548:
643:
943:
1025:
843:
732:
888:
1311:
876:
630:
for the colony. The Anti-Transportation League also saw the convict system as a barrier to the achievement of self-government. In 1852, the
British Government announced that convict transportation to Van Diemen's Land would cease and invited the eastern colonies to draft constitutions enabling responsible self-government. The Secretary of State cited the social and economic transformation of the colonies following the discoveries of gold as one of the factors making self-government feasible.
45:
797:
834:, the most famous bushrangers, were the sons of impoverished small farmers). The exploits of Ned Kelly and his gang garnered considerable local community support and extensive national press coverage at the time. After Kelly's capture and execution for murder in 1880 his story inspired numerous works of art, literature and popular culture and continuing debate about the extent to which he was a rebel fighting social injustice and oppressive police, or a murderous criminal.
619:
1010:
1235:
population and religion. Church attendance among
Anglicans and Presbyterians doubled in the 1860s, but growth of Catholicism and Methodism was even higher. Chinese religions and Christian sects also gained a foothold. Nevertheless, some 30 to 40% of the population did not regularly attend church by 1871. Missionary organisations such as the Bush Missionary Society and the Bible Christian Bush Mission attempted to combat this. City missions were also established.
1151:
1094:
452:
610:
rebellion was a formative event in the national mythology, the
Southern Cross a symbol of freedom and independence." However, according to A. G. L. Shaw, the Eureka affair "is often painted as a great fight for Australian liberty and the rights of the working man, but it was not that. Its leaders were themselves small capitalists...and even after universal suffrage was introduced...only about a fifth of the miners bothered to vote."
1417:
757:
employment, education and place of residence of
Aboriginal Victorians, and closely managed the five reserves and missions established since self government in 1858. In 1886, the protection board gained the power to exclude "half caste" Aboriginal people from missions and stations. The Victorian legislation was the forerunner of the racial segregation policies of other Australian governments from the 1890s. The Queensland
1239:
634:
life (New South Wales) or elected on a more restricted property franchise. Britain retained its right of veto over legislation regarding matters of imperial interest. When
Queensland became a separate colony in 1859 it immediately became self-governing, adopting the constitution of New South Wales. Transportation of convicts to Western Australia ended in 1868 and the colony was granted self-government in 1890.
583:
colonial governments responded by imposing a range of taxes, charges and restrictions on
Chinese migrants and residents. Anti-Chinese riots erupted on the Victorian goldfields in 1856 and in New South Wales in 1860. According to Stuart Macintyre, "The goldfields were the migrant reception centres of the nineteenth century, the crucibles of nationalism and xenophobia"
916:
industry. Additionally, a significant population of
Japanese, Filipinos and Malays were working in pearling and fishing. In 1890, the population of northern Australia is estimated at 70,000 Europeans and 20,000 Asians and Pacific Islanders. Indigenous people probably outnumbered these groups, leaving white people a minority north of the Tropic of Capricorn.
859:
the 1880s half the
Australian population lived in towns, making Australia more urbanised than the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. Between 1870 and 1890 average income per person in Australia was more than 50 per cent higher than that of the United States, giving Australia one of the highest living standards in the world.
1205:
Most of the colonies sent directly elected representatives to the constitutional convention, although those of
Western Australia were chosen by its parliament. Queensland did not send delegates. The convention held sessions in 1897 and 1898 which resulted in a proposed constitution for a Commonwealth
953:
In 1890, a strike in the shipping industry spread to wharves, railways, mines and shearing sheds. Employers responded by locking out workers and employing non-union labour, and colonial governments intervened with police and troops. The strike failed, as did subsequent strikes of shearers in 1891 and
768:
Foreign pearlers moved into the Torres Strait
Islands from 1868 bringing exotic diseases which halved the Indigenous population. In 1871, the London Missionary Society began operating in the islands and most Torres Strait Islanders converted to Christianity which they considered compatible with their
744:
units, and newly developed revolvers and breech-loaded guns. Conflict was particularly intense in NSW in the 1840s and in Queensland from 1860 to 1880. In central Australia, it is estimated that 650 to 850 Aboriginal people, out of a population of 4,500, were killed by colonists from 1860 to 1895. In
1188:
In 1890, representatives of the six colonies and New Zealand met in Melbourne and agreed in principle to a federation of the colonies and for the colonial legislatures to nominate representatives to attend a constitutional convention. The following year, the National Australasian Convention was held
1059:
became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing for election as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation. Women won the vote in Western Australia in 1899, with some restrictions based on race. Women in the remainder of Australia only won
862:
The size of the government sector almost doubled from 10 per cent of national expenditure in 1850 to 19 per cent in 1890. Colonial governments spent heavily on infrastructure such as railways, ports, telegraph, schools and urban services. Much of the money for this infrastructure was borrowed on the
633:
The constitutions for New South Wales, Victoria and Van Diemen's Land (renamed Tasmania in 1856) gained Royal Assent in 1855, that for South Australia in 1856. The constitutions varied, but each created a lower house elected on a broad male franchise and an upper house which was either appointed for
574:
of 1848. Both colonies introduced a gold mining licence with a monthly fee, the revenue being used to offset the cost of providing infrastructure, administration and policing of the gold fields. As the size of allowable claims was small (6.1 metres square), and much of the gold was near the surface,
512:
and the introduction of colonial self-government. Transportation of convicts to the colonies was phased out from 1840 to 1868. In 1855 and 1856, Britain granted self-government to New South Wales, the new colony of Victoria, Van Diemen's Land (renamed Tasmania) and South Australia. Queensland became
1472:
Popular songs and ballads with Australian themes were common in the period and can mostly be traced back to English and Irish traditional music. American popular and traditional music was also disseminated between the Californian and Australian gold fields of the 1850s. Bush ballads and songs about
1301:
were established. Christian women's groups such as The Protestant Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the Anglican Mother's Union were also formed. Nevertheless, there was steady growth in secular views and although 96% of the Australian population identified as Christian in 1901, less than half
1209:
Referendums held in 1898 resulted in solid majorities for the constitution in Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania. However, the referendum failed to gain the required majority in New South Wales after that colony's Labor Party campaigned against it and premier Reid gave it such qualified support
866:
In 1856, building workers in Sydney and Melbourne were the first in the world to win the eight hour working day. The 1880s saw trade unions grow and spread to lower skilled workers and also across colonial boundaries. By 1890 about 20 per cent of male workers belonged to a union, one of the highest
858:
From the 1850s to 1871 gold was Australia's largest export and allowed the colony to import a range of consumer and capital goods. More importantly, the increase in population in the decades following the gold rush stimulated demand for housing, consumer goods, services and urban infrastructure. By
787:
as large landowners used loopholes in the laws to buy more land. However, refinements to the legislation, improvements in farming technology and the introduction of crops adapted to Australian conditions eventually led to the diversification of rural land use. The expansion of the railways from the
629:
Elections for the semi-representative Legislative Councils, held in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia and Van Diemen's Land in 1851, produced a greater number of liberal members. That year, the New South Wales Legislative Council petitioned the British Government requesting self-government
520:
European exploration of the interior of the continent, and settlement of the northern coastal regions, progressed rapidly from the 1850s, resulting in further violent conflict with Aboriginal people, disruption of their societies and dispossession of their traditional lands. The living standards of
1356:
in Victoria (founded 1870) and the Roseworthy Agricultural College in South Australia (founded 1883). Adult education in literacy, numeracy, the liberal arts and technical subjects was also provided by mechanics' institutes and schools of arts which were established in most cities and large towns.
1282:
to teach children in rural areas. Irish immigration to Australia increased in the 1860s, and sectarian differences between Protestants and Catholics increased. Between 1872 and 1896 all colonial governments withdrew state funding of religious schools, and the Catholic church responded by expanding
1066:
males gained the right to vote when Victoria, New South Wales, Tasmania and South Australia gave voting rights to all male British subjects over 21. However, they were not encouraged to vote and few did. Only Queensland legally barred Aboriginal people from voting, although Western Australia had a
1032:
The secret ballot was adopted in Tasmania, Victoria and South Australia in 1856, followed by New South Wales (1858), Queensland (1859) and Western Australia (1877). South Australia introduced universal male suffrage for its lower house in 1856, followed by Victoria in 1857, New South Wales (1858),
782:
In the 1860s New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland and South Australia introduced Selection Acts intended to promote family farms and mixed farming and grazing. Legislation typically allowed individual "selectors" to select small parcels of unused crown land or leased pastoral land for purchase on
764:
In more densely settled areas, most Aboriginal people who had lost control of their land lived on reserves and missions, or on the fringes of cities and towns. In pastoral districts the British Waste Land Act of 1848 gave traditional landowners limited rights to live, hunt and gather food on Crown
597:
As more men moved to the goldfields and the quantity of easily-accessible gold diminished, the average income of miners fell. Victorian miners increasingly saw the flat monthly licence fee as a regressive tax and complained of official corruption, heavy-handed administration and the lack of voting
1161:
An obstacle to federation was the fear of the smaller colonies that they would be dominated by New South Wales and Victoria. Queensland, in particular, although generally favouring a white Australia policy, wished to maintain an exception for South Sea Islander workers in the sugar cane industry.
1101:
Australian nationalists often claimed that unification of the colonies was Australia's destiny. Australians lived on a single continent, and the vast majority shared a British heritage and spoke English. Many nationalists spoke of Australians sharing common blood as members of the British "race".
934:
Falling wool prices and the collapse of a speculative property bubble in Melbourne heralded the end of the long boom. When British banks cut back lending to Australia, the heavily indebted Australian economy fell into economic depression. A number of major banks suspended business and the economy
1432:
produced poetry and prose exploring the nature of bush life and themes of independence, stoicism, masculine labour, egalitarianism, anti-authoritarianism and mateship. Protagonists were often shearers, boundary riders and itinerant bush workers. In the following decade Lawson, Paterson and other
1412:
followed the example of the European Impressionists by painting in the open air. They applied themselves to capturing the light and colour of the Australian landscape and exploring the distinctive and the universal in the "mixed life of the city and the characteristic life of the station and the
1130:
declared that all white men who left the religious and class divisions of the old world behind were Australians. The 1880s and 1890s saw a proliferation of books and articles depicting Australia as a sparsely populated white nation threatened by populous Asian neighbours. A white Australia also
756:
In New South Wales, 116 Aboriginal reserves were established between 1860 and 1894. Most reserves allowed Aboriginal people a degree of autonomy and freedom to enter and leave. In contrast, the Victorian Board for the Protection of Aborigines (created in 1869) had extensive power to regulate the
578:
The gold rush initially caused some economic disruption including wage and price inflation and labour shortages as male workers moved to the goldfields. In 1852, the male population of South Australia fell by three per cent and that of Tasmania by 17 per cent. Immigrants from the United Kingdom,
570:, in February 1851. Further discoveries were made later that year in Victoria, where the richest gold fields were found. By British law all minerals belonged to the Crown, and the governors of New South Wales and Victoria quickly introduced laws aimed at avoiding the disorder associated with the
1329:
Although most children attended primary education, secondary education was sporadic. New South Wales, Queensland and South Australia established secondary schools called "superior," "high," or "grammar" schools, whereas Victoria and Tasmania offered scholarships to private schools and colleges.
1139:
Growing nationalist sentiment coincided with business concerns about the economic inefficiency of customs barriers between the colonies, the duplication of services by colonial governments and the lack of a single national market for goods and services. Colonial concerns about German and French
915:
The gold discoveries in northern Australia attracted a new wave of Chinese immigrants. The Queensland sugar cane industry also relied heavily on indentured South Sea Island workers, whose low wages and poor working conditions became a national controversy and led to government regulation of the
668:
only to discover the rest of their party had departed the location only a matter of hours previously. They became tragic heroes to the European settlers, their funeral attracting a crowd of more than 50,000 and their story inspiring numerous books, artworks, films and representations in popular
582:
Chinese migration was a particular concern for colonial officials. There were 20,000 Chinese miners on the Victorian goldfields by 1855 and 13,000 on the New South Wales diggings. There was a widespread belief that they represented a danger to white Australian living standards and morality, and
1325:
In 1866, New South Wales created a council to oversee public and religious schools in the colony, and public schools were progressively established in localities with 25 or more pupils. In 1872, Victoria was the first colony to legislate for the progressive introduction of free, compulsory and
1234:
There was no established church in the colonies and the major churches were largely divided along ethnic lines, the Church of England's adherents being mostly of English heritage, Presbyterians mostly Scottish and Catholics mostly Irish. The decades from the gold rushes brought an increase in
919:
From the late 1870s trade unions, Anti-Chinese Leagues and other community groups campaigned against Chinese immigration and low-wage Chinese labour. Following intercolonial conferences on the issue in 1880β81 and 1888, colonial governments responded with a series of laws which progressively
609:
Following a Royal Commission, the monthly licence was replaced with an annual miner's right at a lower cost which also gave holders the right to vote and build a dwelling on the goldfields. The administration of the Victorian goldfields was also reformed. Stuart Macintyre states, "The Eureka
1321:
In the 1850s, most schooling was conducted by religious organisations. The Catholic church ran colleges and convent schools in the major settlements and country areas which catered for both Catholics and Protestants. Protestant schools mainly catered for pupils from affluent backgrounds and
752:
Broome estimates the total death toll from settler-Aboriginal conflict between 1788 and 1928 as 1,700 settlers and 17β20,000 Aboriginal people. Reynolds has suggested a higher "guesstimate" of 3,000 settlers and up to 30,000 Aboriginals killed. A project team at the University of Newcastle,
1044:, Victoria in 1884. Societies to promote women's suffrage were also formed in South Australia in 1888 and New South Wales in 1891. The Women's Christian Temperance Union established branches in most Australian colonies in the 1880s, promoting votes for women and a range of social causes.
1033:
Queensland (1872), Western Australia (1893) and Tasmania (1900). Queensland excluded Aboriginal males from voting in 1885 (all women were also excluded). In Western Australia, a property qualification for voting existed for male Aboriginals, Asians, Africans and people of mixed descent.
1131:
meant the exclusion of cheap Asian labour, an idea strongly promoted by the labour movement. According to historian John Hirst, "Federation was not needed to make the White Australia policy, but that policy was the most popular expression of the national ideal that inspired federation."
1213:
The premiers of the other colonies agreed to a number of concessions to New South Wales (particularly that the future Commonwealth capital would be located in that state), and in 1899 further referendums were held in all the colonies except Western Australia. All resulted in yes votes.
1221:, who had been a leading advocate for federation. Following intense negotiations with the British government, the federation Bill was passed by the imperial parliament on 5 July 1900 and gained Royal Assent on 9 July. Western Australia subsequently voted to join the new federation.
1189:
in Sydney, with all the future states and New Zealand represented. A draft constitutional Bill was adopted and transmitted to the colonial parliaments for approval by the people. The worsening economic depression and parliamentary opposition, however, delayed progress.
1090:, a friendly society open to Australian-born males, flourished in the 1880s. It campaigned for an Australian federation within the British Empire, promoted Australian literature and history, and successfully lobbied for the 26 January to be Australia's national day.
765:
land under pastoral leases. Many Aboriginal groups camped on pastoral stations where Aboriginal men were often employed as shepherds and stockmen. These groups were able to retain a connection with their lands and maintain aspects of their traditional culture.
830:, often supporting themselves by criminal activity. The early association of the bush with freedom was the beginning of an enduring myth. The resurgence of bushranging from the 1850s drew on the grievances of the rural poor (several members of the
579:
continental Europe, the United States and China also poured into Victoria and New South Wales. The Australian population increased from 430,000 in 1851 to 1,170,000 in 1861. Victoria became the most populous colony and Melbourne the largest city.
995:, a forerunner of the White Australia Policy. However, after Britain and Japan voiced objections to the legislation, New South Wales, Tasmania and Western Australia instead introduced European language tests to restrict "undesirable" immigrants.
524:
Growing nationalist sentiment mixed with demands for a "white Australia" led to a series of inter-colonial conferences and referendums in the 1890s which culminated in a new constitutionβendorsed by a majority of the populationβproviding for the
739:
The spread of sheep and cattle grazing after 1850 brought further conflict with Aboriginal tribes more distant from the closely settled areas. Aboriginal casualty rates in conflicts increased as the colonists made greater use of mounted police,
1326:
secular schools. As similar acts were passed in other colonies, state funding was withdrawn from religious schools. In response, the Catholic church expanded its own network of schools, leading to a division between state and Catholic schools.
1491:
The gold rushes and subsequent strong population growth led to the development of a middle class which fostered a musical culture. Formal training in European music and audiences for operas, concerts and recitals grew. Opera singer
788:
1860s allowed wheat to be cheaply transported in bulk, stimulating the development of a wheat belt from South Australia to Queensland. Land under cultivation increased from 200,000 hectares to 2 million hectares from 1850 to 1890.
1524:
competition was organised in Sydney in 1874 and the sport became popular in New South Wales and Queensland. By 1900, matches in Sydney drew crowds of up to 15,000. Boxing and horse racing were also popular. By the 1880s, the
1456:
Commercial theatre was the leading form of popular entertainment but was dominated by English and American plays. From the 1870s, however, Australian plays became more frequent. Walter Cooper's spectacular melodrama
1197:
in July 1893 which developed a new plan for federation involving a constitutional convention with directly elected delegates and a referendum in each colony to endorse the proposed constitution. The new NSW premier,
1246:
Missionary work also extended to Aboriginal people. Six missions in Victoria were established by 1860. A Methodist school and a Benedictine mission had been opened in Western Australia by 1846. The Anglican
1192:
In early 1893 the first citizens' Federation League was established in the Riverina region of New South Wales and many other leagues were soon formed in the colonies. The leagues organised a conference in
991:
At an Intercolonial Conference in 1896, the colonies agreed to extend restrictions on Chinese immigration to "all coloured races". Labor supported the Reid government of New South Wales in passing the
1349:(1890). These were secular and selected students on academic merit based on examinations. Adelaide accepted female students from 1876, Melbourne from 1880, Sydney from 1882 and Tasmania from 1893.
602:
to support the arrested men and demanded manhood suffrage, reform of the mining licence and administration, and land reform to promote small farms. Further protests followed and protesters built a
517:
from 1856 to 1900. Women won the vote in South Australia in 1895 and in Western Australia in 1899. Some colonies, however, denied voting rights to most Aboriginal people, Asians and Africans.
3425:
1322:
emphasised preparation for the professions. In 1861, however, only half of school age children were literate and colonial governments became more committed to universal secular education.
758:
1097:
Poet Henry Lawson asked Australians to choose between: "The Old Dead Tree and the Young Tree Green/ The Land that belongs to the lord and the Queen,/And the land that belongs to you."
547:
508:
of the 1850s led to high immigration and a booming economy. Increasing prosperity and the growing number of free settlers and locally born people led to popular demands for the end of
1185:, leader of the NSW Protectionist Party, whereby they would work together for federation and leave the question of a protective tariff for a future Australian government to decide.
4042:
521:
the settlers and their descendants, however, rose to become one of the highest in the world until a severe depression and drought in the 1890s caused widespread social distress.
912:
of the Northern Territory and the Kimberley region of Western Australia in the 1870s and 1880s. Sugar plantations also expanded in northern Queensland during the same period.
1283:
its school system as an alternative to secular education. In the later part of the century, the Catholic church also became closely associated with Australian nationalism.
735:
Aboriginal Farmers at Parker's Protectorate, Mt Franklin, Victoria in 1858. Aboriginal people who were displaced by settlers were generally pushed into reserves or missions
1109:
A minority of nationalists saw a distinctive Australian identity rather than shared "Britishness" as the basis for a unified Australia. Some, such as the radical magazine
954:
1894, and miners in 1892 and 1896. By 1896, the depression and employer resistance to trade unions saw union membership fall to only about five per cent of the workforce.
745:
the Gulf Country of northern Australia five settlers and 300 Aboriginal people were killed before 1886. The last recorded massacre of Aboriginal people by settlers was at
664:. Lacking bushcraft and unwilling to learn from the local Aboriginal people, Burke and Wills died in 1861, having returned from the Gulf to their rendezvous point at
1119:, were republicans, while others were prepared to accept a fully independent country of Australia with only a ceremonial role for the British monarch. In 1887, poet
988:
From the mid-1890s colonial governments, often with Labor support, passed acts regulating wages, working conditions and "coloured" labour in a number of industries.
1352:
Technical education in mining, agriculture and other vocational areas was provided in several colonies by the 1870s and 1880s. prominent institutions included the
1086:
By the late 1880s, a majority of people living in the Australian colonies were native born, although more than 90 per cent were of British and Irish heritage. The
1140:
ambitions in the region also led to British pressure for a federated Australian defence force and a unified, single-gauge railway network for defence purposes.
1396:
The growing nationalist sentiment in the 1880s and 1890s was associated with the development of a distinctively Australian art and literature. Artists of the
4059:
1123:
wrote of a choice between "The Old Dead Tree and the Young Tree Green/ The Land that belongs to the lord and the Queen,/And the land that belongs to you."
1496:(1861β1931) travelled to Europe in 1886 to commence her international career. She became an international success in her profession from the late 1880s.
1020:(1825β1910). In 1895 women in South Australia were among the first in the world to attain the vote and were the first to be able to stand for parliament.
1052:
598:
rights for itinerant miners. Protests intensified in October 1854 when three miners were arrested following a riot at Ballarat. Protesters formed the
900:
Economic growth was accompanied by expansion into northern Australia. Gold was discovered in northern Queensland in the 1860s and 1870s, and in the
145:
3401:
3940:
761:
allowed the government to place any Aboriginal person on a reserve against their will. They were also denied the right to vote or drink alcohol.
480:
4428:
3945:
826:. The first bushrangers had been escaped convicts or former convicts in the early years of British settlement who lived independently in the
723:
trekked from the north coast of Western Australia to the overland telegraph, discovering land suitable for grazing in the Kimberley region.
4210:
1548:
329:
3466:
935:
contracted by 20 per cent from 1891 to 1895. Unemployment rose to almost a third of the workforce. The depression was followed by the "
606:
at Ballarat. On 3 December troops overran the stockade, killing about 20 protesters. Five troops were killed and 12 seriously wounded.
220:
140:
68:
1036:
Propertied women in the colony of South Australia were granted the vote in local elections (but not parliamentary elections) in 1861.
3713:
290:
3017:
Dixon, Robert; Hoorn, Jeanette (2013). "Art and literature: a cosmopolitan culture". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
2846:
Banivanua Mar, Tracey; Edmonds, Penelope (2013). "Indigenous and settler relations". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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succeeded in traversing central Australia from south to north. His expedition mapped out the route which was later followed by the
1060:
full rights to vote and to stand for elected office in the decade after Federation, although there were some racial restrictions.
2755:
978:
96:
3321:
Smith, Vivian (2009). "Australian colonial poetry, 1788-1888: Claiming the future, restoring the past". In Pierce, Peter (ed.).
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3605:
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225:
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1529:
drew crowds of around 100,000. However, the first modern Olympics at Athens in 1896 attracted only one Australian competitor.
3883:
3723:
3311:
3273:
3235:
3197:
3178:
3159:
3102:
3083:
3064:
3026:
2988:
2893:
2874:
2855:
513:
a separate self-governing colony in 1859 and Western Australia was granted self-government in 1890. The colonies introduced
3999:
3539:
3529:
2139:
1543:
1538:
1111:
180:
91:
81:
4386:
4330:
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3565:
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1521:
418:
155:
120:
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Curthoys, Ann; Mitchell, Jessie (2013). "The advent of self-government". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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Lake, Marilyn (2013). "Colonial Australia and the Asia-Pacific region". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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1087:
712:
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3590:
3349:
3330:
3254:
3216:
3140:
3045:
3007:
2969:
2931:
2235:
982:
929:
700:
353:
270:
1106:
stated in 1890, "The crimson thread of kinship runs through us all...we must unite as one great Australian people."
3663:
3600:
3585:
3169:
Irving, Helen (2013). "Making the federal Commonwealth, 1890-1901". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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958:
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230:
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115:
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Australia, has reached a preliminary estimate of 8,270 Aboriginal deaths in frontier massacres from 1788 to 1930.
4104:
3903:
3893:
3829:
3570:
3544:
3226:
McCalman, Janet; Kippen, Rebecca (2013). "Population and health". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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The federal government of Australasia : speeches delivered on various occasions (November, 1889 β May, 1890)
1446:
1267:
784:
160:
135:
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Gascoigne, John; Maroske, Sara (2013). "Science and technology". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
1516:
began in 1858 and quickly became popular in Victoria, South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania. The 1890
4190:
4089:
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3499:
3459:
3368:
3292:
3121:
2950:
2912:
1144:
942:
263:
150:
54:
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London financial markets, but land-rich governments also sold land to finance expenditure and keep taxes low.
4340:
4257:
4133:
3982:
3975:
3846:
3792:
3595:
3575:
1289:
became prominent in the 1870s. The Salvation Army commenced in 1880 and Catholic parish missions such as the
1048:
1024:
908:
regions of Western Australia in the 1880s. Sheep and cattle runs spread to northern Queensland and on to the
901:
562:
Although gold had been found in Australia as early as 1823 by surveyor James McBrien, a gold rush began when
466:
280:
215:
205:
165:
2272:
501:
continent during the 50-year period which preceded the foundation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
4325:
4119:
3856:
3819:
3698:
3688:
3560:
413:
258:
4094:
4052:
4047:
3994:
3741:
3708:
3636:
1365:
Magazines and newspapers continued to be the major means of publication of Australian novels and poetry.
185:
651:
Arrival of Burke, Wills and King at the deserted camp at Cooper's Creek, Sunday evening, 21st April 1861
4160:
4064:
3918:
3873:
3777:
3340:
Webby, Elizabeth (2009). "The beginnings of literature in colonial Australia". In Pierce, Peter (ed.).
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Horne, Julia; Sherington, Geoffrey (2013). "Education". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
1248:
1217:
In March 1900, delegates were dispatched to London, including Barton and the Victorian parliamentarian
842:
514:
438:
377:
341:
195:
3093:
Goodman, David (2013). "The gold rushes of the 1850s". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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was serialised in 1870-72 before being published as a book in Melbourne and London a few years later.
4280:
4237:
4185:
4084:
3930:
3898:
3814:
3804:
3772:
3452:
3302:
Russell, Penny (2013). "Gender and colonial society". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
2998:
Dalziell, Tanya (2009). "No place for a book? Fiction in Australia to 1890". In Pierce, Peter (ed.).
1517:
1513:
567:
555:
285:
200:
125:
4195:
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4027:
3863:
3824:
3651:
1147:
was formed in 1885 but it had few powers and New South Wales and South Australia declined to join.
806:
741:
704:
563:
985:. The world's first Labor government was formed in Queensland in 1899, but it lasted only a week.
4345:
4220:
4200:
4175:
4155:
3908:
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Bellanta, Melissa (2013). "Rethinking the 1890s". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
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63:
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3913:
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3851:
3782:
3619:
3514:
3421:
3397:
2752:
Melba, Dame Nellie (1861 - 1931) Biographical Entry - Australian Dictionary of Biography Online
1763:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1202:, endorsed the "Corowa plan" and in 1895 convinced the majority of other premiers to adopt it.
1165:
Another major barrier was the free trade policies of New South Wales which conflicted with the
1056:
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599:
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505:
4315:
4247:
4145:
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3755:
3641:
1484:
1063:
1004:
683:
The completion of this telegraph line in 1872 was associated with further exploration of the
365:
3359:
Whimpress, Bernard (1994). "Australian Football". In Vamplew, Wray; Stoddart, Brian (eds.).
1169:
policies dominant in Victoria and most of the other colonies. Nevertheless, the NSW premier
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4272:
4109:
4079:
4015:
3970:
3683:
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3487:
1386:
1334:
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in the world permitting women also to stand for election to political office and, in 1897,
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30:
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8:
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4305:
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4262:
4165:
4069:
3673:
3668:
1405:
1256:
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in 1889 was pivotal in gathering support for the cause. Parkes also struck a deal with
1157:
delivering the first resolution at the federation conference in Melbourne, 1 March 1890
936:
2747:
4290:
4032:
3364:
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1736:
1397:
1286:
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1037:
847:
746:
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358:
346:
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Frost, Lionel (2013). "The economy". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
2178:
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Ryan, L. (2020). Digital map of colonial frontier massacres in Australia 1788β1930.
4407:
3841:
3433:
3409:
1450:
970:
749:
in the Northern Territory in 1928 where at least 31 Aboriginal people were killed.
603:
592:
551:
456:
170:
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O'Brien, Anne (2013). "Religion". In Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart (eds.).
1401:
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962:
688:
657:
622:
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1453:" (c. 1895) helped make it the unofficial national anthem for many Australians.
1310:
4285:
3304:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3283:
Phillips, Murray G. (1994). "Rugby". In Vamplew, Wray; Stoddart, Brian (eds.).
3266:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3228:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3190:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3171:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3152:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3095:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3076:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3057:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
3019:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
2981:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
2886:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
2867:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
2848:
The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume 1, Indigenous and Colonial Australia
1438:
1425:
1382:
1275:
1252:
646:
2941:
Cashman, Richard (1994). "Cricket". In Vamplew, Wray; Stoddart, Brian (eds.).
2034:
Macintyre, Stuart; Scalmer, Sean (2013). "Colonial states and civil society".
4422:
1526:
1442:
1366:
1290:
1218:
1182:
1166:
796:
684:
3437:
3413:
2143:
1393:
were prominent in attempts to establish a "national poetry" from the 1860s.
1126:
A unified Australia was usually associated with a white Australia. In 1887,
887:
875:
533:
in 1900 and the Commonwealth of Australia was proclaimed on 1 January 1901.
44:
1509:
1493:
1170:
1154:
1120:
1103:
909:
692:
665:
530:
660:
led the first southβnorth crossing of the continent from Melbourne to the
4355:
4215:
1434:
1409:
1298:
1199:
1009:
852:
716:
618:
1150:
1093:
575:
the licensing system favoured small prospectors over large enterprises.
3390:
823:
759:
Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act of 1897
696:
1266:
Religious groups were prominent in health, education and welfare. The
3475:
3444:
1041:
831:
498:
130:
961:
led trade unions to form political parties. In New South Wales, the
1445:
helped forge a distinctive national literature. Paterson's ballad "
827:
3385:
Clark, Victor S. "Australian Economic Problems. I. The Railways,"
1416:
3114:
The Sentimental Nation: the making of the Australian Commonwealth
1512:" between Australia and England took place in Melbourne in 1877.
1238:
905:
1263:(established 1893) were two of the most enduring in Queensland.
1067:
property qualification which effectively denied them the vote.
1770:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
1743:. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University
708:
3211:(5th ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
3038:
The Original Australians: the Story of the Aboriginal People
1381:
was serialised in 1882-83 before book publication in 1888.
1028:
A polling booth in Melbourne - David Syne and Co (c.1880)
2053:. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. pp. 56β94.
1449:(1890) achieved popularity, and his lyrics to the song "
1040:
formed the first Australian women's suffrage society in
947:"The labor crisis. - The riot in George Street, Sydney"
920:
restricted Chinese immigration and citizenship rights.
783:
credit. The reforms initially had little impact on the
3420:
3396:
2177:
Museum of Australian Democracy, Old Parliament House.
1520:
final drew a crowd of 33,000. The first metropolitan
998:
2926:(5th ed.). Crows Nest, NSW: Allen & Unwin.
2845:
1865:
1841:
3247:Art of Australia: Vol 1. Exploration to Federation
2865:Bashford, Alison; Macintyre, Stuart, eds. (2013).
1718:
1716:
1251:Mission opened in South Australia in 1850 and the
1224:
726:
536:
2864:
2119:
2117:
2029:
2027:
769:beliefs. Queensland annexed the islands in 1879.
4420:
3073:
2978:
2123:
2033:
1671:
1659:
3389:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (May, 1908), pp. 399β451
3149:
2614:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2277:. Sydney: Turner and Henderson. pp. 71β76.
1713:
3344:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
3342:The Cambridge History of Australian Literature
3325:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
3323:The Cambridge History of Australian Literature
3225:
3002:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
3000:The Cambridge History of Australian Literature
2905:Entertaining Australia: an illustrated history
2869:. Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
2179:"Constitution (Female Suffrage) Act 1895 (SA)"
2114:
2024:
1504:Spectator sports flourished over this period.
810:(1887), scene of frequent hold-ups during the
637:
3460:
2051:History of the White Australia Policy to 1920
1665:
1206:of federated states under the British Crown.
1070:
993:Coloured Races Restriction and Regulation Act
703:and called it Mount Olga. The following year
691:. While exploring central Australia in 1872,
566:widely publicised his discovery of gold near
474:
3116:. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.
2924:Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788
2036:The Cambridge History of Australia, Volume I
772:
3263:
2542:
2518:
2506:
2494:
2461:
1549:List of massacres of Indigenous Australians
1333:The first Australian universities were The
1255:was opened in New South Wales in 1874. The
1210:that he earned the nickname "yes-no Reid".
837:
613:
497:refers to the history of the people of the
3467:
3453:
3426:Native Australians and Imperial Federation
3016:
2962:Australia's Music: Themes of a New Society
2710:
2686:
2662:
2638:
2626:
2602:
969:and held the balance of power between the
711:and named it Ayers Rock, in honour of the
481:
467:
3363:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
3358:
3287:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
3206:
2945:. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.
2805:
2793:
2674:
2554:
2530:
2482:
2075:
2063:
2006:
1982:
1946:
1922:
1722:
1695:
1683:
1638:
1614:
1578:
822:The period 1850 to 1880 saw a revival in
3282:
3244:
2997:
2902:
2883:
2829:
2817:
2698:
2214:
2164:
2099:
2087:
1707:
1415:
1309:
1237:
1149:
1092:
1081:
1023:
1008:
941:
841:
795:
730:
641:
625:Riot. J. B. Henderson (1854) watercolour
617:
546:
3301:
3092:
2940:
2776:
2299:
2048:
2018:
1934:
1626:
1602:
1590:
1566:
1508:started in 1851 and the first cricket "
23:This article is part of a series on the
4421:
3474:
3168:
2959:
2921:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2734:
2722:
2478:
2476:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2371:
2359:
2323:
2270:
1853:
1812:
1800:
1134:
1047:Women became eligible to vote for the
977:. Labor parties also won seats in the
586:
3448:
3339:
3320:
3130:
3111:
3054:
3035:
2650:
2383:
2347:
2335:
2287:
2258:
2246:
2202:
2134:
2132:
1994:
1970:
1958:
1901:
1889:
1877:
1788:
1764:"Gosse, William Christie (1842β1881)"
1761:
1734:
3361:Sport in Australia: A Social History
3285:Sport in Australia: A Social History
3187:
2943:Sport in Australia: A Social History
2758:from the original on 14 January 2011
2311:
1539:Australia and the American Civil War
181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
3040:(2nd ed.). Allen & Unwin.
2782:
2473:
2230:. p. 33. Thomas Nelson, Melbourne.
2228:National Identity and Consciousness
1115:and the Tasmanian Attorney-General
923:
13:
3379:
2129:
1768:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1741:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1506:Intercolonial cricket in Australia
1428:and other writers associated with
999:Democratic rights and restrictions
713:Chief Secretary of South Australia
678:Australian Overland Telegraph Line
14:
4445:
3133:Australian History in 7 Questions
1650:Shaw, A. G. L. (1983). pp. 126β27
930:Australian banking crisis of 1893
4429:History of Australia (1851β1900)
2964:(2nd ed.). Lyrebird Press.
2748:"Melba, Dame Nellie (1861β1931)"
2111:Willard, Myra (1967). pp. 109β17
1913:Macintyre, Stuart (2020). p. 108
1866:Banivanua Mar & Edmonds 2013
1842:Banivanua Mar & Edmonds 2013
1544:History of Australia (1901β1945)
1463:For the Term of His Natural Life
1371:For the Term of His Natural Life
886:
874:
495:History of Australia (1851β1900)
450:
43:
2823:
2811:
2799:
2770:
2740:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2656:
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2632:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2584:
2572:
2560:
2548:
2536:
2524:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2449:
2437:
2425:
2413:
2401:
2389:
2377:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2329:
2317:
2305:
2293:
2281:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2170:
2158:
2105:
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2042:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1952:
1940:
1928:
1916:
1907:
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1847:
1835:
1818:
1806:
1794:
1782:
1755:
1728:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1259:mission (established 1891) and
1225:Religion, education and culture
785:concentration of land ownership
727:Impact on indigenous population
537:Gold rushes and self-government
3387:Quarterly Journal of Economics
3306:. Cambridge University Press.
3268:. Cambridge University Press.
3230:. Cambridge University Press.
3209:A Concise History of Australia
3192:. Cambridge University Press.
3173:. Cambridge University Press.
3154:. Cambridge University Press.
3097:. Cambridge University Press.
3078:. Cambridge University Press.
3059:. Cambridge University Press.
3021:. Cambridge University Press.
2983:. Cambridge University Press.
2888:. Cambridge University Press.
2850:. Cambridge University Press.
2386:, pp. 107, 171β73, 204β11
1653:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1518:Victorian Football Association
1145:Federal Council of Australasia
1088:Australian Natives Association
965:won a quarter of seats in the
791:
777:
554:made the discovery of gold in
1:
1554:
1049:Parliament of South Australia
2903:Brisbane, Katharine (1991).
2124:Curthoys & Mitchell 2013
1672:Curthoys & Mitchell 2013
1660:Curthoys & Mitchell 2013
1305:
983:Queensland elections of 1893
814:by bushrangers known as the
604:stockade on the Eureka Field
7:
2615:Horne & Sherington 2013
2591:Horne & Sherington 2013
2579:Horne & Sherington 2013
2567:Horne & Sherington 2013
2290:, pp. 11β13, 69β71, 76
1737:"Giles, Ernest (1835β1897)"
1532:
1461:(1870), and adaptations of
1424:In the 1890s Henry Lawson,
1302:attended church regularly.
1274:in Sydney in 1857. In 1867
1229:
638:Exploration of the interior
74:European exploration (land)
10:
4450:
3207:Macintyre, Stuart (2020).
2907:. Sydney: Currency Press.
2838:
1360:
1242:Mary MacKillop (1842β1909)
1074:
1071:Nationalism and federation
1002:
927:
590:
540:
529:. The constitution gained
527:federation of the colonies
439:List of years in Australia
69:European exploration (sea)
4434:19th century in Australia
4373:
4271:
4141:
4132:
4023:
4014:
3961:
3837:Intelligence and security
3763:
3754:
3722:
3627:
3618:
3553:
3495:
3486:
3249:. Sydney: Pan Macmillan.
3036:Flood, Josephine (2019).
2754:. Adb.online.anu.edu.au.
1844:, pp. 355β58, 363β64
1514:Australian Rules Football
1447:The Man from Snowy River"
1173:was a strong advocate of
773:Boom, depression and race
568:Bathurst, New South Wales
3430:Australia and the Empire
3406:Australia and the Empire
3135:. Melbourne: Black Inc.
2922:Broome, Richard (2019).
1499:
1473:bushrangers such as The
1354:Ballarat School of Mines
838:Economic growth and race
614:Colonial self-government
3245:McDonald, John (2008).
2183:Documenting a Democracy
2140:"Documenting Democracy"
1762:Gosse, Fayette (1972).
1339:University of Melbourne
1077:Federation of Australia
957:The defeat of the 1890
816:St Kilda Road robberies
515:universal male suffrage
4231:Indigenous Australians
3732:States and territories
3422:Arthur Patchett Martin
3398:Arthur Patchett Martin
2960:Covell, Roger (2016).
2711:Dixon & Hoorn 2013
2687:Dixon & Hoorn 2013
2663:Dixon & Hoorn 2013
2639:Dixon & Hoorn 2013
2627:Dixon & Hoorn 2013
2603:Dixon & Hoorn 2013
2593:, pp. 377β78, 387
2509:, pp. 432β33, 436
2271:Parkes, Henry (1890).
2126:, pp. 160β65, 168
2049:Willard, Myra (1967).
1791:, pp. 125β30, 138
1674:, pp. 160β65, 168
1421:
1347:University of Tasmania
1343:University of Adelaide
1318:
1317:, by Tom Roberts, 1888
1243:
1158:
1098:
1057:Catherine Helen Spence
1051:in 1895. This was the
1029:
1021:
1018:Catherine Helen Spence
963:Labor Electoral League
950:
855:
819:
736:
653:
626:
600:Ballarat Reform League
559:
543:Australian gold rushes
3525:Territorial evolution
1925:, pp. 47, 107β08
1735:Green, Louis (1972).
1419:
1315:The Australian Native
1313:
1272:St Vincent's Hospital
1241:
1153:
1096:
1082:Growth of nationalism
1064:Indigenous Australian
1027:
1012:
1005:Suffrage in Australia
945:
928:Further information:
845:
799:
734:
699:from a location near
645:
621:
550:
3971:Cabinet of Australia
3946:Government ministers
3714:World Heritage Sites
3520:European exploration
3402:Australian Democracy
3131:Hirst, John (2014).
3112:Hirst, John (2000).
2808:, pp. 27β28, 32
1335:University of Sydney
1287:Christian revivalism
1280:Sisters of St Joseph
939:" from 1895 to 1903.
674:John McDouall Stuart
572:California gold rush
510:penal transportation
457:Australia portal
56:Timeline and periods
4043:Gross state product
2665:, pp. 500, 508
2545:, pp. 434, 436
1420:Poet Banjo Paterson
1391:Adam Lindsay Gordon
1179:Tenterfield Oration
1135:Federation movement
1117:Andrew Inglis Clark
975:Protectionist Party
867:rates in the world.
812:Victorian gold rush
805:Bushrangers on the
662:Gulf of Carpentaria
587:The Eureka stockade
4361:Australian studies
4296:Australian English
4105:Telecommunications
3941:Government leaders
3884:Political ideology
2146:on 3 December 2010
2038:. pp. 213β16.
1880:, pp. 199β200
1569:, pp. 170β176
1467:Robbery Under Arms
1422:
1406:Frederick McCubbin
1379:Robbery Under Arms
1319:
1268:Sisters of Charity
1244:
1159:
1099:
1030:
1022:
951:
937:Federation Drought
856:
820:
737:
654:
627:
560:
354:Northern Territory
264:Chinese Australian
254:African Australian
221:Telecommunications
141:Capital punishment
4416:
4415:
4369:
4368:
4191:Human trafficking
4128:
4127:
4010:
4009:
3810:Foreign relations
3750:
3749:
3614:
3613:
3561:Asian Australians
3393:, history to 1907
3313:978-1-1070-1153-3
3275:978-1-1070-1153-3
3237:978-1-1070-1153-3
3199:978-1-1070-1153-3
3180:978-1-1070-1153-3
3161:978-1-1070-1153-3
3104:978-1-1070-1153-3
3085:978-1-1070-1153-3
3066:978-1-1070-1153-3
3028:978-1-1070-1153-3
2990:978-1-1070-1153-3
2895:978-1-1070-1153-3
2876:978-1-107-01153-3
2857:978-1-1070-1153-3
2820:, pp. 195β96
2713:, pp. 501β02
2701:, pp. 77, 87
2689:, pp. 504β05
2677:, pp. 140β41
2617:, pp. 375β76
2569:, pp. 380β82
2557:, pp. 125β26
2521:, pp. 430β31
2497:, pp. 425β28
2485:, pp. 123β25
2470:, pp. 263β65
2434:, pp. 259β61
2422:, pp. 255β59
2410:, pp. 252β55
2398:, pp. 249β51
2374:, pp. 250β51
2314:, pp. 539β43
2302:, pp. 479β80
2226:D.M. Gibb (1982)
2167:, pp. 233β34
2090:, pp. 229β30
2078:, pp. 131β34
2066:, pp. 138β39
1937:, pp. 180β81
1892:, pp. 327β28
1868:, pp. 355β60
1856:, pp. 118β20
1710:, pp. 271β80
1698:, pp. 109β10
1662:, pp. 159β60
1629:, pp. 177β78
1605:, pp. 182β84
1593:, pp. 180β81
1485:Wild Colonial Boy
1469:were successful.
1398:Heidelberg School
1053:first legislation
1038:Henrietta Dugdale
967:elections of 1891
893:Melbourne in 1889
848:Shearing the Rams
721:Alexander Forrest
491:
490:
424:
423:
414:Western Australia
276:Jewish Australian
271:Indigenous people
34:
4441:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4258:Waste management
4139:
4138:
4060:Household income
4021:
4020:
3983:Governor-General
3793:Electoral system
3761:
3760:
3625:
3624:
3493:
3492:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3417:
3374:
3355:
3336:
3317:
3298:
3279:
3260:
3241:
3222:
3203:
3184:
3165:
3146:
3127:
3108:
3089:
3070:
3051:
3032:
3013:
2994:
2975:
2956:
2937:
2918:
2899:
2880:
2861:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2791:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2744:
2738:
2737:, pp. 17β25
2732:
2726:
2725:, pp. 39β56
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2653:, pp. 85β87
2648:
2642:
2636:
2630:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2594:
2588:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:, pp. 45β61
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2250:
2249:, pp. 38β39
2244:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2142:. Archived from
2136:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2031:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1997:, pp. 82β86
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1973:, pp. 79β81
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1904:, pp. 74β77
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1826:Teaching History
1822:
1816:
1815:, pp. 54β55
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1699:
1693:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1618:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1581:, pp. 95β96
1576:
1570:
1564:
1479:The Old Bark Hut
1451:Waltzing Matilda
1433:writers such as
1261:Yarrabah mission
1155:Sir Henry Parkes
1014:South Australian
979:South Australian
971:Free Trade Party
924:1890s depression
890:
878:
593:Eureka Rebellion
564:Edward Hargraves
552:Edward Hargraves
483:
476:
469:
455:
454:
453:
314:
313:
259:Asian Australian
171:Eureka Rebellion
57:
47:
37:
32:
24:
18:
17:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4365:
4326:Public holidays
4267:
4211:Life expectancy
4124:
4006:
3957:
3746:
3718:
3704:Protected areas
3610:
3549:
3482:
3473:
3382:
3380:Further reading
3377:
3371:
3352:
3333:
3314:
3295:
3276:
3257:
3238:
3219:
3200:
3181:
3162:
3143:
3124:
3105:
3086:
3067:
3048:
3029:
3010:
2991:
2972:
2953:
2934:
2915:
2896:
2877:
2858:
2841:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2816:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2792:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2733:
2729:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2697:
2693:
2685:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2609:
2601:
2597:
2589:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2505:
2501:
2493:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2209:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2149:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1795:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1714:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1690:
1682:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1535:
1502:
1402:Arthur Streeton
1375:Rolf Boldrewood
1363:
1345:(1874) and the
1308:
1232:
1227:
1137:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1007:
1001:
959:Maritime Strike
932:
926:
898:
897:
896:
895:
894:
891:
883:
882:
879:
851:(1888β1890) by
840:
794:
780:
775:
729:
689:Nullarbor Plain
658:Burke and Wills
640:
623:Eureka Stockade
616:
595:
589:
545:
539:
487:
451:
449:
444:
443:
434:
426:
425:
378:South Australia
342:New South Wales
318:State/Territory
311:
303:
302:
249:
241:
240:
111:
103:
102:
101:
59:
55:
35:
31:
22:
12:
11:
5:
4447:
4437:
4436:
4431:
4414:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4120:Welfare system
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4095:Superannuation
4092:
4090:Stock exchange
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4056:
4055:
4053:Public housing
4048:Home ownership
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3995:Prime Minister
3992:
3991:
3990:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3967:
3965:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3955:
3953:Shadow Cabinet
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3931:Public Service
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3839:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3812:
3807:
3805:Federal budget
3802:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3637:Climate change
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3566:Constitutional
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3457:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3418:
3394:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3356:
3350:
3337:
3331:
3318:
3312:
3299:
3293:
3280:
3274:
3261:
3255:
3242:
3236:
3223:
3217:
3204:
3198:
3185:
3179:
3166:
3160:
3147:
3141:
3128:
3122:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3084:
3071:
3065:
3052:
3046:
3033:
3027:
3014:
3008:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2938:
2932:
2919:
2913:
2900:
2894:
2881:
2875:
2862:
2856:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2810:
2806:Whimpress 1994
2798:
2794:Macintyre 2020
2781:
2769:
2739:
2727:
2715:
2703:
2691:
2679:
2675:Macintyre 2020
2667:
2655:
2643:
2631:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2555:Macintyre 2020
2547:
2535:
2531:Macintyre 2020
2523:
2511:
2499:
2487:
2483:Macintyre 2020
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2316:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2219:
2207:
2195:
2169:
2157:
2128:
2113:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2076:Macintyre 2020
2068:
2064:Macintyre 2020
2056:
2041:
2023:
2011:
2007:Macintyre 2020
1999:
1987:
1983:Macintyre 2020
1975:
1963:
1951:
1947:Macintyre 2020
1939:
1927:
1923:Macintyre 2020
1915:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1754:
1727:
1723:Macintyre 2020
1712:
1700:
1696:Macintyre 2020
1688:
1684:Macintyre 2020
1676:
1664:
1652:
1643:
1639:Macintyre 2020
1631:
1619:
1615:Macintyre 2020
1607:
1595:
1583:
1579:Macintyre 2020
1571:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1531:
1501:
1498:
1488:were popular.
1475:Dying Stockman
1459:Sun and Shadow
1439:Miles Franklin
1426:Banjo Paterson
1383:Charles Harpur
1362:
1359:
1307:
1304:
1253:Maloga Mission
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1136:
1133:
1083:
1080:
1075:Main article:
1072:
1069:
1003:Main article:
1000:
997:
925:
922:
892:
885:
884:
881:Sydney in 1883
880:
873:
872:
871:
870:
869:
839:
836:
801:William Strutt
793:
790:
779:
776:
774:
771:
728:
725:
647:John Longstaff
639:
636:
615:
612:
591:Main article:
588:
585:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
489:
488:
486:
485:
478:
471:
463:
460:
459:
446:
445:
442:
441:
435:
432:
431:
428:
427:
422:
421:
416:
410:
409:
404:
398:
397:
392:
386:
385:
380:
374:
373:
368:
362:
361:
356:
350:
349:
344:
338:
337:
332:
326:
325:
320:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
301:
300:
299:
298:
293:
283:
278:
273:
268:
267:
266:
256:
250:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
238:
233:
228:
226:Rail transport
223:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
186:Historiography
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
60:
53:
52:
49:
48:
40:
39:
27:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4446:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4226:Ethnic groups
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Manufacturing
4063:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4013:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Republicanism
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:National debt
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3465:
3463:
3458:
3456:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3372:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3351:9780521881654
3347:
3343:
3338:
3334:
3332:9780521881654
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3256:9781405038690
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3218:9781108728485
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3142:9781863956703
3138:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3047:9781760527075
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3009:9780521881654
3005:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2973:
2971:9780734037824
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2933:9781760528218
2929:
2925:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2832:, p. 239
2831:
2830:Bellanta 2013
2826:
2819:
2818:Phillips 1994
2814:
2807:
2802:
2796:, p. 127
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2731:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2699:Brisbane 1991
2695:
2688:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2664:
2659:
2652:
2647:
2641:, p. 491
2640:
2635:
2629:, p. 504
2628:
2623:
2616:
2611:
2605:, p. 497
2604:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2581:, p. 383
2580:
2575:
2568:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2539:
2533:, p. 125
2532:
2527:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2469:
2464:
2458:, p. 263
2457:
2452:
2446:, p. 262
2445:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2368:
2362:, p. 252
2361:
2356:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2326:, p. 248
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2237:
2236:0-17-006053-5
2233:
2229:
2223:
2217:, p. 220
2216:
2215:Bellanta 2013
2211:
2204:
2199:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2165:Bellanta 2013
2161:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2108:
2102:, p. 231
2101:
2100:Bellanta 2013
2096:
2089:
2088:Bellanta 2013
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2030:
2028:
2021:, p. 187
2020:
2015:
2009:, p. 134
2008:
2003:
1996:
1991:
1985:, p. 103
1984:
1979:
1972:
1967:
1961:, p. 318
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 118
1948:
1943:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1898:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1843:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1821:
1814:
1809:
1803:, p. 202
1802:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1725:, p. 110
1724:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:McDonald 2008
1704:
1697:
1692:
1686:, p. 113
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1587:
1580:
1575:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1530:
1528:
1527:Melbourne Cup
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:Joseph Furphy
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1387:Henry Kendall
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:Marcus Clarke
1358:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:Redemptorists
1288:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1276:Mary McKillop
1273:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1240:
1236:
1222:
1220:
1219:Alfred Deakin
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:Edmund Barton
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:protectionist
1163:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1105:
1095:
1091:
1089:
1078:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
996:
994:
989:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
955:
948:
944:
940:
938:
931:
921:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
889:
877:
868:
864:
860:
854:
850:
849:
844:
835:
833:
829:
825:
817:
813:
809:
808:
807:St Kilda Road
802:
798:
789:
786:
770:
766:
762:
760:
754:
750:
748:
743:
742:Native Police
733:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:Willian Gosse
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Gibson Desert
681:
679:
675:
670:
667:
666:Coopers Creek
663:
659:
652:
648:
644:
635:
631:
624:
620:
611:
607:
605:
601:
594:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
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557:
553:
549:
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534:
532:
528:
522:
518:
516:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
484:
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477:
472:
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461:
458:
448:
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436:
430:
429:
420:
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412:
411:
408:
405:
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393:
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388:
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384:
381:
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372:
369:
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364:
363:
360:
357:
355:
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351:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
307:
306:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
245:
244:
237:
236:Unfree labour
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
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189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
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172:
169:
167:
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162:
159:
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144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
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122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
107:
106:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
58:
51:
50:
46:
42:
41:
38:
29:
28:
25:
20:
19:
16:
4394:Bibliography
4281:Architecture
4238:Prostitution
4221:Demographics
4186:Homelessness
4085:Reserve Bank
3899:Conservatism
3847:Constitution
3815:Human rights
3773:Constitution
3724:Subdivisions
3534:
3505:Bibliography
3429:
3405:
3386:
3360:
3341:
3322:
3303:
3284:
3265:
3246:
3227:
3208:
3189:
3170:
3151:
3132:
3113:
3094:
3075:
3056:
3037:
3018:
2999:
2980:
2961:
2942:
2923:
2904:
2885:
2866:
2847:
2825:
2813:
2801:
2779:, p. 60
2777:Cashman 1994
2772:
2760:. Retrieved
2751:
2742:
2730:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2574:
2562:
2550:
2543:O'Brien 2013
2538:
2526:
2519:O'Brien 2013
2514:
2507:O'Brien 2013
2502:
2495:O'Brien 2013
2490:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2338:, p. 22
2331:
2319:
2307:
2300:Russell 2013
2295:
2283:
2273:
2266:
2261:, p. 16
2254:
2242:
2227:
2222:
2210:
2205:, p. 58
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:
2172:
2160:
2148:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2050:
2044:
2035:
2019:Goodman 2013
2014:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1935:Goodman 2013
1930:
1918:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:. Retrieved
1767:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1740:
1730:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1646:
1641:, p. 97
1634:
1627:Goodman 2013
1622:
1617:, p. 99
1610:
1603:Goodman 2013
1598:
1591:Goodman 2013
1586:
1574:
1567:Goodman 2013
1562:
1503:
1494:Nellie Melba
1490:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1430:The Bulletin
1429:
1423:
1395:
1378:
1370:
1364:
1351:
1341:(1853), the
1337:(1850), the
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1285:
1278:founded the
1265:
1245:
1233:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1191:
1187:
1171:Henry Parkes
1164:
1160:
1142:
1138:
1128:The Bulletin
1127:
1125:
1121:Henry Lawson
1112:The Bulletin
1110:
1108:
1104:Henry Parkes
1100:
1085:
1062:
1046:
1035:
1031:
992:
990:
987:
956:
952:
946:
933:
918:
914:
910:Gulf Country
899:
865:
861:
857:
846:
821:
804:
781:
767:
763:
755:
751:
738:
701:Kings Canyon
693:Ernest Giles
682:
671:
655:
650:
632:
628:
608:
596:
581:
577:
561:
531:royal assent
523:
519:
503:
494:
492:
322:
317:
156:Constitution
146:Civil rights
126:Antisemitism
97:1945βpresent
86:
21:
15:
4356:Anglosphere
4196:Immigration
4161:Citizenship
4028:Agriculture
3914:Nationalism
3857:Enforcement
3830:Transgender
3664:Earthquakes
3652:Environment
3586:Immigration
3515:Archaeology
3432:: 189β231.
2735:Covell 2016
2723:Covell 2016
2468:Irving 2013
2456:Irving 2013
2444:Irving 2013
2432:Irving 2013
2420:Irving 2013
2408:Irving 2013
2396:Irving 2013
2372:Irving 2013
2360:Irving 2013
2324:Irving 2013
1854:Broome 2019
1813:Broome 2019
1801:Broome 2019
1522:Rugby Union
1435:Steele Rudd
1410:Tom Roberts
1299:Passionists
1295:Vincentians
1200:George Reid
1016:suffragist
853:Tom Roberts
824:bushranging
792:Bushrangers
778:Land reform
719:. In 1879,
717:Henry Ayers
506:gold rushes
296:Transgender
191:Immigration
121:Agriculture
33:History of
4423:Categories
4346:Television
4316:Literature
4201:Irreligion
4181:Healthcare
4176:Euthanasia
4156:Censorship
3963:Government
3909:Liberalism
3879:Parliament
3591:Indigenous
3581:Federation
3571:Diplomatic
3545:Since 1945
3510:Prehistory
3438:Q107340730
3414:Q107340686
3408:: 77β114.
3370:0521435137
3294:0521435137
3123:0195506200
2952:0521435137
2914:0868192864
2762:29 January
2651:Smith 2009
2384:Hirst 2000
2348:Hirst 2000
2336:Hirst 2000
2288:Hirst 2000
2259:Hirst 2000
2247:Hirst 2000
2203:Hirst 2014
1995:Hirst 2014
1971:Hirst 2014
1959:Frost 2013
1902:Hirst 2014
1890:Frost 2013
1878:Flood 2019
1832:(3), p. 18
1789:Flood 2019
1555:References
1510:Test Match
1175:federation
832:Kelly gang
697:Kata Tjuta
499:Australian
366:Queensland
176:Federation
64:Prehistory
4253:Squatting
4206:Languages
4171:Education
4151:Aged care
4115:Transport
3924:Socialism
3904:Far-right
3894:Christian
3889:Anarchism
3852:Judiciary
3788:Donations
3783:Elections
3694:Mountains
3642:Continent
3620:Geography
3540:1901β1945
3535:1851β1900
3530:1788β1850
3476:Australia
3424:(1889). "
3400:(1889). "
2312:Lake 2013
2188:26 August
1306:Education
1042:Melbourne
902:Kimberley
707:observed
672:In 1862,
669:culture.
656:In 1860,
407:Melbourne
310:By region
166:Economics
161:Diplomacy
131:Anzac Day
92:1901β1945
87:1851β1900
82:1788β1850
36:Australia
4403:Category
4248:Religion
4146:Abortion
4100:Taxation
3869:Monarchy
3864:Military
3820:Intersex
3756:Politics
3737:Capitals
3601:Monarchy
3596:Military
3576:Economic
3554:By topic
3500:Timeline
3480:articles
3434:Wikidata
3410:Wikidata
3391:in JSTOR
2756:Archived
2150:21 April
1533:See also
1400:such as
1249:Pooninde
1230:Religion
1177:and his
973:and the
949:(c.1890)
747:Coniston
695:sighted
687:and the
556:Bathurst
433:See also
402:Victoria
390:Tasmania
383:Adelaide
371:Brisbane
335:Canberra
291:Marriage
248:By group
231:Religion
211:Monarchy
206:Military
116:Abortion
4380:Outline
4351:Theatre
4341:Symbols
4306:Cuisine
4273:Culture
4134:Society
4110:Tourism
4080:Poverty
4016:Economy
3798:Parties
3699:Regions
3689:Islands
3684:Geology
3679:Forests
3647:Deserts
3632:Climate
3606:Railway
3488:History
2839:Sources
1774:23 July
1747:23 July
1361:Culture
1270:opened
906:Pilbara
558:in 1851
323:Capital
136:Banking
4408:Portal
4301:Cinema
4243:Racism
4216:People
4075:Mining
4038:Energy
4033:Dollar
3778:Courts
3768:Asylum
3742:Cities
3709:Rivers
3657:issues
3478:
3436:
3412:
3367:
3348:
3329:
3310:
3291:
3272:
3253:
3234:
3215:
3196:
3177:
3158:
3139:
3120:
3101:
3082:
3063:
3044:
3025:
3006:
2987:
2968:
2949:
2930:
2911:
2892:
2873:
2854:
2234:
1441:, and
1413:bush".
1257:Mapoon
1195:Corowa
715:, Sir
395:Hobart
359:Darwin
347:Sydney
216:Sports
196:Labour
151:Cinema
110:Topics
4387:Index
4336:Sport
4331:Radio
4321:Music
4311:Dance
4263:Women
4166:Crime
4070:Media
3936:Women
3674:Fauna
3669:Flora
1500:Sport
709:Uluru
419:Perth
281:Women
4291:Arts
4000:list
3988:list
3976:list
3825:LGBT
3365:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3289:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3232:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3194:ISBN
3175:ISBN
3156:ISBN
3137:ISBN
3118:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3080:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3042:ISBN
3023:ISBN
3004:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2966:ISBN
2947:ISBN
2928:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2890:ISBN
2871:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2764:2011
2232:ISBN
2190:2021
2152:2011
1776:2021
1749:2021
1483:The
1481:and
1465:and
1408:and
1389:and
1297:and
981:and
904:and
828:bush
504:The
493:The
286:LGBT
201:LGBT
4286:Art
3842:Law
3428:".
3404:".
1377:'s
1369:'s
803:'s
330:ACT
4425::
2784:^
2750:.
2475:^
2181:.
2131:^
2116:^
2026:^
1830:54
1828:,
1766:.
1739:.
1715:^
1477:,
1437:,
1404:,
1385:,
1293:,
1143:A
680:.
649:,
3468:e
3461:t
3454:v
3440:.
3416:.
3373:.
3354:.
3335:.
3316:.
3297:.
3278:.
3259:.
3240:.
3221:.
3202:.
3183:.
3164:.
3145:.
3126:.
3107:.
3088:.
3069:.
3050:.
3031:.
3012:.
2993:.
2974:.
2955:.
2936:.
2917:.
2898:.
2879:.
2860:.
2766:.
2192:.
2154:.
1778:.
1751:.
818:.
482:e
475:t
468:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.