claude Forest
2421:Spirou et Fantasio
2403:staff artists for
2293:and the Frenchman
2180:Le Petit Vingtième
2076:
1898:Le Petit Vingtième
1788:(on behalf of the
1677:Le Petit Vingtième
1633:Les Pieds Nickelés
1614:, even though the
1594:Les Pieds Nickelés
1542:, artists such as
1531:
1527:Les Pieds Nickelés
1491:Jean-Claude Forest
1473:32-page comic book
1027:Belgium portal
825:Culture of Belgium
498:Ancien Régime
39:
9496:
9495:
9456:Comics portal
9440:
9439:
9273:The Kubert School
9176:
9175:
9048:
9047:
8746:
8745:
8671:Widescreen comics
8514:Comics journalism
8384:
8383:
8176:Political cartoon
8117:Daily comic strip
7492:Willy Vandersteen
7445:Dutch publishers
7343:, Bedetheque.com
7033:L’Adieu à Moebius
6593:editorial, p. 100
6260:, Vol. 26, No. 4"
5932:lieuxdits.free.fr
5361:Grzegorz Rosiński
5333:Willy Vandersteen
5111:François Schuiten
4943:Lion/Muthu Comics
4802:Éditions Larousse
4635:La nouvelle manga
4602:Comics from Japan
4512:Calvin and Hobbes
4465:Grzegorz Rosinski
4308:Schematic style (
4302:Marcinelle school
3887:Emmanuel Larcenet
3875:Stéphane Blanquet
3720:Marc Sleen Museum
3639:Sword of Damocles
3603:19 February 2007
3321:Philippe Foerster
3246:François Schuiten
3187:François Bourgeon
3148:François Schuiten
3107:François Bourgeon
3072:underground comix
3009:Le Canard Sauvage
2808:scouting movement
2767:Héros du Far West
2459:La Dernière Heure
2453:Johan et Pirlouit
2182:had disappeared,
2111:Marcinelle school
2055:, who worked for
2045:Willy Vandersteen
1890:Journal de Mickey
1766:Journal de Mickey
1668:, with the story
1525:The French comic
1321:Willy Vandersteen
1247:(van Hamme &
1207:Willy Vandersteen
1063:
1062:
912:
809:
808:
773:France portal
510:French Revolution
464:Culture of France
448:
447:
414:Comics portal
357:Vietnamese comics
327:Portuguese comics
317:Philippine comics
298:
231:
213:Australian comics
209:
153:Political cartoon
16:(Redirected from
9531:
9509:Bandes dessinées
9486:
9485:
9476:
9475:
9466:
9465:
9454:
9453:
9432:Xeric Foundation
9286:
9285:
9100:Based on fiction
9059:
9058:
8833:China and Taiwan
8757:
8756:
8556:Graphic medicine
8499:Autobiographical
8464:
8463:
8442:Japanese (manga)
8348:Japanese (manga)
8273:
8272:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8017:
8016:
8012:
7998:
7990:
7982:
7974:
7959:
7940:
7918:
7900:(Faux Titre 265)
7892:
7864:
7863:
7851:
7845:
7844:
7829:
7823:
7822:
7820:
7818:
7809:. Archived from
7803:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7777:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7766:
7748:
7742:
7741:
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7698:
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7634:
7628:
7627:
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7609:
7598:
7592:
7590:
7583:
7577:
7576:
7565:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7545:. Archived from
7534:
7528:
7523:
7514:
7513:
7501:
7495:
7489:
7478:
7466:
7455:
7443:
7437:
7426:direct marketing
7422:
7416:
7415:
7410:"Editorial Íbis"
7403:
7397:
7396:
7371:(January 2015).
7353:
7347:
7346:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7307:
7301:
7291:
7285:
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7140:
7139:
7137:
7135:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7105:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7092:
7083:. Archived from
7076:
7070:
7068:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7030:
7024:
7018:
7012:
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6999:
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6996:
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6975:
6969:
6968:
6956:
6950:
6948:
6940:
6934:
6933:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6910:
6901:
6895:
6894:
6891:, BDoubliés.com
6882:
6876:
6871:
6865:
6864:
6862:
6860:
6840:
6834:
6833:
6831:
6830:
6815:
6809:
6808:
6805:, BDoubliés.com
6796:
6790:
6789:
6769:
6763:
6762:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6684:
6678:
6677:
6668:
6662:
6657:
6651:
6646:
6637:
6636:
6625:
6619:
6613:
6607:
6602:
6596:
6595:
6566:(October 1984).
6556:
6547:
6546:
6535:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6519:
6508:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6481:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6445:
6439:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6402:
6396:
6395:
6375:
6369:
6368:
6348:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6331:
6324:
6316:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6306:
6291:
6285:
6284:
6279:
6264:
6251:
6232:
6226:
6214:
6206:Claude Moliterni
6203:
6197:
6187:
6181:
6180:
6169:
6160:
6159:
6148:
6139:
6138:
6136:
6135:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6103:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6079:, Bedeteque.com
6071:
6065:
6064:
6061:, Bedeteque.com
6053:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5924:
5918:
5909:
5903:
5896:
5890:
5883:
5877:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5821:
5815:
5814:
5812:
5811:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5773:
5767:
5766:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5731:
5722:
5716:
5714:
5703:
5694:
5688:
5687:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5635:
5629:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5587:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5552:
5551:
5537:
5490:
5485:
5484:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5470:
5462:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5439:Alain Saint-Ogan
5088:Raymond Macherot
4871:
4855:
4838:
4820:article series.
4779:
4764:
4744:
4656:
4561:
4525:Bernie Wrightson
4454:
4380:Lorenzo Mattotti
4153:
4142:
4131:
4089:fall of the wall
4039:Coeurs Vaillants
4001:
3948:trade paperbacks
3898:Isaac the Pirate
3871:Christophe Blain
3799:
3754:
3745:
3728:Louvain-la-Neuve
3716:Annie Goetzinger
3685:
3676:
3667:
3651:
3605:Hergé exposition
3575:bandes dessinées
3508:Chevalier Ardent
3492:Harald le Viking
3485:
3425:Coeurs Vaillants
3423:as published in
3421:bandes dessinées
3365:
3354:(1975–1989) and
3352:
3329:
3299:
3267:
3179:
3170:
3136:
3127:
3080:François Cavanna
2994:Claire Bretécher
2987:
2950:
2735:
2722:Coeurs Vaillants
2669:
2660:
2625:
2571:Coeurs Vaillants
2533:
2521:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2303:(with Hubinon),
2288:
2256:
2221:
2199:Yet, 1944 (both
2081:Coeurs Vaillants
2003:. The occupying
1954:
1870:a conflict with
1861:
1853:Coeurs Vaillants
1845:Coeurs Vaillants
1829:
1816:
1798:
1787:
1746:movie adaptation
1602:Alain Saint-Ogan
1584:
1454:Francis Lacassin
1451:
1443:Claude Moliterni
1423:in the magazine
1422:
1406:Bandes dessinées
1395:bandes dessinées
1211:bandes dessinées
1129:bandes dessinées
1122:bandes dessinées
1119:
1093:
1078:
1070:
1068:Bandes dessinées
1055:
1048:
1041:
1025:
1024:
1023:
906:
904:Bandes dessinées
836:
827:
811:
810:
801:
794:
787:
771:
770:
769:
651:Bandes dessinées
475:
466:
450:
449:
440:
433:
426:
412:
411:
312:Pakistani comics
292:
265:Hungarian comics
225:
218:Brazilian comics
195:
186:Argentine comics
56:
42:
38:
21:
9539:
9538:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9530:
9529:
9528:
9499:
9498:
9497:
9492:
9460:
9448:
9436:
9422:Friends of Lulu
9384:
9378:
9336:
9330:
9277:
9256:
9182:
9181:Collections and
9172:
9146:manga magazines
9119:
9088:
9079:Manga magazines
9044:
9028:
8917:
8821:
8771:
8742:
8675:
8646:Talking animals
8622:
8583:Science fiction
8494:Anthropomorphic
8460:and narratology
8459:
8451:
8398:Years in comics
8380:
8357:
8321:Jewish American
8304:
8271:
8216:
8180:
8100:Trade paperback
8058:
8049:
8044:
8010:
7996:
7988:
7980:
7972:
7966:
7956:
7937:
7915:
7889:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7852:
7848:
7830:
7826:
7816:
7814:
7805:
7804:
7800:
7790:
7788:
7781:"Professionals"
7779:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7762:
7749:
7745:
7732:
7731:
7727:
7717:
7715:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7691:
7689:
7686:Manga Sanctuary
7680:
7679:
7675:
7665:
7663:
7654:
7653:
7649:
7636:
7635:
7631:
7618:
7617:
7613:
7600:
7599:
7595:
7591:; Official site
7585:
7584:
7580:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7552:
7550:
7549:on 5 March 2016
7535:
7531:
7524:
7517:
7502:
7498:
7483:
7472:
7460:
7449:
7444:
7440:
7423:
7419:
7413:
7404:
7400:
7386:
7369:Gaumer, Patrick
7361:Hubinon, Victor
7354:
7350:
7344:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7319:
7308:
7304:
7292:
7288:
7278:
7276:
7267:
7266:
7262:
7252:
7250:
7243:"Léo Quiévreux"
7241:
7240:
7233:
7223:
7221:
7212:
7211:
7207:
7199:
7184:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7163:
7159:
7152:
7147:
7143:
7133:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7121:
7106:
7102:
7090:
7088:
7077:
7073:
7066:
7061:
7057:
7051:
7046:
7042:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7019:
7015:
7006:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6989:on 2 March 2017
6977:
6976:
6972:
6957:
6953:
6946:
6941:
6937:
6931:
6929:"BDoubliés.com"
6927:
6923:
6915:
6908:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6885:"La mémoire de
6883:
6879:
6872:
6868:
6858:
6856:
6841:
6837:
6828:
6826:
6825:. 2 August 2016
6817:
6816:
6812:
6806:
6799:"La mémoire de
6797:
6793:
6786:
6770:
6766:
6759:
6743:
6739:
6732:
6716:
6712:
6705:
6685:
6681:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6654:
6647:
6640:
6627:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6610:
6603:
6599:
6586:
6578:. p. 160.
6564:Hubinon, Victor
6557:
6550:
6540:
6536:
6532:
6524:
6517:
6509:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6482:
6478:
6471:
6467:
6458:
6456:
6447:
6446:
6442:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6403:
6399:
6392:
6376:
6372:
6365:
6349:
6345:
6335:
6333:
6329:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6304:
6302:
6293:
6292:
6288:
6277:
6262:
6252:
6235:
6224:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6188:
6184:
6171:
6170:
6163:
6150:
6149:
6142:
6133:
6131:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6101:
6099:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6080:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6054:
6050:
6041:
6039:
6031:
6030:
6026:
6019:
6003:
5999:
5992:
5976:
5972:
5965:
5949:
5945:
5936:
5934:
5926:
5925:
5921:
5910:
5906:
5897:
5893:
5884:
5880:
5871:
5867:
5858:
5856:
5846:
5842:
5833:
5831:
5823:
5822:
5818:
5809:
5807:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5790:
5774:
5770:
5762:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5733:
5732:
5725:
5712:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5666:
5662:
5648:
5636:
5632:
5626:La Vie médicale
5619:
5615:
5602:
5601:
5597:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5562:
5558:
5549:
5547:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5486:
5481:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5443:
5402:Pierre Christin
5264:Michel Vaillant
5211:Philippe Francq
4960:Adèle Blanc-Sec
4951:
4896:European comics
4887:
4865:
4849:
4832:
4773:
4758:
4756:Henri Filippini
4738:
4731:comics journals
4675:
4650:
4630:Frédéric Boilet
4604:
4555:
4481:
4448:
4422:Alberto Breccia
4397:
4392:
4374:) and Italian (
4314:
4264:
4248:by Giraud, and
4233:
4231:Realistic style
4175:
4147:
4136:
4125:
4106:
3999:bandes dessinée
3989:in particular.
3915:
3903:Professeur Bell
3861:Marjane Satrapi
3853:Lewis Trondheim
3815:
3793:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3746:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3678:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3645:
3524:
3479:
3393:Patrick Cothias
3359:
3346:
3344:Circus (comics)
3335:Glénat Editions
3323:
3293:
3288:, the feminist
3261:
3224:and the Danish
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3129:
3128:
2981:
2957:
2944:
2930:(relaunched as
2872:(relaunched as
2832:
2763:Nano et Nanette
2729:
2694:Nikita Mandryka
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2619:
2548:Fredric Wertham
2527:
2515:
2501:
2470:Les Schtroumpfs
2396:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2282:
2250:
2248:Albert Weinberg
2215:
2167:Raymond Leblanc
2065:
2017:Edgar P. Jacobs
2001:American comics
1997:
1983:greats such as
1948:
1872:Cœurs Vaillants
1859:
1823:
1810:
1808:Âmes vaillantes
1802:Cœurs Vaillants
1792:
1781:
1688:, which caused
1656:
1612:Speech balloons
1578:
1564:
1536:speech balloons
1519:
1445:
1439:below-mentioned
1416:
1410:le neuvième art
1391:
1305:American comics
1261:
1091:BD franco-belge
1059:
1021:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1007:National anthem
992:
991:
980:
979:
970:
969:
953:
952:
933:
932:
914:
913:
901:
900:
823:
805:
767:
765:
758:
757:
753:National anthem
738:
737:
726:
725:
716:
715:
697:
696:
677:
676:
664:performing arts
654:
653:
648:
647:
636:
635:
633:School of Paris
626:
625:
582:
581:
544:
543:
525:
524:
514:Napoleonic wars
487:
486:
462:
444:
406:
255:European comics
240:Croatian comics
235:Canadian comics
192:Bande dessinées
181:American comics
143:Trade paperback
61:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9537:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9519:Belgian comics
9516:
9514:Comics formats
9511:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9480:
9470:
9458:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9437:
9435:
9434:
9429:
9424:
9419:
9414:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9388:
9386:
9383:Charitable and
9380:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9361:
9356:
9351:
9346:
9340:
9338:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9303:
9298:
9292:
9290:
9283:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9275:
9270:
9264:
9262:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9254:
9249:
9244:
9239:
9234:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9203:
9202:
9192:
9186:
9184:
9178:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9170:
9168:Limited series
9165:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9149:
9148:
9143:
9133:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9105:Based on films
9102:
9096:
9094:
9090:
9089:
9087:
9086:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9065:
9063:
9056:
9050:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9043:
9042:
9036:
9034:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9024:
9017:United Kingdom
9014:
9013:
9012:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8981:
8980:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8954:
8953:
8948:
8938:
8933:
8931:Czech Republic
8927:
8925:
8919:
8918:
8916:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8899:
8898:
8888:
8883:
8882:
8881:
8871:
8870:
8869:
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8858:
8857:
8847:
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8829:
8827:
8823:
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8820:
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8818:
8817:
8807:
8802:
8801:
8800:
8790:
8785:
8779:
8777:
8773:
8772:
8770:
8769:
8763:
8761:
8754:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8743:
8741:
8740:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8723:
8722:
8721:
8711:
8710:
8709:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8683:
8681:
8677:
8676:
8674:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8632:
8630:
8624:
8623:
8621:
8620:
8615:
8610:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8579:
8578:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8470:
8468:
8461:
8457:Comics studies
8453:
8452:
8450:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8436:
8435:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8405:
8400:
8394:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8382:
8381:
8379:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8365:
8363:
8359:
8358:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8324:
8323:
8312:
8310:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8279:
8277:
8270:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8238:
8237:
8226:
8224:
8218:
8217:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8162:
8161:
8156:
8151:
8144:Digital comics
8141:
8140:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8119:
8114:
8104:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8090:Ongoing series
8087:
8082:
8080:Limited series
8077:
8066:
8064:
8060:
8059:
8054:
8051:
8050:
8043:
8042:
8035:
8028:
8020:
8014:
8013:
8005:
7999:
7991:
7983:
7975:
7965:
7964:External links
7962:
7961:
7960:
7954:
7941:
7935:
7923:Ratier, Gilles
7919:
7913:
7893:
7887:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7865:
7846:
7824:
7807:"Angoulême BD"
7798:
7772:
7743:
7738:BDparadiso.com
7725:
7712:manga-news.com
7699:
7673:
7647:
7642:Bedetheque.com
7629:
7624:Bedetheque.com
7611:
7606:Bedetheque.com
7602:"Mike Mignola"
7593:
7578:
7573:Bedetheque.com
7560:
7529:
7515:
7496:
7438:
7417:
7398:
7384:
7365:Ratier, Gilles
7348:
7329:
7316:bedetheque.com
7312:"Recherche BD"
7302:
7286:
7260:
7249:. 1 April 2022
7231:
7205:
7172:
7157:
7141:
7119:
7100:
7071:
7055:
7040:
7035:. Actuabd.com
7025:
7013:
7000:
6970:
6951:
6935:
6921:
6896:
6877:
6866:
6835:
6810:
6791:
6784:
6764:
6757:
6737:
6730:
6710:
6704:978-1524101312
6703:
6697:. p. 31.
6679:
6663:
6652:
6638:
6620:
6608:
6597:
6584:
6548:
6530:
6498:
6487:
6476:
6465:
6453:Deutsche Welle
6440:
6424:
6417:
6397:
6390:
6370:
6363:
6343:
6311:
6286:
6233:
6198:
6182:
6161:
6140:
6123:. 1941-09-15.
6108:
6097:Comics Kingdom
6084:
6066:
6048:
6024:
6017:
5997:
5990:
5970:
5963:
5943:
5919:
5904:
5891:
5878:
5865:
5840:
5816:
5795:
5788:
5768:
5744:
5723:
5719:Halle, Belgium
5689:
5682:
5660:
5630:
5613:
5595:
5556:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5477:
5463:
5460:Belgium portal
5447:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5430:
5419:
5417:Jean Van Hamme
5404:
5389:
5378:
5367:
5365:Jean Van Hamme
5352:
5345:André Franquin
5336:
5328:Spike and Suzy
5324:
5312:
5297:
5291:Roger Lecureux
5282:
5271:
5260:
5257:André Franquin
5248:
5232:
5217:
5215:Jean Van Hamme
5202:
5191:
5180:
5169:
5167:Hermann Huppen
5158:
5143:
5128:
5126:André Franquin
5117:
5115:Benoît Peeters
5102:
5091:
5079:
5072:Boule and Bill
5068:
5053:
5038:
5026:
5023:Joseph Pinchon
5010:
5007:Victor Hubinon
4994:
4978:
4976:Jacques Martin
4967:
4955:
4950:
4949:Notable comics
4947:
4886:
4883:
4863:Jacques Glénat
4842:bande dessinée
4823:Likewise, his
4723:bande dessinée
4719:aforementioned
4712:bande dessinée
4695:bande dessinée
4674:
4671:
4622:manga français
4608:Jiro Taniguchi
4603:
4600:
4521:Richard Corben
4493:Art Spiegelman
4480:
4477:
4463:) and Polish (
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Foreign comics
4388:
4378:, Hugo Pratt,
4313:
4306:
4263:
4260:
4232:
4229:
4213:Victor Hubinon
4174:
4171:
4134:Patrick Gaumer
4105:
4102:
3929:", in French "
3914:
3911:
3879:Edmond Baudoin
3823:Le Dernier Cri
3814:
3811:
3807:comics studies
3802:bande dessinée
3789:, the museum,
3773:bande dessinée
3768:bande dessinée
3759:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3635:bande dessinée
3558:Jiro Taniguchi
3523:
3520:bande dessinée
3516:
3397:André Juillard
3308:Fluide Glacial
3291:Ah ! Nana
3213:Wordt Vervolgd
3184:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3141:
3140:
3131:
3130:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3118:
2956:
2953:
2876:in 1969), and
2831:
2828:
2759:Ouest-Magazine
2751:Cricri Journal
2739:bande dessinée
2712:bande dessinée
2674:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2500:
2497:bande dessinée
2493:
2391:
2390:
2381:
2380:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2335:bande dessinée
2291:Dino Attanasio
2280:Arthur Piroton
2240:Victor Hubinon
2228:bande dessinée
2153:Hermann Huppen
2097:Jacques Martin
2064:
2061:
2049:Jacques Martin
2037:André Franquin
1996:
1993:
1981:bande dessinée
1918:Fernand Dineur
1779:Fleurus presse
1763:to create the
1655:
1652:
1563:
1560:
1518:
1515:
1481:Art Spiegelman
1469:graphic novels
1390:
1387:
1355:Walloon Region
1335:idiosyncrasies
1330:Spike and Suzy
1325:Suske en Wiske
1317:Flemish comics
1260:
1257:
1202:Spike and Suzy
1076:bande dessinée
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
987:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
971:
967:
966:
965:
962:
961:
955:
954:
951:
950:
945:
940:
934:
928:
927:
926:
923:
922:
916:
915:
909:Belgian comics
902:
896:
895:
894:
891:
890:
884:
883:
877:
876:
870:
869:
859:
858:
852:
851:
845:
844:
838:
837:
829:
828:
820:
819:
807:
806:
804:
803:
796:
789:
781:
778:
777:
776:
775:
760:
759:
756:
755:
750:
745:
739:
733:
732:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
717:
711:
710:
709:
706:
705:
699:
698:
695:
694:
689:
684:
678:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:
656:
655:
649:
643:
642:
641:
638:
637:
627:
621:
620:
619:
616:
615:
609:
608:
602:
601:
595:
594:
584:
583:
545:
539:
538:
537:
534:
533:
527:
526:
488:
482:
481:
480:
477:
476:
468:
467:
459:
458:
446:
445:
443:
442:
435:
428:
420:
417:
416:
403:
402:
401:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
367:
366:
362:
361:
360:
359:
354:
352:Turkish comics
349:
344:
342:Spanish comics
339:
334:
332:Serbian comics
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
307:Mexican comics
304:
299:
287:
282:
280:Italian comics
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
228:Welsh-language
223:British comics
220:
215:
210:
188:
183:
175:
174:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
117:
116:
112:
111:
110:
109:
104:
96:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
78:
70:
69:
67:Comics studies
63:
62:
59:Speech balloon
57:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9536:
9525:
9524:French comics
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9506:
9504:
9489:
9481:
9479:
9471:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9446:
9443:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9389:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9333:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9293:
9291:
9287:
9284:
9282:Organizations
9280:
9274:
9271:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9263:
9259:
9253:
9250:
9248:
9245:
9243:
9240:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9213:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9198:
9197:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9187:
9185:
9179:
9169:
9166:
9164:
9161:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9142:
9139:
9138:
9137:
9134:
9132:
9129:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9091:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9066:
9064:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9051:
9041:
9038:
9037:
9035:
9031:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9007:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8975:
8974:
8971:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8928:
8926:
8924:
8920:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8880:
8877:
8876:
8875:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8864:
8863:
8860:
8856:
8853:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8835:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8828:
8824:
8816:
8813:
8812:
8811:
8810:United States
8808:
8806:
8803:
8799:
8796:
8795:
8794:
8791:
8789:
8786:
8784:
8781:
8780:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8762:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8728:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8715:
8712:
8708:
8705:
8704:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8641:Decompression
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8619:
8616:
8614:
8611:
8609:
8606:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8598:Tijuana bible
8596:
8594:
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8577:
8574:
8573:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8525:
8522:
8520:
8519:Comics poetry
8517:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8370:
8367:
8366:
8364:
8360:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8311:
8307:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8274:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8236:
8233:
8232:
8231:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8207:Silent comics
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8171:Graphic novel
8169:
8167:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8147:
8146:
8145:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8127:Sunday comics
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8109:
8108:
8105:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8052:
8048:
8041:
8036:
8034:
8029:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8018:
8009:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7995:
7992:
7987:
7984:
7979:
7976:
7971:
7968:
7967:
7957:
7955:9789462102026
7951:
7947:
7942:
7938:
7936:9782859209346
7932:
7928:
7924:
7920:
7916:
7910:
7906:
7903:. Amsterdam:
7902:
7899:
7894:
7890:
7888:9781845455880
7884:
7880:
7875:
7874:
7861:
7857:
7850:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7812:
7808:
7802:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7747:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7713:
7709:
7703:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7661:
7657:
7651:
7643:
7639:
7633:
7625:
7621:
7615:
7607:
7603:
7597:
7588:
7582:
7574:
7570:
7564:
7548:
7544:
7540:
7533:
7527:
7522:
7520:
7511:
7508:(in French).
7507:
7500:
7493:
7487:
7482:
7476:
7471:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7448:
7442:
7435:
7431:
7427:
7421:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7395:
7393:
7387:
7385:9782205073119
7381:
7377:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7358:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7333:
7317:
7313:
7306:
7299:
7295:
7290:
7274:
7270:
7264:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7236:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7187:(in French).
7183:
7176:
7167:, Citebd.org
7166:
7161:
7151:, Citebd.org
7150:
7145:
7129:
7123:
7115:
7111:
7104:
7097:
7087:on 2007-09-26
7086:
7082:
7075:
7064:
7059:
7049:
7044:
7034:
7029:
7022:
7017:
7010:
7004:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6966:
6965:Libération.fr
6962:
6955:
6944:
6939:
6930:
6925:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6890:
6888:
6881:
6875:
6870:
6854:
6851:(in French).
6850:
6846:
6839:
6824:
6823:tomlennon.com
6820:
6814:
6804:
6802:
6801:Métal Hurlant
6795:
6787:
6785:9780313357473
6781:
6777:
6776:
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5782:. Routledge.
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308:
305:
303:
300:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
270:Indian comics
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:German comics
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
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179:
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161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Graphic novel
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Digital comic
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
115:Media formats
114:
113:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
93:
92:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
73:
72:
71:
68:
65:
64:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
44:
43:
35:
34:Quebec comics
30:
19:
18:French comics
9335:Critical and
9289:Professional
9074:Comic strips
8940:
8767:South Africa
8666:Supervillain
8202:Photo comics
8197:Motion comic
8149:Mobile comic
8075:Ashcan comic
8008:stripINFO.be
7997:(in English)
7986:Comiclopedia
7945:
7926:
7901:
7897:
7878:
7862:(in French).
7859:
7849:
7837:
7827:
7815:. Retrieved
7811:the original
7801:
7789:. Retrieved
7785:the original
7775:
7763:. Retrieved
7756:
7746:
7740:(in French).
7737:
7728:
7718:December 14,
7716:. Retrieved
7711:
7702:
7692:December 14,
7690:. Retrieved
7685:
7676:
7664:. Retrieved
7660:the original
7656:"Bilan 2009"
7650:
7644:(in French).
7641:
7632:
7626:(in French).
7623:
7614:
7608:(in French).
7605:
7596:
7589:(in French).
7581:
7575:(in French).
7572:
7563:
7551:. Retrieved
7547:the original
7543:ComicFoundry
7542:
7532:
7505:
7499:
7441:
7420:
7401:
7391:
7389:
7376:
7372:
7351:
7338:
7332:
7320:. Retrieved
7315:
7305:
7297:
7289:
7277:. Retrieved
7272:
7263:
7251:. Retrieved
7246:
7222:. Retrieved
7220:. 7 May 2019
7217:
7208:
7175:
7160:
7144:
7132:. Retrieved
7122:
7113:
7103:
7095:
7089:. Retrieved
7085:the original
7074:
7058:
7043:
7028:
7016:
7008:
7003:
6991:. Retrieved
6987:the original
6982:
6973:
6967:(in French).
6964:
6954:
6938:
6924:
6899:
6886:
6880:
6869:
6857:. Retrieved
6848:
6838:
6827:. Retrieved
6822:
6813:
6800:
6794:
6778:. ABC-CLIO.
6774:
6767:
6751:. ABC-CLIO.
6747:
6740:
6724:. ABC-CLIO.
6720:
6713:
6689:
6682:
6672:
6666:
6655:
6632:
6623:
6611:
6600:
6590:
6589:
6567:
6533:
6513:
6490:
6479:
6468:
6457:. Retrieved
6455:. 2016-09-27
6452:
6443:
6433:
6427:
6407:
6400:
6380:
6373:
6353:
6346:
6334:. Retrieved
6314:
6303:. Retrieved
6298:
6289:
6281:
6257:
6228:
6217:Stripschrift
6216:
6201:
6191:
6185:
6176:
6155:
6132:. Retrieved
6120:
6111:
6100:. Retrieved
6096:
6087:
6074:
6069:
6056:
6051:
6040:. Retrieved
6036:
6027:
6007:
6000:
5980:
5973:
5953:
5946:
5935:. Retrieved
5931:
5922:
5912:
5907:
5899:
5894:
5886:
5881:
5873:
5868:
5857:. Retrieved
5853:
5843:
5832:. Retrieved
5828:
5819:
5808:. Retrieved
5798:
5778:
5771:
5747:
5738:
5705:
5692:
5669:
5663:
5656:(in French).
5654:ComixTrip.fr
5653:
5641:
5633:
5625:
5621:
5616:
5610:(in French).
5608:Comixtrip.fr
5607:
5598:
5573:. Retrieved
5569:
5559:
5548:. Retrieved
5544:
5535:
5432:
5428:Roger Leloup
5421:
5406:
5391:
5380:
5369:
5354:
5338:
5326:
5314:
5299:
5295:André Chéret
5284:
5273:
5262:
5250:
5234:
5219:
5204:
5193:
5182:
5173:Jerry Spring
5171:
5160:
5145:
5130:
5119:
5104:
5093:
5083:Chlorophylle
5081:
5070:
5066:Raoul Cauvin
5062:Willy Lambil
5055:
5040:
5028:
5012:
4996:
4980:
4969:
4958:
4952:
4920:
4914:
4908:
4902:
4900:
4888:
4877:
4874:Stripschrift
4873:
4858:
4845:
4841:
4830:Stripschrift
4828:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4805:
4789:
4785:
4752:
4748:Maurice Horn
4734:
4722:
4716:
4711:
4703:
4694:
4676:
4644:Pika Édition
4633:
4626:global manga
4625:
4621:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4564:Image Comics
4549:Mike Mignola
4536:
4532:
4528:
4516:
4510:
4504:
4501:comic strips
4496:
4482:
4398:
4376:Guido Crepax
4365:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4348:Joost Swarte
4340:Yves Chaland
4330:
4324:
4320:ligne claire
4318:
4315:
4310:ligne claire
4309:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4249:
4243:
4239:Jerry Spring
4237:
4234:
4222:
4216:
4205:
4190:
4180:
4176:
4166:
4161:
4155:
4117:
4113:
4107:
4097:
4093:
4085:Eastern Bloc
4078:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4003:
3991:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3960:
3930:
3927:comics album
3926:
3922:
3916:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3864:
3847:
3816:
3813:1990–present
3801:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3765:
3732:Joost Swarte
3708:Victor Horta
3697:
3654:
3634:
3628:
3591:
3586:
3574:
3572:
3565:
3564:format (see
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3496:Howard Flynn
3495:
3491:
3487:
3477:Fred Funcken
3472:
3468:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3440:(1984–1994,
3437:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3415:(1983–1989,
3412:
3404:
3403:(1979–2009,
3400:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3313:Yves Chaland
3306:
3302:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3229:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3202:
3194:
3151:
3113:
3111:
3101:
3098:free-lancers
3093:
3089:
3083:
3069:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3043:
3023:
3013:
3007:
3003:Les Frustrés
3001:
2989:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2887:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2779:Allez-France
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2682:
2680:
2642:
2637:
2627:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2556:
2541:
2523:
2502:
2496:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2436:Tif et Tondu
2435:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2311:L'oncle Paul
2310:
2304:
2298:
2273:
2268:
2264:Jerry Spring
2262:
2231:
2227:
2198:
2191:
2190:and the new
2187:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2158:
2157:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2106:ligne claire
2104:
2101:Roger Leloup
2089:Studio Hergé
2080:
2077:
2056:
2032:Flash Gordon
2030:
2024:
2020:
2012:
1998:
1980:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1925:
1921:
1913:Tif et Tondu
1911:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1832:
1819:
1806:
1800:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1753:Paul Winkler
1750:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Even though
1630:
1623:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1586:
1565:
1556:Caran d'Ache
1544:Gustave Doré
1540:Francophonie
1532:
1526:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1484:
1462:
1457:
1428:
1424:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1394:
1392:
1367:
1359:Didier Comès
1340:
1328:
1324:
1309:
1297:colonization
1262:
1242:
1228:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1190:
1176:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1121:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1002:Coat of arms
903:
748:Coat of arms
650:
275:Irish comics
250:Dutch comics
245:Czech comics
191:
190:
107:Photo comics
29:
9488:WikiProject
9124:Other lists
9069:Comic books
8985:Netherlands
8891:Philippines
8603:Underground
8566:Non-fiction
8484:Alternative
8230:Cartoonists
8212:Text comics
8166:Gag cartoon
8122:Lianhuanhua
8107:Comic strip
7981:(in French)
7973:(in French)
7841:vol. 18, #2
7761:(in French)
7714:(in French)
7484: [
7473: [
7461: [
7456:, Saga and
7450: [
7434:"Lecturama"
7428:publishers
7345:(in French)
7318:(in French)
7247:lambiek.net
7169:(in French)
7153:(in French)
7116:(in Dutch).
7067:(in French)
7052:(in French)
7050:, Voici.fr
7037:(in French)
6947:(in French)
6932:(in French)
6893:(in French)
6807:(in French)
6633:Lambiek.net
6541: [
6299:www.tcj.com
6209: [
6177:Lambiek.net
6156:Lambiek.net
6081:(in French)
6075:Zig et Puce
6063:(in French)
6057:Zig et Puce
5741:(in Dutch).
5739:Lambiek.net
5545:www.cia.gov
5434:Zig et Puce
5269:Jean Graton
5252:Marsupilami
5206:Largo Winch
5156:Jean Tabary
5141:Jean Giraud
5051:Jean Giraud
5035:E.P. Jacobs
4998:Barbe Rouge
4866: [
4850: [
4833: [
4782:Numa Sadoul
4774: [
4771:Stan Barets
4759: [
4739: [
4733:worldwide,
4727:Robert Gigi
4651: [
4556: [
4545:Neil Gaiman
4537:Heavy Metal
4533:Heavy Metal
4489:Will Eisner
4449: [
4406:Milo Manara
4352:ligne clair
4344:Ever Meulen
4198:Jean Giraud
4187:Fred Harman
4148: [
4137: [
4126: [
3923:comic album
3839:Ego comme X
3794: [
3724:Musée Hergé
3712:Art Nouveau
3646: [
3616:, who also
3612:of Culture
3512:Barbe Rouge
3480: [
3460:Middle Ages
3360: [
3347: [
3324: [
3294: [
3262: [
3045:Heavy Metal
3026:defectors,
2998:pornography
2982: [
2945: [
2730: [
2698:Paul Gillon
2620: [
2528: [
2516: [
2295:Jean Graton
2289:, Hermann,
2283: [
2251: [
2216: [
2213:World Press
2093:Bob de Moor
2073:Bob de Moor
1949: [
1946:Jean Dupuis
1934:Netherlands
1824: [
1811: [
1793: [
1782: [
1757:Opera Mundi
1708:Zig et Puce
1702:. The 1930
1699:comic album
1641:Zig et Puce
1607:Zig et Puce
1579: [
1477:Will Eisner
1446: [
1417: [
1372:, of which
1285:Switzerland
1263:In Europe,
378:Cartoonists
347:Thai comics
138:Gag cartoon
128:Comic strip
9503:Categories
8752:By country
8593:Teen humor
8428:Modern Age
8423:Bronze Age
8418:Silver Age
8413:Golden Age
8353:Macedonian
8328:Australian
8309:By country
8295:Minicomics
8192:Film comic
8185:Techniques
8070:Comic book
8011:(in Dutch)
7914:9042017767
7871:References
7817:30 January
7791:30 January
7765:30 January
7553:24 October
7430:"Rombaldi"
7414:(in Dutch)
7294:Ann Miller
7091:2007-04-24
6887:(À Suivre)
6849:Causeur.fr
6829:2017-06-19
6585:2800110627
6572:Marcinelle
6459:2017-06-19
6364:080327243X
6305:2017-06-19
6225:(in Dutch)
6134:2017-06-19
6102:2017-06-19
6077:(original)
6042:2017-06-19
5937:2017-06-19
5859:2017-06-19
5834:2017-06-19
5829:ArtsEditor
5810:2017-06-19
5575:2017-06-19
5550:2017-06-19
5423:Yoko Tsuno
5351:and others
5335:and others
5323:and others
5316:The Smurfs
5301:Ric Hochet
5280:Marc Sleen
5259:and others
5247:and others
5236:Lucky Luke
5226:Eddy Paape
5221:Luc Orient
5090:and others
5037:and others
5025:and others
5009:and others
4993:and others
4935:Tamil Nadu
4910:The Smurfs
4904:Lucky Luke
4859:Schtroumpf
4814:0877540306
4798:2035235103
4568:Dark Horse
4469:Enki Bilal
4440:), Swiss (
4367:Chick Bill
4361:Ric Hochet
4218:Buck Danny
4167:intégrales
4114:intégrales
4104:Intégrales
4098:Collection
4087:after the
4050:Collection
4034:Buck Danny
4025:Le Lombard
3985:publisher
3866:Persepolis
3857:Joann Sfar
3381:(À Suivre)
3303:Casablanca
3270:(À Suivre)
3242:Hugo Pratt
3234:Ted Benoît
3230:(À Suivre)
3142:Frenchman
2934:in 1969),
2932:Pif Gadget
2900:Le Lombard
2874:Pif gadget
2791:P’tit Gars
2647:censorship
2593:Buck Danny
2589:Korean War
2475:The Smurfs
2413:Lucky Luke
2357:creation.
2340:Oumpah-pah
2300:Buck Danny
2236:Eddy Paape
2163:Le Lombard
1777:, and the
1719:publisher
1616:text comic
1568:newspapers
1552:Christophe
1511:Hugo Pratt
1499:adventure
1486:Barbarella
1441:Frenchman
1389:Vocabulary
1307:oriented.
1281:Luxembourg
1269:city state
1192:The Smurfs
1178:Lucky Luke
1072:(singular
943:Television
898:Literature
687:Television
645:Literature
629:French Art
388:Publishers
383:Collecting
123:Comic book
102:Cartooning
9093:By source
9084:Webcomics
9062:By format
9040:Australia
8843:Hong Kong
8783:Argentina
8661:Superhero
8618:Wrestling
8588:Superhero
8529:Dystopian
8504:Celebrity
8489:Ambiguous
8447:Webcomics
8300:Webcomics
8283:Editorial
8276:By format
8257:Letterers
8242:Colorists
8095:Minicomic
7758:Le Figaro
7666:6 January
7479:outlived
7470:Lecturama
7394:, pp. 6-8
7322:18 August
6192:Robbedoes
6129:0040-781X
5077:Jean Roba
5042:Blueberry
5014:Bécassine
4939:Sri Lanka
4707:Comic Con
4683:Angoulême
4616:(or also
4584:DC Comics
4572:Oni Press
4485:superhero
4473:Paul Teng
4418:Argentina
4294:Jean Roba
4245:Blueberry
4242:by Jijé,
4192:Red Ryder
4162:intégrale
4110:"omnibus"
4020:Blueberry
3987:Casterman
3939:softcover
3935:hardcover
3901:(Blain),
3783:Angoulême
3532:Jack Lang
3452:Passagers
3250:Paul Teng
3085:Hara-Kiri
2855:Hara-Kiri
2771:Frimousse
2743:Coq Hardi
2727:Coq hardi
1926:Robbedoes
1877:alongside
1736:archetype
1721:Casterman
1637:Bécassine
1625:Zonneland
1588:Bécassine
1572:magazines
1489:comic by
1393:The term
1323:creation
1235:van Hamme
1216:Blueberry
1151:et al.),
968:Monuments
863:Mythology
856:Languages
713:Monuments
606:Festivals
588:Mythology
541:Languages
365:Community
295:Hong Kong
76:Education
9478:Category
9385:outreach
9337:academic
9247:ToonSeum
8995:Portugal
8903:Thailand
8886:Pakistan
8776:Americas
8692:Feminist
8636:Antihero
8474:Abstract
8408:American
8343:Filipino
8333:Canadian
8316:American
8222:Creators
8154:Webcomic
8085:One-shot
7925:(2013).
7510:Brussels
7481:Rombaldi
7197:Archived
7189:Montréal
6913:Archived
6853:Archived
6522:Archived
6327:Archived
6275:Archived
5900:Le Monde
5760:Archived
5710:Archived
5584:cite web
5446:See also
5195:Kiekeboe
5162:Jeremiah
5147:Iznogoud
4648:Kurokawa
4576:Delcourt
4497:À Suivre
4335:Art Déco
4286:Franquin
4268:Barksian
4256:Rosiński
4224:Redbeard
4069:À Suivre
3982:À Suivre
3931:album BD
3905:(Sfar).
3704:Brussels
3597:Parisian
3587:de facto
3207:À Suivre
3153:À Suivre
3028:Druillet
2928:Vaillant
2908:), and
2870:Vaillant
2775:Cocorico
2755:Mireille
2710:Belgian
2684:Vaillant
2643:de facto
2417:Almanach
2026:Superman
1973:Franquin
1928:for the
1771:Robinson
1712:Hachette
1620:Averbode
1456:'s book
1239:Rosiński
1221:Charlier
1213:include
1187:Goscinny
1169:Goscinny
1159:Franquin
1149:Franquin
881:Religion
867:folklore
816:a series
814:Part of
613:Religion
592:folklore
579:Tahitian
563:Corsican
561: •
553: •
551:Alsatian
549: •
520: •
516: •
512: •
455:a series
453:Part of
158:Webcomic
81:Glossary
9261:Schools
9183:museums
9033:Oceania
8968:Ireland
8963:Hungary
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