629:. The five winners received £40 each. The differences from the present flag were the six-pointed Commonwealth Star, while the components stars in the Southern Cross had different numbers of points, with more if the real star was brighter. This led to five stars of nine, eight, seven, six and five points respectively. The Inner Diameter of the six-pointed Federal Star in the lower Hoist was larger than that of the later seven-pointed version of the Federal Star in the lower Hoist. Alpha Crucis and Delta Crucis were of different sizes than they are today—with Alpha being larger than at present and Delta being smaller than at present.
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Reviews, which had received the majority of the entries, or the federal government (although contestants in the Review of
Reviews contest were advised that "A flag, perhaps, which omitted these symbols might have small chances of success; yet it seems unwise to fetter the competition with any such absolute limitations"). This error stems from Gwen Swinburne's 1969 book, Unfurled: Australia's Flag, in which she incorrectly attributes the above quote as a condition for the 1901 Federal Flag Competition. She had apparently used a passage from Barlow Cumberland's 1909 book, History of the
45:
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same design as the Gamma Star (1/7 fly width, seven points) thus making the
Southern Cross the same as on the current flag. The 1901 six-point and 1908 seven-point Commonwealth Star outer diameters were both 3/10 of the fly width. However the inner diameters were different. The six-point was half, and the seven-point is 4/9 of the Commonwealth Star outer diameter.
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confirms that number on 20 September 1901. Mr J.S. Blackham, chief of staff of the
Melbourne Herald, was the competition official "who superintended the classification and arrangement of the flags" for "when they were shown in Melbourne's Exhibition Building"; Mr G. Stewart was another competition official described by Frank Cayley as "an expert in heraldry".
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Several secondary sources have claimed the conditions stated the design should "be based on the
British ensigns ... signalling to the beholder that it is an Imperial union ensign of the British Empire" and around the Southern Cross. In fact there was no such stipulation made either by the Reviews of
668:
There were five judges for the competition and not seven. This misunderstanding seems to have arisen from the Review of
Reviews listing the seven names of the competition's "judges and officials" The Review of Reviews gives the names of the five judges in the 20 August 1901 edition, and subsequently
903:
The 1901 Southern Cross star-points ranged from nine (Alpha) to five (Epsilon) and inner diameter of each was 4/9 of their outer diameters. Beta, Gamma and
Epsilon were the same outer diameter as today, Alpha was 1/6 and Delta 1/10 of the fly width. In 1903 Alpha, Beta and Delta were altered to the
659:
had approved it as the "Flag of
Australia". The revised version made all the stars in the Southern Cross seven-pointed as well as of equal size, apart from the smallest, and is the same as the existing flag except for the six-pointed Commonwealth Star. A seventh point was added to the Commonwealth
570:
Each competitor was required to submit two coloured sketches, a red ensign for the merchant service and public use, and a blue ensign for naval and official use. The designs were judged on seven criteria: loyalty to the Empire, Federation, history, heraldry, distinctiveness, utility and cost of
571:
manufacture. The majority of designs incorporated the Union Flag and the
Southern Cross, but native animals were also popular, including one that depicted a variety of indigenous animals playing
548:
held an official competition for a new 'federal flag' in April. The competition attracted 32,823 entries, including those originally sent to the one held earlier by the
559:
1014:
John C. Vaughan, "Australia's
National Flag Competition", in Crux Australis: Journal of the Flag Society of Australia, Vol. 2/1, No. 7 (July 1985), p. 21-22.
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agreed to being integrated into the government initiative. The £75 prize money of each competition were combined and augmented by a further £50 donated by
145:
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Five almost identical entries were chosen as the winning design, and their designers shared the £200 (2015: $ 29,142.12) prize money. They were
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The competition-winning design was submitted to the
British admiralty for entry into their register of flags in December 1901. Prime Minister
480:
996:
Ivor Evans, "History of the Australian Flag", in Crux Australis: Journal of the Flag Society of Australia, Vol. 1/1 (June 2, 1984), p. 37.
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to find a flag for the newly federated Commonwealth of Australia. In terms of its essential elements the winning entries are the official
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on 1 January 1901 and following receipt of a request from the British government to design a flag to distinguish Australia, the new
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front cover signed by Egbert Nuttall, after the winning designers of the 1901 Federal Flag design competition were announced.
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Crux Australis: Journal of the Flag Society of Australia, Vol. 8/3, No. 35 (July–September 1992), p. 141 (endnote 10).
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Barlow Cumberland, History of the Union Jack and the Flag of the Empire, William Briggs, Toronto, 1909, p. 289.
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The Review of Reviews for Australasia, 20 August 1901, p. 127, 128; 20 September 1901, p. 241, 243, 244.
554:. One of these was submitted by an unnamed governor of a colony. The two contests were merged after the
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June Cadzow, "Standard Debate Over the Ensign Raised Up Again", in The Australian, 26 January 1984.
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in Melbourne and the judges took six days to deliberate before reaching their conclusion.
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G.H. Swinburne, Unfurled: Australia's Flag, Sirius Publications, Melbourne, 1969, p. 76.
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Henry Reynolds, "An Erstwhile Ensign", in Modern Times, June 1992, pp. 4-5.
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announced in the Commonwealth Gazette on 11 February 1903 that
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Review of Reviews, 20 September 1901, pp. 241, 243, 244.
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and the Flag of the Empire, as the basis of her quote.
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613:; Egbert John Nuttall, an architect from Melbourne;
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942:Review of Reviews, 20 September 1901, p. 241.
887:"Construction Details of the Australian Flag"
621:; and William Stevens, a ship's officer from
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978:Review of Reviews, 20 September 1901, p. 243
660:Star in 1908 to represent the territories.
951:Review of Reviews, 20 August 1901, p. 128.
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575:. The entries were put on display at the
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824:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette No. 27
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509:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
181:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
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885:Thomson, Jeff (10 November 2015).
873:The history of the Australian flag
802:List of proposed New Zealand flags
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1073:Our Own Flag, (Ausflag pamphlet).
916:Commonwealth of Australia Gazette
792:List of proposed Australian flags
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779:Heraldry and vexillology portal
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74:European exploration (land)
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439:List of years in Australia
69:European exploration (sea)
1129:Competitions in Australia
577:Royal Exhibition Building
987:Cayley, op. cit., p. 98.
797:List of Australian flags
560:Havelock Tobacco Company
515:initiative announced by
918:No. 8, 20 February 1903
875:. Evan Evans, Melbourne
546:Commonwealth Government
536:Federation of Australia
787:Australian flag debate
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513:Australian government
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457:Australia portal
56:Timeline and periods
1099:, 20 September 1901
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497:The edition of the
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1095:Digitised copy of
681:Gallery of Entries
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354:Northern Territory
264:Chinese Australian
254:African Australian
221:Telecommunications
141:Capital punishment
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639:Flag of Australia
633:Flag of Australia
617:, an artist from
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895:. Retrieved
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156:Constitution
146:Civil rights
126:Antisemitism
97:1945–present
21:
15:
897:21 November
893:. Jon Radel
627:New Zealand
296:Transgender
191:Immigration
121:Agriculture
33:History of
1108:Categories
813:References
675:Union Jack
657:Edward VII
603:Ivor Evans
542:Federation
530:Background
366:Queensland
176:Federation
64:Prehistory
607:Melbourne
407:Melbourne
310:By region
166:Economics
161:Diplomacy
131:Anzac Day
92:1901–1945
87:1851–1900
82:1788–1850
36:Australia
930:, p. 41.
862:, p. 40.
841:, p. 39.
751:See also
623:Auckland
433:See also
402:Victoria
390:Tasmania
383:Adelaide
371:Brisbane
335:Canberra
291:Marriage
248:By group
231:Religion
211:Monarchy
206:Military
116:Abortion
573:cricket
511:was an
323:Capital
136:Banking
611:Sydney
540:After
395:Hobart
359:Darwin
347:Sydney
216:Sports
196:Labour
151:Cinema
110:Topics
619:Perth
419:Perth
281:Women
899:2023
507:The
286:LGBT
201:LGBT
330:ACT
1110::
935:^
901:.
889:.
846:^
829:^
625:,
562:.
526:.
1027:.
482:e
475:t
468:v
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