927:
wondered why we had followed the United States into a war that they thought had nothing to do with them and were concerned at our apt readiness to fall in line with
American foreign policy. The slogan used by Harold Holt - "All the way with L.B.J." - directly demonstrates this partnership which perhaps could be considered rather inequitable and profitable for the US. They were tired of military solutions and "power politics", and as one Labor politician said, "tired of anti-communism as a substitute for common sense." By 1970, the anti-war sentiment in the society had exploded into huge rallies, church services and candlelight processions. The moratorium movement represented a great range of people's opinions, from young political radicals to people who would not normally challenge government decisions and from mothers of conscripted men to prominent politicians, writers, academics, artists and church leaders.
726:(present-day Indonesia), and has been identified as a milestone in the early development of Australian foreign policy. Latham publicly identified the mission as one of "friendship and goodwill", but also compiled a series of secret reports to cabinet on economic and strategic matters. He "actively sought information about trading opportunities across Asia, entering into frequent and detailed discussions with prime ministers, foreign ministers, premiers and governors about Australia‘s trading and commercial interests, custom duties and tariffs". His recommendations proved influential in the development of the Department of External Affairs as an independent department from the Prime Minister's Department and the appointment of Australia's first diplomats in Asia.
1325:
683:
46:
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despite their continuing maltreatment of the East
Timorese people. When John Howard was elected in 1996, he saw the opportunity to distinguish himself from the previous Labor approach to the East Timor conflict. Immediately he sent peacekeeping forces into East Timor and advocated Australia's support for their independence. The role of this support of an essentially Christian country against a Muslim nation was detrimental to Australia's reputation with other Muslim countries.
453:
1146:
1364:. In response to the Australian participation in the invasion, there were large protests in Australian cities during March 2003, and Prime Minister Howard was heckled from the public gallery of Parliament House. While opinion polls showed that opposition to the war without UN backing was between 48 and 92 per cent, Howard remained preferred prime-minister over the Leader of the Opposition,
502:. Following the global change in the dynamics of international state of affairs in the 20th century, this saw a transition within Australia's diplomatic situation to broaden outside of exclusively commonwealth and western European nations. Its core relationship was with Great Britain until 1941, and with the United States and New Zealand since then as represented by
944:
the United States
Government. In late 1972, when Nixon bombed North Vietnam, the controversial Tom Uren and two other left-wing politicians publicly attacked Nixon, resulting in an immediate halt in Australian/American cooperation. Instead Whitlam reached out to our geographically nearer neighbours, Asia. He eliminated the last remaining remnants of the
994:, Canada, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and the United States all attended. APEC would subsequently grow to become one of the most pre-eminent high-level international forums in the world, particularly after the later inclusions of China and Russia, and the
1415:
has exacerbated tensions after
Australia called for an international, independent inquiry into the origins of the disease. The subsequent restrictions that China made to its trade policies have been attacked as political retaliation and economic coercion against Australia. In 2021 Canberra disallowed
1402:
Relations between the two countries began to deteriorate in 2018 due to growing
Australian concerns regarding Chinese political influence in various sectors of Australian society including Chinese students and residents, the national and state governments, universities and the media. There is sharp
948:
and introduced a new quota/permit system. With race no longer a barrier, substantial immigration from Asia began, especially from
Vietnam. This immigration provided impetuous for the swing in Australia's foreign policy from the US to Asia and increased Australia's trade relations with Asia. In 1973,
943:
The
Whitlam government, a new type of Labor government, developed a general opposition to the US and especially President Nixon who they viewed as especially conservative and paranoid. Whitlam announced that Australia was not automatically going to follow US defence policy any more and this annoyed
865:
infiltration of South Korea in 1950, Australia's foreign policy was influenced by growing concern over communist aggression. Australia increasingly looked to the US, as its new "great and powerful friend" for help to contain and fight communism. The
Menzies government made a great effort of linking
746:
announced, "Great
Britain has declared war on Germany, and as a result, Australia is also at war... There can be no doubt that where Great Britain stands, there stand the people of the entire British world". Australia was the first nation to come to Great Britain's aid, sending its combat divisions
669:
undertook a trade mission to China in 1922 at the instigation of Hughes, and in the same year Egbert Sheaf was appointed as a trade commissioner to "the East", based in
Singapore. The initial trade commissioner service was partially funded by state governments and ultimately failed due to a lack of
910:
infiltrated South Vietnam, the Western Bloc viewed it as a fundamental step in what could result in the communist subjugation of the democratic world. In a country gripped by this fear, the government's defence policy was dominated by the idea of "forward defence", in which Australia would seek to
1438:
by Indonesian troops in 1975 because maintaining good diplomatic relations with Indonesia was considered the highest priority at the time. The government could only express regret for the Timorese people as they were not prepared to go to war. Hawke and especially Keating also supported Indonesia
1238:
The translation of the word "recalcitrant" into Malaysian rendered the word a more egregious insult, and Mahathir demanded an apology from Keating, threatening to reduce diplomatic ties and trade drastically with Australia, which became an enormous concern to Australian exporters. Some Malaysian
977:
One of the most significant foreign policy achievement of the Government took place in 1989, after Hawke proposed a south-east Asian region-wide forum for leaders and economic ministers to discuss issues of common concern. After winning the support of key countries in the region, this led to the
710:
government in London regarding Germany. However, as a consequence of supporting Chamberlain, many Australians experienced fear due to Japan's strong military and aggressive foreign policy whereas Australia was still an evolving nation to wield any independent force in world affairs in the 1930s.
926:
to visit Australia. The visit came in the light of increasing international criticism over the war in Vietnam. The majority of Australians seemed to support the war, obvious from the return of the Liberal/Country Party in late 1966. Many Australians were however protesting against the war. They
1376:
This focus of multiculturalism and a focus on Asia in Australia foreign policy was not lost because of the dismissal of the Whitlam government in 1975; contact and understanding continued to grow during the following decade. Australia’s imports of major weapons increased 65 per cent between
1280:
launched a violent "scorched-earth" campaign in retaliation to the referendum's overwhelming vote in favour of independence. The successful mission was widely supported by Australian voters, but the government was criticised for "foreign policy failure" following the violence and collapse of
646:'s June 1918 report recommended the appointment of trade commissioners in Canada, Japan, Russia, South Africa and the United States, who "would link with but not rely upon the British consular service". However, for post-war budgetary reasons the scheme was significantly scaled back.
814:. By September 1943, more than 120,000 American soldiers were in Australia. The Americans were warmly welcomed at first but tensions grew evident. MacArthur worked very closely with the Australian government and took command of its combat operations. Fighting continued throughout
547:
in 1908. His actions "set a precedent for unilateralism" in foreign policy that was followed by his immediate successors as prime minister, with a continued reliance on the British diplomatic service and policy-making apparatus and no efforts to develop Australian equivalents.
1217:
to expand APEC to a full Leaders' Meeting. This led to APEC becoming one of the most significant high-level international summits, and at the 1994 APEC Leaders' Meeting, hosted by Indonesia, members agreed to the Keating government's proposals for what became known as the
1190:, were also strongly criticised by these same groups. It was alleged by some that Keating was overlooking alleged human rights abuses by the Indonesian government as part of his effort to dramatically increase Australia's cultural, diplomatic and economic ties with Asia.
834:(USSR) and the United States co-operated during World War II, the tensions between the two superpowers over economics (Communism versus capitalism), political authority (totalitarianism versus liberalism) and the fate of Europe (East versus West) escalated into the
534:
was in favour of a uniform foreign policy for the British Empire, suggesting Australia could have no "foreign policy of its own" but expected that the British government would defer to the Australian perspective for "regional" imperial policy. Barton's successor
1272:, his subsequent snap decision for a referendum on the territory's independence triggered a Howard and Downer orchestrated shift in Australian policy. In September 1999, Howard organised an Australian-led international peace-keeping force to East Timor (
2507:
1162:
Throughout his time as Prime Minister, Keating took a number of steps to strengthen and develop bilateral links with Australia's closest neighbours; he frequently said that there was no country in the world that was more important to Australia than
1312:
despite widespread opposition. Howard developed a strong personal relationship with the President, and they shared often similar ideological positions – including on the role of the United States in world affairs and their approach to the
934:
immediately abolished conscription and withdrew troops from Vietnam. The US Signed a peace treaty for Vietnam in 1973, after withdrawing all of its troops in 1972. South Vietnam, however, was invaded and overwhelmed by North Vietnam in 1975.
569:
World War I brought about an increase in direct Australian interactions with nations outside the British Empire, prompted by strategic concerns including the fate of German territories captured by Allied troops during the war. Prime Minister
1222:, which set targets for a significant increase in free trade and investment between industrialised APEC countries by 2010 and between developing APEC countries by 2020. In December 1993, Keating became involved in a diplomatic incident with
1457:
started coming), wave after wave of refugees from distressed countries in Asia and elsewhere have sought haven in Australia. Many have died making the hazardous journey. How to deal with them has been a highly contentious political issue.
1033:
to over 42,000 Chinese students who were living in Australia at the time, many of whom had publicly supported the Tiananmen protesters. Hawke did so without even consulting his Cabinet, stating later that he felt he simply had to act.
2416:
The idea of APEC was firstly publicly broached by former Prime Minister of Australia Bob Hawke during a speech in Seoul, Korea, on 30 January 1969. Ten months later, 12 Asia-Pacific economies met in Canberra, Australia, to establish
613:
of 1922 and the subsequent decline in British influence. However, in the short-term Australia continued to rely on "the UK and its imperial machinery for diplomatic representation and economic and material security". Following the
957:
and Australian understanding and appreciation of China's history and culture was encouraged. The Whitlam government was leaving behind the racist "yellow peril" past and was poised for the move towards a multicultural Australia.
551:
Deakin repeatedly lobbied the British government for greater consultation on imperial foreign policy and suggested the establishment of an imperial department of state to coordinate policy, as part of his broader support for an
560:
remained the most significant figure conduit for Australian foreign relations. The significance of the role was emphasised by the fact that its first three appointees (spanning from 1910 to 1927) were former prime ministers.
787:
appealed to the US instead, "Australia looks to America free of any pangs as to our traditional links of kinship with Great Britain." This speech announced the shift of reliance from Great Britain to the United States.
649:
While not establishing formal diplomatic relations, Australia made a number of "quasi-diplomatic" appointments in the post-war period, who functioned as official representatives of the Australian government but held no
778:
was strategically crucial for the British defence plan, however it was poorly defended and surrendered to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, with thousands of Australians as prisoners of war. British Prime Minister
618:, attempts to formulate a uniform imperial foreign policy were largely abandoned in favour of a system of dominion ratification of British decisions. Governmental interest in foreign policy declined during the
1049:; this led to a degree of controversy when the Government supported the US's plans to test ballistic missiles off the coast of Tasmania in 1985, as well as seeking to overturn Australia's long-standing ban on
758:
The unprecedented Japanese attack on an American naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, on 7 December 1941, led to the formal entry of the United States into the war. Japanese attacks continued through
1029:
in 1989; despite having spent years trying to get closer relations with China, Hawke gave a tearful address on national television describing the massacre in graphic detail, and unilaterally offered
702:
During the 1930s, Australian foreign policy was centralised around the fear of war and an eagerness to appease Germany, Japan and Italy. The Australian government gave considerable support to the
857:
were all in one camp. Australians were once again reminded that the initiation of this cold war was similar to that of WWII, thus reinforcing the fear and need for security, from Asia. After the
530:. In the view of early governments, foreign policy meant "relations with London on matters of imperial foreign policy on which Australia might have an interest". Australia's first prime minister
949:
the People's Republic of China was officially recognised as the "real" China and it was realised that the move towards a more open political and trading relationship with China was a priority.
2921:
Mike Cherney, "Australia Cancels China Infrastructure Deal, Citing National Interest: Decision deepens diplomatic dispute; Beijing says Australian government has no sincerity to improve ties"
1127:
in October 1990, months after the latter's release from a 27-year stint in prison. During the visit, Mandela publicly thanked the Hawke government for the role it played in the boycott.
841:
As the international community polarised into opposing alliances led by the respective superpowers, Australia too moved to strengthen its alliance with the United States. Along with the
1167:, and undertook his first overseas visit to the country, becoming the first Australian Prime Minister to do so. Keating made a conscious effort to develop a personal relationship with
658:
to the United States in 1918 with the title of "commissioner" and the appointment of Clive Voss as "commercial agent" in France in 1919. The American posting endured until 1930, with
822:" for his American troops while he suggested that the Australian troops should continue clearing and rounding up the Japanese from New Guinea, New Britain, Borneo and Bougainville.
642:
The Hughes government sought to establish an independent trade commissioner service, having rejected a previous offer to share the British trade service. Trade and customs minister
3972:
722:
to East Asia and South-East Asia, Australia's first diplomatic mission outside of the British Empire. The mission visited seven territories, concentrating on China, Japan and the
574:
visited the United States in 1918 and "in a series of meetings and speeches, called on the US to cooperate with Australia in ensuring postwar security in the Far East". At the
543:
that it "expected Australia to conduct any dealings with a foreign power through London". He also dealt directly with the U.S. consul in Sydney to engineer the visit of the
665:
In 1921, Australia appointed its first official representative in Asia, with the appointment of Edward S. Little as trade commissioner to China, based in Shanghai. Senator
2791:
When it was reported that Iraq did not possess weapons of mass destruction, 70% of Australians believed Howard misled them with most believing he did so unintentionally.
1281:
diplomatic relations with Indonesia. By Howard's fourth term, relations with Indonesia had recovered to include counter-terrorism cooperation and Australia's $ 1bn
2090:
1174:, and to include Indonesia in multilateral forums attended by Australia. Keating's friendship with Suharto was criticised by human rights activists supportive of
2667:
950:
1119:, who initially favoured a more cautious approach. The resulting boycott, led by the Commonwealth, was widely credited with helping bring about the collapse of
4358:
2247:
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for the next two years. When the European war was declared over, Australia and the US still had a war to win against Japan. MacArthur promoted a policy of "
3989:
1357:
930:
The intensity of conflict in Australia over this issue contributed to the 1972 election of the first Labor government in 23 years. The new Prime Minister,
662:
serving as the only "commissioner-general for Australia in the United States" until the position was abolished by the Scullin government for cost reasons.
506:. In the 21st century trade has soared with China. However relations have cycled back and forth from friendly to strained. For recent relations see also
2922:
1304:
in the days before the 11 September terrorist attacks and was in Washington the morning of the attacks. In response to the attacks, Howard invoked the
557:
1053:
exports. Although the US ultimately withdrew the plans to test the missiles, the furore led to a fall in Hawke's approval ratings. Shortly after the
1007:
866:
Australia to US foreign policy in the Asia-Pacific region. Two major alliance agreements were made between members of the Western Bloc in the 1950s:
609:
The 1920s marked "the genesis of a distinct Australian foreign policy", largely in response to changing power dynamics in the Pacific following the
539:
took some of the first steps towards diplomatic independence by dealing directly with the Japanese consul-general, for which he was reminded by the
146:
2298:
2115:
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that "no parliament which is responsible for its own foreign policy has less discussion on foreign affairs than does the Australian Parliament".
2368:
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was viewed as an attempt by the Menzies Government to strengthen the alliance with the USA following Great Britain's withdrawal "east of Suez".
519:
481:
2462:
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by 1947. Australia unequivocally stood by the American side and the Cold War became the preponderant influence on Australian foreign policy.
4140:
2188:"A Parting of the Ways: the British Military Withdrawal from Southeast Asia and its Critical Impact on Anglo-Australian Relations, 1965–68"
1211:
2810:
2771:
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Suri, Navdeep. "Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling," (ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020, , Observer Research Foundation.)
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1096:. The success of the campaign, and the lack of any Australian casualties, led to a brief increase in the popularity of the Government.
527:
221:
141:
69:
2717:
878:, an agreement guaranteeing defensive action in the event of an attack against the US, Australia, Great Britain, France, New Zealand,
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1015:
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97:
2637:
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742:, and expected the United Kingdom would guarantee its security in any conflict with Japan. On 3 September 1939, Prime Minister
226:
74:
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2434:
1478:
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officials talked of launching a "Buy Australian Last" campaign; Keating subsequently apologised to Mahathir over the remark.
797:
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3459:
1113:
181:
92:
87:
82:
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1108:, Hawke played a leading role in ensuring the Commonwealth initiated an international boycott on foreign investment into
831:
419:
156:
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in Texas, after which Bush said that Howard "...is not only a man of steel, he's showed the world he's a man of heart."
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3434:
3025:
2906:
2526:
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1236:"APEC is bigger than all of us – Australia, the U.S. and Malaysia, and Dr. Mahathir and any other recalcitrants."
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2008:
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Crises and Commitments: The Politics and Diplomacy of Australia's Involvement in Southeast Asian Conflicts 1948-1965
1399:. Along with many other nations, Australia ceased diplomatic and trade relations with China for the next two years.
1042:
The Hawke government pursued a close relationship with the United States, assisted by Hawke's close friendship with
3593:
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Relationships with China continued to improve until the Chinese government massacred thousands of students in the
1333:
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Katrina Stats, "Welcome to Australia? A reappraisal of the Fraser government's approach to refugees, 1975–83."
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4019:
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3389:
2606:'Indonesia – Australian Relations: East Timor, Bali Bombing, Tsunami and Beyond' by Ambassador Imron Cotan
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James Curran, "Beyond the Euphoria: Lyndon Johnson in Australia and the Politics of the Cold War Alliance."
1972:
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1112:, building on work undertaken by his predecessor Malcolm Fraser, and in the process clashing publicly with
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The Genesis of a Policy: Defining and Defending Australia's National Interest in the Asia-Pacific, 1921–57
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had given priority to the European war and was unable to assist the Australians. Australia Prime Minister
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Neville Meaney, "The end of ‘white Australia’ and Australia's changing perceptions of Asia, 1945–1990."
1353:
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575:
186:
2463:"More than 40,000 Chinese were offered asylum in Australia exactly 31 years ago. Here are their stories"
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Elsewhere in Asia, the Hawke government played a significant role in the build-up to the United Nations
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3848:
3803:
3707:
3212:
McLean, David. "From British Colony to American Satellite? Australia and the USA during the Cold War,"
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Navdeep Suri, “Australia-China Relations: The Great Unravelling,” (ORF Issue Brief No. 366, June 2020)
1822:
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David McLean, "From British colony to American satellite? Australia and the USA during the cold war."
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Looking Forward: Australia's Relations with the People's Republic of China in the Twentieth Century
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The English-Speaking Alliance: Britain, the United States, the Dominions and the Cold War 1945-1951
1946:
1417:
1289:
1206:, Keating developed the idea further, winning the support in 1993 of recently-elected US President
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586:. Hughes lobbied powerfully for Australian interests at the conference, including the granting of
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3633:
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Australia had a developing relationship was Indonesia. Whitlam did not object to the invasion of
1332:
In April 2002, Howard was the first Australian prime minister to attend a royal funeral, that of
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criticism regarding China's human rights policies regarding the treatment of Hong Kong and the
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1998:
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Search for Security: The Political Economy of Australia's Postwar Foreign and Defence Policy
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Munich to Vietnam: Australia's Relations with Britain and the United States since the 1930s,
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2317:
A Nation at War: Australian Politics, society and diplomacy during the Vietnam War 1965-1975
2248:"Issues that swung elections: Labor's anti-war message falls flat in landslide loss in 1966"
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1186:. The Keating government's cooperation with the Indonesian military, and the signing of the
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for his role in negotiations. Hawke also took a major public stand in the aftermath of the
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31:
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East Timor, Australia and regional order: intervention and its aftermath in Southeast Asia
8:
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corporateName=Department of Veterans' Affairs; address=21 Genge St, Civic/Canberra City.
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to the war effort, which successfully concluded in February 1991, with the expulsion of
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2369:"Fact check: Did former prime minister Harold Holt abolish the White Australia policy?"
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1718:
Isolationism and appeasement in Australia: reactions to the European crises, 1935-1939
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2005–2009 and 2010–14, making it the sixth largest importer in the world according to
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Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs.
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2004:
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prevent the Communist "thrust into South-East Asia". The committal of troops to the
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Australian Foreign Policy under the Howard Government: Australia as a Middle Power?
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as "recalcitrant". The incident occurred after Mahathir refused to attend the 1993
1227:
1187:
967:
715:
457:
171:
2148:
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3297:
3176:
A Dictionary of Australian Military History - from Colonial Times to the Gulf War
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Australia in International Politics: An Introduction to Australian Foreign Policy
3157:
Prime ministers and diplomats: the making of Australian foreign policy, 1901-1949
3054:
J. A. Lyons, The Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932–39
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1731:
J. A. Lyons, the Tame Tasmanian: Appeasement and Rearmament in Australia, 1932-39
1077:
1057:, Hawke would lead Australia into its first overseas military campaign since the
659:
651:
540:
578:, Hughes led an Australian section within the British delegation and signed the
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842:
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Howard accepts Presidential Medal of Freedom, AM program transcript, ABC Radio
2203:
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3369:
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1752:. Department of Parliamentary Services, Parliament of Australia. p. 37.
1407:. Furthermore Canberra has been troubled by China's aggressive stance on the
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671:
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531:
2557:"The World Today – 5/10/99: Howard hits back at Keating over criticism"
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45:
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3272:
Emissaries of Trade: A History of the Australian Trade Commissioner Service
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2937:
Reluctant saviour: Australia, Indonesia, and the independence of East Timor
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corporateName=Commonwealth Parliament; address=Parliament House, Canberra.
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Within China's Orbit?: China Through the Eyes of the Australian Parliament
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Documents on Australian Foreign Policy: Australia and the World 1920-1930
2040:(Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, 1992)
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McLean, David. "Australia in the Cold War: a Historiographical Review."
2164:
2131:
3137:
1368:, although his approval ratings were lower compared to before the war.
1285:
relief efforts, and were assisted by good relations between Howard and
1269:
1175:
691:
3204:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 4: 1901-42, the Succeeding Age
3032:
1340:
with calls for solidarity. Howard re-dedicated his government to the "
1328:
Howard maintained a strong friendship with US President George W. Bush
3405:
3374:
1308:. In October 2001, he committed Australian military personnel to the
1203:
1164:
1120:
1081:
775:
626:
concentrated on internal economic matters. In 1929, internationalist
131:
3197:
Menzies and the 'Great World Struggle': Australia's Cold War 1948-54
3072:
The Oxford History of Australia: Volume 5: 1942-1995. The Middle Way
1371:
870:, an agreement for aid in the event of an attack between Australia,
1273:
1223:
1073:
1011:
987:
883:
879:
835:
583:
3329:(Canberra, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2019), 960 pp.
1145:
1130:
1242:
1214:
1171:
1085:
1050:
3262:(Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008)
2995:
Migration and Refugee Law: Principles and Practice in Australia
1093:
991:
853:
region. China (after 1949), North Vietnam (after 1954) and the
846:
763:
3334:
Documents on Australian foreign policy, 1937-49: vol 1 1937-38
3240:
Australia in peace and war : external relations 1788-1977
1378:
1219:
954:
875:
867:
759:
595:
503:
1265:
had some months earlier agreed to grant special autonomy to
961:
2449:
Cambodia From Red to Blue: Australia's Initiative for Peace
1860:
Goldstein, Donald M.; Dillon, Katherine V. (October 1999).
1089:
1479:"Alfred Deakin and the roots of Australian foreign policy"
2719:
John Howard's Bali memorial speech – TVNZ Smartphone
1973:"War and Time Preference: The American Army in Australia"
1416:
the effort by the state of Victoria to join China's vast
802:
In March 1942 after the Japanese attacks on Darwin, U.S.
3132:
Davison, Graeme, John Hirst, and Stuart Macintyre, eds.
2967:
Australia's foreign relations: in the world of the 1990s
1947:"GENERAL MACARTHUR TAKES COMMAND OF AUSTRALIA'S DEFENCE"
1317:". In May 2003, Howard made an overnight stay at Bush's
953:
was appointed as the first Australian ambassador to the
2803:"Poll: majority of Australians 'feel misled' by Howard"
2132:"Australia in the Cold War: A Historiographical Review"
1099:
990:
in November 1989; the economic ministers of Australia,
564:
2354:
R. Catley, "Australia and the great powers 1933–83."
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1602:
3310:
The Evolution of Australian Foreign Policy 1938–1965,
3253:
Harvest of Fear: A History of Australia's Vietnam War
3022:
Foreign relations of Australia § Further reading
2559:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 5 October 1999
1912:
1778:
1766:
1014:, culminating in the Transitional Authority; Hawke's
3148:
The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History.
3043:
Dependent ally: a study in Australian foreign policy
2869:Kaushik Kapisthalam, "Australia and Asia's rise."
1510:
1508:
998:'s later establishment of the APEC Leaders' Forum.
791:
513:
2851:. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
2130:
1914:
1863:The Pearl Harbor Papers: Inside the Japanese Plans
1520:
1372:Multiculturalism and the end of ‘white Australia’
810:to move the American base from the Philippines to
558:Australian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom
3100:Australian foreign policy: towards a reassessment
2843:
1566:
1554:
825:
638:Trade service and "quasi-diplomatic" appointments
4350:
2571:
1590:
1578:
1505:
1493:
738:, Australia was part of the commonwealth of the
3216:(2006) 52 (1), 64–79. Rejects satellite model.
3136:(2001) online at many academic libraries; also
2898:Silent Invasion: China's influence in Australia
1859:
1420:as a potential threat to Australia's security.
1131:Foreign policy under Paul Keating, 1991 to 1996
2901:. Melbourne: Hardie Grant Books. p. 376.
2036:Peter Geoffrey Edwards and Gregory Pemberton,
1243:Foreign policy under John Howard, 1996 to 2007
582:on behalf of Australia, as with other British
498:encompasses the historical events surrounding
4359:History of the foreign relations of Australia
3390:
2991:
2845:"Trends in International Arms Transfer, 2014"
2794:
2755:
2722:, tvnz.co.nz, 18 October 2002, archived from
2481:"US rocket plan became Hawke's first setback"
1888:"How the fall of Singapore changed Australia"
849:, Australia was a main ally of the US in the
475:
3214:Australian Journal of Politics & History
2508:"Australia campaigned for Mandela's freedom"
2297:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2114:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2025:Australian Journal of Politics & History
2000:Australia 1943: The Liberation of New Guinea
1720:(Australian National University Press, 1970)
1352:In March 2003, Australia joined the US-led "
3278:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
2980:Australian Journal of International Affairs
2871:Australian Journal of International Affairs
2832:Australian Journal of International Affairs
2429:
2427:
2425:
2388:
2356:Australian Journal of International Affairs
1970:
526:, but largely remained an appendage of the
3397:
3383:
3350:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation
3134:The Oxford Companion to Australian History
2460:
2402:
2400:
2301:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1996:
1123:, and resulted in a high-profile visit by
482:
468:
3258:Schreuder, Deryck, and Stuart Ward, eds.
2681:
2461:Fang, Jason; Weedon, Alan (8 June 2020).
2393:. Università Ca' Foscari. pp. 30–31.
2185:
962:Foreign Policy under Bob Hawke, 1983–1991
938:
3268:
2894:
2657:
2651:
2524:
2422:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1323:
1144:
1106:Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting
681:
2660:"Ally of Bush Is Defeated in Australia"
2397:
2245:
1784:
1772:
1742:
1733:(Australian Scholarly Publishing, 2008)
24:This article is part of a series on the
4351:
3404:
2813:from the original on 25 September 2008
2774:from the original on 25 September 2008
2609:, Kbri-canberra.org.au, archived from
2577:
2505:
2128:
1472:
1470:
3378:
3108:
2800:
2761:
2689:"Bush lauds Howard as 'man of steel'"
2274:"All the way with LBJ | Anzac Portal"
2186:Benvenuti, Andrea (1 December 2006).
1572:
1560:
1526:
1476:
1336:. In October Howard responded to the
1295:
677:
556:. Outside of the prime minister, the
524:federation of the Australian colonies
3181:Gyngell; Allan, and Michael Wesley.
3051:
2699:from the original on 7 February 2008
2527:"Farewell to Jakarta's Man of Steel"
1823:"Menzies Speech: Declaration of War"
1596:
1584:
1514:
1499:
1358:sending 2,000 troops and naval units
1100:Commonwealth boycott of South Africa
565:1914–1931: World War I and aftermath
182:1901 Federal Flag Design Competition
3056:. Australian Scholarly Publishing.
2992:John Vrachnas; et al. (2011).
2636:, Australia: ABC, 14 January 2009,
2331:"Ending the Vietnam War, 1973-1975"
1798:"BBC - WW2 People's War - Timeline"
1477:Brett, Judith (19 September 2017).
1467:
832:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
694:(present-day Indonesia) during the
13:
3319:
3294:Dictionary of Australian Biography
3185:(Cambridge University Press, 2003)
3086:(Melbourne University Press 1991).
3026:Bibliography of Australian history
3015:
2969:(Melbourne University Press, 1991)
2670:from the original on 28 March 2019
2658:Johnston, Tim (25 November 2007),
2640:from the original on 27 March 2010
2580:"Malaysia Premier Demands Apology"
2578:Shenon, Philip (9 December 1993).
2525:Sheriden, Greg (28 January 2008).
1300:Howard had first met US President
918:With his arrival in October 1966,
14:
4375:
2801:Riley, Mark (24 September 2003),
2435:"Back to Canberra: Founding APEC"
1397:Tiananmen Square Protests of 1989
1226:when he described Prime Minister
1200:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
980:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
798:Australia–United States relations
686:Australian deputy prime minister
3183:Making Australian Foreign Policy
3146:, Ewan Morris, and Robin Prior.
2745:"Malaysian PM condemns Iraq war"
2137:The International History Review
2003:. Cambridge UP. pp. 26–43.
1334:Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother
1061:, forming a close alliance with
1037:
792:Relations with the United States
654:. These included appointment of
514:1901–1914: Post-Federation years
451:
44:
3045:(1988), on ties to US and UK;
2985:
2972:
2955:
2942:
2929:
2915:
2888:
2876:
2863:
2837:
2824:
2785:
2764:"Support for the fight growing"
2737:
2710:
2624:
2597:
2549:
2518:
2499:
2473:
2454:
2441:
2382:
2361:
2348:
2322:
2309:
2265:
2239:
2226:
2179:
2122:
2082:
2064:"US Enters the Korean Conflict"
2056:
2043:
2030:
2017:
1990:
1964:
1939:
1906:
1880:
1866:. Potomac Books, Incorporated.
1853:
1840:
1815:
1790:
1736:
1723:
1710:
729:
496:diplomatic history of Australia
4364:Political history of Australia
3089:Chieocharnpraphan, Thosaphon.
2998:. Cambridge University Press.
1913:Francis Gordon Clarke (2002).
1542:. National Museum of Australia
1532:
1423:
1347:
1198:Following the creation of the
901:
826:Communism and the Cold War era
520:Department of External Affairs
508:Foreign relations of Australia
1:
2506:Lennon, Troy (18 July 2019).
2149:10.1080/07075332.2001.9640932
1971:kanopiadmin (10 April 2014).
1430:Australia–Indonesia relations
1253:
3224:International History Review
2939:(Scribe Publications, 2004).
2762:Riley, Mark (1 April 2003),
2389:Basosi, Duccio (2011–2012).
2192:Contemporary British History
1848:Menzies and Churchill at War
1157:
1149:Keating with U.S. President
859:Chinese Communist Revolution
670:support from Prime Minister
500:Australian foreign relations
7:
3343:
3218:online at Blackwell-Synergy
2234:Journal of Cold War Studies
1449:Australia–Vietnam relations
1354:Multinational force in Iraq
1001:
611:Washington Naval Conference
576:1919 Paris Peace Conference
528:Prime Minister's Department
75:European exploration (land)
10:
4380:
3019:
1446:
1442:
1427:
1388:
1246:
1134:
965:
955:People's Republic of China
795:
720:Australian Eastern Mission
696:Australian Eastern Mission
598:and opposition to Japan's
440:List of years in Australia
70:European exploration (sea)
4303:
4201:
4071:
4062:
3953:
3944:
3891:
3767:Intelligence and security
3693:
3684:
3652:
3557:
3548:
3483:
3425:
3416:
3365:Pacific class patrol boat
3031:Australian War Memorial.
2693:The Sydney Morning Herald
2485:The Sydney Morning Herald
2451:(Allen & Unwin, 1997)
2319:(Allen & Unwin, 1997)
2246:Piccini, Jon (May 2019).
2204:10.1080/13619460600612941
2091:"ANZUS After Fifty Years"
1743:Kendall, Timothy (2008).
1716:Eric Montgomery Andrews,
1391:Australia–China relations
1202:(APEC) Economic Forum by
1193:
1027:Tiananmen square massacre
590:mandates over the former
3269:Schedvin, Boris (2008).
2895:Hamilton, Clive (2018).
2873:(2006) 60#3 pp: 369-375.
2834:(1995) 49#2 pp: 171-189.
2315:Peter Geoffrey Edwards,
1917:The History of Australia
1461:
1418:Belt and Road Initiative
1384:
1290:Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
1141:Hawke–Keating government
1104:Through his role on the
616:1923 Imperial Conference
600:Racial Equality Proposal
3264:excerpt and text search
3226:(2001) 23(2): 299–321.
3138:excerpt and text search
1409:South China Sea dispute
972:
4161:Indigenous Australians
3662:States and territories
2982:(2015) 69#1 pp: 69-87.
2278:anzacportal.dva.gov.au
2129:McLean, David (2001).
2027:(2006) 52#1 pp: 64-79.
1455:Vietnamese boat people
1453:Since the 1970s (when
1329:
1154:
1114:British Prime Minister
1021:was nominated for the
946:White Australia Policy
939:Détente with communism
699:
604:White Australia policy
3455:Territorial evolution
3312:(Cambridge UP, 1967)
3292:Serle. Percival, ed.
3109:Cuffe, Honae (2021).
3038:with scores of topics
2961:Gareth J. Evans, and
2807:Sydney Morning Herald
2768:Sydney Morning Herald
2358:37.3 (1983): 143-149.
1951:www.pacificwar.org.au
1921:. Greenwood. p.
1327:
1278:pro-Indonesia militia
1247:Further information:
1178:independence, and by
1148:
1135:Further information:
1044:US Secretary of State
966:Further information:
951:Dr Stephen Fitzgerald
920:Lyndon Baines Johnson
685:
522:was created upon the
3901:Cabinet of Australia
3876:Government ministers
3644:World Heritage Sites
3450:European exploration
3052:Bird, David (2008).
1319:Prairie Chapel Ranch
1287:Indonesian President
1260:Indonesian President
1169:Indonesian President
1080:contributed several
734:At the beginning of
674:and state premiers.
580:Treaty of Versailles
458:Australia portal
57:Timeline and periods
3973:Gross state product
3325:Cotton, James, ed.
3202:Macintyre, Stuart.
2935:Clinton Fernandes,
2924:Wall Street Journal
2512:The Daily Telegraph
2335:2001-2009.state.gov
1997:Peter Dean (2013).
1729:David Samuel Bird,
1540:"Versailles Treaty"
1267:Indonesian-occupied
986:duly took place in
812:Brisbane, Australia
804:President Roosevelt
554:Imperial Federation
4291:Australian studies
4226:Australian English
4035:Telecommunications
3871:Government leaders
3814:Political ideology
3260:Australia's Empire
3082:Bridge, Carl ed.,
3070:Bolton, Geoffrey.
2664:The New York Times
2584:The New York Times
2053:(Routledge, 1985).
2049:Ritchie Ovendale,
1894:. 14 February 2017
1360:to support in the
1330:
1310:War in Afghanistan
1296:War in Afghanistan
1283:Boxing Day Tsunami
1155:
1137:Keating government
996:Keating government
984:first APEC meeting
700:
678:1930s: Appeasement
628:Frederic Eggleston
624:Scullin government
355:Northern Territory
265:Chinese Australian
255:African Australian
222:Telecommunications
142:Capital punishment
16:Australian history
4346:
4345:
4299:
4298:
4121:Human trafficking
4058:
4057:
3940:
3939:
3740:Foreign relations
3680:
3679:
3544:
3543:
3491:Asian Australians
3285:978 1 921244 57 5
2952:(Routledge, 2004)
2613:on 7 January 2010
2068:National Archives
1873:978-1-57488-222-3
1413:COVID-19 pandemic
1338:2002 Bali bombing
1249:Howard government
1220:Bogor Declaration
1180:Nobel Peace Prize
1117:Margaret Thatcher
1066:George H. W. Bush
1023:Nobel Peace Prize
922:became the first
808:Douglas MacArthur
781:Winston Churchill
768:Dutch East Indies
724:Dutch East Indies
592:German New Guinea
588:League of Nations
545:Great White Fleet
492:
491:
425:
424:
415:Western Australia
277:Jewish Australian
272:Indigenous people
35:
4371:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4188:Waste management
4069:
4068:
3990:Household income
3951:
3950:
3913:Governor-General
3723:Electoral system
3691:
3690:
3555:
3554:
3423:
3422:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3332:Neale, R.G. Ed.
3289:
3277:
3167:Firth, Stewart.
3129:
3117:
3067:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2976:
2970:
2959:
2953:
2946:
2940:
2933:
2927:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2835:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2751:. 24 March 2003.
2741:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2537:on 22 March 2016
2533:. Archived from
2522:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2487:. 1 January 2013
2477:
2471:
2470:
2458:
2452:
2447:See Ken Berry,
2445:
2439:
2438:
2431:
2420:
2419:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2365:
2359:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2252:The Conversation
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2134:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2070:. 15 August 2016
2060:
2054:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1920:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1857:
1851:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1827:australianscreen
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1751:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
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1684:
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1600:
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1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1481:. Lowy Institute
1474:
1436:Portuguese Timor
1362:invasion of Iraq
1234:. Keating said,
1228:Mahathir Mohamad
1188:Timor Gap Treaty
1184:José Ramos-Horta
1016:Foreign Minister
978:creation of the
968:Hawke government
806:ordered General
774:. The island of
770:(Indonesia) and
747:to fight in the
716:Lyons government
706:policies of the
632:Senate committee
630:complained to a
620:Great Depression
484:
477:
470:
456:
455:
454:
315:
314:
260:Asian Australian
172:Eureka Rebellion
58:
48:
38:
33:
25:
19:
18:
4379:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4295:
4256:Public holidays
4197:
4141:Life expectancy
4054:
3936:
3887:
3676:
3648:
3634:Protected areas
3540:
3479:
3412:
3403:
3346:
3322:
3320:Primary sources
3286:
3275:
3155:Edwards, P. G.
3142:Dennis, Peter,
3126:
3115:
3098:Clark, Claire,
3064:
3028:
3018:
3016:Further reading
3013:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2977:
2973:
2960:
2956:
2947:
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2934:
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2406:
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2256:
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2244:
2240:
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2227:
2184:
2180:
2127:
2123:
2107:
2106:
2099:
2097:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2044:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2011:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1979:
1977:Mises Institute
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1858:
1854:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1468:
1464:
1451:
1445:
1432:
1426:
1405:Uyghur minority
1393:
1387:
1374:
1350:
1298:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1212:Chinese Premier
1196:
1160:
1153:(left) in 1993.
1143:
1133:
1102:
1078:Australian Navy
1040:
1004:
975:
970:
964:
941:
906:When communist
904:
874:and the US and
828:
800:
794:
732:
718:despatched the
680:
660:Herbert Brookes
652:diplomatic rank
640:
602:to protect the
567:
541:Colonial Office
516:
488:
452:
450:
445:
444:
435:
427:
426:
379:South Australia
343:New South Wales
319:State/Territory
312:
304:
303:
250:
242:
241:
112:
104:
103:
102:
60:
56:
36:
32:
23:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4377:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4050:Welfare system
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4025:Superannuation
4022:
4020:Stock exchange
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3983:Public housing
3978:Home ownership
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3925:Prime Minister
3922:
3921:
3920:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3883:Shadow Cabinet
3880:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3863:
3861:Public Service
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3742:
3737:
3735:Federal budget
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3567:Climate change
3564:
3558:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:Constitutional
3493:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3300:
3298:online edition
3290:
3284:
3266:
3256:
3251:Murphy, John.
3248:
3247:
3238:Millar, T. B.
3235:
3234:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3164:
3163:
3152:
3151:
3140:
3130:
3124:
3106:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3078:
3068:
3062:
3049:
3039:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2984:
2971:
2954:
2948:James Cotton,
2941:
2928:
2914:
2908:978-1743794807
2907:
2887:
2875:
2862:
2836:
2823:
2793:
2784:
2754:
2736:
2726:on 11 May 2011
2709:
2695:, 4 May 2003,
2680:
2650:
2623:
2596:
2570:
2548:
2531:The Australian
2517:
2498:
2472:
2467:www.abc.net.au
2453:
2440:
2421:
2396:
2381:
2360:
2347:
2321:
2308:
2264:
2238:
2225:
2198:(4): 575–605.
2178:
2143:(2): 299–321.
2121:
2095:www.aph.gov.au
2081:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2009:
1989:
1963:
1938:
1931:
1905:
1892:www.abc.net.au
1879:
1872:
1852:
1850:(1993) pp 1-21
1839:
1814:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1758:
1735:
1722:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1531:
1519:
1504:
1492:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1447:Main article:
1444:
1441:
1428:Main article:
1425:
1422:
1389:Main article:
1386:
1383:
1373:
1370:
1349:
1346:
1302:George W. Bush
1297:
1294:
1255:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1195:
1192:
1159:
1156:
1132:
1129:
1125:Nelson Mandela
1101:
1098:
1039:
1036:
1003:
1000:
974:
971:
963:
960:
940:
937:
903:
900:
843:United Kingdom
827:
824:
820:island hopping
816:Southeast Asia
796:Main article:
793:
790:
744:Robert Menzies
740:British Empire
731:
728:
679:
676:
639:
636:
566:
563:
515:
512:
490:
489:
487:
486:
479:
472:
464:
461:
460:
447:
446:
443:
442:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
422:
417:
411:
410:
405:
399:
398:
393:
387:
386:
381:
375:
374:
369:
363:
362:
357:
351:
350:
345:
339:
338:
333:
327:
326:
321:
313:
310:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
300:
299:
294:
284:
279:
274:
269:
268:
267:
257:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
229:
227:Rail transport
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
187:Historiography
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
110:
109:
106:
105:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
79:
78:
77:
72:
67:
61:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4376:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4302:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4156:Ethnic groups
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:Manufacturing
3993:
3991:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3849:Republicanism
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3804:National debt
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3371:
3370:Petrov Affair
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3355:Canberra Pact
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3323:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3195:Lowe, David.
3194:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3125:9781760464684
3121:
3118:. ANU Press.
3114:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3063:9781740971577
3059:
3055:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3041:Bell, Coral.
3040:
3037:
3035:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3007:
3005:9781139505635
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2951:
2945:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2910:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2866:
2850:
2849:www.sipri.org
2846:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2788:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2669:
2666:, p. 8,
2665:
2661:
2654:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2600:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2558:
2552:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2385:
2370:
2364:
2357:
2351:
2336:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2111:
2096:
2092:
2085:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2039:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2012:
2010:9781107470880
2006:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1978:
1974:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1942:
1934:
1932:9780313314988
1928:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1909:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1803:
1802:www.bbc.co.uk
1799:
1793:
1787:, p. 42.
1786:
1781:
1775:, p. 40.
1774:
1769:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1747:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1707:, p. 36.
1706:
1705:Schedvin 2008
1701:
1695:, p. 34.
1694:
1693:Schedvin 2008
1689:
1683:, p. 31.
1682:
1681:Schedvin 2008
1677:
1671:, p. 28.
1670:
1669:Schedvin 2008
1665:
1659:, p. 23.
1658:
1657:Schedvin 2008
1653:
1647:, p. 24.
1646:
1645:Schedvin 2008
1641:
1635:, p. 19.
1634:
1633:Schedvin 2008
1629:
1623:, p. 18.
1622:
1621:Schedvin 2008
1617:
1611:, p. 17.
1610:
1609:Schedvin 2008
1605:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1562:
1557:
1541:
1535:
1529:, p. 16.
1528:
1523:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1496:
1480:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1380:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1342:War on Terror
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:War on Terror
1311:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1258:Although new
1250:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:East Timorese
1173:
1170:
1166:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:1990 election
1052:
1048:
1047:George Shultz
1045:
1038:United States
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1008:peace process
999:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
969:
959:
956:
952:
947:
936:
933:
932:Gough Whitlam
928:
925:
921:
916:
914:
909:
908:North Vietnam
899:
897:
896:South Vietnam
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
839:
837:
833:
830:Although the
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
789:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
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745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
714:In 1934, the
712:
709:
705:
697:
693:
689:
684:
675:
673:
672:Stanley Bruce
668:
667:Thomas Bakhap
663:
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656:Henry Braddon
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537:Alfred Deakin
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532:Edmund Barton
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237:Unfree labour
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4324:Bibliography
4211:Architecture
4168:Prostitution
4151:Demographics
4116:Homelessness
4015:Reserve Bank
3829:Conservatism
3777:Constitution
3745:Human rights
3703:Constitution
3654:Subdivisions
3500:
3435:Bibliography
3360:Colombo Plan
3333:
3326:
3309:
3308:Watt, Alan.
3293:
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3189:
3188:Lee, David.
3182:
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3174:Grant, Ian.
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3144:Jeffrey Grey
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3034:Encyclopedia
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2870:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
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2831:
2826:
2815:, retrieved
2806:
2796:
2787:
2776:, retrieved
2767:
2757:
2748:
2739:
2728:, retrieved
2724:the original
2718:
2712:
2701:, retrieved
2692:
2683:
2672:, retrieved
2663:
2653:
2642:, retrieved
2632:
2626:
2615:, retrieved
2611:the original
2605:
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2583:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:the original
2530:
2520:
2511:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
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2456:
2448:
2443:
2415:
2411:
2390:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
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2338:. Retrieved
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2241:
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2098:. Retrieved
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2072:. Retrieved
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2058:
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2032:
2024:
2019:
1999:
1992:
1980:. Retrieved
1976:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:
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1916:
1908:
1896:. Retrieved
1891:
1882:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1805:. Retrieved
1801:
1792:
1785:Kendall 2008
1780:
1773:Kendall 2008
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1599:, p. 7.
1592:
1587:, p. 6.
1580:
1575:, p. 4.
1568:
1563:, p. 5.
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1534:
1522:
1517:, p. 4.
1502:, p. 3.
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1452:
1433:
1401:
1394:
1375:
1351:
1331:
1306:ANZUS Treaty
1299:
1263:B.J. Habibie
1257:
1235:
1208:Bill Clinton
1197:
1161:
1151:Bill Clinton
1110:South Africa
1103:
1092:forces from
1068:to join the
1063:US President
1041:
1019:Gareth Evans
1005:
982:(APEC). The
976:
942:
929:
924:US President
917:
905:
863:North Korean
851:Asia-Pacific
840:
829:
801:
757:
753:North Africa
736:World War II
733:
730:World War II
713:
701:
664:
648:
641:
608:
572:Billy Hughes
568:
550:
517:
495:
493:
323:
318:
161:
157:Constitution
147:Civil rights
127:Antisemitism
98:1945–present
22:
4286:Anglosphere
4126:Immigration
4091:Citizenship
3958:Agriculture
3844:Nationalism
3787:Enforcement
3760:Transgender
3594:Earthquakes
3582:Environment
3516:Immigration
3445:Archaeology
2963:Bruce Grant
2541:30 December
1846:David Day.
1366:Simon Crean
1348:War in Iraq
1232:APEC summit
1059:Vietnam War
913:Vietnam War
902:Vietnam War
892:South Korea
888:Philippines
872:New Zealand
785:John Curtin
749:Middle East
708:Chamberlain
704:appeasement
688:John Latham
644:Jens Jensen
297:Transgender
192:Immigration
122:Agriculture
34:History of
4353:Categories
4276:Television
4246:Literature
4131:Irreligion
4111:Healthcare
4106:Euthanasia
4086:Censorship
3893:Government
3839:Liberalism
3809:Parliament
3521:Indigenous
3511:Federation
3501:Diplomatic
3475:Since 1945
3440:Prehistory
3020:See also:
2374:2 November
2340:2 November
2283:2 November
2257:2 November
2100:2 November
2074:2 November
1982:2 November
1956:2 November
1898:2 November
1832:2 November
1807:2 November
1759:0975201581
1573:Cuffe 2021
1561:Cuffe 2021
1527:Cuffe 2021
1270:East Timor
1254:East Timor
1082:destroyers
692:Yogyakarta
367:Queensland
177:Federation
65:Prehistory
4183:Squatting
4136:Languages
4101:Education
4081:Aged care
4045:Transport
3854:Socialism
3834:Far-right
3824:Christian
3819:Anarchism
3782:Judiciary
3718:Donations
3713:Elections
3624:Mountains
3572:Continent
3550:Geography
3470:1901–1945
3465:1851–1900
3460:1788–1850
3406:Australia
3232:0707-5332
2817:22 August
2778:22 August
2408:"History"
2220:144582369
2212:1361-9462
2173:153670534
2157:0707-5332
1597:Bird 2008
1585:Bird 2008
1515:Bird 2008
1500:Bird 2008
1424:Indonesia
1276:), after
1204:Bob Hawke
1165:Indonesia
1158:Indonesia
1121:apartheid
1070:coalition
776:Singapore
584:dominions
408:Melbourne
311:By region
167:Economics
162:Diplomacy
132:Anzac Day
93:1901–1945
88:1851–1900
83:1788–1850
37:Australia
4333:Category
4178:Religion
4076:Abortion
4030:Taxation
3799:Monarchy
3794:Military
3750:Intersex
3686:Politics
3667:Capitals
3531:Monarchy
3526:Military
3506:Economic
3484:By topic
3430:Timeline
3410:articles
3344:See also
2855:18 March
2811:archived
2772:archived
2749:BBC News
2730:25 April
2697:archived
2668:archived
2644:25 April
2638:archived
2617:25 April
2412:apec.org
2293:cite web
2165:40108675
2110:cite web
1274:INTERFET
1224:Malaysia
1086:frigates
1074:Gulf War
1012:Cambodia
1002:Cambodia
988:Canberra
884:Pakistan
880:Thailand
861:and the
836:Cold War
434:See also
403:Victoria
391:Tasmania
384:Adelaide
372:Brisbane
336:Canberra
292:Marriage
249:By group
232:Religion
212:Monarchy
207:Military
117:Abortion
4310:Outline
4281:Theatre
4271:Symbols
4236:Cuisine
4203:Culture
4064:Society
4040:Tourism
4010:Poverty
3946:Economy
3728:Parties
3629:Regions
3619:Islands
3614:Geology
3609:Forests
3577:Deserts
3562:Climate
3536:Railway
3418:History
3336:(1975)
3296:(1949)
3246:, 612pp
3242:(1978)
3206:(1993)
3159:(1983)
3102:(1973)
3074:(2005)
2589:16 June
2563:31 July
2491:19 June
2236:(2015).
1443:Vietnam
1411:. The
1215:Li Peng
1182:winner
1172:Suharto
1072:in the
1051:uranium
698:of 1934
622:as the
324:Capital
137:Banking
4338:Portal
4231:Cinema
4173:Racism
4146:People
4005:Mining
3968:Energy
3963:Dollar
3708:Courts
3698:Asylum
3672:Cities
3639:Rivers
3587:issues
3408:
3338:online
3314:online
3304:online
3282:
3255:(1993)
3244:online
3230:
3208:online
3199:(1999)
3192:(1995)
3178:(1992)
3171:(2005)
3161:online
3122:
3104:online
3093:(2011)
3076:online
3060:
3047:online
3036:online
3024:, and
3002:
2905:
2884:online
2218:
2210:
2171:
2163:
2155:
2007:
1929:
1870:
1756:
1546:3 June
1485:3 June
1094:Kuwait
1076:. The
1031:asylum
992:Brunei
894:, and
886:, the
847:France
772:Malaya
766:, the
764:Borneo
396:Hobart
360:Darwin
348:Sydney
217:Sports
197:Labour
152:Cinema
111:Topics
4317:Index
4266:Sport
4261:Radio
4251:Music
4241:Dance
4193:Women
4096:Crime
4000:Media
3866:Women
3604:Fauna
3599:Flora
3276:(PDF)
3150:1996)
3116:(PDF)
2703:6 May
2674:6 May
2417:APEC.
2216:S2CID
2169:S2CID
2161:JSTOR
1750:(PDF)
1462:Notes
1385:China
1379:SIPRI
1356:" in
1090:Iraqi
876:SEATO
868:ANZUS
760:Burma
596:Nauru
504:ANZUS
420:Perth
282:Women
4221:Arts
3930:list
3918:list
3906:list
3755:LGBT
3280:ISBN
3228:ISSN
3120:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2903:ISBN
2857:2015
2819:2008
2780:2008
2732:2010
2705:2008
2676:2008
2646:2010
2619:2010
2591:2008
2565:2012
2543:2008
2493:2021
2376:2020
2342:2020
2303:link
2299:link
2285:2020
2259:2020
2208:ISSN
2153:ISSN
2116:link
2102:2020
2076:2020
2005:ISBN
1984:2020
1958:2020
1927:ISBN
1900:2020
1868:ISBN
1834:2020
1809:2020
1754:ISBN
1548:2024
1487:2024
1210:and
1194:APEC
1139:and
1084:and
1010:for
973:APEC
855:USSR
845:and
751:and
594:and
518:The
494:The
287:LGBT
202:LGBT
4216:Art
3772:Law
2200:doi
2145:doi
1923:136
1344:".
690:in
331:ACT
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