Dutch people - Knowledge

1242: 3631: 6772:. Page 62. Quote: "Er valt heel wat te lachen om de wederwaardigheden van Vlamingen in Nederland en Nederlanders in Vlaanderen. Ze relativeren de verschillen en beklemtonen ze tegelijkertijd. Die verschillen zijn er onmiskenbaar: in taal, klank, kleur, stijl, gedrag, in politiek, maatschappelijke organisatie, maar het zijn stuk voor stuk varianten binnen één taal-en cultuurgemeenschap." The opposite opinion is stated by L. Beheydt (2002): "Al bij al lijkt een grondiger analyse van de taalsituatie en de taalattitude in Nederland en Vlaanderen weinig aanwijzingen te bieden voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit. Dat er ook op andere gebieden weinig aanleiding is voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit is al door Geert Hofstede geconstateerd in zijn vermaarde boek 2593: 3776: 632: 3707: 2791:(1887–1966) and Carel Gerretson (1884–1958). The historical pluriformity of the Dutch cultural landscape has given rise to several theories aimed at both identifying and explaining cultural divergences between different regions. One theory, proposed by A.J. Wichers in 1965, sees differences in mentality between the southeastern, or 'higher', and northwestern, or 'lower' regions within the Netherlands, and seeks to explain these by referring to the different degrees to which these areas were feudalised during the Middle Ages. Another, more recent cultural divide is that between the 4200:. About one-fifth returned. The maximum Dutch-born emigrant stock for the 1950s is about 300,000 (some have died since). The maximum emigrant stock (Dutch-born) for the period after 1960 is 1.6 million. Discounting pre-1950 emigrants (who would be about 85 or older), at most around 2 million people born in the Netherlands are now living outside the country. Combined with the 13.2 million ethnically Dutch inhabitants of the Netherlands (both parents born in the Netherlands), there are about 16 million people who are Dutch (of Dutch ancestry), in a minimally accepted sense. 3183: 87: 6742:: "Gradually a consistent attitude emerged, a sort of 'collective identity' which was distinct and able to resist the inroads, intellectual as well as military, of both the Northern Dutch (especially during the crisis of 1632) and the French. This embryonic 'national identity' was an impressive monument to the government of the archdukes, and it survived almost forty years of grueling warfare (1621–59) and the invasions of Louis XIV until, in 1700, the Spanish Habsburgs died out." (Penguin edition 1985, p. 260). See also J. Israel, 2938:. A study in 1984 found that 39% of the inhabitants of Friesland considered themselves "primarily Frisian," although without precluding also being Dutch. A further 36 per cent claimed they were Dutch, but also Frisian, the remaining 25% saw themselves as only Dutch. A 2013 study showed that 45% of the population of Friesland saw themselves as "primarily Frisian", again without precluding the possibility of also identifying as Dutch. Frisians are not disambiguated from the Dutch people in Dutch official 4071: 1148: 2723: 956: 3048:

stereotypes in the Netherlands as well as Flanders, which are mostly based on the "cultural extremes" of both Northern and Southern culture, including in religious identity. Though these stereotypes tend to ignore the transitional area formed by the Southern provinces of the Netherlands and most Northern reaches of Belgium, resulting in overgeneralisations. This self-perceived split between Flemings and Dutch, despite the common language, may be compared to how

3539: 3103: 8182: 3458: 1684: 1337: 2955: 2830: 5543:; "During the 6th century, Salian Franks had settled in the region between the Loire River in present-day France and the Coal Forest in the south of present-day Belgium. From the late 6th century, Ripuarian Franks pushed from the Rhineland westward to the Schelde. Their immigration strengthened the Germanic faction in that region, which had been almost completely evacuated by the Gallo-Romans." 3893: 3650:. In many cases, the Dutch were the first Europeans whom the people living there encountered. Between 1602 and 1796, the VOC sent almost a million Europeans to work in its territories in Asia. The majority died of disease or made their way back to Europe, but some of them made the Indies their new home. Interaction between the Dutch and the indigenous populations mainly took place in 1202:) aimed for more autonomy for the counties and duchies, but nevertheless all the fiefs presented their demands together, rather than separately. This is evidence that by this time a sense of common interest was emerging among the provinces of the Netherlands. The document itself clearly distinguishes between the Dutch speaking and French speaking provinces. 5562:; "The northern Franks retained their Germanic language (which became modern Dutch), whereas the Franks moving south rapidly adopted the language of the culturally dominant Romanized Gauls, the language that would become French. The language frontier between northern Flemings and southern Walloons has remained virtually unchanged ever since." 5349:"Clovis' conversion to Christianity, regardless of his motives, is a turning point in Dutch history as the elite now changed their beliefs. Their choice would way down its way on the common folk, of whom many (especially in the Frankish heartland of Brabant and Flanders) were less enthusiastic than the ruling class." Taken from 1066:

their economic strength to influence the politics of their nobility. During the early 14th century, beginning in and inspired by the County of Flanders, the cities in the Low Countries gained huge autonomy and generally dominated or greatly influenced the various political affairs of the fief, including marriage succession.

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granted Dutch official status upon its inception, but in 1925 Parliament openly recognised Afrikaans as a separate language. It differs from Standard Dutch by several pronunciations borrowed from Malay, German, or English, the loss of case and gender distinctions, and in the extreme simplification of

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In the Netherlands itself "West-Frisian" refers to the Hollandic dialect, with a Frisian substrate, spoken in the northern part of the province of North-Holland known as West-Friesland, as well as "West-Frisians" referring to its speakers, not to the language or inhabitants of the Frisian part of the

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By the middle of the 16th century an overarching, 'national' (rather than 'ethnic') identity seemed in development in the Habsburg Netherlands, when inhabitants began to refer to it as their 'fatherland' and were beginning to be seen as a collective entity abroad; however, the persistence of language

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of the Dutch (and their predecessors) has been a lengthy and complex process. Though the majority of the defining characteristics (such as language, religion, architecture or cuisine) of the Dutch ethnic group have accumulated over the ages, it is difficult (if not impossible) to clearly pinpoint the

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showing a mixture of these two ancestral backgrounds. The European North-South cline correlates highly with this Dutch North-South cline and shows several other similarities, such as a correlation with height (with the North being taller on average), blue/brown eye colour (with the North having more

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Dutch immigrants also exported the Dutch language. Dutch was spoken by some settlers in the United States as a native language from the arrival of the first permanent Dutch settlers in 1615, surviving in isolated ethnic pockets until about 1900, when it ceased to be spoken except by first generation

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The total number of Dutch can be defined in roughly two ways. By taking the total of all people with full Dutch ancestry, according to the current CBS definition (both parents born in the Netherlands), resulting in an estimated 16,000,000 Dutch people, or by the sum of all people worldwide with both

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All the towns formed a new, non-feudal element in the existing social structure, and from the beginning merchants played an important role. The merchants often formed guilds, organizations that grew out of merchant groups and banded together for mutual protection while traveling during this violent

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roughly form a natural boundary between the Northern Dutch (those Dutch living North of these rivers), and the Southern Dutch (those living South of them). The division is partially caused by (traditional) religious differences, with the North used to be predominantly Protestant and the South still

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fleeing religious persecution at home, who interspersed among the original freemen. Between 1685 and 1707 the company also extended free passage to any Dutch families wishing to resettle at the Cape. At the beginning of the eighteenth century there were roughly 600 people of Dutch birth or descent

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that was initiated with the ancient successive out-of-Africa migrations. This does not necessarily mean that these events (north-ward migration and evolutionary selection pressures) took place within the borders of the Netherlands; it could also be that Southern Europeans have migrated more to the

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One cultural division within Dutch culture is that between the formerly Protestant North and the nowadays Catholic South, which encompasses various cultural differences between the Northern Dutch on one side and the Southern Dutch on the other. This subject has historically received attention from

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Abdellaoui, Abdel; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; de Knijff, Peter; Nivard, Michel; Xiangjun, Xiao; Scheet, Paul; Brooks, Andrew; Ehli, Erik; Hu, Yueshan; Davies, Gareth; Hudziak, James; Sullivan, Patrick; van Beijsterveldt, Toos; Willemsen, Gonneke; de Geus, Eco; Penninx, Brenda; Boomsma, Dorret (27 March

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ancestry, are partially of Dutch descent. Many Dutch settlers left Suriname after independence in 1975, which diminished the white Dutch population in the country. Currently there are around 1000 boeroes left in Suriname, and 3000 outside Suriname. Inside Suriname, they work in several sectors of

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The medieval cities of the Low Countries, especially those of Flanders, Brabant and Holland, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th centuries, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism. As they became increasingly powerful, they used

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During the 1950s, Dutch immigration to South Africa began to increase exponentially for the first time in over a hundred years. The country registered a net gain of around 45,000 Dutch immigrants between 1950 and 2001, making it the sixth most popular destination for citizens of the Netherlands

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within the Netherlands show strong correlations with geography and distinguish between: (1) North and South; (2) East and West; and (3) the middle-band and the rest of the country. The distribution of gene variants for eye colour, metabolism, brain processes, body height and immune system show

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The effects of Dutch migration to Australia can still be felt. There are many Dutch associations and a Dutch-language newspaper continues to be published. The Dutch have remained a tightly knit community, especially in the large cities. In total, about 310,000 people of Dutch ancestry live in

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On a smaller scale cultural pluriformity can also be found; be it in local architecture or (perceived) character. This wide array of regional identities positioned within such a relatively small area, has often been attributed to the fact that many of the current Dutch provinces were de facto

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Van Buren grew up speaking Dutch, a relic of the time before the Revolution when the inland waterways of North America were a polyglot blend of non-Anglophone communities. His family has resisted intermarriage with Yankees for five generations, and Van Buren trumpeted the fact proudly in his

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In Argentina, Dutch immigration has been one of many migration flows from Europe in the country, although it has not been as numerous as in other cases (they failed to account for 1% of total migration received). However, Argentina received a large contingent of Dutch since 1825. The largest

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While the cities were of great political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. Trade flourished, population numbers increased dramatically, and (advanced) education was no longer limited to the clergy. Flanders, Brabant and Holland began to develop a common Dutch

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Historically Dutch also lived directly on the eastern side of the German border, most have since been assimilated (apart from ~40,000 recent border migrants), especially since the establishment of Germany itself in 1872. Cultural marks can still be found though. In some villages and towns a

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However, the popular perception of being a single group varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality, and personal background. Generally, the Flemish will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level. This is partly caused by the popular

1687: 1270:, which roughly corresponded to the Dutch-speaking part of the Spanish Netherlands, was unreachable. The Northern provinces were free, but during the 1580s the South was recaptured by Spain, and, despite various attempts, the armies of the Republic were unable to expel them. In 1648, the 1686: 1691: 1690: 1685: 1692: 905: 6919:

Abdellaoui, Abdel; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Xiangjun, Xiao; Scheet, Paul; Ehli, Erik; Davies, Gareth; Hudziak, James; Smit, Dirk; Bartels, Meike; Willemsen, Gonneke; Brooks, Andrew; Sullivan, Patrick; Smit, Johannes; de Geus, Eco; Penninx, Brenda; Boomsma, Dorret (25 August 2013).

3523:, who adopted the Dutch language and culture. As the number of Europeans—particularly women—in the Cape swelled, South African whites closed ranks as a community to protect their privileged status, eventually marginalising Coloureds as a separate and inferior racial group. 1119:

of Burgundy to the heiress of the Count of Flanders. This was followed by a series of marriages, wars, and inheritances among the other Dutch fiefs and around 1450 the most important fiefs were under Burgundian rule, while complete control was achieved after the end of the

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was Dutch. Most of the Dutch immigrants of the 20th century quickly began to speak the language of their new country. For example, of the inhabitants of New Zealand, 0.7% say their home language is Dutch, despite the percentage of Dutch heritage being considerably higher.

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that a sharp increase in Dutch emigration to Australia occurred. Poor economic prospects for many Dutchmen as well as increasing demographic pressures, in the post-war Netherlands were a powerful incentive to emigrate. Due to Australia experiencing a shortage of

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had a reticent and contentious relationship with the newly formed Belgium and a largely indifferent attitude towards its Dutch-speaking inhabitants) and, hence, focused on pitting "Flemish" culture against French culture, resulting in the forming of the Flemish

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remaining with more eastern Germanic populations, a distinct identity in relation to these only gradually developed, largely based on socio-economic and political factors. Large parts of the present Netherlands have populations using Saxon and Frisian dialects.

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have mainly departed the Netherlands for Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, the United States, Belgium, Australia, and South Africa, in that order. Today, large Dutch communities also exist in the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Turkey, and New Zealand.

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in 1543, thereby unifying the fiefs of the Low Countries under one ruler. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural and linguistic unity.

1689: 2762:. Furthermore, there are 5% Muslims and 6% others (among others Buddhists). People of Dutch ancestry in the United States and South Africa are generally more religious than their European counterparts; for example, the numerous Dutch communities of 1209:, the Netherlands were now part of the Habsburg lands. Further centralised policies of the Habsburgs (like their Burgundian predecessors) again met with resistance, but, peaking with the formation of the collateral councils of 1531 and the 5102: 5214: 5601:)—a community that was legally a corporate body, could enter into alliances and ratify them with its own seal, could sometimes even make commercial or military contracts with other towns, and could negotiate directly with the prince. 4502: 2817:

having a majority of Catholics. Linguistic (dialectal) differences (positioned along the Rhine/Meuse rivers) and to a lesser extent, historical economic development of both regions are also important elements in any dissimilarity.

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Though many Ghanaians of European origin are mostly of British origin, there are a small number of Dutch people in Ghana. The forts in Ghana have a small number of a Dutch population. The most of the Dutch population is held in

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to the Germanic people they had most contact with, both because of their geographical proximity, but also because of the rivalry in trade and overseas territories: the people from the Republic of the Netherlands, the Dutch.

3599:, and various African languages. Dutch was taught to South African students as late as 1914 and a few upper-class Afrikaners used it in polite society, but the first Afrikaans literature had already appeared in 1861. The 2845:. Though today many do not adhere to Protestantism anymore, or are only nominally part of a congregation, Protestant-(influenced) values and customs are present. Generally, it can be said that the Northern Dutch are more 3666:

means that currently the majority of this group lives in the Netherlands. Statistics show that Indos are the largest minority group in the Netherlands and number close to half a million (excluding the third generation).

1266:. For the first time in their history, the Dutch established their independence from foreign rule. However, during the war it became apparent that the goal of liberating all the provinces and cities that had signed the 7942:

FIGUEIREDO, Raquel de Freitas. Estudo de SNPs do cromossomo Y na população do Estado do Espirito Santo, Brasil. 2012. 66 f. Dissertação (mestrado) – Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas,

2978:, had started to develop a political and cultural identity of its own. The Southern Dutch, including Dutch Brabant and Limburg, remained Catholic or returned to Catholicism. The Dutch dialects spoken by this group are 3658:. Most of the time, Dutch soldiers married local women and settled in the colonies. Through the centuries, there developed a relatively large Dutch-speaking population of mixed Dutch and Indonesian descent, known as 2356:; the name is based on the personal name of the father of the bearer. Historically this has been by far the most dominant form. These type of names fluctuated in form as the surname was not constant. If a man called 1298:) the Dutch have been separated from the "Flemings" to this day. The border between the Netherlands and Belgium is purely contingent, simply reflecting the 1648 cease-fire line. There is a perfect dialect continuum. 6844: 3163:

individuals in the Netherlands. Their spouses are more likely to come from a different genetic background than those of religious individuals, causing non-religious individuals to show lower levels of genome-wide

2849:, favor a direct approach, and display a less-exuberant lifestyle when compared to Southerners. On a global scale, the Northern Dutch have formed the dominant vanguard of the Dutch language and culture since the 1823:

is sometimes also viewed as a dialect of Dutch as it falls in the area of the Dutch standard language. Of these dialects, Hollandic and Dutch Low Saxon are solely spoken by Northerners. Brabantic, East Flemish,

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Contemporary Dutch, according to a 2017 study conducted by Statistics Netherlands, are mostly irreligious with 51% of the population professing no religion. The largest Christian denomination with 24% are the

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met many of these demands, which included that Dutch, not French, should be the administrative language in the Dutch-speaking provinces under Burgundian rule (i.e. Flanders, Brabant and Holland) and that the

2372:). Following civil registry, the form at time of registry became permanent. Hence today many Dutch people are named after ancestors living in the early 19th century when civil registry was introduced to the 633: 3568:, creating their own distinct sub-culture centered around a semi-nomadic lifestyle and isolated patriarchal communities. By the eighteenth century there had emerged a new people in Africa who identified as 5674:

The achievements of the Flemish partisans inspired their colleagues in Brabant and Liège to revolt and raise similar demands; Flemish military incursions provoked the same reaction in Dordrecht and Utrecht

4625: 2923:. Culturally, modern Frisians and the (Northern) Dutch are rather similar; the main and generally most important difference being that Frisians speak West Frisian, one of the three sub-branches of the 5284: 4680: 3862:

of the Canadian soldiers who liberated the Netherlands. There were officially 1,886 Dutch war brides emigrating to Canada, ranking second after British war brides. During the war Canada had sheltered

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of the 19th and 20th centuries never really caught on in the Netherlands. The (re)definition of Dutch cultural identity has become a subject of public debate following the increasing influence of the

1225:. The Dutch provinces, though fighting alone now, for the first time in their history found themselves fighting a common enemy. This, together with the growing number of Dutch intelligentsia and the 5211: 1903:

is spoken, a daughter language of Dutch, which itself was an official language of South Africa until 1983. The Dutch, Flemish and Surinamese governments coordinate their language activities in the

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The Caribbean Netherlands are treated as a municipality of the Netherlands and the inhabitants are considered in law and practice to be "Dutch", even if they might not identify as such personally.

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Including 16 million self-identified ethnically Dutch inhabitants of the Netherlands, 2 million (at most) living abroad, and another 14–15 million who declare Dutch ancestry worldwide, including

7206: 4446: 1104:(in charge of dikes, canals, etc.) in the Dutch delta and coastal regions resulted in an exceptionally high degree of communal organisation. It is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as 1431:. These legal concepts refer to place of birth and citizenship rather than cultural background and do not coincide with the more fluid concepts of ethnicity used by cultural anthropologists. 5159: 2821:

independent states for much of their history, as well as the importance of local Dutch dialects (which often largely correspond with the provinces themselves) to the people who speak them.

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However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this. During

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Since VOC employees proved inept farmers, tracts of land were granted to married Dutch citizens who undertook to spend at least twenty years in South Africa. Upon the revocation of the

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dialects natively, or are influenced by them when they speak the Standard form of Dutch. Economically and culturally, the traditional centre of the region have been the provinces of

1768:) is considered a well known sound, perceived as typical for the language. Other relatively well known features of the Dutch language and usage are the frequent use of digraphs like 4998: 3591:) and religion remain undeniably linked to that of the Netherlands, Afrikaner culture has been strongly shaped by three centuries in South Africa. Afrikaans, which developed from 5919: 1258:

together with attempts at diminishing the traditional autonomy of the cities and estates in the Low Countries, followed by the religious oppression after being transferred to

2893:, its ethnically Dutch population is estimated to be just under 10,000,000. Northern Dutch culture has been less under French influence than the Southern Dutch culture area. 6575:; it states the dividing line between both areas lies where "the great rivers divide the Brabantic from the Hollandic dialects and where Protestantism traditionally begins". 5476: 1026:), whereas the Franks in the Low Countries retained their language, which would evolve into Dutch. The current Dutch-French language border has (with the exception of the 1451:

tendencies. During the first half of the 20th century, there was a prolific surge in writings concerning the subject. One of its most active proponents was the historian

8118: 5815: 4524: 8214: 2885:, although for a brief period during the 13th or 14th century it lay more towards the east, when various eastern towns and cities aligned themselves with the emerging 5726: 5249:

The actual independence was accepted by in the 1648 treaty of Munster, in practice the Dutch Republic had been independent since the last decade of the 16th century.

4399:"Afrikaners constitute nearly three million out of approximately 53 million inhabitants of the Republic of South Africa, plus as many as half a million in diaspora." 1198:

had the right to hold meetings without the monarch's permission or presence. The overall tenor of the document (which was declared void by Mary's son and successor,

1010:, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part (i.e. the 4809: 3630: 713:, forming a part of their respective peripheries and the various territories of which they consisted had become virtually autonomous by the 13th century. Under the 3060:. In both cases, the Catholic Austrians and Flemish do not see themselves as sharing the fundamentally Protestant-based identities of their northern counterparts. 7611: 6635:

Wy wolle ús taal, dy't foar ús identiteit beskiedend is, befoarderje en útbouwe. (We want to promote and develop our language, which is defining for our identity)

6509: 6434: 5063: 4617: 4595: 5629:(sometimes called communes)—fighting groups bound together by an oath—as happened during a Flemish crisis in 1127–28 in Ghent and Brugge and in Utrecht in 1159. 7881: 7727: 5623:

The development of a town's autonomy sometimes advanced somewhat spasmodically because of violent conflicts with the prince. The citizens then united, forming

7761: 5280: 4737: 772:. However, in contemporary times, the majority no longer adhere to a particular Christian denomination. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of 5462:

It derives from Low Franconian, the speech of the Western Franks, which was restructured through contact with speakers of North Sea Germanic along the coast.

4672: 5328: 4472: 4377: 2673:, who eventually succeeded in converting most of the inhabitants by the 8th century. Since then, Christianity has been the dominant religion in the region. 7537: 1712:

spoken by around 29 million people. Old Frankish, a precursor of the Dutch standard language, was first attested around 500, in a Frankish legal text, the

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barriers, traditional strife between towns, and provincial particularism continued to form an impediment to more thorough unification. Following excessive

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The Dutch had settled in North America long before the establishment of the United States of America. For a long time the Dutch lived in Dutch colonies (

2264:) are adapted, not only in pronunciation but also in spelling. For example, by merging and capitalising the affixes and main parts of the surnames (e.g. 1052: 729:

characteristic of Dutch society was attained at a relatively early date. During the Republic the first series of large-scale Dutch migrations outside of

717:, the Netherlands were organised into a single administrative unit, and in the 16th and 17th centuries the Northern Netherlands gained independence from 5973: 991:

from around 500 to 700. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, eventually culminating in the

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The 1970s marked the beginning of formal cultural and linguistic cooperation between Belgium (Flanders) and the Netherlands on an international scale.

882:, the emergence of a new political system, centered on kings, and a continuing process of emerging mutual unintelligibility of their various dialects. 7626:

The U.S. declared its independence in 1776. The first Dutch settlement was built in 1614: Fort Nassau, where presently Albany, New York is positioned.

7210: 4438: 2970:, the Southern regions were more powerful, as well as more culturally and economically developed. At the end of the Dutch Revolt, it became clear the 2705:, sent troops to crush the rebellion and make the Low Countries a Catholic region once more. The Protestants in the southern Low Countries fled North 7636: 5030: 5190: 1492:('New Order') of creating a single pan-Germanic racial state. During the entire Nazi occupation, the Germans denied any assistance to Greater Dutch 8809: 6417:(whether written separately or joined, capitalized or not) stamp the bearer as Dutch and merely mean 'at', 'at the', 'of', 'from' and 'from the'" ( 6319: 5152: 4783: 3515:. Some of the earliest mulatto communities in the country were subsequently formed through unions between colonists, enslaved people, and various 8963: 7855: 6094: 1178:'s many wars, which were a major economic burden for the Burgundian Netherlands, tensions slowly increased. In 1477, the year of Charles' sudden 940:, were already living in the Low Countries prior to the forming of the Frankish confederation), began to incur the northwestern provinces of the 7471: 5406:

The Franks, who had settled in Toxandria, in Brabant, were given the job of defending the border areas, which they did until the mid-5th century

3028:, it is argued that the Dutch-speaking populations of the Netherlands and Belgium have a number of common characteristics, with a mostly shared 8938: 8207: 7795: 7153: 7099: 4905: 3317:

delta region, seeking religious freedom and exemption from military service. The territories which they settled were located in the regions of

1469: 8893: 8697: 5453: 3486: 7020: 2390:; the name is based on the location on which the bearer lives or lived. In Dutch this form of surname nearly always includes one or several 1832:

and Limburgish are cross border dialects in this respect. Lastly, the dialectal situation is characterised by the major distinction between

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Source, the aforementioned 3rd chapter (p3), together with the initial paragraphs of chapter 4, on the establishment of the Dutch Republic.

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workers it, and to a lesser extent New Zealand, seemed an attractive possibility, with the Dutch government actively promoting emigration.

2194:, "from/of the"). These affixes are not merged, nor capitalised by default. The second affix in a Dutch surname is never capitalised (e.g. 7702: 3511:, in 1652. Dutch colonisers began arriving shortly thereafter, making the Cape home to the oldest Western-based civilisation south of the 1034:

and the surrounding municipalities in Belgium) remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of

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Mahmood, Cynthia; Armstrong, Sharon L K (January 1992). "Do Ethnic Groups Exist?: A Cognitive Perspective on the Concept of Cultures".

4769: 2771: 2205:). The first affix in a Dutch surname is only capitalised if it is not preceded by a first name, initial or other surname. For example 2030:

to refer to any or all of the Germanic speakers on the European mainland (e.g. the Dutch, the Frisians and the Germans). Gradually its

5555: 2075:" (same meaning in both English and Dutch), a reference to the geographical texture of the Dutch homeland; the western portion of the 1386:

region only comprises two of the twelve provinces, and 40% of the Dutch citizens. The same holds for the country being referred to as

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resulted in what would become (High) German. Dutch underwent none of these sound changes and thus occupies a central position in the

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In the second half of the 14th century, the dukes of Burgundy gained a foothold in the Low Countries through the marriage in 1369 of

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were unable to reconquer the North, while the North's military was too weak to conquer the South, which, under the influence of the

8417: 875: 6776:(1991)." L. Beheydt, "Delen Vlaanderen en Nederland een culturele identiteit?", in P. Gillaerts, H. van Belle, L. Ravier (eds.), 6187: 5473: 5086: 4238:

spoken in northeastern Netherlands, is used by people who ethnically identify as "Dutch" despite perceived linguistic differences.

3816:(32nd, elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms), 3079:

during the late 19th and early 20th centuries that saw little help from the Dutch government (which for a long time following the

9330: 8836: 7961: 7728:"Imigração Holandesa no Brasil. Glossário. História, Sociedade e Educação no Brasil – HISTEDBR – Faculdade de Educação – UNICAMP" 6258: 5943: 4842: 6986: 5308: 920:, such as the Frisians, Germans, English and the Nordic (Scandinavian) peoples. In the Low Countries, this phase began when the 8903: 8439: 6129: 5524:; "The administrative organization of the Low Countries ... was basically the same as that of the rest of the Frankish empire." 5499: 4968: 2962:

The Southern Dutch sphere generally consists of the areas in which the population was traditionally Catholic. During the early

1720:, and has a written record of more than 1500 years, although the material before around 1200 is fragmentary and discontinuous. 8115: 9189: 8166: 7421: 7374: 7341: 7178: 6973: 6838: 6811: 6622: 6227: 5807: 5720: 5428: 5096: 4531: 4425: 3238:(mainly taking place between the 10th and 13th century), a number of Dutchmen moved as well. They settled mainly east of the 2430:(Dutch language does not distinguish between "of" and "from" both indicated by "van"), Dutch surnames can sometimes refer to 7184: 5136: 3587:, which are partly defined by different traditions of society, law, and historical economic bases. Although their language ( 1320:) comprised the overseas territories and trading posts controlled and administered by Dutch chartered companies (mainly the 916:

The general situation described above is applicable to most if not all modern European ethnic groups with origins among the

9054: 8958: 8866: 8846: 8569: 8391: 7437: 5710: 4715: 2755: 559: 7113: 6571:

This image is based on the rough definition given by in the 2005 " number 3" edition of the magazine "Neerlandia" by the

6379: 9222: 4813: 3801:

Nevertheless, many Dutch American communities remained virtually isolated towards the rest of North America up until the

1221:

sought even further centralist reforms, which, accompanied by religious dictates and excessive taxation, resulted in the

874:, a series of monumental changes took place within these Germanic societies. Among the most important of these are their 6828: 6520: 6469: 9350: 9081: 8943: 8933: 8923: 8824: 8312: 7607: 6431: 5055: 3808:

Most future waves of Dutch immigrants were quickly assimilated. There have been five U.S. presidents of Dutch descent:

8186: 7114:"Article on Dutch settlers in Poland published by the Polish Genealogical Society of America and written by Z. Pentek" 4867: 4587: 3250:. After the capture of territory along the Elbe and Havel Rivers in the 1160s, Dutch settlers from flooded regions in 2592: 2416:. Many emigrants removed the spacing and capitalised these words, leading to derived names for well-known people like 9232: 9227: 9123: 9113: 9098: 9004: 8953: 8948: 8814: 8444: 8302: 8279: 8143: 8104: 8090: 8069: 8055: 7673: 7593: 7244: 6769: 6497: 1287: 1195: 7877: 7735: 6422: 3126:

The largest genetic differences within the Netherlands are observed between the North and the South (with the three

3010:. Southern Dutch culture has been influenced more by French culture, as opposed to the Northern Dutch culture area. 9392: 9108: 8928: 8913: 8888: 8759: 8600: 8353: 8264: 7765: 4744: 3867: 3592: 2759: 1206: 8553: 8037: 8026: 9375: 9345: 9258: 9199: 9128: 9059: 9049: 9019: 9009: 8223: 4564: 4367: 3775: 2850: 1888: 1736: 612:

as their native language, which is a mutually intelligible sister language of Dutch that developed in the Colony.

4468: 4030:

In Suriname the Dutch migrant settlers in search of a better life started arriving in the 19th century with the

3843:. The largest wave was in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when large numbers of Dutch helped settle the 9340: 9071: 9064: 9024: 8306: 6572: 4810:"Table 5 Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2009" 4621: 4154: 3663: 3107: 2601: 2110:

Dutch surnames (and surnames of Dutch origin) are generally easily recognisable. Many Dutch surnames feature a

1849: 1328:) and subsequently by the Dutch Republic (1581–1795), and by the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands after 1815. 5838: 4927: 3706: 9305: 9044: 9039: 9014: 8574: 8532: 8348: 7929: 6163:

Nederlant, znw. o. I) Laag of aan zee gelegen land. 2) het land aan den Nederrijn; Nedersaksen, -duitschland.

6029: 5970: 5662: 5639: 5611: 5571: 5533: 5514: 5394: 5374:

Britannica: "They were divided into three groups: the Salians, the Ripuarians, and the Chatti, or Hessians."(

2635: 7825: 6709: 4337: 3368:, also had a number of Dutch immigrants, mostly working as craftsmen. Arguably the most famous of which was 2329:. Though written differently, pronunciation remains identical. Dialectal variety also commonly occurs, with 1979:) people". As the tribes among the Germanic peoples began to differentiate its meaning began to change. The 1743:

resulted in certain early Germanic languages evolving into what are now English and West Frisian, while the

9310: 9209: 9103: 9086: 9034: 9029: 8876: 8829: 8476: 8429: 8424: 8369: 8269: 8252: 8247: 4618:"Estimated overseas-born population resident in the United Kingdom by sex, by country of birth (Table 1.4)" 4035: 3947:

from 1630 to 1661. There are a considerable number of people who are descendants of the Dutch colonists in

3655: 1246: 1142: 423: 7640: 5021: 4404: 3858:

and World War II. After the war a large number of Dutch immigrants moved to Canada, including a number of

3345:

authorities took over and its government eliminated exemption from military service on religious grounds.

9355: 9295: 9268: 9184: 9093: 8994: 8982: 8861: 8819: 8804: 8692: 8593: 8491: 8434: 8237: 4372: 4216:

Estimate based on the population of the Netherlands, without the southern provinces and non-ethnic Dutch.

4104: 2652: 2611: 1913:'), an institution also responsible for governing the Dutch Standard language, for example in matters of 1744: 785: 579: 7848:"Holandeses no Brasil – Radio Nederland, a emissora internacional e independente da Holanda – Português" 6792:

Dutch Culture in a European Perspective: Accounting for the past, 1650–2000; by D. Fokkema, 2004, Assen.

6311: 5194: 4787: 1447:-movements seeking to unite the Dutch-speaking peoples across the continent, while trying to counteract 854:. Following the end of the migration period in the West around 500, with large federations (such as the 9411: 9365: 9246: 9217: 9194: 9147: 8635: 8627: 8548: 8374: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8317: 8274: 8259: 6091: 4176:

In the 1950s (the peak of traditional emigration) about 350,000 people left the Netherlands, mainly to

3863: 3791: 2767: 1864: 1230: 1210: 948:, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance, settled the area's Southern lands as 912:

to Christianity would have great significance in helping shape the identity of the future Dutch people.

797: 17: 2919:, are an ethnic group present in the north of the Netherlands, mainly concentrated in the province of 604:) trace their ancestry to the Netherlands, being descendants of Dutch colonisers, who established the 9273: 9169: 9133: 8648: 8522: 8412: 8384: 7463: 4129: 3952: 3784: 3097: 2711:. Most of the Dutch Protestants were now concentrated in the free Dutch provinces north of the river 2646: 2489: 1759: 1740: 1439:

As did many European ethnicities during the 19th century, the Dutch also saw the emerging of various

1100: 964: 7787: 7637:"How the Dutch became Americans, American Civil War. (includes reference on fighting for the North)" 4897: 3854:

While interrupted by World War I, this migration returned in the 1920s, but again halted during the

9360: 9325: 9320: 8456: 8451: 8407: 8242: 6922:"Association Between Autozygosity and Major Depression: Stratification Due to Religious Assortment" 6000: 5450: 4420:

Afrikaners make up approximately 5.2% of the total South African population based on the number of

4124: 3928: 3504: 2670: 2666: 2496:, on the appearance or character of the bearer (at least at the time of registration). For example 2365: 1833: 1795:

The Dutch language has many dialects. These dialects are usually grouped into six main categories;

1777: 1764: 1325: 1321: 7880:[Cities preserve traditions of colonists] (in Portuguese). Bem Paraná. 20 September 2007. 7042:

Thompson, James Westfall (7 October 2017). "Dutch and Flemish Colonization in Mediaeval Germany".

5261:

Demografische ontwikkelingen in West-Europa van de vijftiende tot het einde van de achttiende eeuw

3535:

residing in South Africa, and around the end of Dutch rule in 1806 the number had reached 13,360.

2795:, the urban agglomeration in the West of the country, and the other provinces of the Netherlands. 983:, which was first attested in the 6th century, whereas religiously the Franks (beginning with the 9380: 8661: 7012: 5572:

Encyclopædia Britannica Online (use fee site); entry 'History of the Low Countries'. 10 May. 2009

4298: 3940: 3924: 3462: 3115: 2998:. In the Netherlands, an oft-used adage used for indicating this cultural boundary is the phrase 1748: 1709: 1654: 1644: 1171:) economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. 8192: 7497: 3088:

within Belgium, a consciousness of which can be very marked among some Dutch-speaking Belgians.

2719:

in 1648, Protestantism did not spread South, resulting in a difference in religious situations.

2715:, while the Catholic Dutch were situated in the Spanish-occupied or -dominated South. After the 1844:

Dutch immigrants. The Dutch language nevertheless had a significant impact on the region around

1421:

In sociological studies and governmental reports, ethnicity is often referred to with the terms

1155:, signed on 26 July 1581, was the formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries. 1002:

However, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as

842:

In the first centuries CE, the Germanic tribes formed tribal societies with no apparent form of

9076: 8749: 8001:

Suriname, Land of Seven Peoples: Social Mobility in a Plural Society, an Ethno-historical Study

7694: 7679: 7366: 6365: 4341: 3840: 3651: 2930:

According to a 1970 inquiry, West Frisians identified themselves more with the Dutch than with

2444:

mostly reflects the place of origin of the family and not any aristocratic claim to a holding (

2257: 1785: 1604: 1056: 748:

and clothing, some of which are globally recognisable. Internationally, Dutch painters such as

31: 7413: 7407: 3159:

North during the last centuries. During the last 50 years or so there was a large increase of

9446: 9164: 7759: 6987:"Boise State University thesis by E.L. Knox on the German Eastward Expansion ('Ostsiedlung')" 6477: 6280: 4525:"Number of people with the Dutch nationality in Belgium as reported by Statistic Netherlands" 4302: 4024: 3813: 3600: 3140: 2910: 2775: 1724: 968: 436: 5552: 4368:"Table B04006 – People Reporting Ancestry – 2021 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates" 3971:, where they founded a few cities. The majority of Dutch Brazilians reside in the states of 2026:, meaning "German (people)"). At first the English language used (the contemporary form of) 657:. Dutch people and their descendants are found in migrant communities worldwide, notably in 9420: 8856: 8774: 8754: 4262:, spoken in southeastern Netherlands is used by people who ethnically identify as Dutch or 4134: 4119: 4047: 3723: 3338: 2927:, alongside Dutch, and they find this to be a defining part of their identity as Frisians. 2455: 2417: 2276: 2076: 1910: 1407: 1283: 1275: 1263: 1018:) of the Empire. Eventually, the Franks in Northern France were assimilated by the general 941: 5777: 5375: 4961:"Regeling – Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba – BWBR0028063" 3740:

to visit Australia and New Zealand, colonisation did not take place and it was only after

8: 9385: 8999: 8918: 8789: 8769: 8764: 8379: 7555: 6345: 4421: 4000: 3960: 3731: 3182: 2975: 2716: 2470:. This practice is similar to English surnames (the example names translate perfectly to 1484:. The Germans however refused to do so, as this conflicted with their ultimate goal, the 1440: 1341: 1214: 1199: 805: 745: 432: 86: 4202:

Autochtone population at 1 January 2006, Central Statistics Bureau, Integratiekaart 2006

3429:. More to the South, cities historically housing many Dutch traders have retained Dutch 3322: 1271: 1233:, as a whole, gained international prestige, consolidated the Dutch as an ethnic group. 9425: 8799: 8722: 7359: 7147: 7093: 7067: 7059: 6946: 6921: 6896: 6871: 6676: 6179: 6136:

extensively used that name to stress the Dutch as an ancient Germanic people. (Source:

5128: 4711: 4076: 4004: 3817: 3802: 3430: 3393: 3342: 3080: 2698: 2607: 2485: 2435: 2353: 1723:

As a West Germanic language, Dutch is related to other languages in that group such as

1493: 1487: 1218: 1160: 1027: 801: 563: 7953: 5940: 4835: 2657:

Prior to the arrival of Christianity, the ancestors of the Dutch adhered to a form of

8794: 8744: 8726: 8162: 8139: 8100: 8086: 8065: 8051: 7923: 7669: 7589: 7531: 7417: 7370: 7337: 7240: 7174: 7071: 6990: 6969: 6951: 6901: 6834: 6807: 6765: 6493: 6341: 6254: 6045:

Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages

5716: 5424: 5329:"Wat maakt Nederland tot Nederland? Over identiteit blijken we verrassend eensgezind" 5305: 5124: 5092: 4763: 3980: 3821: 3795: 3671: 3496: 3492: 3389: 3373: 3349: 3120: 2924: 2681: 2662: 2658: 2619: 2387: 2135: 1860: 1634: 1624: 1461:('The History of the Dutch tribe/people') as well as numerous essays on the subject. 1168: 1152: 1071: 1039: 847: 737: 710: 605: 8076:

The making of Dutch towns: A study in urban development from the 10th–17th centuries

5992: 5495: 3976: 3972: 3901: 3870:

during and after the war, Canada became a popular destination for Dutch immigrants.

9315: 8784: 8735: 8670: 8643: 8527: 8157: 7051: 6941: 6933: 6891: 6883: 6668: 6604:

Fred M. Shelley, Nation Shapes: The Story Behind the World's Borders, 2013, page 97

6061: 4109: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3855: 3809: 3727: 3696: 3385: 3275: 3076: 2886: 2798:

In Dutch, the cultural division between North and South is also referred to by the

2763: 2623: 2493: 2475: 2207: 2161: 2061: 1976: 1852: 1728: 1614: 1465: 1418:

period. In this debate typically Dutch traditions have been put to the foreground.

1394:. In January 2020, the Dutch government officially dropped its support of the word 1267: 1226: 1183: 1175: 1164: 833: 829: 445: 6614: 6231: 6092:

As many as 100,000 New Zealanders are estimated to have Dutch blood in their veins

5663: